Chapter V: OLITORIA, Poll. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal; empty cells as (2)

16. S. uliginosa, Nutt. _Smooth_ nearly throughout; stem simple, strict (2--3 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate_, pointed, the lower tapering into winged petioles, partly sheathing at the base, sparsely serrulate or entire; _racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle_; scales linear-oblong; rays 5--6, small. (S. stricta, _Ait._)--Peat-bogs, Maine to Penn., Minn., and northward. Root-leaves 6--10' long. Flowers earlier than most species, beginning in July.

17. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3--6 deg. high), smooth; _leaves thickish, smooth_ with rough margins, _oval or ovate_, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole; _heads_ somewhat crowded _in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform panicle_; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong; rays about 5, large.--Var. ANGUSTATA, Torr. & Gray, is a dwarf form, with the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike.--Copses, Maine to Minn., and southward.--A very handsome species; the lower leaves 4--6' long and 2--4' wide in the larger forms.

[=] 4. _Heads very small in slender spreading secund clusters forming a mostly short and broad panicle; leaves entire or nearly so._

18. S. odora, Ait. (SWEET GOLDEN-ROD.) _Smooth_ or nearly so throughout; _stem slender_ (2--3 deg. high), _often reclined; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire_, shining, _pellucid-dotted_; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3--4, rather large.--Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Maine and Vt. to Ky., and southward.--The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor; but an occasional form is nearly scentless.

19. S. tortifolia, Ell. Stem scabrous-puberulent, 2--3 deg. high; leaves linear, short, commonly twisted, roughish-puberulent or glabrate; rays very short.--Dry soil, coast of Va. and southward.

20. S. pilosa, Walt. _Stem stout, upright_ (3--7 deg. high), _clothed with spreading hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy beneath_, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely sessile; racemes many, recurved, in a dense pyramidal panicle; rays 7--10, very short.--Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. to Va. and southward.

[=] 5. _Heads small or middle-sized, racemosely paniculate; leaves broad or ample, veiny, at least the lower serrate (or entire in n. 28); involucral scales obtuse._

21. S. patula, Muhl. _Stem strongly angled, smooth_ (2--4 deg. high); _leaves_ (4--8' long) _ovate_, acute, serrate, pale, _very smooth and veiny underneath_, but the _upper surface very rough_, like shagreen; racemes rather short and numerous on the spreading branches; heads rather large.--Swamps; common.

22. S. rugosa, Mill. _Rough-hairy, especially the very leafy stem_ (1--6 deg. high); _leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose_; racemes spreading; involucral scales linear; rays 6--9; the disk-flowers 4--7. (S. altissima, _Torr. & Gray_, not _L._)--Borders of fields and copses; very common, presenting a great variety of forms; usually one of the lowest of common _Golden-rods_. It flowers early. Aug.--Sept.

23. S. ulmifolia, Muhl. _Stem smooth_, the branches hairy; _leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate_, pointed, _tapering to the base_, loosely veined, beset with soft hairs beneath; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading; involucral scales lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4.--Low copses; common.--Too near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves.

24. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. _Smooth_; stem stout (1--3 deg. high), _very leafy; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate_, acute (2--3' long), closely sessile, slightly serrate, strongly veined, _thick, smooth both sides, shining above; heads in dense spreading racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle_; peduncles and achenes strigose-pubescent. (S. elliptica, _Torr. & Gray_, not _Ait._)--Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and southward.--Heads showy, 3'' long; the rays 8--12.

25. S. neglecta, Torr. & Gray. _Smooth_; stem stout (2--4 deg. high), less leafy; _leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque; the upper oblong-lanceolate_, mostly acute and nearly entire; the _lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong_, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole; _racemes short and dense, at length spreading_, disposed in an elongated or pyramidal close panicle; peduncles and achenes nearly glabrous.--Swamps, Maine to Md., Wisc., and Minn.--Heads rather large, crowded; the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. Very variable, the forms approaching n. 16 and 27.

Var. linoides, Gray. The most slender form; radical leaves 4--8' long and 4--6'' wide, the upper very small, erect, branches of panicle rather few, one-sided; rays 2--5. (S. linoides, _Torr. & Gray._)--Mass. to N. J.

26. S. Boottii, Hook. Smooth, or scabrous-pubescent or below hirsute, slender, often branched, 2--5 deg. high; leaves rather finely serrate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed; the upper small, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, often entire; heads loosely racemose; rays 1--5 or none; achenes pubescent.--Dry grounds, Va. and southward.

27. S. arguta, Ait. _Smooth; stem angled; leaves_ (large and thin) _ovate_, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, _very sharply and strongly serrate_ (entire only on the branches), _pointed at both ends_, the lowest on margined petioles; _racemes pubescent, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle; rays 6--7, large_; achenes usually glabrous. (S. Muhlenbergii, _Torr. & Gray._)--Copses and moist woods, N. H. to Penn., Ont., and N. E. Minn.--Racemes much shorter and looser than in the next; the involucral scales thin and more slender; the heads somewhat larger, fully 3'' long.

28. S. juncea, Ait. _Smooth throughout_ (1--3 deg. high); _radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate_ with spreading teeth, _pointed_, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles; _the others lanceolate or narrowly oblong_, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the _uppermost entire; racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like panicle; rays 8--12, small_. (S. arguta, _Torr. & Gray._)--Var. SCABRELLA, Gray, is somewhat roughish-pubescent (Wisc. to Ky.).--Copses and banks; common. Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, etc. Heads seldom over 2'' long, the scales small and pale.

[++][++] _Leaves more or less plainly 3-ribbed; heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample panicle. Not maritime._

[=] _Smooth and glabrous, at least the stem and bright green leaves._

[a.] _Leaves firm and rather rigid; involucral scales thickish, obtuse, quite unequal._

29. S. Missouriensis, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1--3 deg. high); _leaves linear-lanceolate_, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with very rough margins; teeth, if any, sharp and rigid; heads and dense crowded racemes nearly as in n. 28; _achenes nearly glabrous_.--Dry prairies, from Wisc. and Ind. south and westward.--Heads 1{1/2}--2'' long.

30. S. Shortii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, simple (2--4 deg. high), minutely roughish-pubescent above; _leaves_ (the larger 2--3' long) _oblong-lanceolate_, acute, the lower mostly serrate with a few fine teeth; racemes mostly short in a crowded panicle; _achenes silky-pubescent_.--Rocks at the Falls of the Ohio; Ark.--A handsome species; heads 3'' long, narrow.

