Chapter D (5)

=domanialiser=, _v.a._, to annex to, to include in (a domain).

=dôme=, _n.m._, (arch.) dome, cupola; principal church, canopy; round top. _— de verdure_; verdant arch.

=domerie=, _n.f._, an abbey.

=domestication=, _n.f._, domestication.

=domesticité=, _n.f._, domesticity, the being in service; domestic servants; domesticated state.

=domestique=, _adj._, domestic, homely, home-bred; menial; tame; domesticated.

=domestique=, _n.m._, servant, domestic; servants, domestics (of a house); household; home. _Il a changé tout son —_; he has changed all his servants. _Il aime son —_; he is fond of his home. _— de place_; guide. _— à_, or _pour tout faire_; general servant.

=domestique=, _n.f._, woman-servant, maid-servant, servant. _— pour tout faire_; maid, servant, of all-work.

=domestiquement= (-tik-mān), _adv._, servant-like, menially.

=domestiquer=, _v.a._, to domesticate, to tame. _Se —_; to become domesticated.

=domicile=, _n.m._, domicile, abode, residence. _— politique_; political residence. _— civil_; ordinary residence, dwelling. _À —_; at one’s own house, _or_ at people’s houses, at home. _— légal_; settlement, legal settlement. _De l’eau à —_; water brought to the house. _Elire —_, or _faire élection de —_; to choose one’s residence; to settle down.

=domiciliaire=, _adj._, domiciliary. _Faire une visite — chez quelqu’un_; to search anyone’s house.

=domicilié=, =-e=, _adj._, resident, domiciled. _Il est —_; he is settled, he has taken a house.

_se_ =domicilier=, _v.r._, to settle down, to dwell in a place.

=dominance=, _n.f._, preponderance, dominance, rule.

=dominant=, =-e=, _adj._, dominant, predominant, reigning, prevalent. _Passion —e_; ruling passion. _Goût —_; reigning taste. _La religion —e_; the established religion.

=dominante=, _n.f._, (mus.) dominant. _Dans le mode d’ut, sol est la —, et fa la sous-dominante_; in the key of C, G is the dominant, F the subdominant.

=dominat-eur=, =-rice=, _n._ and _adj._, dominator, ruler, tyrant; ruling, governing, dominant, domineering, arrogant.

=domination=, _n.f._, domination; dominion, rule, sway.

=dominer=, _v.n._, to rule, to bear rule _or_ sway, to have the mastery; to dominate, to preponderate, to prevail; to domineer, to lord it; to rise above; to command a view of, to look over, to tower above; to command; to predominate. _Il faut que la raison domine sur les passions_; reason must prevail over the passions. _Sa tête domine au-dessus de la foule_; his head rises above the crowd. _Cette tour domine sur tous les environs_; that tower overlooks all the surrounding country.

=dominer=, _v.a._, to rule, to govern, to sway, to prevail over, to domineer over; to rise above, to command a view of; to command, to keep in subjection. _La citadelle domine la ville_; the citadel commands the town.

=dominicain=, _n.m._, Dominican, Dominican friar.

=dominicain=, =-e=, _adj._, Dominican.

=dominicaine=, _n.f._, Dominican nun.

=dominical=, =-e=, _adj._, dominical. _Lettre —e_; dominical letter. _L’oraison —e_; the Lord’s prayer.

=dominicale=, _n.f._, Sunday sermon.

=domino=, _n.m._, domino. _En —_; in a domino. _Jouer aux —s_; to play at dominoes. _Faire —_; to play out, to win.

=dominoterie=, _n.f._, stained papers.

=dominotier= (-tié), _n.m._, paper-stainer; dealer in stained papers.

=dommage=, _n.m._, damage, injury, hurt, detriment, loss; harm. _Cela me porte —_; that is a loss to me. _Faire du —_; to do harm. _C’est —_; it is a pity. _—s et intérêts_, _—s-intérêts_; (jur.) damages.

=dommageable= (-jabl), _adj._, hurtful, prejudicial, injurious.

=domptable= (don-tabl), _adj._, tameable; governable, manageable.

=dompter= (don-té), _v.a._, to subdue, to subjugate, to quell, to tame. _— ses passions_; to overcome one’s passions. _— des animaux_; to tame animals. _— un cheval_; to break in a horse.

_se_ =dompter=, _v.r._, to quell, to overcome one’s passions.

=dompteur= (don-teur), _n.m._, subduer; tamer; breaker in; vanquisher.

=dompte-venin=, _n.m._, (_—_) (bot.) swallow-wort.

=don=, _n.m._, gift, donation, present, endowment; knack, talent. _Les —s du ciel_; the gifts of heaven. _—s de la nature_; natural endowments. _— gratuit_; free gift. _Le — de la parole_; the gift of speech. _Il a le — de plaire_; he has the knack of pleasing.

=don=, _n.m._, don.

=dona=, _n.f._, (_—s_) dona, donna.

=donataire=, _n.m.f._, donee.

=donat-eur=, _n.m._, =-rice=, _n.f._, donor, giver.

=donation=, _n.f._, donation, free gift; deed of gift. _—s de la couronne_; grants of the crown. _Faire — de ses biens_; to make over one’s property by deed of gift.

=donatisme=, _n.m._, Donatism.

=donatiste=, _n.m._, Donatist.

=donc=, _conj._, therefore; accordingly, hence; then, consequently; eh, of course, to be sure. _Répondez —_; answer, I tell you. _Qu’ai-je — fait?_ whatever have I done?

=dondon=, _n.f._, (fam., b.s.) plump, jolly, fresh-colored woman _or_ girl.

=donjon=, _n.m._, keep, turret, castle-keep; dungeon; pavilion.

=donjonné=, =-e=, _adj._, turreted.

=donnant=, =-e=, _adj._, generous. _Il n’est pas —_; he is not generous. _— donnant_; give and take, tit for tat.

=donne=, _n.f._, deal (at cards).

=donné=, =-e=, _part._, given.

=donnée=, _n.f.sing._, données, _n.f.pl._, datum, data, principles, facts admitted _or_ known; notion, idea, information; (math.) known quantity, datum; theme of a play, a poem, etc.

=donner=, _v.a._, to give, to bestow, to present with, to make a present of; to give away; to cause; to grant, to confer upon; to ascribe; to deal (at cards); to wish (good day, etc.); to devote; (com.) to sell, to let have. _— en échange_; to give in exchange. _— tort à quelqu’un_; to blame any one. _— sa fille en mariage_; to give one’s daughter in marriage. _Qui donne tôt, donne deux fois_; he gives twice who gives in a trice. _— la vie_; to grant, to spare life. _— le bonjour à quelqu’un_; to wish any one good day. _— un soufflet à quelqu’un_; to box any one’s ears. _— rendez-vous_; to appoint a place of meeting. _— quittance_; to give a receipt. _— le branle à une affaire_; to set an affair going. _— le ton_; to set the fashion. _— la chasse_; to pursue. _— sa parole_; to give one’s word. _— du chagrin_; to vex. _— de la peine_; to trouble. _— les mains à une chose_; to give one’s consent to a thing. _— de l’altesse a quelqu’un_; to “style” or “dub” any one highness. _— une baie_; to humbug. _— sa voix_, _son suffrage_; to give one’s vote, one’s suffrage. _— gain de cause_; to decide in favor of. _Donnez des sièges_; bring chairs. _Il en donne à tout le monde_; he makes a fool of everybody. _Je donne beaucoup au hasard_; I attribute a good deal to chance. _Donner à boire_; to give to drink. _Donnez-nous à manger_; give us something to eat. _— à penser_, _à réfléchir_; to set thinking, to give food for reflection. _C’est à vous à —_; it is your turn to deal. _En — à quelqu’un_; to beat, to maul, any one; to cheat any one, to take any one in.

_se_ =donner=, _v.r._, to give one’s self; to procure; to take place (of battles); to get; to abandon, to attach, one’s self; to give one’s self out as. _Se — à quelqu’un_; to abandon, to devote, one’s self to any one. _Se — la peine de_; to take the trouble to. _Se — des airs_; to give one’s self airs. _Se — de la tête contre les murs_; to run one’s head against a stone wall. _S’en — à cœur joie_; to indulge one’s self to one’s heart’s content; to take one’s fill of anything.

