Chapter I: Preface: To Revised Edition (1)

When I was asked to undertake the preparation of this French Dictionary, I had no idea of the formidable nature of the task that lay before me. It was obvious, of course, that a very great deal would have to be done to bring up to date a dictionary of a living language that is ever growing, and in which new words and new meanings of words are being coined almost daily. But I found, in the course of the four and a half years during which I have been engaged upon the work, that it assumed proportions altogether undreamt of, and that I was virtually producing a new work.

Perhaps I may be permitted to direct attention to some of the features which distinguish the new edition.

Many thousands of new words and phrases, idioms and idiomatic expressions, proverbs and proverbial expressions, have been included. In a great many instances chapter and verse have been given. Two hundred columns of print have been added to the book.

For the words in the French-English part, I have closely followed the smaller Littré as well as Bescherelle, and have taken special care to give, as far as the compass of the Dictionary would allow, illustrative examples of the many and various meanings conveyed by the words under review. These various meanings have also been classified, as far as possible, under their respective heads. In the English-French portion I have, as far as the selection of words is concerned, closely followed the lines of Cassell’s English Dictionary. The latest classical, general, scientific, commercial, naval, and military terms are incorporated. In this part, too, the “notation” of the words has been carefully marked throughout and the pronunciation revised.

Among other features of the work which may justly, I think, be accounted improvements, I may mention the following, viz.: the different prepositions governing verbs have been printed in heavier type—thus simplifying one of the greatest difficulties of the language; the pronunciation of the words, where necessary, has been carefully indicated; and the list of geographical names of countries and places has been largely added to.

The work has occupied me, as I have said, for more than four years; but the process of revision has been to me most interesting, and while the labour expended has been far greater than anything I could have anticipated, I trust that the result will give satisfaction to an even larger circle of readers than was obtained by previous editions.

J. B.

ON FRENCH PRONUNCIATION.

=NOTE.=—The rules given below must be considered as general. Some are subject to more or less exceptions, which, for the sake of brevity, have not been mentioned, but they will all be found clearly and fully noticed in their respective places.

ALPHABET.

Old Approximate Modern Approximate
French French English French English
Alphabet. Pronunciation. Pronunciation. Pronunciation. Pronunciation.
A a a ah a ah
B b bé bay be bu-t
C c cé say ce su-m
D d dé day de du-ll
E e é a e u-p
F f èff eff fe fu-n
G g jé zhay ge zhu-t
H h ash ash he hu-g
I i i ee i ee-l
J j ji zhee je zhu-g
K k k kah ke cu-t
L l èl el le lu-ck
M m èmm em me mu-d
N n ènn en ne nu-t
O o o o o o-ld
P p pé pay pe pu-n
Q q qu ku ke cu-rl
R r èr air re ru-st
S s èss ess se su-n
T t té tay te tu-b
U u u u u u
V v vé vay ve vu-lgar
X x iks eeks kse ksu-t
Y y i grec ee grek y y-ore
Z z zed zed ze zu-n

FRENCH VOWEL SOUNDS.

The Simple, or Vowel sounds, in the French language, are as follows:—

French. English. French.

a (short) like a in _bat_, exemplified by _mal_.

â (long) like a _bar_ _âge_.

e sounded like a _villă_ _me_, _je_.

è, ê e _e’er_, _there_ _père_.

é ai, e _air_, _eh_! _été_.

i ea _peak_ _pique_.

î ie _field_ _gîte_.

o o _rob_ _mol_.

ô o _no_ _môle_.

u no equivalent in English (nearest approach is _u_
in _brunette_) exemplified by _suc_.

û no equivalent in English _sûre_.

eû sounded like e in _her_ (but longer and deeper) _jeûne_.

ou oo _root_ exemplified by _goutte_.

oû oo _noose_ _voûte_.

an no equivalent in English _tan_.

in _fin_.

on _bon_.

un _brun_.

Y, when alone, or when preceded or followed by a consonant, is pronounced like an _i_; except in _pays_, _paysan_, _paysage_. When placed between two vowels, it performs the office of two _i_’s, and is always preceded by _a_, _e_, _o_, or _u_. When preceded by _a_ or _e_, it unites its first _i_ with this vowel, and sounds _è_, as in _rayon_, which is pronounced _rè-ion_; when preceded by _o_, its first _i_ is sounded in conjunction with _o_, like _wa_ in the English word _wag_, as in _joyeux_, which is pronounced _joa-ieû_; and when preceded by _u_, its own two _i_’s preserve their natural sound, as in _appuyer_, which is pronounced _appui-ié_.

A is long in the termination _aille_, except in _médăille_, _je travăille_, _détăille_, _émăille_, _băille_ (I give). It is also long in _ation_, as, _nation_, _admiration_, _oblation_; pronounce therefore, _pāille_, _limāille_, _canāille_, _nātion_, _admirātion_, _oblātion_, etc.

In the terminations of the imperfect of the subjunctive of verbs of the first conjugation, the _a_ is always short; as _que je parlăsse_, _que je donnăsse_.

NASAL SOUNDS.

The nasal syllables are: _aim_, _ain_, _am_, _an_, _aon_; _ean_, _eim_, _ein_, _em_, _en_, _eon_, _eun_; _im_, _in_; _om_, _on_; _um_, _un_; _ym_.

_Am_, _an_, _ean_, are pronounced like _an_, without exception; as _ambition_, _vendant_, _songeant_. _Em_ and _en_ are also pronounced like _an_, as in _emploi_, _empire_, _envie_; but not always. In words derived from foreign languages, they are pronounced liked _ème_, _ène_; as _Jerusalem_, _hymen_. In words terminating in _en_ or _ein_, and in their derivatives, _en_ is pronounced like _in_; as _mien_, _Chrétien_, _Chrétienté_; and in the verbs _tenir_, _venir_, and their derivatives, _en_ is sounded like _in_; as _tiens_, _viens_.

In _femme_, _em_ is pronounced like _am_.

_Im_, _in_, _aim_, _ain_, _ein_, are all pronounced like _in_. The _i_, however, keeps its natural sound in words taken from foreign languages, as in _Sélim_, _Ephraim_, which are pronounced as if the _m_ were followed by a silent _e_; in all words in which _in_ is followed by a vowel; as _in-animé_, _in-octavo_, _in-odore_, _in-humain_; and in the beginning of words commencing with _imm_ and _inn_.

_Om_, _on_, are pronounced like _on_; as in _pont_, _tombe_; _complet_, _donjon_. _Automne_ is pronounced _ôtonn_.

_Aen_, _aon_, _ean_ are sounded as _an_ in the following words: _Caen_, _Laon_, _taon_, _faon_, _paon_, _Jean_.

_Eon_ is sounded _on_ when following _g_: _mangeons_, _plongeon_.

_Um_, _un_, _eun_, are pronounced like _un_; as in _parfum_, _importun_, _à jeun_.

_Un_ is, however, sounded _on_ in a few words of foreign origin: _punch_, _de profundis_.

_Um_ is pronounced like _ome_ in words of Latin origin, as _duumvir_, _triumvir_; _factum_, _factotum_.

CONSONANTS.

B has the same sound as in English; as _bal_, ball. It is pronounced in the middle and at the end of words.

C has the sound of _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_, _l_, _n_, _r_, except when it has a cedilla under it, in which case it is pronounced like _s_, as _reçu_. It is also pronounced like _s_ before _e_, _i_, and _y_. _Ch_ has the sound of _sh_, except when it is followed by a consonant, in which case it is pronounced like _k_; as in _chronologie_.

D has the same sound as in English. It is sounded in the middle of words, as in _adverbe_. When it is final, and carried to the following word, it sounds like _t_, as in _grand homme_, which is pronounced _gran-tomme_.

F is pronounced like the same letter in English, as in _fleur_, flower. It is sounded at the end of words; but in _neuf_ it is pronounced like _v_ when followed by a word beginning with a vowel or _h_ mute, as in _neuf enfants_, which words are pronounced _neu-van-fan_.

G has the hard sound of _g_ in the English word _go_, before _a_, _o_, _u_, _l_, _m_, _r_, as in _gomme_, _gris_, gum, gray. But it has always the soft sound of _s_ as in _pleasure_ before _e_, _i_, _y_, as in _génie_, _gîte_.

When combined with _n_ in the middle of words, it has a liquid sound, somewhat similar to that of _ni_ in the English word onion, as _régner_, _saigner_, _agneau_, _compagnon_, etc. Every word in which this sound occurs is preceded by a star (*) throughout this work. Whenever _gn_ is not liquid, it sounds as in the English word ignorant.