[b.] _Leaves thinner; involucral scales thin, chiefly linear, obtuse._

31. S. serotina, Ait. _Stem_ stout (2--7 deg. high), _smooth, often glaucous; leaves quite smooth both sides_, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, except the narrowed base, rough-ciliate; the ample panicle pubescent; _rays 7--14, rather long_. (S. gigantea, of previous ed.)--Copses and fence-rows; common, and presenting many varieties. Seldom very tall.

Var. gigantea, Gray. Commonly tall, 5--8 deg. high; leaves more or less pubescent or hispidulous beneath. (S. gigantea, _Ait._; S. serotina of previous ed.)--Thickets and low grounds, Can. to Tex.

32. S. rupestris, Raf. _Stem smooth, slender_, 2--3 deg. high; _leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering both ways, entire_ or nearly so; panicle narrow; _heads very small; rays 4--6, very short_.--Rocky river-banks, W. Va. to Ky. and Ind.

[=][=] _Pubescent (at least the stem) or hispidulous-scabrous._

33. S. Canadensis, L. _Stem rough-hairy_, tall and stout (3--6 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate_, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), _more or less pubescent beneath and rough above; heads small; rays very short_.--Borders of thickets and fields; very common.--Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate;--in var. PROCERA, whitish-woolly underneath; and in var. SCABRA also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined.

34. S. nemoralis, Ait. _Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary_ (soft or roughish) _pubescence_; stem simple or corymbed at the summit ({1/2}--2{1/2} deg. high); leaves _oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong_, the lower somewhat crenate-toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is usually turned to one side; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed; rays 5--9.--Dry sterile fields; very common. Flowers very bright yellow, beginning early in Aug.--Var. INCANA, Gray, of Minn., and westward, is a dwarf form, with rigid oval or oblong leaves, rather strongly serrate or entire, and the clusters of heads in a dense oblong or conical thyrse.

35. S. radula, Nutt. Stem and _oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid and very rough, not hoary_, the upper sessile; scales oblong, rigid; rays 3--6; otherwise nearly as in n. 34.--Dry hills, W. Ill., Minn. Kan., and southward.

36. S. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. _Stem_ (1--3 deg. high) _and lower surface of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubescent_, some of the leaves almost entire; racemes panicled, short; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5.--S. W. Ill., Mo., and southward.

[+][+][+][+] _Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose; leaves mostly with a strong midrib._

[++] Leaves flat, not 3-nerved.

37. S. rigida, L. _Rough and somewhat hoary_ with a minute pubescence; stem stout (2--5 deg. high), very leafy; corymb dense; _leaves oval or oblong_, copiously feather-veined, thick and rigid; the upper closely sessile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire; heads large, over 30-flowered; the rays 7--10.--Dry soil, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward.

38. S. Ohioensis, Riddell. _Very smooth_ throughout; stem wand-like, slender, leafy (2--3 deg. high); _stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat_, entire, obscurely feather-veined, closely sessile; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate toward the apex, tapering into long margined petioles; head numerous, on smooth pedicels, small, 16--20-flowered; the rays 6 or 7.--Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ind. and Wisc.--Root-leaves 1 deg. long; the upper reduced to 1--2', with rough margins, like the rest.

[++][++] _Leaves somewhat folded, entire, the lower slightly 3-nerved._

39. S. Riddellii, Frank. _Smooth and stout_ (2--4 deg. high), _very leafy_, the branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent; _leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated_ (4--6' long), acute, partly clasping or sheathing, _mostly recurved_, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole; _heads very numerous_, clustered, 20--30-flowered; the rays 7--9.--Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Minn. and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Va.--Heads larger than in the last, 2--3'' long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then gradually recurved-spreading.

40. S. Houghtonii, Torr. & Gray. _Smooth; stem rather low and slender_ (1--2 deg. high); _leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish_, tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined petioles; _heads few or several_, 20--30-flowered; the rays 7--9.--Swamps, north shore of Lake Michigan; Genesee Co., N. Y. July, Aug.--Leaves rough-margined, 2--5' long, 2--4'' wide, 1-nerved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above; veins obscure. Heads large, nearly 1/2' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse.

Sec. 2. EUTHAMIA. _Corymbosely much branched; heads small, sessile, in little clusters crowded in flat-topped corymbs; the closely appressed involucral scales somewhat glutinous; receptacle fimbrillate; rays 6--20, short, more numerous than the disk-flowers; leaves narrow, entire, sessile._

41. S. lanceolata, L. _Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3--5-nerved_; the nerves, margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent; heads obovoid-cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; _rays 15--20_.--River-banks, etc., in moist soil; common.--Stem 2--3 deg. high; leaves 3--5' long.

42. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth, slender; _leaves very narrowly linear, mostly 1-nerved, dotted_; heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or 3, disposed in a loose corymb; _rays 6--12_.--Sandy fields, Mass. to Ill., and southward; common near the coast.

18. BRACHYCHAETA, Torr. & Gray. FALSE GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene.--A perennial herb, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the _lower ones heart-shaped_; the small yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name composed of [Greek: brachy/s], _short_, and [Greek: chi/te], _bristle_, from the pappus.)

1. B. cordata, Torr. & Gray. Wooded hills, S. Ind. and E. Ky. to N. Ga. Oct.--Plant 2--4 deg. high, slender, more or less pubescent.

19. BELLIS, Tourn. DAISY.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenes obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus.--Low herbs (all but our single species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true _Daisy_, B. PERENNIS (which is found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from _bellus_, pretty.)

1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Annual or biennial, diffusely branched (4'--1 deg. high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower spatulate-obovate; heads on slender peduncles; rays pale violet-purple.--Prairies and banks, Ky. and southwestward. March--June.

20. APHANOSTEPHUS, DC.

Involucral scales in few series, broadly lanceolate, the outer shorter. Achenes prismatic, the broad truncate apex bearing a short coroniform pappus. Otherwise as Bellis.--Southwestern leafy-stemmed and branching pubescent herbs, with solitary terminal daisy-like heads. ([Greek: A)phane/s], _inconspicuous_, and [Greek: ste/phos], _crown_; in allusion to the pappus.)