=donner=, _v.n._, to give, to give away; to addict one’s self; to give one’s self up; to get into the head (of liquor); to hit, to strike; (milit.) to charge, to be engaged, to attack (of troops); to deal; to yield, to bear, to produce; to look out; to look into, to overlook. _— contre un banc de table_; to strike on a sand-bank. _Mes fenêtres donnent sur la rue_; my windows look out into the street. _— à penser à quelqu’un_; to set any one thinking. _— à parler_; to furnish matter for talk. _— dedans_; to fall into a snare. _— dans une embuscade_; to fall into an ambuscade. _— dans le piège_, or _dans le panneau_; to fall into the snare. _Le soleil donne dans ma chambre_; the sun shines into my room. _Ce vin donne dans la tête_; that wine gets up into one’s head. _Le régiment a donné_; the regiment is in action, is under fire.

=donneu-r=, _n.m._, =-se=, _n.f._, giver, donor. _Il n’est pas —_; he is not fond of giving; he is close-fisted. _— d’eau bénite de cour_; man of promises only.

=don quichotte=, _n.m._, (_— —s_) Don Quixote, madcap; lanky fellow.

=don quichottisme=, _n.m._, (_n.p._) quixotism.

=dont=, _pron._, whose, whereof, of which, of whom, for whom, etc. _Dieu — nous admirons les œuvres_; God whose works we admire. _Ce — il s’agit_; the business in hand. _L’affaire — je vous ai parlé_; the business I spoke to you about.

=donte=, _n.f._, body (of a lute).

=donzelle=, _n.f._, damsel, wench.

=dorade=, _n.f._, (astron., ich.) dorado, swordfish.

=doradille=, _n.f._ _V._ =cétérac=.

=doré=, =-e=, _part._, gilt, gilt over, gilded, golden. _Langue —e_; silver tongue; winning, deceitful tongue. _— sur tranche_; gilt-edged _or_ with gilt edges.

=dorée=, _n.f._, (ich.) doree, John-Dory; slice of bread and jam.

=dorénavant=, _adv._, henceforth, hereafter, for the future, from this time forward.

=dorer=, _v.a._, to gild, to gild over. _— un pâté_; to glaze a pie with the yolk of eggs. _— la pilule_; to gild the pill.

_se_ =dorer=, _v.r._, to gild; to assume a golden hue _or_ tinge.

=doreu-r=, _n.m._, =-se=, _n.f._, gilder.

=dorien= (-in), _n._ and _adj._ _m._, Dorian; Doric.

=dorine=, _n.f._, (bot.) golden saxifrage.

=dorique=, _n.m._ and _adj._, Doric.

=doris=, _n.f._, (conch.) doris (a sort of mollusk).

=dorloter=, _v.a._, to cocker, to fondle, to pamper; to coddle, to pet, to make much of.

_se_ =dorloter=, _v.r._, to coddle one’s self; to indulge one’s self.

=dormant=, =-e=, _adj._, sleeping, dormant, stagnant; (com.) dull; unemployed (of money). _Eau —e_; stagnant water. _Manœuvre —e_; (nav.) standing part of a tackle. _Châssis —_; fixed sash.

=dormant=, _n.m._, (tech., carp.) dormant, dormer, sleeper, post, fixed frame; epergne.

=dormeu-r=, _n.m._, =-se=, _n.f._, (pers.) sleeper; sluggard.

=dormeuse=, _n.f._, easy traveling carriage; lounging chair.

*=dormille=, _n.f._, (ich.) loach.

=dormir= (dormant, dormi), _v.n._, to sleep, to be asleep; to be supine; to be still; to be dormant (of money); to be stagnant (of water); to do nothing. _— d’un bon sommeil_, _d’un bon somme_; to sleep soundly. _— trop longtemps_; to oversleep one’s self. _— la grasse matinée_; to lie late in bed. _— tout debout_; not to be able to keep one’s eyes open. _Qui dort, dîne_; sleeping is as good as eating. _Il dort comme une marmotte_ or _comme un sabot_; he sleeps like a top. _Il n’y a point de pire eau que l’eau qui dort_; still waters run deep. _— sur les deux oreilles_; to sleep soundly. _Qui a renommée de se lever matin peut — jusqu’à midi_; a good reputation covers a multitude of sins. _Ce sont des contes à — de bout_; they are old wives’ tales (_i.e._, tedious, nonsensical).

=dormir=, _n.m._, sleep.

=dormiti-f=, =-ve=, _adj._, soporific, somniferous. _Une potion —ve_; a sleeping draught.

=dormitif=, _n.m._, dormitive. _L’opium est un dangereux —_; opium is a dangerous sleeping-draught.

=doronic=, _n.m._, (bot.) doronicum, leopard’s-bane.

=dorsal=, =-e=, _adj._, dorsal.

=dorsténie=, _n.f._, (bot.) dorstenia, contrayerva.

=dortoir=, _n.m._, dormitory.

=dorure=, _n.f._, gilding; glazing (of pastry).

=dos=, _n.m._, back, rear, top, ridge. _Sur le —_; upon the back, pickaback. _— courbé_, _voûté_; bent back. _L’épine du —_; the spine, backbone. _— d’une montagne_; ridge of a mountain. _Avoir quelqu’un sur le —_; to be saddled with somebody. _Tourner le —_; to take to flight. _Tourner le — à quelqu’un_; to turn one’s back on _or_ to forsake any one. _Avoir bon —_; to have a strong back. _Faire le gros —_; to set up its back (of a cat); to give one’s self airs. _— d’âne_; shelving ridge. _En — d’âne_; with a shelving ridge. _Le juge les renvoya — à —_; the judge non-suited them both. _En avoir plein le —_; to be sick and tired of anything. _Se mettre le juge à —_; to make an enemy of the judge, _or_ to set the judge against one.

=dosable=, _adj._, measurable.

=dosage=, _n.m._, (chem., pharm.) dosing, proportioning; quantitative analysis.

=dose=, _n.f._, dose; quantity, portion.

=doser=, _v.a._, to dose, to proportion.

=dossier=, _n.m._, back (of a seat); brief (of a barrister); bundle of papers. _— d’un lit_; headboard of a bed, back-board (of a boat).

=dossière=, _n.f._, back-band, ridge-band (of harness); back-plate (of a cuirass).

=dot= (dot), _n.f._, marriage portion; dowry. _La — d’une religieuse_; what a nun pays for being admitted into a nunnery. _Coureur de —s_; fortune-hunter.

=dotal=, =-e=, _adj._, dotal, concerning dowry.

=dotation=, _n.f._, endowment, dotation.

=doter=, _v.a._, to endow, to give a portion, to give a dowry. _— une église_; to endow a church.

=douaire=, _n.m._, jointure, dower, marriage-settlement. _Il lui a assigné dix mille livres de —_; he has settled ten thousand francs upon her.

=douairi-er=, =-ère=, _adj._, dowager.

=douairière=, _n.f._, dowager; jointress.

=douane=, _n.f._, custom-house, custom-duty, duty. _Préposé à la —_; custom-house officer. _Conseil des —s_; board of customs. _Droit de —_; customs duty.

=douaner=, _v.a._, to clear goods at the custom-house; to pass through the custom-house.

=douanier=, _n.m._, custom-house officer; tide-waiter.

=douani-er=, =-ère=, _adj._, relating to the custom-house, of customs.

=doublage=, _n.m._, lining, plating; (nav.) sheathing. _— de cuivre_; copper-sheathing; (print.) double.

=double=, _adj._, double, duplicate; twofold, twice as much, twice as many; strong (of quality); double, deceitful, arrant; downright, regular. _Partie —_; (com.) double entry. _C’est un — coquin_; he is a downright, arrant scoundrel.

=double=, _n.m._, double; duplicate, replica; counterpart (of a deed), double-faced; (theat.) substitute, understudy; an old French coin worth two deniers; (mus.) a turn. _Plus du —_; more than the double. _Mettre une chose en —_; to double a thing. _Jouer quitte ou —_; to play double or quits. _Parier — contre simple_; to bet two to one.

=double=, _adv._, double. _Voir —_; to see double.

=doublé=, _n.m._, (billiards) doublet.

=doubleau=, _n.m._, (carp.) binding joist. _V._ =arc-doubleau=.

_à_ =double emploi=, _adv._, for a double purpose.

=doublement=, _n.m._, doubling.

=doublement=, _adv._, doubly, in a double manner.

=doubler=, _v.a._, to double; to line (clothes); (arch.) to fur; (milit., nav., print., theat.) to double; to sheathe (a ship). _— le pas_; to go faster.

=doublet=, _n.m._, (billiards, jewelry, trictrac) doublet; (linguistics) doublets.

=doublette=, _n.f._, coupler (of organs).

=doubleu-r=, _n.m._, =-se=, _n.f._, doubler.

=doublon=, _n.m._, doubloon, Spanish pistole; (print.) double.

=doublure=, _n.f._, lining; (theat.) substitute, understudy.