H is sounded with a guttural impulse, when aspirated, as in _héros_, hero. When mute it has no use but that of showing the etymology of the word, as in _honneur_, honor. It is always silent after _t_, as in _méthode_, _arithmétique_, which are pronounced _métod_, _a-rit-mé-tik_. The aspirated _h_ is marked throughout this work with a dagger (†).

J has always the sound of _s_ in _pleasure_, and is subject to no irregularity.

K has always a hard sound, as in the English word king, and is subject to no irregularity.

L has two sounds. The first is precisely the same as _l_ in the English word lily. The second is liquid. The liquid _l_, whether double or single, is always preceded by _i_. It is similar to the sound of the last _i_ in William.

It is to be remarked, that _i_, followed by _l_ or _ll_, and preceded by another vowel, is always silent in pronunciation; it only serves to indicate the liquid sound of the _l_, as in _paille_, _soleil_, _patrouille_, which ought to be pronounced _pâ-i_, _solé-i_, _patrou-i_. But when _i_ is not preceded by another vowel, as in _fille_, it retains its natural sound, and serves at the same time to indicate the liquid sound of _l_. And here in _fille_, pronounced _fi-i_, we find both the _i_ natural and the _i_ which stands for _ll_.

Whenever _i_ begins a word, as in _illusion_, the _l_’s are never liquid. The liquid _l_ is marked throughout this work with a star (*).

P has the sound of the same letter in English, as in _peine_, pain. When combined with _h_, it has the sound of _f_, as in _philosophe_, philosopher.

Q has the hard sound of _k_, as in the English word _quaker_. Whether initial or medial, _q_ is always followed by _u_, which is not sounded except in a few words that are noticed in the course of this work.

R has the same sound as in English, but is articulated much more strongly, as in _rivière_, river. It is always sounded at the end of words, when preceded by the vowels _a_, _i_, _o_, _u_. In substantives, adjectives, and verbs ending in _er_, it is silent, unless it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel or _h_ mute, as in _dernier ouvrage_, which is pronounced _dernié-rouvraj_.

S has two sounds. The first is hissing, as in the English word _sister_; the second is soft, as in the English word _please_. It has uniformly the hissing sound at the beginning of words, and the soft between two vowels. Both sounds occur in _saison_. It preserves its hissing sound in compound words, as in _parasol_, _vraisemblable_; and when it happens to be sounded at the end of words, as in _Pallas_, _Brutus_, _vis_.

When _s_ final is joined to the following word, it is always articulated like _z_, as in _dans un cas important_, which must be pronounced _dān-zun-kâ-zin-por-tān_.

T has two sounds; one hard, as in the English word _tutor_, and the other like the hissing _s_, as in _sister_. Both occur in _situation_, which is pronounced _si-tuā-sion_. It has the hissing sound before _i_, connected with some other following vowel or vowels, as in _patience_, _factieux_, which are pronounced _pasian-s_, _fak-sieû_.

When _t_, however, is immediately preceded by _s_, it preserves the hard sound, as in _bastion_, _question_, which are pronounced _bas-tion_, _kès-tion_.

X has generally the sound of _ks_. In all words beginning with _x_ or _ex_, followed by a vowel, it has the sound of _gz_, as in _Xavier_, _exil_, which are pronounced _gzavié_, _èg-zil_. When final, it is joined to the following word, and sounds like _z_, as in _beaux yeux_, _dix hommes_, which are pronounced _bô-zieû_, _dî-zom_. X has the sound of _ss_ in _Auxerre_, _Auxonne_, and _Bruxelles_.

FINAL CONSONANTS.

The final consonants that are sounded are _b_, _c_, _f_, _k_, _l_, _m_, _q_, _r_.

The final consonants that are not sounded in words which stand alone, or terminate a sentence, are, _d_, _g_, _h_, _n_, _p_, _r_ (in the termination _er_ only), _s_, _t_, _x_, _z_.

J and v are never final.

D is pronounced like _t_ when joined to the following word, as in _quand il parle_, which must be pronounced _kān-til parle_.

G is pronounced like _k_, as in _sang impur_, which is pronounced _sān-kin-pur_.

P is pronounced only in _Alep_, _cap_, _Gap_, _cep_, _jalap_; and in _beaucoup_, _trop_, when those two words come before a vowel. In _cep de vigne_, the _p_ is silent.

R, preceded by e, is frequently silent in conversation before a vowel, but it must always be sounded in poetry, unless it terminates the verse.

S, before a vowel, sounds like _z_, as in _nous avons eu_, which must be pronounced _nou-zavōn-zu_. S is sounded in _aloès_, _bibus_, _blocus_, _chorus_, _choléramorbus_, _dervis_, _florès_, _gratis_, _jadis_, _laps_, _maïs_, _mars_, _orémus_, _ours_, _rébus_, _relaps_, _Reims_, _Rubens_, _sinus_, _en sus_, _vasistas_, etc. It is silent in _Jésus-Christ_, but sounded in _le Christ_.

T is generally pronounced before a vowel, except when it is preceded by a sounded consonant, as in _effort étonnant_, pronounced _é-for-éto-nan_; in _quatre-vingt-un_ it is not pronounced, but it is sounded in _vingt et un_. In all plural nouns, and in the conjunction _et_; also before a vowel in _fort_, adjective, it is silent, but it is sounded in _fort_, adverb. Final _t_ is also sounded in _brut_, _déficit_, _dot_, _mat_, _exact_, _fat_, _infect_, _intact_, _net_, _rapt_, _subit_, _tact_, _toast_, _transit_, _zénith_, etc. It is not heard in _Jésus-Christ_, though it is sounded in _le Christ_.

LIST OF THE NOUNS OF DOUBLE GENDER EXISTING IN THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.

Aide {_m._, a male assistant.
{_f._, a female assistant; aid, help, succor.

Aigle {_m._, male eagle.
{_f._, she-eagle; standard, eagle.

Ange {_m._, angel; (artil.) chain-shot, bar-shot; angel-shot;
(ich.) angel-fish.[1]
{_f._, _not used_.

Apologétique {_m._, Tertullian’s treatise in defense of the early
Christians.
{_f._, apologetics, a part of theology.

Armadille {_m._, wood-louse.
{_f._, armadilla, Spanish fleet to defend Spain’s
possessions in the New World; Spanish frigate
belonging to this fleet.

Asclépiade {_m._, (ancient poet.) asclepiad.
{_f._, (bot.) asclepias, swallow-wort.

Aune {_m._, alder tree.
{_f._, obsolete French measure = one ell.

Barbe {_m._, Barbary horse.
{_f._, beard.

Barde {_m._, a bard, Celtic poet.
{_f._, a thin slice, a rasher of bacon.

Basque {_m._, Biscayan; Basque (nation and language).
{_f._, flap, skirt, tail, of a coat, or any other garment.

Bourgogne {_m._, Burgundy (wine).
{_f._, Burgundy (province).

Brie {_m._, Brie (cheese).
{_f._, Brie (province); rolling-pin.

Bulbe {_m._, (anat.) bulb.
{_f._,[2](bot.) bulb.

Câpre[3] {_m._, ☉pirate; privateer; piratical ship.
{_f._, (bot.) caper.

Carpe {_m._, wrist.
{_f._, (ich.) carp.

Cartouche {_m._, (arch.) cartouch, modillion.
{_f._, cartridge for small firearms.

Caustique {_m._, (med.) caustic.
{_f._, (geom., phys.) caustic curve.

Champagne {_m._, Champagne (wine).
{_f._, Champagne (province).

Chorée {_m._, choreus, choree, trochee.
{_f._, (med.) chorea, St. Vitus’ dance.

Cinquième {_m._, the fifth part; pupil in the 5th form in public
schools.
{_f._, 5th form in public schools.

Cistophore {_m._, (antiq.) Asiatic coin marked with a cist.
{_f._, (antiq.) a female cist-bearer in the feast of Ceres
and Bacchus.

Claque {_m._ opera hat.
{_f._, flap, slap, smack; (thea.) claque, paid clappers.

Cloaque {_m._, sink, receptacle of filth; filthy, dirty place;
filthy person; (anat.) cloaca.
{_f._, (Roman antiq.) common sewer.

Coche {_m._, barge for the conveyance of travelers, track-boat,
coach.
{_f._, sow, she-pig; notch, nick, indentation.