1. A. Arkansanus, Gray. Diffuse, 1 deg. high; leaves oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate, the lower often toothed or lobed; rays white to purple, 1/2' long; pappus mostly 4--5-lobed.--Plains of Kan. and southward.

21. CHAETOPAPPA, DC.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers often sterile. Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more rows, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes fusiform or compressed; pappus of 5 or fewer thin nerveless paleae, alternating with rough bristly awns, or these wanting.--Low southwestern branching annuals, with narrow entire leaves and solitary terminal heads; ray white or purple. ([Greek: Chai/te], _a bristle_, and [Greek: pa/ppos], _pappus_.)

1. C. asteroides, DC. Slender, 2--10' high, pubescent; involucres narrow, 2'' long; rays 5--12; achenes pubescent.--Dry grounds, Vernon Co., Mo., and southward.

22. BOLTONIA, L'Her.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Achenes very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and usually 2--4 longer awns.--Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs, pale green, with the aspect of Aster; the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned edgewise. Flowers autumnal; disk yellow; rays white or purplish. (Dedicated to _James Bolton_, an English botanist of the last century.)

[*] _Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed._

1. B. asteroides, L'Her. Stems 2--8 deg. high; leaves lanceolate; involucral scales acuminate; pappus of few or many minute bristles and 2 awns or none. (B. glastifolia, _L'Her._, the awned form.)--Moist places along streams; Penn. to Ill., and southward to Fla. Sept., Oct.--Var. DECURRENS, Engelm., a large form with the leaves alate-decurrent upon the stem and branches. Mo. (_Eggert_).

2. B. latisquama, Gray. Heads rather larger; involucral scales oblong to ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate; pappus-awns conspicuous.--W. Mo. and Kan.

[*][*] _Heads small, panicled on the slender branches._

3. B. diffusa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched; leaves lance-linear, those on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped; rays short, mostly white; pappus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns.--Prairies of S. Ill. (_Vasey_), and southwestward. Aug.--Oct.

23. TOWNSENDIA, Hook.

Heads many-flowered, the numerous ray-flowers (violet to white) in a single series, fertile. Involucre broad, the lanceolate scariously margined scales imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes obovate or oblong, flattened, with thickish margins and beset with forked-capitellate hairs; pappus a single row of long awns or coarse rigid bristles, or reduced in the ray to chaffy scales.--Low scarcely caulescent herbs, with linear to spatulate entire leaves and large heads. (Named for _David Townsend_, botanical associate of Dr. Darlington of Penn.)

1. T. sericea, Hook. Acaulescent silky-pubescent perennial; heads sessile, solitary or few, 1/2--1' high; ray-pappus mostly bristly.--Dry plains, central Neb., north and westward. April, May.

24. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER.

Heads 12--20-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spreading green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenes short, inversely pyramidal, very silky; pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles.--Perennial tufted herbs (1--2 deg. high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale yellow. (Name from [Greek: seriko/s], _silky_, and [Greek: karpo/s], _fruit_.)

[*] _Pappus rusty; leaves sparingly serrate, veiny, rather thin._

1. S. conyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, ciliate; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical (4--6'' long).--Dry ground; Maine to Ohio, and southward. July.

[*][*] _Pappus white; leaves entire, obscurely veined, firmer and smaller._

2 S. solidagineus, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, with rough margins, tapering to the base; heads narrow (3'' long), in close clusters, few-flowered.--Thickets, S. New Eng. to Tenn., and southward. July.

3. S. tortifolius, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblong-spatulate, short (1/2--1' long), vertical, both sides alike; heads rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4--5'' long).--Pine woods, Va. and southward. Aug.

25. ASTER, L. STARWORT. ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf-like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes more or less flattened; pappus simple, of capillary bristles (double in Secs. 4 and 5).--Perennial herbs (annual only in Secs. 7 and 8), with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads; flowering in autumn. Rays white, purple, or blue; the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name [Greek: a)ste/r], _a star_, from the radiate heads of flowers.)

Conspectus of Groups.

Annuals, with copious fine soft pappus 53, 54

Pappus double 46--48

Scales closely imbricated, not green-tipped, often scarious-edged
49--52

Scales closely imbricated, scarcely at all herbaceous; leaves cordate,
serrate 2, 3

Scales nearly equal, rigid, more or less foliaceous; pappus-bristles
rigid, some thickened at top 1

Scales with herbaceous tips or the outer wholly foliaceous.
ASTER proper.

Pappus rigid; stem-leaves sessile, none cordate or clasping; heads
few, large 4--8

Leaves silvery-silky both sides, sessile, entire 14, 15

Lower leaves more or less cordate, petiolate 17--24

Leaves entire, lower not cordate, cauline sessile with
cordate-clasping base 16

Involucre (and branchlets) viscid or glandular; leaves not cordate,
mostly entire, the cauline all sessile or clasping 9--13

Lower leaves all acute at base; not glandular nor viscid nor
silky-canescent.

Smooth and glabrous, usually glaucous; scales coriaceous at base;
leaves firm, usually entire 25--30

Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; scales squarrose; stem-leaves small,
linear, entire 31, 32

Scales closely imbricated, not coriaceous at base; branches
divaricate; heads many, small 33--35

Remaining species; branches erect or ascending.

Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping or with winged-petiole-like
base; involucre lax 42--45

Stem-leaves sessile, but rarely cordate or auriculate at base
36--41

Sec. 1. HELIASTRUM. _Pappus simple, coarse and rigid, the stronger bristles somewhat clavate; scales rigid, more or less foliaceous, nearly equal._

1. A. paludosus, Ait. Stems 1 deg. high; glabrous or nearly so; heads 1/2' high, rather few, racemose or spicate; outer scales lax, foliaceous; rays purple; leaves linear, entire.--Mo. to Tex., thence to Car. and Ga.

Sec. 2. BIOTIA. _Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped; the scales regularly imbricated in several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips; rays 6--18 (white or nearly so); achenes slender; pappus slightly rigid, simple; lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely serrate; heads in open corymbs._

2. A. corymbosus, Ait. _Stem slender_, somewhat zigzag; _leaves thin, smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, taper-pointed_, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles; _rays 6--9_.--Woodlands; common; especially northward. July, Aug.--Plant 1--2 deg. high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves than the next; not rough, but sometimes pubescent.