=douce-amère=, _n.f._, (_—s-—s_) woody nightshade, bitter-sweet.

=douceâtre=, _adj._, sweetish.

=doucement= (doos-mān), _adv._, slowly, leisurely; gently, softly, tenderly, quietly; blandly; peaceably, calmly, smoothly, placidly; mildly; melodiously; meekly; patiently; comfortably; indifferently, not very well, so so. _Aller tout —_; to be so so.

=doucerette=, _n.f._, bland-looking creature.

=doucereu-x=, =-se=, _adj._, sweetish, mawkish; mealy-mouthed.

=doucet=, =-te=, _adj._, demure, mild, affected. _Faire le —_; to look demure.

=doucette=, _n.f._, (bot.) corn salad, lamb’s lettuce, Venus’s looking-glass.

=doucettement= (-sèt-mān), _adv._, (pop.) gently, softly, only so so. _Il va tout —_; he’s only so so.

=douceur=, _n.f._, sweetness; fragrance; softness; mildness; kindness, good-nature; melodiousness, harmony; mellowness; calmness; smoothness; peacefulness; meekness, gentleness; sweet thing; delight, pleasure, comfort; douceur. _Employer la —_; to use gentle means. _Prendre quelqu’un par la —_; to treat anyone with kindness. _Goûter les —s de la vie_; to taste the comforts of life. _Les —s de la société_; the delights of society. _Plus fait — que violence_; kindness does more than harshness.

=douche=, _n.f._, douche, shower-bath.

=doucher=, _v.a._, to give a douche, a shower-bath.

=doucine=, _n.f._, (arch.) doucine; (carp.) molding-plane.

=doucir=, _v.a._, to polish (looking-glasses).

=doucissage=, _n.m._, polishing.

=douelle=, _n.f._, (arch.) archivolt, curve; stave (of a cask).

=douer=, _v.a._, to endow, to bestow upon, to favor.

*=douille=, _n.f._, socket, hose, pipe; case _or_ shell (of cartridges).

*=douillet=, =-te=, _n._ and _adj._, effeminate, delicate person; soft, downy; nice; tender; effeminate; delicate. _C’est un —_; he loves to indulge himself.

*=douillette=, _n.f._, wadded dress, wadded great coat.

*=douillettement= (doo-lèt-mān), _adv._, softly, tenderly, delicately, effeminately.

=douleur=, _n.f._, pain; ache; soreness; anguish, pang, grief, sorrow, affliction; woe. _— aiguë_; acute pain.

☉_se_ =douloir=, _v.r._, to grieve, to wail, to lament.

=douloureusement= (-reûz-mān), _adv._, grievously.

=douloureu-x=, =-se=, _adj._, painful, tender, smarting, sore; grievous, afflicting, sorrowful; sad. _Cri —_; mournful cry.

=doupion=, _n.m._, double cocoon; coarse, raw silk.

=doute=, _n.m._, doubt; scruple, fear, dubiousness; apprehension, misgiving, distrust. _Mettre en —_; to call in question. _Faire naître des —s_; to give rise to misgivings. _Jeter des —s dans l’esprit_; to fill the mind with distrust. _Sans —_; without doubt, no doubt, doubtless, unquestionably, to be sure. _Sans — que_; no doubt that. _Cela ne fait aucun —_; there is no doubt about it.

=douter=, _v.a._, to doubt, to question, to hesitate, to suspect, to scruple. _Il doute de tout_; he doubts everything. _Je doute que cela soit_; I doubt whether it be so. _Je doute qu’il veuille le faire_; I doubt whether he will do it. _Je ne doute pas qu’il ne le fasse_; I do not doubt but that he will do it. _Ne — de rien_; to be over confident, credulous.

_se_ =douter=, _v.r._, to suspect, to surmise, to conjecture; to distrust, to mistrust, to fear. _Je m’en doutais bien_; I thought as much. _Je me doutais qu’il viendrait_; I suspected he would come. _Pouvais-je me — qu’il dût venir sitôt?_ could I imagine that he was to come so soon? _Ne se — de rien_; to suspect nothing; to be unconscious of what is going on.

=douteur= (doo-), _n.m._, doubter.

=douteusement= (doo-teûz-mān), _adv._, doubtfully.

=douteu-x=, =-se=, _adj._, doubtful, dubious, ambiguous, questionable. _D’une manière —se_; doubtfully. _Il est — qu’il le fasse_; it is doubtful whether he will do it.

=douvain=, _n.m._, stave-wood.

=douve=, _n.f._, stave; trench, moat; salt-marsh; (bot.) spearwort.

=dou-x=, =-ce=, _adj._, sweet; soft, smooth; easy; gentle, mild; fragrant, agreeable, comfortable, charming, pleasant; harmonious; peaceful, calm; unfermented; fresh (of water); mellow. _Eau —ce_; fresh water, soft water. _Poisson d’eau —ce_; fresh-water fish. _Senteur —ce_; sweet smell. _Une taille douce_; a copper-plate. _Un billet —_; a love-letter. _Faire les yeux —_; to cast amorous glances. _Il fait bien —_; the weather is very mild. _—ce rêverie_; sweet musing. _Mener une vie —ce_; to lead an easy, agreeable life. _Un — sourire_; a gracious smile. _Il est — comme un agneau_; he is as gentle as a lamb.

=doux=, _adv._, gently; submissively. _Filer —_; to knuckle under; to eat humble pie. _Tout —_; softly, gently.

=douzaine=, _n.f._, dozen. _Une demi —_; half a dozen. _À la —_, _Par —_; by the dozen. _C’est un poète à la —_; he is a sorry poet, a rhyming hack.

=douze=, _adj._, twelve, twelfth. _Les — signes du zodiaque_; the twelve signs of the zodiac. _Charles —_; Charles the twelfth. _C’est le — aujourd’hui_; to-day is the twelfth.

=douze=, _n.m._, twelve, twelfth. _Le — du mois_; the twelfth instant. _Un in-—_; a duodecimo.

=douzième=, _n.m._ and _adj._, twelfth.

=douzièmement=, _adv._, twelfthly, in the twelfth place.

*=douzil=, _n.m._, spigot, peg.

=doxologie=, _n.f._, doxology.

=doyen=, _n.m._, dean; senior, oldest member.

=doyenné= (doa-ié-né), _n.m._, deanship, deanery; dean’s-pear.

=drachme= (drakm), _n.f._, drachma; dram.

=dracocéphale=, _n.m._, (bot.) dragon’s-head.

=draconien=, =-ne= (-in, è-n), _adj._, draconian.

=draconte=, _n.m._, (bot.) dragon’s-wort.

=dragage=, _n.m._, dragging (of a river).

=dragée=, _n.f._, comfit, sugar-plum, sugar-almond; small shot. _—s lissées_; plain sugar-plums. _Grosse —_; buck-shot. _Avaler la —_; to swallow the pill. _Tenir la — haute à quelqu’un_; to keep in suspense; to make a person pay dearly for.

=drageoir= (dra-jo-ar), _n.m._, comfit-dish.

=drageon= (-jon), _n.m._, (bot.) shoot, sucker.

=drageonner= (-jo-né), _v.n._, to put forth shoots _or_ suckers.

=dragme=. _V._ =drachme=.

=dragoman=. _V._ =drogman=.

=dragon=, _n.m._, dragon; vixen; (astron., erpetology) Draco. _— ailé_; flying dragon. _Sa femme est un vrai —_; his wife is a regular termagant _or_ virago. _— de vertu_; great prude.

=dragon=, _n.m._, dragoon.

=dragonnade=, _n.f._, dragonnade.

=dragonne=, _n.f._, sword-knot; violent woman. _À la —_; cavalierly, unceremoniously; with a high hand.

=dragonner=, _v.a._, (l.u.) to dragoon; to worry.

_se_ =dragonner=, _v.r._, (l.u.) to worry oneself.

=dragonnier=, _n.m._, dragon-tree.

=draguage= (-gaj), _n.m._ _V._ =dragage=.

=drague= (drag), _n.f._, dredge, dredger; dredging-machine, dredge-net; grains (of malt).

=draguer= (-ghé), _v.a._, to drag, to dredge. _— une ancre_; to sweep the bottom for a lost anchor.

=draguette= (-ghèt), _n.f._, small dredge _or_ drag-net.

=dragueur= (-gheur), _n.m._, dredger.

=drain=, _n.m._, drain, draining-pipe.

=drainage=, _n.m._, drainage.

=draine=, _n.f._, (orni.) missel, missel-thrush.

=drainer=, _v.a._, to drain.

=dramatique=, _adj._, dramatic.

=dramatique=, _n.m._, drama, dramatic style.