Connétable {_m._, High-Constable.
{_f._, High-Constable’s wife.

Contumace {_m._, a man guilty of contumacy (jur.).
{_f._, contumacy.

Cornette {_m._, cornet, ensign-bearer (cavalry).
{_f._, cornet, mob-cap; (milit.) colors of a company of
cavalry; cornetcy; (nav.) broad pendant.

Cosaque {_m._, Cossack.
{_f._, Cossack dance.

Cosmétique {_m._, cosmetic.
{_f._, the art of using cosmetics.

Cotte {_m._, (ich.) bull-head, miller’s-thumb.
{_f._, ☉petticoat. _— d’armes_; coat of arms. _— de
mailles_; coat of mail. _— morte_; property
left by a deceased monk.

Couple {_m._, a married pair, husband and wife.
{_f._, a brace, two.

Cravate {_m._, Croatian horse; ☉trooper of light cavalry regiments
which bore the same name.
{_f._, cravat, necktie, neckcloth.

Crêpe {_m._, crape.
{_f._, pancake.

Critique {_m._, a critic.
{_f._, criticism.

Custode {_m._, warden.
{_f._, cloth to cover the pyx in which the Host is kept;
curtain of the high altar; ☉curtain.

Décime {_m._, copper coin worth 10 centimes, the tenth part of a
franc; a war tax.
{_f._, tithe formerly levied on ecclesiastical revenues;
_pl._, tax paid formerly to the king by the
holders of benefices.

Dentale {_m._, (conch,) dentalium, dental, tooth-shell.
{_f._, dental, dental consonant.

Didactique {_m._, didactic language, didactic style.
{_f._, the art of teaching.

Dixième {_m._, the tenth part; a tax.
{_f._, (mus.) tenth.

Ébène[4] {_m._, _not used_.
{_f._, ebony, ebon; (fig.) black color.

Écho {_m._, echo.
{_f._, Echo (nymph).

Élève {_m._, male pupil, school-boy.
{_f._, female pupil, school-girl; breeding of horses,
cattle, etc.

Enseigne {_m._, ensign, standard-bearer.
{_f._, sign-board.

Éphémère {_m._, (ent.) ephemera, ephemeran, day-fly, May-fly.
{_f._, spider-wort, _tradescantia virginica_.

Espace {_m._, space, distance, interval.
{_f._, (print.) space, metallic plate to separate words.

Exemple {_m._, example.
{_f._, writing-copy.

Faune {_m._, faun (myth.).
{_f._, fauna.

Faux {_m._, forgery, falsehood.
{_f._, scythe.

Fin {_m._, sharp, astute man; gist, main point; (metal.) pure
metal.
{_f._, end, termination; aim, object, view, design,
intention.

Finale {_m._, (mus.) finale.
{_f._, (gram.) final letter or syllable.

Flasque {_m._, cheek (of a gun-carriage).
{_f._, powder-flask, powder-horn; (nav.) whelp (of the
capstan); board (of bellows).

Follicule {_m._, (anat., bot.) follicle.
{_f._, [5]small sheet of paper; (pharm.) pod of senna.

Foret[6] {_m._, drill (to bore holes).
{_f._, forest.

Foudre {_m._, (st.e.) thunder-bolt, lightning; (paint., sculpt.)
thunder-bolt, Jupiter’s attribute; (fig.)
irresistible eloquence; great general, orator,
hero; divine anger, vengeance; fulmination of
excommunication, etc.; artillery, mines, war;
(poet.) catastrophe, destruction. A tun (cask).
{_f._, thunder-bolt, lightning; (fig.) divine anger,
vengeance; fulmination of excommunication, etc.;
superior eloquence; artillery, mines, etc.

Fourbe {_m._, knave.
{_f._, deceit, craftiness.

Garde {_m._, a guard, a keeper.
{_f._, guarding, guard; watching; keeping.

Garde-robe {_m._, lady’s apron.
{_f._, wardrobe; (bot.) artemisia.

Geste {_m._, gesture, action, movement. _pl._, ☉great deeds of
generals, princes, etc.
{_f._, poem in old French.

Givre {_m._, hoar frost, rime.
{_f._, (her.) snake, serpent, wyvern.

Grave {_m._, (phys.) body, heavy body; (lit.) grave style;
(mus.) flat; wine made at Grave (France).
{_f._, shore, beach (Newfoundland);
{_pl._, gravelly and clayey soil in the department of
Gironde (France).

Greffe {_m._, record-office of a court of justice.
{_f._, graft.

Grêle {_m._, nut-coal.
{_f._, hail; (med.) chalazion, grando, hailstone.

Guérilla {_m._, guerilla-soldier.
{_f._, guerilla, small army of irregulars.

Guide {_m._, a guide.
{_f._, rein.

Havane {_m._, Havana (cigar).
{_f._, Havana (town).

Hymne {_m._, ode, hymn.
{_f._, hymn (church).

Inde {_m._, indigo, indigo blue; logwood.
{_f._, India.

Interligne {_m._, space between printed or written lines; space
between the lines of the stave (mus.).
{_f._, (print.) lead, metallic plate to separate lines.

Jujube {_m._, the extract of jujube (fruit).
{_f._, [7]jujube (fruit).

Laque {_m._, lacker, lacquer.
{_f._, lac, lake, gum-lake.

Lepte {_m._, (ent.) leptus, wheal-worm, harvest-bug.
{_f._, (bot.) a triphyllous plant of the order celastraceæ.

Lévite {_m._, Levite.
{_f._, surtout, overcoat.

Liquide {_m._, a liquid.
{_f._, (gram.) liquid, liquid consonant.

Litre {_m._, liter, French measure of capacity, less than a
quart.
{_f._, band of black cloth bearing the coat of arms of
a deceased person, and hung in church at his
funeral.

Livre {_m._, book.
{_f._, pound (weight, money).

Louche {_m._, ambiguity; equivocalnees; underhand dealing.
{_f._, soup-ladle.

Loutre {_m._, ☉a hat, a muff, etc., made of otter-skin or hair.
{_f._, otter.

Maheutre {_m._, (French hist.) Protestant soldier.
{_f._, a sleeve that was formerly worn, and did not reach
further than the elbow.

Manche {_m._, handle of a tool, a knife, etc.
{_f._, sleeve; the English Channel.

Manœuvre {_m._, day-laborer; bricklayer’s journeyman; (fig.)
bungler; crafty person.
{_f._, (milit., nav.) maneuver; running rigging, cordages
of a ship.

Marengo {_m._, Oxford gray (color).
{_f._, (cook.) marengo (sauce for fowl).

Maroufle {_m._, ragamuffin, lout, rascallion, clodhopper.
{_f._, (paint.) lining-paste.

Martyre {_m._, martyrdom.
{_f._, a female martyr.

Masque {_m._, a mask.
{_f._, ☉ugly woman, ugly girl.

Mémoire {_m._, memorandum; memoir; bill (of large amount).
{_f._, the memory.

Merci {_m._, thanks.
{_f._, mercy, grace, benevolence, favor.

Mestre de {_m._, ☉colonel; general.
Camp {_f._, ☉the 1st company of a regiment.

Minime {_m._, minim, Franciscan monk.
{_f._, ☉(mus.) minim.

Mobile {_m._, mover, spring, motive power; motive; soldier in
the _garde mobile_.
{_f._, the _garde mobile_, a French infantry corps no
longer in existence.

Mode {_m._, mood, mode; method.
{_f._, fashion.

Môle {_m._, pier, jetty.
{_f._, (med.) mole.

Mort {_m._, a dead man.
{_f._, death.

Moufle[8] {_m._, (chem.) muffle.
{_f._, (mec.) tackle (assemblage of pulleys); fingerless
glove.

Moule {_m._, mold, matrix to cast lead, iron, etc.
{_f._, (ich.) mussel.

Mousse {_m._, cabin-boy, apprentice sailor.
{_f._, moss; froth, foam.

Mulle {_m._, (ich.) mullet.
{_f._, ☉rennet, prepared membrane of the calf’s stomach.

Myope {_m._, myope, short-sighted man; (ent.) conops.
{_f._, myope, short-sighted female.

Mystique {_m._, mystic (man).
{_f._, mystic (female); the study of spirituality.

Néphrétique {_m._, (med.) nephritic; man affected with nephritis.
{_f._, nephritic, renal colic.

Nielle {_m._, niello.
{_f._, blight, smut; (bot.) rose campion.