3. A. macrophyllus, L. _Stem stout and rigid_ (2--3 deg. high); _leaves thickish, rough, closely serrate_, abruptly pointed; the lower heart-shaped (4--10' long, 3--6' wide), long-petioled; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on margined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; _rays 10--15_ (white or bluish).--Moist woods; common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug., Sept.--Involucre 1/2' broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the innermost much larger and thinner.

Sec. 3. ASTER proper. _Scales imbricated in various degrees, with herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer entirely foliaceous; rays numerous; pappus simple, soft and nearly uniform (coarser and more rigid in the first group); achenes flattened._ (All flowering late in summer or in autumn.)

[*] 1. _Scales well imbricated, coriaceous, with short herbaceous mostly obtuse spreading tips; pappus of rigid bristles; stem-leaves all sessile, none heart-shaped or clasping; heads few, or when several corymbose, large and showy._

[+] _Lowest leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, some rounded or subcordate at base._

4. A. Herveyi, Gray. Slightly scabrous, 1--2 deg. high, the summit and peduncles glandular-puberulent; leaves roughish, obscurely serrate, the lower ovate on nearly naked petioles, the upper lanceolate; heads loosely corymbose, 1/2' high; involucre nearly hemispherical, the scales obscurely glandular, all erect, with very short or indistinct green tips; rays violet, 1/2' long.--Borders of oak woods, in rather moist soil, E. Mass, and R. I.; Mt. Desert. An ambiguous species, approaching the last.

[+][+] _Radical leaves all tapering into margined petioles; involucres squarrose (hardly so in n. 8); rootstocks slender._

5. A. spectabilis, Ait. Stems 1--2 deg. high, roughish and glandular-puberulent above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate-oblong, obscurely serrate or the upper entire; heads few, hemispherical, 1/2' high; _scales glandular-puberulent and viscid_; mostly with the _upper half herbaceous and spreading_; rays about 20, bright violet, nearly 1' long.--sandy soil, Mass. to Del., near the coast, and perhaps southward. Sept.--Nov. One of the handsomest species of the genus.

6. A. surculosus, Michx. Stems 1 deg. high or less, _from long filiform rootstocks; leaves entire_ or nearly so, _rigid_, lanceolate or the upper linear; _heads_ few or solitary, as in the last but generally _smaller_, the _scales hardly glandular_.--Moist ground, coast of N. J., and southward.

7. A. gracilis, Nutt. Rootstocks occasionally tuberous-thickened; stems slender, 1 deg. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, small (1--2' long); heads few or several; involucre top-shaped, 3--4'' long, glabrous, not glandular nor viscid, the _coriaceous whitish scales with very short deltoid or ovate tips_; rays 9--12, 3--6'' long.--Pine barrens, N. J. to N. C., E. Ky. and Tenn.

8. A. radula, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth or sparsely hairy, many-leaved (1--3 deg. high); _leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined_, closely sessile (2--3' long), nearly equal; _scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with very short and slightly spreading herbaceous tips_; achenes smooth.--Bogs and low grounds, Del. to Maine and northward, near the coast; also Pocono Mountain, Penn. A dwarf form (var. STRICTUS, Gray) has oblong- to linear-lanceolate nearly entire leaves, and usually solitary heads; White Mountains, N. H., to Lab. Aug.--Rays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins.

[*] 2. _Involucre and usually the branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandular, well imbricated or loose; pubescence not silky; leaves entire (or the lower with few teeth), the cauline all sessile or clasping; rays showy, violet to purple._

[+] _Heads small; involucre not squarrose. Extreme western._

9. A. Fendleri, Gray. Rigid, 1 deg. high or less; leaves firm, linear, 1-nerved, hispid-ciliate, 1' long or mostly much less; heads scattered, 3'' high; scales linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acute.--Central Kan. (Ellis, _Dr. L. Watson_) and southwestward.

[+][+] _Heads larger; involucral scales spreading, in few or many ranks._

10. A. grandiflorus, L. _Rough with minute hispid hairs_; stems slender, loosely much branched (1--3 deg. high); _leaves very small_ (1/4--1' long), oblong-linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical squarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (1' long); achenes hairy.--Dry open places, Va. and southward.--Heads large and very showy.

11. A. oblongifolius, Nutt. _Minutely glandular-puberulent_, much branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1--2 deg. high); _leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate_, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thickish (1--2' long by 2--5'' wide); involucral scales nearly equal, broadly linear, appressed at the base; rays violet-purple; achenes canescent.--Banks of rivers, from Penn. and Va. to Minn. and Kan.--Heads middle-sized or smaller.

Var. rigidulus, Gray. Low, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous leaves.--In drier places, Ill., Wisc., and southwestward.

12. A. Novae-Angliae, L. _Stem stout, hairy_ (3--8 deg. high), corymbed at the summit; _leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculate-clasping, clothed with minute pubescence_, 2--5' long; _scales nearly equal, linear-awl-shaped, loose, glandular-viscid_, as well as the branchlets; rays violet-purple (in var. ROSEUS rose-purple), very numerous; achenes hairy.--Moist grounds; common.--Heads large. A peculiar and handsome species.

13. A. modestus, Lindl. Pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, simple, with few large heads terminating slender branchlets; leaves lanceolate, very acute, narrowed to a sessile base, sparingly serrate or serrulate; scales linear-attenuate, equal, mostly herbaceous; rays blue.--N. Dak. and westward.

[*] 3. _Leaves whitened, silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate; involucre imbricated in 3 to several rows; rays showy, purple-violet._

14. A. sericeus, Vent. Stems slender, branched; leaves silver-white, lanceolate or oblong, _heads mostly solitary_, terminating the short branchlets; _scales of the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading_, except the short coriaceous base; _achenes smooth_, many-ribbed.--Prairies and dry banks, Wisc. and Minn. to Ky., and southward.--Heads large; rays 20--30.

15. A. concolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple; _leaves crowded, oblong or lanceolate, appressed_, the upper reduced to little bracts; _heads in a simple or compound wand-like raceme_; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate; _achenes silky_.--Dry sandy soil near the coast, R. I., N. J., and southward.--Plant 1--3 deg. high, with the short leaves 1' or less in length, grayish-silky both sides.