=dramatiser=, _v.a._, to dramatize.

=dramatiste=, _n.m.f._, (l.u.) dramatist.

=dramaturge=, _n.m.f._, dramatist. [Often used ironically.]

=drame=, _n.m._, drama.

=drap= (dra), _n.m._, cloth, sheet, pall. _— fin_; superfine cloth, broadcloth. _Gros —_; coarse cloth. _Être dans de beaux —s_; to be in a fine mess or pickle. _— mortuaire_; pall. _Tailler en plein —_; to have abundance of means at command. _Il voudrait avoir le — et l’argent_; he would like to have his cake and eat it.

=drapé=, =-e=, _part._, covered, clothed; hung with black; (bot.) thick, close; woolen. _— à l’antique_; clothed after the antique.

=drapeau=, _n.m._, flag, standard, ensign, streamer, colors; rag. _Se ranger sous les —x de_; to serve under, to espouse the cause of. _Sous les —x_; serving in the army.

=draper=, _v.a._, to cover with cloth; to hang (a carriage) with black; to arrange, to ornament with drapery; (paint., sculpt.) to give drapery to; (fig.) to censure, to reflect on.

_se_ =draper=, _v.r._, to wrap one’s self up; (fig.) to make a show of; to parade; to assume an air of importance.

=draperie= (drap-rî), _n.f._, drapery, woolen cloths; cloth-trade, cloth-making.

=drapi-er=, _n.m._, =-ère=, _n.f._, draper, woolen-draper, clothier.

=drapière=, _n.f._, packing-pin _or_ skewer.

=drastique=, _n.m._ and _adj._, (med.) drastic.

=drave=, _n.f._, (bot.) whitlow-grass.

=drawback=, _n.m._, (_—s_) drawback.

=drayage=, _n.m._, fleshing (of hides).

=drayer=, _v.a._, to flesh (hides).

=drayoire=, _n.f._, fleshing-knife.

=drayure=, _n.f._, fleshings (of hides).

=drêche=, _n.f._, malt; malt-grains. _Four à —_; malt-kiln. _Faiseur de —_; maltster.

=drelin=, _n.m._, (_onomatopœia_) tinkling, jingling.

=dressage=, _n.m._, training (of horses).

=dresse=, _n.f._, underlay (of shoes).

=dresser=, _v.a._, to erect, to straighten, to make straight; to raise, to set up; to hold upright; to spread; to lay (a snare); to pitch (camp); to trim (a boat); to lay out, to arrange; to make out (accounts); to draw up (a report); to prick up (the ears); to train (animals). _— la tête_; to raise the head. _Cheval qui dresse les oreilles_; a horse that pricks up his ears. _— des statues_; to erect statues. _— un lit_; to put up a bed. _— une tente_; to pitch, to set up, a tent. _— un buffet_; to lay out a sideboard. _— un piège_; to lay a trap. _— un plan_; to draw up a plan. _— des arbres_; to dress trees. _— un cheval_; to train a horse. _— quelqu’un_; to form anyone. _Dresse la chaloupe!_ trim the boat! _— la barre du gouvernail_; to right the helm.

_se_ =dresser=, _v.r._, to stand on end (of the hair); to stand erect; to rear; to form oneself; to be trained.

=dresser=, _v.n._, to stand on end. _Les cheveux lui dressèrent sur la tête_; his hair stood on end.

=dressoir=, _n.m._, dresser; sideboard.

*=drille=, _n.m._, ☉soldier; fellow. _Un bon —_; a jolly fellow. _Un pauvre —_; a poor wretch.

*=drilles=, _n.f.pl._, rags; oakum (for paper).

=drisse=, _n.f._, (nav.) halyard; yard-rope; gear.

=drogman=, _n.m._, dragoman.

=drogue= (drog), _n.f._, drug; rubbish; stuff; drogue (a card game). _N’être que de la —_; to be nothing but trash, rubbish.

=droguer= (-ghé), _v.a._, to drug, to physic, to doctor.

_se_ =droguer=, _v.r._, to physic, or doctor, oneself.

=droguer=, _v.n._, to play at drogue; (pop.) to dance attendance.

=droguerie= (dro-grî), _n.f._, drugs, drug-trade.

=droguet= (-ghè), _n.m._, drugget.

=droguetier= (-ghĕ-tié), _n.m._, drugget-weaver.

=droguier= (-ghié), _n.m._, medicine-chest.

=droguiste= (-ghist), _n.m.f._, druggist.

=droit=, =-e=, _adj._, straight, right, plumb; direct; upright, erect; just, righteous; stand-up (collars). _Ligne —e_; straight line. _En —e ligne_; in a straight line. _Remettre quelqu’un dans le — chemin_; to put any one in the right way again. _Tenir la tête —e_; to hold one’s head upright, erect. _Il est — comme un cierge_; he is as straight as an arrow. _Le côté —_; the right-hand side. _Un col —_; a stand-up collar.

=droit=, _n.m._, right; equity; law; authority; claim, title; fee; due (tax); duty, custom-duty. _Les —s de l’hospitalité_; the rights of hospitality. _Jouir de ses —s_; to enjoy one’s rights. _Faire — à chacun_; to do every one justice. _Le — des gens_; the law of nations. _Renoncer à ses —s_; to give up one’s right. _Faire — à la demande de quelqu’un_; to accede to any one’s request. _Faire son —_; to study for the law. _— d’aînesse_; birthright, primogenitureship. _— de péage_; toll. _À bon —_; with good reason. _Donner — à_; to entitle. _Y avoir —_; to have a right to.

=droit=, _adv._, straight, straight on, directly; honestly, uprightly. _À tort ou à —_; right or wrong. _À qui de —_; whom it may concern. _Allez tout —_; go straight on. _Aller — au but_; to go straight to the mark. _— comme ça_; (nav.) right on.

=droite=, _n.f._, right hand, right; right side; right-hand side. _À —_; on the right. _Prendre la —_; to turn to the right. _Tourner à —_; to turn to the right.

=droitement= (droat-mān), _adv._, uprightly, sincerely; rightly, straightforwardly, judiciously.

=droiti-er=, =-ère= (-tié, -tiè-r), _adj._, right-handed.

=droiture=, _n.f._, uprightness, integrity, equity, honesty, rectitude. _En —_; directly, in a direct manner.

=drolatique=, _adj._, amusing, laughable, pleasant, comical, facetious; broad, licentious.

=drôle=, _adj._, droll, jocose, ludicrous; comical, strange, funny, curious, odd, queer. _Un — de corps_; a queer fellow, an odd fish.

=drôle=, _n.m._, rogue; rascal, blackguard; scoundrel; sharp fellow.

=drôlement= (drôl-mān), _adv._, comically, facetiously, jocosely.

=drôlerie= (drôl-rî), _n.f._, drollery, droll thing.

=drôlesse=, _n.f._, wench, jade; hussy.

=dromadaire=, _n.m._, dromedary.

=drome=, _n.f._, float, raft.

=dronte=, _n.m._, (orni.) dodo.

=drosère=, _n.f._, (bot.) sundew.

=drosse=, _n.f._, (nav.) truss, rope.

=drosser=, _v.n._, to drive or drift ashore; to drift.

=drouine=, _n.f._, tinker’s sack.

=drouineur= _or_ =drouinier=, _n.m._, tinker.

=droussage=, _n.m._, carding and oiling (wool).

=drousser=, _v.a._, to card and oil (wool).

=droussette=, _n.f._, large card for wool.

=drousseur=, _n.m._, carder, wool-comber.

=dru=, =-e=, _adj._, fledged (of birds); brisk, lively, smart; close-planted, thick-set.

=dru=, _adv._, thick, thickly, fast, hard. _Les balles tombaient — comme grêle_ or _comme mouches_; the bullets fell as thick as hail.

=druide=, _n.m._, druid.

=druidesse=, _n.f._, druidess.

=druidique=, _adj._, druidical.

=druidisme=, _n.m._, druidism.

=drupacé=, =-e=, _adj._, (bot.) drupaceous.

=drupe=, _n.m._, (bot.) drupe.

=dryade=, _n.f._, Dryad; (bot.) dryas.

=du=, _art.m._, (contraction of _de le_) of the, from the, by the; some, any.

=dû=, _n.m._, due, what is owed, what is owing; duty. _À chacun son —_; give the devil his due.

=dû=, =due=, _part._ (of devoir), due, owed. _J’aurais — faire cela_; I ought to have done that.

=dualisme=, _n.m._, dualism.

=dualiste=, _n.m.f._, dualist, manichean.

=dualité=, _n.f._, duality.

=dubitati-f=, =-ve=, _adj._, dubitative.