Noël {_m._, Christmas; Christmas carol.
{_f._, _la Noël_ (ellipsis for _la_ fête de _Noël_),
Christmas-day.

Œuvre {_m._, the philosopher’s stone; (arch.) walls; the whole
of the works of an engraver, painter, or composer
of music; argentiferous lead; (jur.) summons to
one who builds upon another man’s ground.
{_f._, work, deed, action; work of the hand; handiwork;
(jewel.) bezel; (nav.) hull of a ship; the works
of a writer.

Office {_m._, divine service; duty; office[9]; employment;
formulary of prayers. _Saint-—_; holy-office,
inquisition.
{_f._, servants’ hall; pantry.

Ombre[10] {_m._, (ich.) umbra, chromis, corvo; umber, grayling,
char; (card game) omber.
{_f._, shade, shadow; spirit, ghost.

Once {_m._, mountain-cat, catamount.
{_f._, ounce (weight); jaguar, ounce.

Orphiques {_m._, Orpheus’ poems; Pythagoreans, votaries of Orpheus.
{_f._, orgies, feast in honor of Bacchus.

Page {_m._, page, young male servant.
{_f._, page of a book, etc.

Paillasse {_m._, clown, merry-andrew.
{_f._, straw-bed, straw-bed ticking.

Palme {_m._, palm; hand (measures).
{_f._, palm; palm-branch; (bot.) palm-tree; pattern of
cashmere shawls; (sculpt., arch.) palm; (her.)
palm; (bot.) Cuban reed; (nav.) a kind of East
Indian ship with two masts.

Pantomime {_m._, pantomimist, pantomime.
{_f._, dumb-show, pantomime.

Pâque[11] {_m._, Easter (Christian religion).
{_f._, Passover, Easter (Jewish religion).

Parallèle {_m._, comparison; (geog.) parallel of latitude.
{_f._, (geom.) parallel line; (fort.) trench, trenches.

Part {_m._, (jur.) new-born child, infant; birth.
{_f._, share, portion, part; concern, interest, part, side.

Peau-rouge {_m._, American Indian. Red-skin.
{_f._, (no hyphen) any one’s skin when it is red, or
redder than usual.

Pendule {_m._, pendulum.
{_f._, time-piece.

Période {_m._, highest point, acme, height.
{_f._, period, epoch.

Personne {_m._, (pron.) nobody, anybody.
{_f._, (noun) a person.

Physique {_m._, a person’s constitution, body.
{_f._, natural philosophy.

Pique {_m._, spade (cards).
{_f._, pike (weapon); tiff, pique, quarrel.

Pivoine {_m._, (orni.) bull-finch.
{_f._, (bot.) peony, piony.

Plane {_m._, (bot.) plane-tree; inside surface of scissors
blades.
{_f._, joiner’s plane; spoke-shave, drawing-knife; (ich.)
plaice.

Platine {_m._, (metal.) platinum.
{_f._, lock (of small fire-arms); metallic-plate.

Podagre {_m._, a podagrical man, _i.e._ one having the gout in his
feet.
{_f._, podagra, gout in the feet.

Poêle {_m._, pall; stove.
{_f._, frying-pan.

Polacre or {_m._, ☉Polish cavalry.
Polaque {_f._, (nav.) polacca, polacre.

Politique {_m._, politician.
{_f._, politics; policy.

Ponte {_m._, punter (gambling).
{_f._, laying of eggs.

Poste {_m._, post, situation.
{_f._, post, mail, post-office; buckshot.

Poulpe {_m._, (mol.) poulp, octopus.
{_f._, pulp, pap.

Pourpre {_m._, purple (color); (her.) purpure; (chem.) purple;
(med.) purples.
{_f._, purple, coloring matter extracted from _buccinum
lapillus_; stuff, fabric dyed in purple; (fig.)
vivid red color; sovereign dignity, cardinal’s
dignity.

Prétexte {_m._, pretense, pretext.
{_f._, (Rom. ant.) prætexta.

Primevère {_m._, ☉spring season.
{_f._, (bot.) primrose, cowslip, oxlip.

Pupille {_m._, a male ward.
{_f._, a female ward; pupil of the eye.

Pyrrhique {_m._, pyrrhic (poet.).
{_f._, pyrrhic, military dance.

Quadrille {_m._, quadrille (card game); quadrille, a dance; (mus.)
quadrille.
{_f._, troup of horses in a tournament.

Quadruple {_m._, quadruple, fourfold; (Spanish coin) doubloon.
{_f._, Spanish gold coin worth about £3 8s.

Quatrième {_m._, fourth; 4th floor; pupil of the 4th form in public
schools.
{_f._, 4th form in public schools; (piquet) quart.

Queux {_m._, ☉cook.
{_f._, whetting-stone, hone.

Réciproque {_m._, like, like for like, tit for tat.
{_f._, (log.) converse.

Réclame {_m._, (hawking) cry, sign to bring back a hawk to the lure
or to the fist.
{_f._, (print.) catch-word; primer; editorial advertisement
in newspapers; (c.rel.) part of the responses
recited in the versicle; (thea.) cue.

Régale {_m._, organ stop imitating the human voice; regal (musical
instrument).
{_f._, the king’s right to receive the revenue of a vacant
bishopric.

Réglisse {_m._, _du réglisse_ (popular ellipsis for _du_ jus de
_réglisse_) extract of liquorice, Spanish juice.
{_f._, (bot.) liquorice, licorice; liquorice root.

Relâche {_m._, (thea.) non-performance.
{_f._, (nav.) putting into port.

Remise {_m._, coach let on hire, livery-coach.
{_f._, coach-house; (com.) remittance.

Rencontre {_m._, (her.) rencounter.
{_f._, encounter, rencounter, accidental meeting; accident,
chance, collision; meeting; accidental fight;
opportunity, occurrence, case; juncture.

Rhingrave {_m._, count of the Rhine.
{_f._, ☉knee-breeches.

Romaïque {_m._, Romaic, modern Greek language.
{_f._, the Greek national dance.

Rossinante {_m._, Rosinante, Don Quixote’s horse.
{_f._, Rosinante, a sorry horse, a jade.

Sagittaire {_m._, (astron.) Saggitarius.
{_f._, (bot.) arrow-head, adder’s-tongue.

Sarde {_m._, a native of Sardinia.
{_f._, (ich.) whale; scomber; sardan; Brazilian sardine or
pilchard.

Satyre {_m._, (myth.) satyr.
{_f._, (Grec. ant.) satyric tragedy.

Scolastique {_m._, scholastic; school-man.
{_f._, scholasticism.

Scolie {_m._, (geom.) scholium.
{_f._, scholium, annotation; (Grec antiq.) table-song.

Scytale {_m._, (zoöl.) a species of very venomous snakes.
{_f._, (antiq.) staff used in Sparta as a cypher to write
secret dispatches.

Septième {_m._, seventh, seventh part, seventh day.
{_f._, (piquet) septième; (mus.) seventh.

Serpentaire {_m._, (astron.) Serpentarius; (orni.) secretary-bird,
snake-eater.
{_f._, (bot.) dragon’s-wort.

Silène {_m._, (myth.) Silenus; Satyr, attendant of Bacchus; (ent.)
a South European butterfly.
{_f._, (bot.) catch-fly.

Sixième {_m._, sixth, sixth part; sixth day; pupil of the 6th class
in public schools.
{_f._, (piquet) seizième; 6th class in public schools.

Solde {_m._, balance of an account.
{_f._, soldier’s pay.

Somme {_m._, nap, slumbers, doze, sleep.
{_f._, a sum of money; total; load, burden.

Souris {_m._, smile.
{_f._, mouse.

Statère[12] {_m._, (antiq.) stater (coin).
{_f._, (antiq.) statera, Roman balance.

Statuaire {_m._, sculptor.
{_f._, the art of making statues, statuary.

Stipe {_m._, (bot.) stipe; caudex.
{_f._, (bot.) stipa, feather-grass; ☉a tax on leases.

Superbe {_m._, proud, haughty man.
{_f._, arrogance, haughtiness, vainglory.

Technique {_m._, (arts) material execution, technicalities.
{_f._, technics.

Teneur {_m._, keeper, accountant; _teneur de livres_; book-keeper.
{_f._, text, terms, purport, tenor, contents, of writings.

Terre-neuve {_m._, Newfoundland dog.
{_f._, Newfoundland.

Tirelire {_m._, ☉song, carol of the lark.
{_f._, money-box.