[*] 4._Leaves entire, the lower not heart-shaped, the cauline all with sessile and cordate-clasping base, the auricles generally meeting around the stem._

16. A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (1--3 deg. high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating slender branchlets; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted below the middle, rough, especially above and on the margins; scales of the minutely roughish involucre with spreading pointed tips; achenes silky.--Var. PHLOGIFOLIUS, Nees, is a form of shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin scarcely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostly much contracted below the middle.--Dry ground; common, Mass. to Minn., and southward. Heads 1/2' broad, with showy deep blue-purple rays.

[*] 5 _Lower leaves heart-shaped and petioled; no glandular or viscid pubescence; heads with short and appressed green-tipped scales (except in n. 16 and 23), mostly small and numerous, racemose or panicled._

[+] _Heads middle-sized, with many rays, and squarrose foliaceous involucre._

17. A. anomalus, Engelm. Somewhat pubescent and scabrous; stems slender (2--4 deg. high), simple or racemose-branched above; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, entire, the upper small and almost sessile; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several rows, appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips; achenes smooth.--Limestone cliffs, W. Ill. and Mo. to Ark.--Rays violet-purple.

[+][+] _Rays 10--20; involucral scales appressed or erect._

[++] _Leaves entire or slightly serrate; heads middle-sized; rays bright-blue._

18. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound at the summit, the branches slender and rigid; _leaves rough, the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles; the others lanceolate or linear, sessile_, on the branches awl-shaped; involucre inversely conical.--Copses and prairies, western N. Y., and Ohio to Minn., and southwestward. Involucre much as in A. laevis, but smaller and slightly pubescent.

19. A. Shortii, Hook. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing very numerous heads in racemose panicles; _leaves smooth above, minutely pubescent underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated_, tapering gradually to a sharp point, _all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at base, and on naked petioles_, none clasping; involucre bell-shaped.--Cliffs and banks, Ohio to Ill., and southward.--A pretty species, 2--4 deg. high; leaves 3--5' long.

20. A. undulatus, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles; _leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy underneath_, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others _abruptly contracted into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the base_, or directly sessile by a heart-shaped base; involucre obovoid, the scales less rigid.--Dry copses; common.

[++][++] _Leaves conspicuously serrate; heads small; rays pale blue or nearly white._

21. A. cordifolius, L. Stem much branched above, _the spreading or diverging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads_; lower leaves all heart-shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles; _scales of the inversely conical involucre all appressed and tipped with very short green points, obtuse or acutish_.--Woodlands; very common.--Heads profuse, but quite small. Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth, roughish, or sometimes hairy, also with the leaves all narrower. Apparent hybrids with n. 35 also occur.

22. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with _ascending branches bearing numerous racemose heads_; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the lower heart-shaped at base, on margined petioles; the upper lanceolate or linear, pointed at both ends; _scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped slender and loose tips_.--Dry ground, N. Y. and Penn. to Ky., and northward.--Green, but usually more or less hairy or downy; the heads rather larger than in the last, almost sessile.

23. A. Drummondii, Lindl. Pale with fine gray pubescence; _leaves cordate to cordate-lanceolate, mostly on margined petioles_, the uppermost lanceolate and sessile; _scales acute or acutish_.--Passing into the last. Open ground, etc., Ill. to Minn. and Kan.

24. A. Lindleyanus, Torr. & Gray. Rather stout, 1--2 deg. high, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous; _radical and lowest leaves ovate, moderately or obscurely cordate_, the uppermost sessile and pointed at both ends; _heads larger_, rather few in a loose thyrse or panicle, _the linear-attenuate scales looser and less imbricated_; rays pale violet.--Lab. to L. Superior; Lisbon, N. H. (_C. E. Faxon_), and Mt. Desert (_Rand_).

[*] 6. _Without heart-shaped petioled leaves, the radical and lower all acute or attenuate at base; not glandular nor viscid, nor silky-canescent._

[+] _Smooth and glabrous throughout (or nearly so, except forms of n. 29), and usually pale and glaucous; involucral scales closely imbricated, firm and whitish-coriaceous below, green-tipped; leaves firm, usually entire._

[++] _Rays violet or blue; scales rather abruptly green-tipped; leaves on the branchlets reduced to rigid subulate bracts._

25. A. turbinellus, Lindl. Stem slender, 3 deg. high, paniculately branched; leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, tapering to each end, with rough margins; _involucre elongated-obconical_ or almost club-shaped (1/2' long); the scales linear, with very short and blunt green tips; rays violet-blue; achenes nearly smooth.--Dry hills, etc., Ill., Mo., and southwestward.--Well-marked and handsome.

26. A. laevis, L. Stouter, 2--4 deg. high; heads in a close panicle; leaves thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base; scales of the _short-obovoid or hemispherical involucre_ with short abrupt green tips; rays sky-blue; achenes smooth.--Borders of woodlands; common. A variable and elegant species.

27. A. virgatus, Ell. Slender, strict and simple, with few or several _racemose or terminal heads_, like those of the last; _leaves lanceolate or linear, the lower usually long and narrow_.--S. W. Va., and southward.

28. A. concinnus, Willd. Not glaucous, slender, 1--3 deg. high; leaves lanceolate, mostly somewhat serrate, the lowest spatulate-lanceolate on winged petioles; _heads smaller_ than in the preceding, _numerous, panicled_; rays violet.--Rare; Penn. and southward.

[++][++] _Rays white or turning purplish; scales narrow, subulately green-tipped; leaves mostly narrow, narrowed at base, on the branchlets lax and attenuate._

29. A. polyphyllus, Willd. Often tall (4 or 5 deg. high), with virgate branches; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 4 or 5' long; heads paniculate; scales lanceolate-subulate, the outermost much shorter; rays 4'' long.--N. Vt. to Wisc., and southward. Heads larger and flowering earlier than the next.

30. A. ericoides, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (1--3 deg. high); the simple branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed; the others linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped; heads 3'' high or less; involucral scales often nearly equal, with attenuate or awl-shaped green tips.--Dry open places, S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward.--Var. VILLOSUS, Torr. & Gray, is a hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States.--Var. PUSILLUS, Gray, is a dwarf slender and glabrous form of the barrens of Lancaster, Penn. (_Porter_), with very narrow or filiform leaves and very small few-flowered heads.--Var. PRINGLEI, Gray, a low strict form, with few erect branches and rather small heads. About Lake Champlain.