=dubitation=, _n.f._, dubitation, doubt.

=duc=, _n.m._, duke; (orni.) horn-owl. _Grand-—_, (_—s-—s_) grand-duke; great horn-owl.

=ducal=, =-e=, _adj._, ducal. _Grand-—_, (_—-ducaux_) grand-ducal.

=ducat=, _n.m._, ducat.

=ducaton=, _n.m._, ducatoon.

=duché=, _n.m._, dukedom, duchy.

=duchesse=, _n.f._, duchess; a kind of sofa; a kind of pear. _Lit à la —_; four-post bedstead.

=ducroire=, _n.m._, (com.) del credere.

=ductile=, _adj._, ductile.

=ductilité=, _n.f._, ductility.

=dudit=, _adj.m._, of _or_ from the said.

*=duègne=, _n.f._, duenna.

=duel=, _n.m._, duel; struggle; (gram.) dual number. _Appeler en —_; to challenge.

=duelliste=, _n.m._, duelist.

☉=duire=, _v.n._, to suit, to fit.

=duite=, _n.f._, wool of cloth, weft, woof.

=dulcification=, _n.f._, dulcification.

=dulcifier=, _v.a._, to dulcify.

=dulcinée=, _n.f._, dulcinea, sweetheart.

=dulie=, _n.f._, dulia (worship of saints).

=dûment=, _adv._, duly.

=dune=, _n.f._, down; sand-drift, sand-hill.

=dunette=, _n.f._, (nav.) poop.

=dunkerque=, _n.m._, whatnot, cabinet.

=duo=, _n.m._, (_—s_) (mus.) duo, duet, duetto.

=duodécimal=, =-e=, _adj._, duodecimal.

=duodénal=, =-e=, _adj._, duodenal.

=duodénum= (-nom), _n.m._, (anat.) duodenum.

=duodi=, _n.m._, duodi (second day of the decade in the calendar of the first French Republic).

=dupe=, _n.f._, dupe; gull.

=duper=, _v.a._, to dupe, to deceive, to gull, to take in.

=duperie= (du-prî), _n.f._, dupery, trickery; trick, take-in, sell.

=dupeu-r=, _n.m._, =-se=, _n.f._, cheat, trickster.

=duplicata=, _n.m._, (_—_) duplicate.

=duplication=, _n.f._, duplication.

=duplicature=, _n.f._, (anat.) duplicature.

=duplicité=, _n.f._, duplicity; double-dealing, deceit.

☉=duplique=, _n.f._, (jur.) rejoinder, rebutter.

☉=dupliquer=, _v.n._, (jur.) to rejoin, to put in a rejoinder.

=duquel=, _pron._, of which, from which. _V._ =lequel= and =dont=.

=dur=, =-e=, _adj._, hard; tough; obdurate, harsh, merciless, unkind, unfeeling, hard-hearted. _Il a les traits —s_; his features are hard. _Le regard —_; a harsh look. _Des vers —s_; harsh verses. _Un esprit —_; a dull understanding. _Marchandise —e à la vente_; goods of slow sale. _Avoir l’oreille —e_; to be dull of hearing. _Le temps est —_; the weather is severe. _Tableau —_; stiff painting; harsh painting.

=dur=, _adv._, hardly; firmly. _Il entend —_; he is hard of hearing.

=durabilité=, _n.f._, durableness.

=durable=, _adj._, durable, lasting, solid.

=durablement=, _adv._, durably, lastingly.

=duracine=, _n.f._, sort of peach; duracine.

=durant=, _prep._, during. _— sa vie_, _sa vie —e_ or _durant_ (Littré); during his lifetime.

=dur-bec=, _n.m._, (_—s-—s_) (orni.) hawfinch.

=durcir=, _v.a._, to harden, to make hard, to make tough; to indurate.

_se_ =durcir=, _v.r._, to harden, to indurate, to grow hard.

=durcir=, _v.n._, to harden, to become hard; to stiffen; to indurate.

=durcissement= (-sis-mān), _n.m._, hardening, stiffening; induration.

=dure=, _n.f._, bare ground; bare floor, bare board. _Coucher sur la —_; to sleep on the ground, on the bare floor.

=durée=, _n.f._, duration, continuance. _Être de longue —e_; to be durable.

=durement= (dur-mān), _adv._, hard; hardly, harshly, sharply, roughly, rigorously.

=dure-mère=, _n.f._, (n.p.) (anat.) dura mater.

=durer=, _v.n._, to last, to continue; to remain; to endure; to stand, to subsist. _Une étoffe qui dure_; a stuff that wears well. _Le temps lui dure_; time hangs heavy upon him. _Ne pouvoir — en place_; to be unable to sit still. _Faire vie qui dure_; to take care of one’s money, to think of the morrow. _Ne pouvoir — dans sa peau_; to be ready to jump out of one’s skin.

=duret=, =-te=, _adj._, (l.u.) somewhat hard, rather tough, toughish.

=dureté= (dur-té), _n.f._, hardness, toughness; harshness, austerity, unkindness; stiffness. _La — du fer_; the hardness of iron. _Avoir une — d’oreille_; to be hard of hearing. _La — de son regard_; the sternness of his look. _— de cœur_; hard-heartedness.

=duretés=, _n.f.pl._, harsh, offensive words.

*=durillon=, _n.m._, callosity, hard skin; corn.

☉=durillonner=, _v.n._, to become hard.

_se_ =durillonner=, _v.r._, to become covered with warts, callosities.

=duriuscule=, _adj._, (jest.) somewhat hard, tough, hardish.

=duumvir= (du-om-), _n.m._, duumvir.

=duumvirat=, _n.m._, duumvirate.

=duvet=, _n.m._, down; wool, nap.

=duveté=, =-e= (duv-té), _adj._, (of birds) downy.

=duveteu-x=, =-se=, _adj._, (of fruit) downy.

=dynamètre=, _n.m._, dynameter.

=dynamique=, _n.f._, dynamics.

=dynamique=, _adj._, dynamical.

=dynamisme=, _n.m._, name given to the doctrine of Newton.

=dynamite=, _n.f._, dynamite.

=dynamomètre=, _n.m._, dynamometer.

=dynaste=, _n.m._, (antiq.) kinglet.

=dynastie=, _n.f._, dynasty.

=dynastique=, _adj._, dynastic.

=dyscole=, _adj._, (l.u.) who departs from an established opinion; difficult to live with.

=dyscrasie=, _n.f._, (med.) dyscrasy.

=dysenterie= (dis-sant-ri), _n.f._, dysentery.

=dysentérique=, _adj._, dysenteric.

=dysopie=, _n.f._, (med.) dysopsy, dysopsia.

=dysorexie=, _n.f._, dysorexy.

=dyspepsie=, _n.f._, dyspepsia.

=dysphagie=, _n.f._, dysphagia.

=dysphonie=, _n.f._, dysphony.

=dysphorie=, _n.f._, dysphoria.

=dyspnée=, _n.f._, dyspnœa.

=dysurie=, _n.f._, dysury.

=dytique=, _n.m._, (ornith.) diver; water-beetle.

E

=e=, _n.m._, the fifth letter of the alphabet, e.

=e=, abbreviation of _Eminence_, _Excellence_.

=eau=, _n.f._, water; rain, stream, river, pond, flood; perspiration; tea (of herbs); liquid; wash. _pl._, (nav.) track, wake; luster, gloss; watering-place. _— bénite_; holy water. _— douce_; fresh water, soft water. _— dure_; hard water. _— de mer_; sea-water. _— saumâtre_; brackish water. _— mère_; mother-water (chem.). _— de source_; spring-water. _— courante_; running water. _— morte_; still water. _— panée_; toast and water. _Morte-—_, (_n.p._) neap-tide. _—-forte_, (_n.p._) aqua fortis. _Grandes —x_; high flood (of rivers). _Grandes —x de Versailles_; fountains in full play. _Cure d’—x_; water cure. _Hautes —x_; high water. _— bénite de cour_; empty promises, blarney, soft sawder. _— dormante_; stagnant water. _Aller aux —x_; to go to a watering-place. _Porter de l’— à la mer_; to carry coals to Newcastle. _Ils se ressemblent comme deux gouttes d’—_; they are as like as two peas. _Il n’est pire — que celle qui dort_; still waters run deep. _Cela s’en est allé en — de boudin_; that came to nothing at all. _Aller à l’—_; to take the water (of a dog). _Un jet d’—_; a water-spout, fountain. _Une pièce d’—_, _une nappe d’—_; a sheet of water; an artificial lake. _—x jaillissantes_; gushing waters. _Passer l’—_; to cross the water. _Au bord de l’—_; at the water’s edge. _Nager entre deux —x_; to swim under water; to waver between two parties. _À fleur d’—_; on a level with the water. _Faire venir l’— au moulin_; to bring grist to the mill. _Mettre de l’— dans son vin_; to come down a peg or two. _Pêcher en — trouble_; to fish in troubled water. _Cela fait venir l’— à la bouche_; that makes one’s mouth water. _Lancer un navire à l’—_; to launch a ship. _Faire de l’—_; (nav.) to water, to take in fresh water. _Faire une voie d’—_; to spring a leak. _—-de-vie_, (_—x-—_) brandy. _— de rose_; rose-water. _— d’arquebusade_; arquebusade water. _Il tombe de l’—_; it is raining. _Il est tout en —_; he is in a bath of perspiration. _Suer sang et —_; to toil and moil. _Donner — à un drap_; to give a gloss to a piece of cloth. _Maître des —x et forêts_; ranger of the woods and forests. _—x-fortes_; etchings, collection of etchings. _L’— va toujours au moulin_; money begets money. _Tout va à vau l’—_; all is going to wreck and ruin. _Les —x sont basses chez lui_; he is hard up. _Une goutte d’— suffit pour faire déborder un vase plein_; the last straw breaks the camel’s back. _D’ici là il passera bien de l’— sous le pont_; it will be a long time before that happens.