Tonique {_m._, (med.) tonic.
{_f._, (mus.) tonic, key-note, key.

Topique {_m._, (rhet., med.) tonic.
{_f._, (rhet.) the art of finding topic or arguments.

Tour {_m._, turn; tour; lathe; trick.
{_f._, tower.

Triomphe {_m._, triumph.
{_f._, triumph (card-game).

Trochée {_m._, (poet.) trochee.
{_f._, (agri.) brushwood.

Troisième {_m._, third; third floor; pupil of the 3d class in public
schools.
{_f._, 3d class in public schools.

Trolle {_m._, globe-flower, trollius.
{_f._, (hunt.) trolling.

Trompette {_m._, trumpeter.
{_f._, trumpet.

Trouble {_m._, confusion, disorder, disturbance, dispute, quarrel;
_pl._ troubles, broils, commotions.
{_f._, hoop-net (for fishing).

Vague {_m._, space, emptiness; vagueness; looseness; uncertainty.
{_f._, sea-wave, billow.

Vapeur {_m._, steamer, steam-boat.
{_f._, steam; vapor.

Vase {_m._, vase.
{_f._, mud, slime, mire.

Vigogne {_m._, hat made of vicugna wool.
{_f._, (zoöl.) vicugna.

Voile {_m._, veil.
{_f._, sail.

Vulnéraire {_m._, (pharm.) vulnerary.
{_f._, (bot.) kidney-vetch, woundwort.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Some grammars and dictionaries give _ange de mer_, angel-fish, as feminine, but it is an error; _ange_ is masculine in all its acceptations.—(ACAD.)

[2] In the language of botany this word is sometimes used in the masculine.—(ACAD.)

[3] In the sense of pirate, this word has no accent: _capre_.

[4] Some grammarians and lexicographers give _ébène_, in the figurative sense of black color, as masculine, but it is an error; _ébène_ is feminine even when used figuratively.—(ACAD.)

[5] Voltaire used this word in the feminine, in the sense of a small sheet of paper; but it is contrary to etymology, and even to common sense. The French Academy does not give this acceptation.

[6] When it means _forest_, its _e_ has a circumflex accent: _forêt_.

[7] The French Academy gives to _jujube_ (fruit) the feminine gender; but it is contrary to general present usage.

[8] French mechanicians give to this noun, in the sense of _tackle_, the masculine gender.

[9] This word has never in French the meaning of _room_, _apartment_, for the transaction of business.

[10] _Ombre_, card game, is also spelt _hombre_.

[11] _Pâque_, or _Pâques_, Christian religion, is often used in the plural, and is then feminine. _Pâque_, Jewish religion, is always feminine, and never used in the plural.

[12] When it means a coin, it is also spelt _stater_.

TABLE OF IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE VERBS.

The Imperfect of the Indicative, the Conditional, the Imperative, and the Imperfect of the Subjunctive, are wanting in this Table. These four tenses are formed as follows:—

The imperfect of the indicative is regularly formed from the present participle by changing _ant_ into _ais_, as: _parl-ant_, _je parl-ais_; _finiss-ant_, _je finiss-ais_, &c.

The conditional has always the same root as the future; so that the first person of the future being known, it is easy to form the conditional, as: _je parlerai_, _je parlerai-s_; _je finirai_, _je finirai-s_.

The imperative is always regularly formed from the present of the indicative, by suppressing the pronouns, as: _je parle_, imperative, _parle_; except in the verbs _avoir_, _être_, and _savoir_. The third person singular and plural of the imperative are always the same as in the present of the subjunctive, and belong to that tense.

The imperfect of the subjunctive is always regularly formed from the preterit indicative by adding _se_, etc., to the second person singular, as: _tu parlas_, _que je parlas-se_; _tu finis_, _que je finis-se_; _tu reçus_, _que je reçus-se_; _tu vendis_, _que je vendis-se_.

_Infinitive._ _Present _Past _Present._ _Indicative
participle._ participle._ Preterit._

_FIRST CONJUGATION._

Aller allant allé je vais, allons j’allai
vas, allez
va, vont

Envoyer envoyant envoyé j’envoie, envoyons j’envoyai
envoies, envoyez
envoie, envoient

_SECOND CONJUGATION._

Acquérir acquérant acquis j’acquiers, acquérons j’acquis
acquiers, acquérez
acquiert, acquièrent

Assaillir assaillant assailli j’assaille, assaillons j’assaillis
assailles, assaillez
assaille, assaillent

Avenir[1] avenant avenu il avient il avint

Bouillir[2] bouillant bouilli je bous, bouillons je bouillis
bous, bouillez
bout, bouillent

Courir courant couru je cours, courons je courus
cours, courez
court, courent

Cueillir cueillant cueilli je cueille, cueillons je cueillis
cueilles, cueillez
cueille, cueillent

Défaillir[3] défailli nous défaillons je défaillis
vous défaillez
ils défaillent ils défaillirent

Dormir dormant dormi je dors, dormons je dormis
dors, dormez
dort, dorment

Ébouillir ébouilli

Faillir[4] faillant failli je faux, faillons je faillis
faux, faillez
faut, faillent

Férir[5] féru

Fleurir fleurissant fleuri je fleuris, fleurissons je fleuris
florissant fleuris, fleurissez
fleurit, fleurissent

Fuir fuyant fui je fuis, fuyons je fuis
fuis, fuyez
fuit, fuient

Gésir[6] gisant gisons
gisez
gît, gisent

Haïr haïssant haï je hais, haïssons je haïs
hais, haïssez
hait, haïssent

Mésavenir il mésavient il mésavint

Mourir mourant mort je meurs, mourons je mourus
meurs, mourez
meurt, meurent

Ouïr[7] ouï j’ois, oyons j’ouïs
ois, oyez
oit, oient

Ouvrir ouvrant ouvert j’ouvre, ouvrons j’ouvris
ouvres, ouvrez
ouvre, ouvrent

Quérir[8]

Saillir[9] saillant sailli il saille
ils saillent

Sentir sentant senti je sens, sentons je sentis
sens, sentez
sent, sentent

Servir servant servi je sers, servons je servis
sers, servez
sert, servent

Sortir[10] sortissant sorti il sortit
il sortissent

Surgir[11] il surgit il surgit
ils surgissent

Tenir tenant tenu je tiens, tenons je tins
tiens, tenez
tient, tiennent

Vêtir vêtant vêtu je vêts, vêtons je vêtis
vêts, vêtez
vêt, vêtent

_THIRD CONJUGATION._

Apparoir[12] il appert

Asseoir asseyant assis j’assieds, asseyons j’assis
assieds, asseyez
assied, asseient

Avoir ayant eu j’ai, avons j’eus
as, avez
a, ont

Choir chu

Comparoir[13]

Déchoir[14] déchu je déchois, déchoyons je déchus
déchois, déchoyez
déchoit, déchoient

Démouvoir

Échoir[15] échéant échu il échoit _or_ il échut
il échet

Falloir[16] fallu il faut il fallut

Mouvoir mouvant mu je meus, mouvons je mus
meus, mouvez
meut, meuvent

Pleuvoir pleuvant plu il pleut il plut

Pourvoir pourvoyant pourvu je pourvois, pourvoyons je pourvus
pourvois, pourvoyez
pourvoit, pourvoient

Pouvoir pouvant pu [17]je puis, pouvons je pus
peux, pouvez
peut, peuvent

Prévaloir prévalant prévalu je prévaux, prévalons je prévalus
prévaux, prévalez
prévaut, prévalent

Prévoir prévoyant prévu je prévois, prévoyons je prévis
prévois, prévoyez
prévoit, prévoient

Promouvoir[18] promu

Ravoir[19]

Savoir[20] sachant su je sais, savons je sus
sais, savez
sait, savent

Seoir[21] seyant il sied
ils siéent

Seoir[22] séant sis

Surseoir sursoyant sursis je sursois, sursoyons je sursis
sursois, sursoyez
sursoit, sursoient

Valoir[23] valant valu je vaux, valons je valus
vaux, valez
vaut, valent

Voir voyant vu je vois, voyons je vis
vois, voyez
voit, voient

Vouloir[24] voulant voulu je veux, voulons je voulus
veux, voulez
veut, veulent

_FOURTH CONJUGATION._

Absoudre absolvant absous, j’absous, absolvons
_m._ absous, absolvez
absoute, absout, absolvent
_f._