[+][+] _Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; herbaceous tips of the involucral scales squarrose or spreading; cauline leaves small, linear, entire, scarcely narrowed at the sessile or partly clasping base; heads numerous, small, racemose._

31. A. amethystinus, Nutt. Tall (2--5 deg. high), upright, much branched, puberulent or somewhat hirsute; leaves not rigid; heads 3'' high, the tips of the scales merely spreading; rays light clear blue.--Moist grounds, E. Mass. to Ill. and Iowa. With the habit of n. 11.

32. A. multiflorus, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1 deg. high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading racemose branches; leaves rigid, crowded, spreading, with rough or ciliate margins, the uppermost passing into the spatulate obtuse scales; heads 2--3'' long; rays white or rarely bluish, 10--20.--Dry sandy soil; common.

[+][+][+] _Scales glabrous, closely imbricated (the outer regularly shorter), not coriaceous, with short appressed green tips; branches slender, divaricate or divergent; leaves lanceolate to subulate; heads small (2--3'' high) and numerous._

[++] _Heads scattered, terminating minutely foliose slender branchlets._

33. A. dumosus, L. Smooth or nearly so, 1--3 deg. high; leaves linear or the upper oblong, crowded, entire, with rough margins; scales linear spatulate, obtuse, in 4--6 rows.--Thickets; common.--A variable species, loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an obconical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in n. 34. Runs into several peculiar forms.

[++][++] _Heads racemosely unilateral upon very short minutely leafy branchlets._

34. A. vimineus, Lam. _Smooth or smoothish_, 2--5 deg. high, bushy; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in the middle with fine sharp teeth; _scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish_, in 3 or 4 rows. (A. Tradescanti, of previous ed.)--Var. FOLIOLOSUS, Gray, has linear entire leaves, the ascending branches with more scattered paniculate heads.--Moist banks; very common.--Heads very numerous, and usually crowded, smaller than in the last. Rays white or nearly so.

35. A. diffusus, Ait. _More or less pubescent_, much branched; _leaves_ lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, _sharply serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse_, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. (A. miser, of previous ed.)--Thickets, fields, etc.; very common, and extensively variable. Leaves larger than in either of the preceding (2--5'); the involucre intermediate between them, as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, white or pale bluish-purple.--Var. THYRSOIDEUS, Gray, with ovate-oblong to lanceolate leaves, the branches ascending and often short, and the thyrsoid or spicate-glomerate heads less secund. N. Y. to Ill.--Var. HIRSUTICAULIS, Gray, the slender stem and the midveins of the long narrow leaves very hirsute. N. Y. and Ky.--Var. BIFRONS, Gray, a luxuriant form with large thin leaves and rather larger heads loosely disposed on the spreading branches. Ky. to Ill.

[+][+][+][+] _Involucre various, the heads when numerous densely or loosely paniculate on erect or ascending branches._

[++] _Cauline leaves sessile, but the base not cordate nor auriculate (except in forms of n. 41), nor winged-petiole-like; glabrous or nearly so._

[=] _Heads small or middle-sized; scales narrow, in several lengths, the erect green tips not dilated._

36. A. Tradescanti, L. Stem much branched (2--4 deg. high); the numerous heads (2--3'' high) somewhat panicled or racemed; leaves lanceolate to linear, tapering to a long slender point (2--6' long), the lower somewhat serrate in the middle; involucral scales linear, acutish, partly green down the back. (A. tenuifolius, previous ed.)--Low grounds, Mass. to Minn., and south to Va. and Ill. Rays short and narrow, white or purplish. Some forms approach n. 32--34, others differ from A. paniculatus only in the smaller heads and shorter ray.

37. A. paniculatus, Lam. Stem (2--8 deg. high) much branched; the branches and scattered heads (about 4'' high) loosely paniculate; leaves long-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate; scales narrowly linear, with attenuate green tips or the outermost wholly green. (A. simplex, previous ed.)--Shady moist banks; common. Rays white or purplish, 3--4'' long. Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following. A slender form with linear leaves, in northern bogs, resembles n. 40.

38. A. salicifolius, Ait. Like the last; the leaves commonly shorter, firmer, often scabrous, less serrate or entire; involucre more imbricated, the firmer linear scales with shorter acute or obtusish green tips; heads as large, disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-clustered; rays rarely white. (A. carneus, previous ed.)--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; most abundant westward.--Var. SUBASPER, Gray, a rigid scabrous form, with contracted leafy inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate and the broader scales often obtuse. Ill. to Tex.

[=][=] _Heads small or middle-sized, the looser linear scales somewhat equal and erect, and the acute green tips not dilated, the outer often wholly herbaceous._

39. A. junceus, Ait. Slender, 1--3 deg. high, simple with few heads or loosely branching; leaves linear or narrow, 3--5' long, entire or the lower sparsely denticulate; heads small (3'' high); scales small, narrow, in 2 or 3 rows, the outer more or less shorter; rays light purple, 4--5'' long. (A. aestivus, previous ed., mainly.)--Wet meadows and cold bogs, N. Scotia and N. Y. to Mich. and Minn.

40. A. longifolius, Lam. (not of previous ed.) Stem 1--3 deg. high, more or less branched and corymbosely panicled; leaves long-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate (3--7' long), narrowed to both ends, entire or sparsely serrulate; heads 4--5'' high, the scales nearly equal and usually little imbricated, the outer looser; rays 3--4'' long, violet or purplish, rarely whitish.--Low grounds, Lab. and northern N. Eng. to Minn.--Var. VILLICAULIS, Gray, a low simple form, with few or solitary heads, and the stem and midrib of the leaves densely white-villous beneath. N. Maine, at Fort Kent (_Miss Furbish_).

[=][=][=] _Heads middle-sized; scales in few to several rows, more or less unequal, linear to spatulate, more herbaceous and firmer, the tips often slightly spreading or squarrose._

41. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Rarely tall; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat auriculate; heads 4--5'' long; rays bright blue-violet. (A. longifolius, previous ed.)--N. Brunswick to Ill. and Ga. The commonest late-flowered Aster of the Atlantic border, and very variable. The typical form has thin narrowly to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous above, and linear scales with narrow acute spreading or recurved tips.--Var. LAEVIGATUS, Gray, is usually glabrous throughout, the thin leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, the upper half-clasping by an abrupt base; scales nearly equal, loosely erect, with short acutish tips. N. Eng. and eastward.--Var. LITOREUS, Gray, rigid, usually low, very leafy; leaves thickish, usually very smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the upper sometimes auriculate; scales in several loose rows, all but the innermost with broadish obtuse tips, the outer usually spatulate. Salt-marshes and shores, Can. to Ga.--Var. ELODES, Gray, slender, often low and simple; leaves thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the uppermost small and bract-like; scales narrow, with short and mostly spreading acutish tips. Swamps, N. J. to Va.