=ébahi=, =-e=, _adj._, wondering, aghast, dumfounded.

_s’_=ébahir=, _v.r._, to wonder at, to be amazed, to be aghast.

=ébahissement= (-is-mān), _n.m._, wonderment, amazement, astonishment.

=ébarbage=, _n.m._, (arts) paring, paring away; (engr.) edging off; scraping.

=ébarber=, _v.a._, to pare, to strip (quills); (engr.) to edge off, to scrape; to edge a dish off.

=ébarboir=, _n.m._, (arts) parer, scraper.

=ébat=, _n.m._, (fam.) diversion, pastime, sport, gambol, frolic. _Prendre ses —s_; to disport oneself.

=ébattement= (é-bat-mān), _n.m._, balancing (of a vehicle); (jest.) diversion, pastime, sport, gambol.

_s’_=ébattre=, _v.r._, to sport, to take one’s pleasure, to gambol, to frolic.

=ébaubi=, =-e=, _adj._, (fam., jest.) amazed, astonished, dumfounded.

=ébauchage=, _n.m._, sketching.

=ébauche=, _n.f._, sketch, rough draught, drawing, outline.

=ébaucher=, _v.a._, to make the first draught, to draw an outline of, to sketch, to rough-hew; to delineate; (mas.) to boast.

=ébaucheur=, _adj._, (tech.) roughing.

=ébauchoir=, _n.m._, (sculp.) boasting-tool; mortise chisel.

☉_s’_=ébaudir=, _v.r._, (jest.) to frolic, to frisk, to skip about.

☉=ébaudissement=, _n.m._, frolicking.

=ebbe= _or_ =èbe=, _n.m._, (nav.) ebb, reflux, low water.

=ébène=, _n.f._, ebony, ebony work. _Des cheveux d’—_; raven locks.

=ébéner=, _v.a._, to ebonize.

=ébénier=, _n.m._, ebony-tree. _Faux —_; laburnum.

=ébéniste=, _n.m._, cabinet-maker.

=ébénisterie=, _n.f._, cabinet-work.

☉=éberner=, _v.a._, _V._ =ébrener=.

=éblouir=, _v.a._, to dazzle; to fascinate. _Le soleil nous éblouit_; the sun dazzles us. _S’—_; to be dazzled, fascinated.

=éblouissant=, =-e=, _adj._, dazzling, resplendent.

=éblouissement= (-is-mān), _n.m._, dazzling; (fig.) dizziness; fascination, charm.

=éborgnage=, _n.m._, nipping off of buds.

*=éborgner=, _v.a._, to blind of one eye, to put out an eye; to nip the buds off.

_s’_=éborgner=, _v.r._, to make oneself blind of one eye.

=ébouage=, _n.m._, scavenging.

=ébouer=, _v.a._, to scavenge.

=éboueur=, _n.m._, road-scraper, scavenger.

=ébouillanter=, _v.a._, to scald.

*=ébouillir=, _v.n._, to boil down, to boil away. _Cette sauce est trop ébouillie_; that sauce has boiled away too much.

=éboulement= (é-bool-mān), _n.m._, falling in, falling down, landslip, sinking. _— de terre_; landslip.

=ébouler=, _v.n._, to fall in, to fall down, to sink.

_s’_=ébouler=, _v.r._, to fall in, to fall down, to sink. _Ce rempart s’éboule_; the rampart is falling in.

=éboulis=, _n.m._, rubbish, fallen ground.

=ébourgeonnement= (-jo-n-mān), _n.m._, (hort.) nipping of the buds, disbudding.

=ébourgeonner= (-jo-né), _v.a._, (hort.) to nip off the buds.

=ébourgeonnoir=, _n.m._, nipping-knife.

=ébouriffé=, =-e=, _adj._, disordered, ruffled, in disorder; in a flutter. _Elle arriva tout —e_; she came in with her hair all ruffled. _Qu’avez-vous donc? vous voilà tout —_; what is the matter with you? you are all of a flutter.

=ébousiner=, _v.a._, (mas.) to clean off.

=ébraisoir=, _n.m._, furnace-shovel.

=ébranché=, =-e=, _adj._, lopped, trimmed, pruned.

=ébranchement= (é-bransh-mān), _n.m._, (hort.) pruning, lopping, trimming.

=ébrancher=, _v.a._, (hort.) to prune, to lop, to trim.

=ébranlement= (é-branl-mān), _n.m._, shock, concussion, shaking; perturbation, disturbance, trouble.

=ébranler=, _v.a._, to shake, to move; to disturb. _Les vents ont ébranlé cette maison_; the winds have shaken that house. _— la résolution de quelqu’un_; to shake any one’s resolution. _Sa fidélité ne fut jamais ébranlée_; his fidelity was never shaken.

_s’_=ébranler=, _v.r._, to shake, to be shaken, to be disturbed; (milit.) to move, to get under way, to be set in motion. _Quand les deux armées s’ébranlèrent_; when the two armies moved forward. _La voiture s’ébranla_; the coach got under way.

=ébrasement= (é-brâz-mān), _n.m._, (arch.) splaying.

=ébraser=, _v.a._, (arch.) to splay.

=ébrèchement=, _n.m._, notching.

=ébrécher=, _v.a._, to notch, to jag, to indent, to impair. _Ses folles dépenses ont ébréché sa fortune_; his extravagant living has made a gap in his fortune.

_s’_=ébrécher=, _v.r._, to be notched, to break off a piece (of one’s tooth).

=ébrener=, _v.a._, (l.ex.) to clean (a child).

=ébriété=, _n.f._, ebriety, inebriety.

☉*=ébrillade=, _n.f._, (man.) jerk (with the bridle).

=ébrouement=, _n.m._, sneezing, snorting.

=ébrouer=, _v.a._, (dy.) to wash; to shell or husk.

_s’_=ébrouer=, _v.r._, (man.) to snort; to sneeze.

=ébruiter=, _v.a._, to make known, to spread about.

_s’_=ébruiter=, _v.r._, to be made known, to be noised abroad.

=ébrun=, _n.m._, horned rye.

=ébuard=, _n.m._, wooden wedge.

=ébullition=, _n.f._, boiling, ebullition.

=écachement=, _n.m._, bruising, crushing.

=écacher=, _v.a._, to crush, to squash, to squeeze flat. _Nez écaché_; flat nose.

*=écaille=, _n.f._, scale; shell; chipping (porcelain). _Des —s d’huître_; oyster-shells. _Peigne d’—_; tortoise-shell comb.

=écaillé=, =-e=, _adj._, scaly.

*=écaill-er=, _n.m._, =-ère=, _n.f._, oyster-man, oyster-woman.

*=écailler=, _v.a._, to scale.

_s’_=écailler=, _v.r._, to peel off, to scale, to scale off; to chip off.

*=écailleu-x=, =-se=, _adj._, scaly, squamous.

=écale=, _n.f._, shell (of peas); hull, husk (of nuts). _— de noix_; walnut-shell.

=écaler=, _v.a._, to shell (beans, peas); to hull, to husk (almonds, nuts).

_s’_=écaler=, _v.r._, to shell, to be shelled.

*=écarbouiller=, _v.a._, (pop.) to crush, to squash.

=écarlate=, _n.f._ and _adj._, scarlet.

=écarlatine=. _V._ =scarlatine=.