Abstraire abstrayant abstrait j’abstrais, abstrayons
abstrais, abstrayez
abstrait, abstraient

Accroire[25] (_i.e._ faire accroire (à))

Battre battant battu je bats, battons je battis
bats, battez
bat, battent

Boire buvant bu je bois, buvons je bus
bois, buvez
boit, boivent

Braire il brait
ils braient

Bruire[26] bruyant

Circoncire circoncisant circoncis je circoncis, circoncisons je
circoncis, circoncisez circoncis
circoncit, circoncisent

Clore[27] clos je clos
clos
clôt

Conclure concluant conclu je conclus, concluons je conclus
conclus, concluez
conclut, concluent

Confire confisant confit je confis, confisons je confis
confis, confisez
confit, confisent

Coudre cousant cousu je couds, cousons je cousis
couds, cousez
coud, cousent

Croire croyant cru je crois, croyons je crus
crois, croyez
croit, croient

Croître croissant crû je croîs, croissons je crûs
croîs, croissez
croît, croissent

Déconfire déconfit

Dire disant dit je dis, disons je dis
dis, dites
dit, disent

Éclore éclos il éclôt
ils éclosent

Écrire écrivant écrit j’écris, écrivons j’écrivis
écris, écrivez
écrit, écrivent

s’Emboire[28] embu

s’Ensuivre ensuivant ensuivi il s’ensuit il s’ensuivit

s’Éprendre épris

Être étant été je suis, sommes je fus
es, êtes
est, sont

Faire faisant fait je fais, faisons je fis
fais, faites
fait, font

Forfaire (à)[29] forfait

Frire[30] frit fris
fris
frit

Joindre joignant joint je joins, joignons je joignis
joins, joignez
joint, joignent

Lire lisant lu je lis, lisons je lus
lis, lisez
lit, lisent

Luire luisant lui je luis, luisons
luis, luisez
luit, luisent

Malfaire

Maudire maudissant maudit je maudis, maudissons je maudis
maudis, maudissez
maudit, maudissent

Médire (de) médisant médit je médis, médisons je médis
médis, médisez
médit, médisent

Méfaire méfait

Mettre mettant mis je mets, mettons je mis
mets, mettez
met, mettent

Moudre moulant moulu je mouds, moulons je moulus
mouds, moulez
moud, moulent

Naître naissant né je nais, naissons je naquis
nais, naissez
naît, naissent

Nuire (à) nuisant nui je nuis, nuisons je nuisis
nuis, nuisez
nuit, nuisent

Paître paissant pu je pais, paissons
pais, paissez
pait, paissent

Paraître paraissant paru je parais, paraissons je parus
parais, paraissez
parait, paraissent

Plaire plaisant plu je plais, plaisons je plus
plais, plaisez
plait, plaisent

Poindre il point

Prendre prenant pris je prends, prenons je pris
prends, prenez
prend, prennent

Réduire réduisant réduit je réduis, réduisons je réduisis
réduis, réduisez
réduit, réduisent

Repaître repaissant repu je repais, repaissons je repus
repais, repaissez
repait, repaissent

Résoudre résolvant résolu je résous, résolvons je résolus
résous résous, résolvez
résout, résolvent

Rire (de) riant ri je ris, rions je ris
ris, riez
rit, rient

Rompre rompant rompu je romps, rompons je rompis
romps, rompez
rompt, rompent

Sourdre il sourd
ils sourdent

Suffire (à) suffisant suffi je suffis, suffisons je suffis
suffis, suffisez
suffit, suffisent

Suivre suivant suivi je suis, suivons je suivis
suis, suivez
suit, suivent

Traire trayant trait je trais, trayons
trais, trayez
trait, traient

Vaincre vainquant vaincu je vaincs, vainquons je vainquis
vaincs, vainquez
vainc, vainquent

Vivre (de) vivant vécu je vis, vivons je vécus
vis, vivez
vit, vivent

_Future._ _Subjunctive _English._
Present._

_FIRST CONJUGATION._

Aller j’irai aille, allions to go.
aille, aillent
ailles, alliez

Envoyer j’enverrai envoie, envoyions to send.
envoies, envoyiez
envoie, envoient

_SECOND CONJUGATION._

Acquérir j’acquerrai acquière, acquérions to acquire.
acquières, acquériez
acquière, acquièrent

Assaillir j’assaillirai assaille, assaillions to assault.
assailles, assailliez
assaille, assaillent

Avenir[1] il aviendra qu’il avienne to happen.

Bouillir[2] je bouillirai bouille, bouillions to boil.
bouilles, bouilliez
bouille, bouillent

Courir je courrai coure, courions to run.
coures, couriez
coure, courent

Cueillir je cueillerai cueille, cueillions to gather.
cueilles, cueilliez
cueille, cueillent

Défaillir[3] to faint.

Dormir je dormirai dorme, dormions to sleep.
dormes, dormiez
dorme, dorment

Ébouillir to boil away.

Faillir[4] je faudrai to fail.

Férir[5] to strike.

Fleurir je fleurirai fleurisse, fleurissions to flourish, to
fleurisses, fleurissiez prosper.
fleurisse, fleurissent

Fuir je fuirai fuie, fuyions to flee.
fuies, fuyiez
fuie, fuient

Gésir[6] to lie.

Haïr je haïrai haïsse to hate.

Mésavenir qu’il mésavienne to succeed ill.

Mourir je mourrai meure, mourions to die.
meures, mouriez
meure, meurent

Ouïr[7] j’oirai (old, legal) to hear.

Ouvrir j’ouvrirai ouvre, ouvrions to open.
ouvres, ouvriez
ouvre, ouvrent

Quérir[8] to fetch.

Saillir[9] il saillera qu’il saille to project.
ils sailleront qu’ils saillent

Sentir je sentirai sente, sentions to feel, smell.
sentes, sentiez
sente, sentent

Servir je servirai serve, servions to serve.
serves, serviez
serve, servent

Sortir[10] il sortira qu’il sortisse to obtain.
ils sortiront qu’ils sortissent

Surgir[11] il surgira to spring up,
to arise.

Tenir je tiendrai tienne, tenions to hold.
tiennes, teniez
tienne, tiennent

Vêtir je vêtirai vête, vêtions to clothe.
vêtes, vêtiez
vête, vêtent

_THIRD CONJUGATION._

Apparoir[12] to appear.

Asseoir j’assiérai asseie, asseyions to set.
_or_ _or_ asseye
j’asseoirai asseies, asseyiez
asseie, asseient

Avoir j’aurai aie, ayons to have.
aies, ayez
ait, aient

Choir to fall.

Comparoir[13] to appear
(before a
tribunal)

Déchoir[14] je décherrai déchoie, déchoyions to fall, lose.
déchoies, déchoyiez
déchoie, déchoient

Démouvoir to make one
desist.

Échoir[15] il écherra échoie to fall due, to
expire.

Falloir[16] il faudra qu’il faille to be necessary.

Mouvoir je mouvrai meuve, mouvions to move.
meuves, mouviez
meuve, meuvent

Pleuvoir il pleuvra qu’il pleuve to rain.

Pourvoir je pourvoirai pourvoie, pourvoyions to provide.
pourvoies, pourvoyiez
pourvoie, pourvoient

Pouvoir je pourrai puisse, puissions to be able.
puisses, puissiez
puisse, puissent

Prévaloir je prévaudrai prévale, prévalions to prevail.
prévales, prévaliez
prévale, prévalent

Prévoir je prévoirai prévoie, prévoyions to foresee.
prévoies, prévoyiez
prévoie, prévoient

Promouvoir[18] to promote.

Ravoir[19] to recover, to
have again.

Savoir[20] je saurai sache, sachions to know.
saches, sachiez
sache, sachent

Seoir[21] il siéra qu’il siée to become, to
ils siéront qu’ils siéent befit.

Seoir[22] to sit, situate.

Surseoir je surseoirai sursoie, sursoyions to put off, to
sursoies, sursoyiez suspend.
sursoie, sursoient

Valoir[23] je vaudrai vaille, valions to be worth.
vailles, valiez
vaille, vaillent

Voir je verrai voie, voyions to see.
voies, voyiez
voie, voient

Vouloir[24] je voudrai veuille, voulions to be willing.
veuilles, vouliez
veuille, veuillent

_FOURTH CONJUGATION._

Absoudre j’absoudrai absolve, absolvions to absolve.
absolves, absolviez
absolve, absolvent
_f._

Abstraire j’abstrairai abstraie, abstrayions to abstract.
abstraies, abstrayiez
abstraie, abstraient

Accroire[25] (_i.e._ faire accroire (à)) to make one
believe.