[++][++] _Cauline leaves conspicuously contracted into a winged-petiole-like base or auriculate-clasping; involucre lax._

42. A. patulus, Lam. Glabrous or subpubescent, 1--4 deg. high; leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both ends, the lower to a winged petiole, none auriculate or only obscurely so; heads loosely panicled, about 4'' high; scales unequal, erect or nearly so; rays light purple or white.--N. Brunswick and eastern N. England.

43. A. tardiflorus, L. Glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not hispid), 1--2 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly with gradually narrowed and somewhat auricled base; heads often few, corymbose, 4--5'' high; scales subequal, the outer foliaceous; rays pale violet.--Lab. to the Mass. coast and White Mts. Not late-flowering.

44. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem 1--3 deg. high, corymbose-panicled, hairy above in lines; leaves rough above, smooth underneath, ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and rather abruptly narrowed to a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into a conspicuously auricled base; heads mostly 4'' high, on short divergent peduncles; scales narrowly linear, tips recurved spreading; rays light blue.--Borders of streams and rich woods, W. New Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and Wisc.

45. A. puniceus, L. Stem tall and stout 3--7 deg. high, rough-hairy all over or in lines, usually purple below, panicled above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, not narrowed or but slightly so to the auricled base, coarsely serrate to sparingly denticulate in the middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath, pointed; heads 4--6'' high, subsessile; scales narrowly linear, acute, loose, equal, in about 2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade).--Low thickets and swamps, very common.--Var. LAEVICAULIS, Gray; stem mostly green, smooth and naked below, sparsely hirsute above, 1--3 deg. high; leaves serrate.--Var. LUCIDULUS, Gray; the very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous; leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat shining; heads usually numerous, the scales less loose and less attenuate.

Sec. 4. DOELLINGERIA. _Pappus manifestly double, the inner of long capillary bristles (some thickened at top), the outer of very short and rigid bristles; scales short, without herbaceous tips; heads small, corymbose or solitary; rays rather few, white; leaves not rigid, veiny._

46. A. umbellatus, Mill. Smooth, leafy to the top (2--7 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed_ and tapering at the base (3--6' long); heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs; involucral scales rather close, obtusish, scarcely longer than the achenes. (Diplopappus umbellatus, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Moist thickets; common, especially northward. Aug.--Var. PUBENS, Gray; the lower surface of the leaves and the branchlets tomentulose. Upper Mich. to Minn.--Var. LATIFOLIUS, Gray; with shorter leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, less narrowed or even rounded at base. (D. amygdalinus, _Torr. & Gray_.) Pine barrens, etc., N. J., Penn., and southward.

47. A. infirmus, Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous, 1--3 deg. high, less leafy, bearing few or several heads on divergent peduncles; leaves obovate to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the midrib hairy beneath; scales more imbricated, thicker and more obtuse; pappus more rigid. (D. cornifolius, _Darl._)--Open woodlands, E. Mass. to Tenn., and southward.

Sec. 5. IANTHE. _Pappus less distinctly double, the inner of bristles not thickened at top, the outer shorter; scales well imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips; rays violet; achenes narrow, villous; leaves numerous, rigid, small, linear, 1-nerved and veinless._

48. A. linariifolius, L. Stems 3--20' high, several from a woody root; heads solitary or terminating simple branches, rather large; leaves about 1' long, rough-margined, passing above into the rigid acutish scales. (D. linariifolius, _Hook_.)--Dry soil, common. Sept., Oct. Ray rarely white.

Sec. 6. ORTHOMERIS. _Pappus simple; scales imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or dry. Perennial, as all the preceding._

49. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or roughish; stems clustered (6--20' high), simple; _leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid_, entire, tapering to the base, 1--3-nerved, with rough margins (2--4' long); _heads small, in a flat corymb_; scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; _rays white_ (2--4'' long).--Dry rocks, W. New Eng. to Minn., along the Great Lakes, and northward. Aug.--Var. LUTESCENS, Gray; rays small, pale yellow.--N. Ill. to Sask.

50. A. acuminatus, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1 deg. high) simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; _leaves oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed_ above, wedge-form and entire at the base; involucral scales few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin (3--5'' long); heads few or several; rays 12--18, white, or slightly purple.--Cool rich woods; S. Lab. to Penn., and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug.--There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White Mountains. A monstrous form occurs in Maine, having a chaffy receptacle and the flowers turned to tufts of chaffy paleae.

51. A. nemoralis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent; stem slender, simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (1--2 deg. high); _leaves_ small (1--11/2' long), rather _rigid, lanceolate_, nearly _entire, with revolute margins_; scales of the inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated.--Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Newf. and Hudson's Bay. Sept.

52. A. tenuifolius, L. Very glabrous; stem often zigzag, simple or forked, 6'--2 deg. high; heads rather large, terminal; _leaves few, long-linear, tapering to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire_, the upper subulate, pointed; involucre top-shaped, the scales subulate-lanceolate with attenuate acute points; rays large, numerous, pale purple. (A. flexuosus, _Nutt._)--Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Sept.

Sec. 7. OXYTRIPOLIUM. _Involucre as in Sec. 6; pappus simple, fine and soft; glabrous annuals, bearing numerous small heads and with narrow entire leaves._

53. A. subulatus, Michx. Stem 6--24' high; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, flat, on the branches awl-shaped; scales of the oblong involucre linear-awl-shaped, in few rows; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. linifolius, of previous ed.)--Salt marshes on the coast, Maine to Va. Aug.--Oct.

Sec. 8. CONYZOPSIS. _Scales of the campanulate involucre in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal, linear, the outer foliaceous and loose; pappus copious, very soft; rays very short or without ligules; low annuals with numerous rather small heads._

54. A. angustus, Torr. & Gray. Branching, 6--20' high, nearly glabrous; leaves linear, entire, more or less short-ciliate; ray-flowers reduced to a tube much shorter than the elongated style.--Minn. to Sask. and westward, spreading east to Chicago, etc. (Siberia.)