*=écarquillement= (-mān), _n.m._, (fam.) opening wide, spreading out (of one’s eyes, legs).

*=écarquiller=, _v.a._, (fam.) to open, to spread out, to open wide. _— les jambes_; to spread out one’s legs. _— les yeux_; to open wide, to strain one’s eyes.

=écart=, _n.m._, step aside, digression, swerving, error; mistake, fault, deviation; (man.) strain; (at écarté) cards rejected. _Il fit un — pour éviter le coup_; he stepped aside to avoid the blow. _Faire un —_; to step aside. _Faire un — dans un discours_; to make a digression in a speech. _Les —s de l’imagination_; the flights of the imagination. _Ce cheval s’est donné un —_; that horse has strained itself. _Les —s de la jeunesse_; the errors of youth. _Faire son —_; to discard. _A l’—_; aside, apart, by one’s self, in solitude, in a lonely place. _Mettre à l’—_; to put by, to lay aside. _Il le prit à l’—_; he took him aside. _Se mettre_, _se tenir_, _à l’—_; to keep aloof, to stand aside. _Laisser à l’—_; to leave aside, to shun, to omit.

=écarté=, _n.m._, écarté (cards).

=écarté=, _part._, remote, lonely, secluded.

=écartelé=, =-e=, _adj._, quartered, torn to pieces; (her.) quartered.

=écartèlement=, _n.m._, tearing to pieces, quartering.

=écarteler=, _v.a._, to quarter, to tear to pieces; (her.) to quarter.

=écartelure=, _n.f._, (her.) quartering.

=écartement=, _n.m._, putting aside; removal, scattering, spreading; separation; (surg.) diastasis.

=écarter=, _v.a.n._, to set aside, to remove; to waive; to pass over; to dispel; to widen; to divert; to keep from; to disperse, to scatter, to avert; to discard. _— une mauvaise pensée_; to dismiss an evil thought. _— un coup_; to ward off a blow.

_s’_=écarter=, _v.r._, to turn aside; to deviate; to err, to stray; to ramble; to swerve; to remove, to make way. _S’— de son sujet_; to stray from one’s subject. _S’— de son chemin_; to go out of one’s way. _S’— de son devoir_; to swerve from one’s duty. _La foule s’écarta_; the crowd made way.

*=écartillement=, _n.m._ _V._ =écarquillement=.

*=écartiller=, _v.a._ _V._ =écarquiller=.

=ecce homo= (èk-sé-), _n.m._, (_—_) ecce homo; (fig.) thin, pale person.

=ecchymose= (é-ki-), _n.f._, (med.) ecchymosis.

=ecchymosé= (é-ki-), _adj._, being in a state of ecchymosis, bruised.

=ecclésiaste=, _n.m._, Ecclesiastes.

=ecclésiastique=, _adj._, ecclesiastic, clerical.

=ecclésiastique=, _n.m._, clergyman, priest, ecclesiastic.

=ecclésiastiquement= (-tik-mān), _adv._, ecclesiastically.

=écervelé=, =-e=, _adj._, hare-brained, mad-brained, rash, giddy. _Une tête —e_; a mad-cap.

=écervelé=, _n.m._, =-e=, _n.f._, mad-cap; hare-brained person. _C’est un —_; he is not to be relied upon.

=échafaud=, _n.m._, scaffold; (arch.) stage; stand, gallows. _— de service_; temporary stage.

=échafaudage=, _n.m._, scaffolding, great preparations; display.

=échafauder=, _v.n._, to scaffold, to erect scaffolding; to pile up; to shore up.

=échafauder=, _v.a._, to make great preparations for a work; ☉to pillory.

_s’_=échafauder=, _v.r._, to be piled up; to be shored up; (fig.) to raise one’s self, to support one’s self, to find supporters.

=échalas=, _n.m._, prop for a vine; vine-stick; hop-pole. _C’est un —_; he is as thin as a lath.

=échalassement=, _n.m._, (hort.) propping.

=échalasser=, _v.a._, to prop vines, etc.

=échalier=, _n.m._, fence, hurdle, stile.

=échalote=, _n.f._, shallot, eschalot.

=échampir=, _v.a._, (house paint) to set off. _V._ =réchampir=.

=échancré=, =-e=, _part._, hollowed out, indented; (bot.) emarginated; sloped.

=échancrer=, _v.a._, to slope, to hollow out, to indent.

=échancrure=, _n.f._, hollowing, sloping, slope, indentation; cut, opening.

=échange=, _n.m._, exchange, barter. _Un — de compliments_; an exchange of compliments. _Libre —_; free-trade.

=échangeable= (-jabl), _adj._, exchangeable.

=échanger=, _v.a._, to exchange, to barter, to interchange. _— une propriété contre une autre_; to exchange one property for another.

=échangiste= (=libre=), _n.m._, free-trader.

=échanson=, _n.m._, cup-bearer.

=échansonnerie= (-so-n-rî), _n.f._, cup-bearers of a prince; a king’s wine-cellars.

*=échantillon=, _n.m._, sample, pattern, specimen; tally; (nav.) scantling; (tech.) gauge.

*=échantillonnage=, _n.m._, sampling; gauging.

*=échantillonner=, _v.a._, to sample, to gauge.

=échanvrer=, _v.a._, to hatchel.

=échanvroir=, _n.m._, hackle.

=échappade=, _n.f._, (engr.) slip, escapade.

=échappatoire=, _n.f._, shift, subterfuge, creep-hole, put-off, evasion.

=échappé=, _n.m._, =-e=, _n.f._, a person who has made his _or_ her escape, a runaway; a horse of mongrel _or_ cross breed. _Un — de galères_; an escaped convict. _Un — des petites-maisons_; a madman, a crack-brained fellow.

=échappée=, _n.f._, prank; sally, snatch; (arch.) rounding off; space for carriages to turn in. _Faire quelque chose par —s_; to do a thing by snatches, by fits and starts. _— de vue_; vista. _— de lumière_; (paint.) accidental light. _À l’—_; by stealth.

=échappement=, _n.m._, (horl.) escape, escapement. _— à recul_; recoil-escapement. _— à repos_; dead-beat escapement. _— à ancre_; anchor _or_ lever escapement. _— de la vapeur_; (mec.) puff.

=échapper=, _v.n._, to escape, to make one’s escape, to get away, to get out of, to avoid, to shun, to fly, to break out. _Laisser —_; to overlook, to pass over, to let pass. _Faire — un prisonnier_; to favor a prisoner’s escape. _— au naufrage_; to escape shipwreck. _— du naufrage_; to escape from the wreck. _Cela m’est échappé_; that has slipped my memory. _Cela m’a échappé_; it escaped me (_i.e._ I did not know of it), _or_ I said it inadvertently. _Laisser — l’occasion_; to let slip an opportunity. _Laisser — un mot_; to drop a word. [When _échapper_ means _to avoid_, _to be preserved_, it requires the preposition _à_: _On échappe ~à~ l’orage_. When it means _to steal away_, _to leave a place_, it requires the preposition _de_: _On échappe ~de~ prison_.]

=échapper=, _v.a._, to escape, to avoid; (man.) to put to the greatest speed. _L’— belle_; to have a narrow escape. _— le danger_; to avoid danger. _— la côte_; to escape stranding.

_s’_=échapper=, _v.r._, to get loose, to get away, to escape, to steal away, to slip out; to vanish, to disappear; to forget one’s self. _Il s’est échappé jusqu’à dire_; he forgot himself so far as to say.

=écharbot=, _n.m._, (bot.) water-chestnut, water-caltrop.

=écharde=, _n.f._, prick, prickle (of a thistle); splinter; (piscat.) stickleback.

=échardonnage=, _n.m._, clearing of thistles.

=échardonner=, _v.a._, to clear of thistles.

=échardonnoir=, _n.m._, weed-hook.

=écharner=, _v.a._, to excarnate; to flesh.

=écharnoir=, _n.m._, fleshing-knife.

=écharnure=, _n.f._, scrapings or parings of hides.

=écharpe=, _n.f._, scarf; sash; arm-sling; (nav.) shell of a pulley _or_ block; (engineering) surface-table; water-table; (her.) scarp. _Changer d’—_; to be a turncoat, to change sides, to rat. _Avoir le bras en —_; to have one’s arm in a sling. _Le canon tire en —_; the cannon fires slanting. _Coup d’épée en —_; slanting cut. _Avoir l’esprit en —_; to be heedless, absent, inattentive. _En —_; over the shoulder.

=écharper=, _v.a._, to slash, to cut; to cut to pieces, to hack. _Il lui a écharpé le visage_; he gave him a slash across the face. _— un régiment_; to cut a regiment to pieces.