Battre je battrai batte, battions to beat.
battes, battiez
batte, battent

Boire je boirai boive, buvions to drink.
boives, buviez
boive, boivent

Braire il braira to bray.
ils brairont

Bruire[26] to roar, to
rustle.

Circoncire je circoncirai circoncise, circoncisions to circumcise.
circoncises, circoncisiez
circoncise, circoncisent

Clore[27] je clorai to close.

Conclure je conclurai conclue, concluions to conclude.
conclues, concluiez
conclue, concluent

Confire je confirai confise, confisions to pickle,
confises, confisiez preserve.
confise, confisent

Coudre je coudrai couse, cousions to sew.
couses, cousiez
couse, cousent

Croire je croirai croie, croyions to believe.
croies, croyiez
croie, croient

Croître je croîtrai croisse, croissions to grow.
croisses, croissiez
croisse, croissent

Déconfire to discomfit.

Dire je dirai dise, disions to say.
dises, disiez
dise, disent

Éclore il éclora qu’il éclose to hatch, to
ils écloront qu’ils éclosent blow (of
flowers).

Écrire j’écrirai écrive, écrivions to write.
écrives, écriviez
écrive, écrivent

s’Emboire[28] to imbibe.

s’Ensuivre il s’ensuivra qu’il s’ensuive to follow, to
result from.

s’Éprendre to be smitten.

Être je serai sois, soyons to be.
sois, soyez
soit, soient

Faire je ferai fasse, fassions to make, to do.
fasses, fassiez
fasse, fassent

Forfaire (à)[29] to forfeit, to
trespass, to be
false to.

Frire[30] je frirai to fry.

Joindre je joindrai joigne, joignions to join.
joignes, joigniez
joigne, joignent

Lire je lirai lise, lisions to read.
lises, lisiez
lise, lisent

Luire je luirai luise, luisions to shine.
luises, luisiez
luise, luisent

Malfaire to do mischief.

Maudire je maudirai maudisse, maudissions to curse.
maudisses, maudissiez
maudisse, maudissent

Médire (de) je médirai médise, médisions to slander.
médises, médisiez
médise, médisent

Méfaire to misdo.

Mettre je mettrai mette, mettions to put.
mettes, mettiez
mette, mettent

Moudre je moudrais moule, moulions to grind.
moules, mouliez
moule, moulent

Naître je naîtrai naisse, naissions to be born.
naisses, naissiez
naisse, naissent

Nuire (à) je nuirai nuise, nuisions to hurt, to
nuises, nuisiez injure.
nuise, nuisent

Paître je paîtrai paisse, paissions to graze.
paisses, paissiez
paisse, paissent

Paraître je paraitrai paraisse, paraissions to appear.
paraisses, paraissiez
paraisse, paraissent

Plaire je plairai plaise, plaisions to please.
plaises, plaisiez
plaise, plaisent

Poindre il poindra to dawn, to
sting.

Prendre je prendrai prenne, prenions to take.
prennes, preniez
prenne, prennent

Réduire je réduirai réduise, réduisions to reduce.
réduises, réduisiez
réduise, réduisent

Repaître je repaîtrai repaisse, repaissions to feed.
repaisses, repaissiez
repaisse, repaissent

Résoudre je résoudrai résolve, résolvions to resolve.
résolves, résolviez
résolve, résolvent

Rire (de) je rirai rie, riions to laugh (at).
ries, riiez
rie, rient

Rompre je romprai rompe, rompions to break.
rompes, rompiez
rompe, rompent

Sourdre to issue, to
arise.

Suffire (à) je suffirai suffise, suffisions to suffice.
suffises, suffisiez
suffise, suffisent

Suivre je suivrai suive, suivions to follow.
suives, suiviez
suive, suivent

Traire je trairai traie, trayions to milk.
traies, trayiez
traie, traient

Vaincre je vaincrai vainque, vainquions to conquer.
vainques, vainquiez
vainque, vainquent

Vivre (de) je vivrai vive, vivions to live (on or
vives, viviez upon).
vive, vivent

FOOTNOTES

[1] _Advenir_ is more often used.

[2] The verb _faire_ is generally used to conjugate this verb; as, _faire bouillir_, &c., except in 3d pers. singular and plural when used “_directly_”: As, l’eau bout-elle? does the water boil? Ces pommes de terre bouillent-elles? Do these potatoes boil?

[3] The imperfect of the indicative, _je défaillais_, is used.

[4] This verb is seldom used but in the preterit, the compound tenses, and in the infinitive after another verb.

[5] The infinitive is only used in the phrase _sans coup férir_, without striking a blow.

[6] The imperfect of the indicative, _je gisais_, &c., is used.

[7] This verb is seldom used but in the infinitive present, and in the compound tenses.

[8] Used only in familiar conversation, and in the infinitive after _aller_, _venir_, _envoyer_.

[9] Used only in the third persons. When it means “to gush,” or (of a horse) to serve a mare, it is conjugated like _finir_.

[10] Used as a law term only.

[11] Seldom used but in the infinitive.

[12] Used as a law term only.

[13] Used as a law term only.

[14] Imperfect of the indicative: _je déchoyais_, &c.

[15] Used generally in the third person only.

[16] _Il fallait_ is used. No imperative.

[17] _Je peux_ is also used. No imperative.

[18] Only used in the infinitive, in the compound tenses, and in the imperfect of the subjunctive.

[19] Used in the infinitive only.

[20] Imperative: _sache_, _sachons_, _sachez_. _Je ne sache_ is rhetorically used in the first person of the indicative present. Ex.: “_Je ne sache rien de plus grand et de plus beau_” (V. Hugo). The imperfect of the indicative is _je savais_, &c.

[21] Used in the third person only. No compound tenses.

[22] Used in the two participles only.

[23] No imperative.

[24] The second person plural of the imperative is _veuillez_, please to.

[25] Used only in the infinitive, and always with the verb _faire_.

[26] Imperfect of the indicative _il bruyait_, _ils bruyaient_.

[27] Used in all the compound tenses.

[28] Used in painting only.

[29] Used only in the infinitive and compound tenses.

[30] The verb _faire_ is used to supply the persons and tenses that are wanting; as, _nous faisons frire_, &c.

LIST OF IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE VERBS, CONJUGATED AFTER THE VERBS IN THE FOREGOING TABLE.

_Conjugated like_

_FIRST CONJUGATION._

Renvoyer to send back envoyer.

s’En aller to go away aller.

_SECOND CONJUGATION._

Conquérir to conquer}
Reconquérir to reconquer}
Requérir to request} acquérir.
s’Enquérir to inquire}

Tressaillir to start up assaillir.

Rebouillir to boil again bouillir.

Accourir to hasten to}
Concourir to concur}
Discourir (de) to talk about}
Encourir to incur} courir.
Parcourir to run over}
Recourir (à) to have recourse to}
Secourir to succor}

Accueillir to welcome}
Recueillir to gather} cueillir.
se Recueillir to collect one’s self}

Endormir to lull asleep}
s’Endormir to fall asleep}
Rendormir to lull to sleep again} dormir.
se Rendormir to fall asleep again}

s’Enfuir to run away fuir.

Couvrir to cover}
Découvrir to uncover, to discover}
Entr’ouvrir to open a little}
Mésoffrir to underbid}
Offrir to offer} ouvrir.
Recouvrir to cover again}
Rouvrir to open again}
Souffrir to suffer}

Consentir to agree}
se Départir (de) to desist, to swerve(from)}
Démentir to belie}
Mentir to lie}
Partir to set out}
Pressentir to foresee} sentir.
Repartir to set off again}
se Repentir to repent}
Ressentir to feel}
se Ressentir (de) to feel}
Ressortir to go out again}
Sortir to go out}

Desservir to clear the table, to do an ill office} servir.
se Servir (de) to make use of}

s’Abstenir to abstain}
Appartenir to belong to}
Circonvenir to circumvent}
Contenir to contain}
se Contenir to refrain (from)}
Contrevenir to infringe}
Convenir to suit (with _avoir_), to agree}
(with _être_ in comp’d tenses)}
Déprévenir to divest of (prejudice)}
Devenir to become}
Disconvenir to deny}
Entretenir to entertain}
s’Entretenir to discourse with}
Intervenir to intervene}
Maintenir to maintain} tenir.
Obtenir to obtain}
Parvenir to arrive}
Prévenir to prepossess, to forewarn}
Provenir to proceed from}
Redevenir to become again}
Retenir to retain}
se Retenir (de) to forbear}
Revenir to come back}
se Ressouvenir (de) to remember}
se Souvenir (de) to recollect}
Soutenir to maintain}
Subvenir (à) to provide for}
Survenir to happen, to befall}
Venir to come}

Dévêtir to undress}
se Dévêtir to divest one’s self}
Revêtir (de) to clothe, to dress} vêtir.
se Vêtir to clothe one’s self}

_THIRD CONJUGATION._

s’Asseoir to sit down}
Rasseoir to place down again} asseoir.
se Rasseoir to sit down again}

Rechoir to fall again choir.