26. ERIGERON, L. FLEABANE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical; the narrow rays very numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales narrow, equal and little imbricated, never coriaceous, foliaceous, nor green-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved; pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales.--Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed naked-pedunculate heads. Disk yellow; ray white or purple. (Name from [Greek: e~)r], _spring_, and [Greek: ge/ron], _an old man_, suggested by the hoariness of some vernal species.)

Sec. 1. CAENOTUS. _Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than the pappus; pappus simple; annuals._

1. E. Canadensis, L. (HORSE-WEED. BUTTER-WEED.) Bristly-hairy; _stem erect, wand-like_ (1--5 deg. high); leaves linear, mostly entire, the radical cut-lobed; _heads_ very numerous and small, cylindrical, _panicled_.--Waste places; a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July--Oct.--Ligule of the ray-flowers much shorter than the tube, white.

2. E. divaricatus, Michx. _Diffuse and decumbent_ (3'--1 deg. high); leaves linear or awl-shaped, entire; _heads loosely corymbed; rays purple_; otherwise like n. 1.--Ind. to Minn., and southward.

Sec. 2. TRIMORPHAEA. _Like Sec. 1, but a series of filiform rayless pistillate flowers within the outer row of ray-flowers; biennial or sometimes perennial._

3. E. acris, L. Hirsute-pubescent or smoothish; stem erect (10--20' high); leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire; heads several or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical (4--5'' long), hirsute; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pappus.--Lower St. Lawrence, across the continent and northward. The var. DROEBACHENSIS, Blytt, more glabrous and with the green involucre nearly or quite naked, occurs on the shores of L. Superior. (Eu.)

Sec. 3. ERIGERON proper. _Rays elongated (short in a form of n. 5), crowded in one or more rows._

[*] _Annuals (or sometimes biennial), leafy-stemmed and branching; pappus double, the outer a crown of minute scales, the inner of deciduous fragile bristles, usually wanting in the ray._

4. E. annuus, Pers. (DAISY FLEABANE. SWEET SCABIOUS.) Stem stout (3--5 deg. high), branched, _beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed; the lowest ovate_, tapering into a margined petiole, the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads corymbed; rays white, tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre.--Fields and waste places; a very common weed. June--Aug. (Nat. in Eu.)

5. E. strigosus, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Stem panicled-corymbose at the summit, _roughish_ like the leaves _with minute appressed hairs, or almost smooth; leaves entire_ or nearly so, the upper _lanceolate_, scattered, the lowest oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy involucre.--Fields, etc., common. June--Aug.--Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but longer rays. A form with the rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre, occurs in S. New England.

[*][*] _Leafy-stemmed perennials; pappus simple (double in n. 6)._

6. E. glabellus, Nutt. Stem (6--15' high) stout, hairy above, the leafless summit bearing 1--7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled; rays (more than 100, purple) more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre; pappus double, the outer of minute bristles.--Plains of N. Wisc., and westward. June.

7. E. hyssopifolius, Michx. Slightly pubescent, slender (6--12' high), from filiform rootstocks; leaves short, very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays 20--30, rose-purple or whitish. (Aster graminifolius, _Pursh._)--Northern borders of N. Eng., L. Superior, and northward.

8. E. bellidifolius, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Hairy, _producing offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above_, bearing few (1--9) large heads on slender peduncles; root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed, the cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire; _rays (about 50) rather broad, light bluish-purple._--Copses and moist banks; common. May.

9. E. Philadelphicus, L. (COMMON FLEABANE.) Hairy; _stem leafy_, corymbed, bearing several small heads; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire, the lowest spatulate, toothed; _rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple_ or flesh-color.--Moist ground; common. June--Aug.

[*][*][*] _Perennial by rosulate offsets, with scape-like stems; pappus simple._

10. E. nudicaulis, Michx. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root, oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1--2 deg. high), bearing 5--12 small corymbed heads; rays white. (E. vernum, _Torr. & Gray_).--Low grounds, E. Va. and southward. May.

27. BACCHARIS, L. GROUNDSEL-TREE.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, dioecious, i.e., the pistillate and staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenes ribbed; pappus of capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous; in the fertile very long and copious.--Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, autumnal. (Name of some shrub anciently dedicated to _Bacchus_.)

1. B. halimifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy; branches angled; leaves obovate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire; heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish.--Sea beaches, Mass. to Va., and southward.--Shrub 6--12 deg. high; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus.

2. B. glomeruliflora, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or nearly so; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader, very obtuse.--Pine barrens, E. Va. (?), and southward.

28. PLUCHEA, Cass. MARSH-FLEABANE.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but sterile, few, with a 5-cleft corolla; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers with tails. Achenes grooved; pappus capillary, in a single row.--Herbs, somewhat glandular, emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads cymosely clustered. Flowers purplish, in summer. (Dedicated to the Abbe _Pluche_.)

1. P. bifrons, DC. _Perennial_, 2--3 deg. high; _leaves closely sessile or half-clasping_, oblong to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2--3' long); heads clustered in a corymb; scales lanceolate.--Low ground, Cape May, N. J., and southward.

2. P. camphorata, DC. (SALT-MARSH FLEABANE.) _Annual, pale_ (2--5 deg. high); _leaves scarcely petioled_, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucral scales ovate to lanceolate. (P. foetida, _DC._)--Salt marshes, Mass. to Va., and southward, and on river-banks westward to Ky., Ill., and Neb. (?)

29. EVAX, Gaertn.

Heads rather many-flowered, discoid; flowers as in Pluchea, the central usually sterile. Involucral scales few, woolly. Receptacle convex to subulate, chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally compressed achenes. Anthers with tails or acutely sagittate; pappus none.--Low, densely floccose-woolly annuals; extreme western. (Name of uncertain signification.)

1. E. prolifera, Nutt. A span high or less, simple or branching from the base; leaves numerous, small and spatulate; heads in dense proliferous clusters; receptacle convex; chaff subtending the sterile flowers woolly-tipped, the rest more scarious and naked, oval or oblong.--Dak. and W. Kan. to Tex.

30. FILAGO, Tourn. COTTON-ROSE.

Heads and flowers as in Evax. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base; the chaff resembling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. Achenes terete; pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none.--Annual, low, branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name from _filum_, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.)

F. GERMANICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and so on;--hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent.--Dry fields, N. Y. to Va. July--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

31. ANTENNARIA, Gaertn. EVERLASTING.