Émouvoir to move, to stir up}
s’Émouvoir to be moved, to be concerned} mouvoir.

Dépourvoir to leave unprovided pourvoir.

Équivaloir to be equivalent}
Revaloir to return like for like} prévaloir.
se Prévaloir (de) to take advantage (of)}

Messeoir to be unbecoming seoir.

Entrevoir to catch a glimpse of}
s’Entrevoir to see each other} voir.
Revoir to see again}

_FOURTH CONJUGATION._

Dissoudre to dissolve, to melt absoudre.

Abattre to pull down}
s’Abattre to fall down}
se Battre to fight}
Combattre to fight, to combat}
Débattre to debate}
se Débattre to struggle}
s’Ébattre to take one’s pleasure} battre.
Embattre to lay the tire of a wheel}
Rabattre to abate, to bring down}
se Rabattre to turn off, to turn back, to fall back upon}
Rebattre to beat again}

Reboire to drink again boire.

Déclore to unclose}
Enclore to enclose} clore.
Forclore to foreclose}

Exclure to exclude}
Reclure to shut up} conclure.

Découdre to unsew}
Recoudre to sew again} coudre.

Mécroire to disbelieve croire.

Accroître to increase}
Décroître to decrease}
Recroître to grow again} croître.[1]
Surcroître to grow out}

Redire to say again dire.

Circonscrire to circumscribe}
Décrire to describe}
Inscrire to inscribe}
s’Inscrire to enter one’s name}
Prescrire to prescribe}
se Prescrire to be lost by limitation (law)} écrire.
Proscrire to proscribe, to outlaw}
Récrire to write again}
Souscrire to subscribe}
Transcrire to transcribe}

Contrefaire to imitate, to mimic}
Défaire to undo}
se Défaire to get rid}
Parfaire to perfect}
Redéfaire to undo again} faire.
Refaire to make again}
se Refaire to recover}
Satisfaire to satisfy}
Surfaire to ask too much}

Refrire to fry again frire.

Adjoindre to adjoin}
Astreindre to subject}
s’Astreindre to confine one’s self}
Atteindre to overtake, to reach}
Aveindre to take out _or_ from, to fetch}
Ceindre to gird, to encompass}
Conjoindre to conjoin}
Contraindre to constrain}
Craindre to fear, to be afraid}
Déjoindre to disjoin}
Dépeindre to describe}
Déteindre to discolor}
Disjoindre to disjoin}
Empreindre to imprint}
Enceindre to enclose}
Enfreindre to transgress, to infringe} joindre.
Enjoindre to enjoin}
Épreindre to squeeze out}
Éteindre to extinguish}
Étreindre to tie close, to clasp}
Feindre to feign}
Geindre to whine, to moan}
Oindre to anoint}
Peindre to paint}
Plaindre to pity}
se Plaindre to complain}
Ratteindre to overtake again}
Rejoindre to join again}
Repeindre to paint again}
Restreindre to restrain, to confine}
Teindre to dye, to color}

Élire to elect, to choose}
Prélire to read over previously}
Réélire to elect again} lire.
Relire to read again}

Reluire to glitter, to shine}
Entre-luire to shine a little} luire.

Contredire to contradict}
Dédire to disown, to unsay, to belie}
se Dédire to recant, to retract} médire.
Interdire to interdict, to forbid}
Prédire to foretell, to predict}

Admettre to admit}
Commettre to commit}
Compromettre to compromise, to expose}
se Compromettre to compromise one’s self}
Démettre to dislocate}
se Démettre (de) to resign}
Émettre to issue, to set forth, to emit} mettre.
s’Entremettre to interpose, to meddle}
Omettre to omit}
Permettre to permit, to allow}
Promettre to promise}
Remettre to replace, to set again}
Soumettre to submit, to subdue}
Transmettre to transmit}

Émoudre to whet, to sharpen}
Remoudre to grind over again} moudre.
Rémoudre to sharpen again}

Renaître to revive, to be born again naître.

Apparaître to appear}
Comparaître to appear}
Connaître to know, to be acquainted with}
Disparaître to disappear} paraître.
Méconnaître to disown, not to know}
se Méconnaître to forget one’s self}
Reconnaître to recognize, to acknowledge}
Reparaître to appear again}

Complaire to humor, to please}
se Complaire to delight}
Déplaire to displease}
se Déplaire to be displeased with} plaire.
Taire to conceal, to keep secret}
se Taire to remain silent}

Apprendre to learn, to hear of}
Comprendre to understand, to include}
Déprendre to loosen, to disengage}
Désapprendre to unlearn}
Entreprendre to undertake}
se Méprendre to mistake} prendre.
Rapprendre to learn again}
Reprendre to take again, to chide}
se Reprendre to correct one’s self}
Surprendre to surprise, to astonish}

Conduire to conduct, to lead}
Construire to construct, to build}
Cuire to cook, to bake}
Décuire to thin (syrups, etc.)}
Déconstruire to take to pieces}
Déduire to deduct}
Détruire to destroy}
se Détruire to kill one’s self, to decay}
Éconduire to bow out, to refuse}
Enduire to plaster, to do over}
Induire to induce} réduire.
Instruire to instruct}
Introduire to introduce}
Produire to produce, to bring forth}
Reconduire to conduct again}
Reconstruire to build again}
Recuire to bake again, to do again}
Renduire to plaster anew}
Reproduire to reproduce}
Séduire to seduce, to bribe}
Traduire to translate}

se Repaître to thirst after, to delight in repaître.

se Rire (de) to laugh at}
Sourire to smile} rire.

Corrompre to corrupt}
Interrompre to interrupt} rompre.

Poursuivre to pursue, to prosecute suivre.

Abstraire to abstract}
Distraire to distract, to divert}
Extraire to extract}
Retraire to redeem an estate} traire.
Rentraire to fine-draw}
Soustraire to substract, to deduct}
se Soustraire (à) to avoid, to escape}

Convaincre to convince vaincre.

Revivre to revive}
Survivre (à) to survive, to outlive} vivre.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Only recroître takes a circumflex on its past participle.

EXPLANATION OF THE SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

* Represents the liquid sounds of _gn_, _l_, or _ll_.

† Signifies that the _h_ is aspirated.

— Indicates the repetition of the same word. (—) Indicates the plural of foreign and compound nouns when it is like the singular.

(—s) Indicates the plural of foreign nouns when it is formed by adding _s_.

When the plural of foreign and compound nouns is formed by changing the final letter or letters, the whole plural form is given. Thus, _e.g._, (_Lazaroni_), plural of _Lazarone_; (_—-amiraux_), plural of _vice-admiral_.

(_—s-—s_), or (_—s-—x_), or (_—x-—x_), or (_—x-—s_) Indicate the plural of compound nouns when it is formed by adding _s_ or _x_ to each component.

(_—s-—_) or (_—x-—_) Indicate the plural of compound nouns when it is formed by adding _s_ or _x_ to the first component only.

(_—-—s_) or (_—-—x_) Indicate the plural of compound nouns when it is formed by adding _s_ or _x_ to the second component only.

(_n.s._) Indicates foreign and compound nouns not used in the singular.

(_n.p._) Indicates foreign and compound nouns not used in the plural.

- Before final letters, points out the masculine termination, which is to be changed in the feminine; as, _acti-f_, _-ve_, actif, active; _act-eur_, _-rice_, acteur, actrice; _honteu-x_, _-se_, honteux, honteuse.

The long sound of the vowels is designated by a horizontal mark over the vowel, thus: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū.

The short sound of the vowels is designated by a curved mark, thus: ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ. This mark seldom occurs but over the unaccented _e_. When there is no mark over the other vowels, they may be considered as natural; that is, as neither long nor short.