=échars=, =-e=, _adj._, (coins) light; below the legal standard. _Vents —_; (nav.) shifting winds, light and variable winds.

=écharser=, _v.n._, (nav.) to veer, to shift about, to change often. ☉_v.a._, to lower the standard of coins.

=échasse=, _n.f._, (orni.) stilt-bird. _— à manteau noir_; long-legged plover.

=échasse=, _n.f._, stilt; tressel, trussel (of stages); upher. _— d’échafaud_; upher, scaffolding-pole. _Il est toujours monté sur des —s_; he is always on stilts, in buckram.

=échassier=, _n.m._, (orni.) long-legged wading bird; _—s_, grallae.

=échauboulé=, =-e=, _adj._, (med.) full of pimples.

=échauboulure=, _n.f._, (med.) pimple, blotch, rash, pustule.

=échaudage=, _n.m._, lime-wash; lime-washing.

=échaudé=, _n.m._, simnel, cracknel. _— au beurre_; simnel with butter.

=échaudé=, =-e=, _part._, scalded. _Chat — craint l’eau froide_; a burnt child dreads the fire.

=échauder=, _v.a._, to scald.

_s’_=échauder=, _v.r._, to burn one’s self; to burn one’s fingers. _Il s’y est échaudé_; he burnt his fingers in that business.

=échaudis=, _n.m._, (nav.) triangular shape.

=échaudoir=, _n.m._, scalding-house; scalding-tub.

=échauffaison=, _n.f._, (med.) overheating, eruption, rash.

=échauffant=, =-e=, _adj._, heating, binding.

=échauffe=, _n.f._, heap. _Mettre les peaux en —_; to heap the hides.

=échauffé=, _n.m._, odor (caused by excessive heat). _Sentir l’—_; to have or exhale a hot smell.

=échauffée=, _n.f._, first operation of salt-makers in warming their oven.

=échauffement= (é-shôf-mān), _n.m._, heating; over-excitement.

=échauffer=, _v.a._, to warm, to beat, to overheat; to excite, to inflame, to irritate, to anger; to vex. _Échauffez la chambre_; warm the room. _Les épices échauffent le sang_; spices heat the blood. _Cela lui échauffe la bile_; that provokes him.

_s’_=échauffer=, _v.r._, to grow warm, to overheat one’s self; to grow angry, to fly into a passion, to chafe, to fume. _La chambre s’échauffe_; the room is getting warm. _Il s’est échauffé à marcher_; walking has made him warm. _La querelle s’échauffe_; the quarrel is running high. _Le jeu s’échauffe_; they are playing deep. _S’— sur la voie_; (hunt.) to follow the chase eagerly.

=échauffourée=, _n.f._, a rash, headlong, _or_ blundering enterprise; skirmish, affray; blunder.

=échauffure=, _n.f._, red pimple, rash.

=échauguette= (-ghèt), _n.f._, (milit.) watch-box, watch-tower.

=échauler=, _v.a._ _V._ =chauler=.

=échaux=, _n.m.pl._, channels, furrows, water-course, drains.

=échéable=, _adj._, falling due, payable.

=échéance=, _n.f._, falling due, expiration, maturity. _— commune_; average maturity. _— prochaine_; nearly due. _À courte —_; at a short date, short-dated. _À longue —_; at a long date; long-dated. _Jusqu’à l’—_; until maturity, till due. _Payer une lettre de change à l’—_; to pay a bill of exchange at maturity.

=échéant=, _part._, falling due. _Le cas —_; if such should be the case; in that case.

=échec=, _n.m._, check, repulse, defeat; blow; loss. _Donner —_; to check. _— et mat_; check-mate. _Être — et mat_; to be checkmated. _Il a souffert un grand —_; he has suffered a dreadful blow. _Tenir un homme en —_; to have a man under one’s thumb. _Tenir une armée en —_; to keep an army at bay.

=échecs= (é-shè), _n.m.pl._, chess; board and set of chess-men; chess-men. _Jouer aux —_; to play at chess.

=échelette=, _n.f._, rack (for pack-saddles, carts); (orni.) wall-creeper.

=échelier=, _n.m._, peg-ladder.

=échelle=, _n.f._, ladder; ladder-staircase; scale; degree; (nav.) quarter-deck ladder. _— brisée_; folding-ladder. _— de siège_; scaling-ladder. _— de corde_; rope-ladder. _— de meunier_; trap-ladder. _— à incendie_; fire-ladder, fire-escape. _— de jardin_ ou _de tapissier_; pair of steps. _— de dunette_; poop-ladder. _— de commandement_; accommodation-ladder. _— campanaire_; bell-founder’s diapason. _—s du Levant_; sea-ports in the Levant. _Faire la courte —_; to mount upon one another’s shoulders. _Faire à quelqu’un la courte —_; to give a lift to any one; to help any one through. _Sentir l’—_; to deserve hanging. _Après lui il faut tirer l’—_; he has left nothing to be done, _or_ you cannot go one better.

=échelon= (ésh-lon), _n.m._, round, rung, step (of a ladder); step, stepping-stone; (milit.) echelon. _Descendre d’un —_; to come down a step. _Marcher en —s_; to march in echelons.

=échelonner=, _v.a._, to draw up in echelons; to arrange according to gradation. _— un corps d’infanterie_; to draw up a body of infantry in echelons.

_s’_=échelonner=, _v.r._, to be graduated; to rise gradually; to be arranged _or_ drawn up in echelons.

=échenal= _or_ =écheneau=, _n.m._, gutter, basin.

*=échenillage=, _n.m._, clearing, ridding of caterpillars.

*=écheniller= (ésh-ni-), _v.a._, to rid plants of caterpillars.

*=échenilleur=, _n.m._, caterpillar-destroyer; (ornith.) caterpillar-eater.

*=échenilloir=, _n.m._, averruncator.

=écheno=. _V._ =échenal=.

=écheoir=. _V._ =échoir=.

=écheveau= (ésh-vo), _n.m._, hank, skein. _Dévider un —_; to reel, to wind off, a skein.

=échevelé=, =-e= (é-shĕv-lé), _adj._, disheveled; whose hair hangs loose; disordered; romantic, extravagant.

=échevette=, _n.f._, small skein.

=échevin= (ésh-vin), _n.m._, sheriff, alderman.

=échevinage=, _n.m._, shrievalty, sheriffdom, sheriffship.

=échidné= (é-kid-), _n.m._, (zoöl.) echidna.

=échi-f=, =-ve=, _adj._, (hunt.) voracious, greedy.

=échiffe= _or_ =échiffre=, _n.m._, (arch.) partition-wall (of a staircase).

*=échignole=, _n.f._, (tech.) button-maker’s spindle.

*=échillon=, _n.m._, waterspout.

=échimose=, _n.f._ _V._ =ecchymose=.

=échine=, _n.f._, spine, backbone, chine; (arch.) echinus, ovolo. _Une maigre —_; a thin, lank person. _Crotté jusqu’à l’—_; bespattered, _or_ splashed, up to the neck (with mud).

=échiné=, _part._, _adj._, broken-backed; belabored; beaten to death; tired out.

=échinée=, _n.f._, (cook.) chine, chine-piece.

=échiner=, _v.a._, to break the back, to kill, to murder; to beat unmercifully; to knock up, to tire out.

_s’_=échiner=, _v.r._, to knock one’s self up with work; to work one’s self to death; (of things) to get used up.

=échinite= (é-ki-), _n.m._, (foss.) petrified sea-hedgehog, echinite.

=échinope= (é-ki-), _n.m._, (bot.) echinops, globe-thistle.

=échinophore= (é-ki-), _n.f._ and _adj._, (bot.) prickly samphire; echinophora; (conch.) univalvular shell.

=échioïde= (é-ki-), _n.m._ (bot.). _V._ =vipérine=.

=échiqueté=, =-e= (é-shik-té), _adj._, checkered; (her.) checky.

=échiquier=, _n.m._, chess-board; exchequer; square net. _Ouvrage fait en —_; checkerwork. _En —_; in squares; (nav.) in bow and quarter line.

=écho= (é-ko), _n.m._, echo. _Le jeu des —s_; echo-stop (in organs). _—s de lumière_; (paint.) reverberations of light.

=échoir= (échéant, échu), _v.n._, to expire, to fall due, to be out, to lapse, to devolve; to chance, to happen, to fall, to fall out; to fall to. _Le premier payement doit — à Noël_; the first payment falls due at Christmas. _Cette lettre de change est échue_; that bill of exchange is due. _À —_; (of bills) running, not due. _Cela lui est échu en partage_; that fell to his lot. _Si le cas y échoit_, _s’il y échet_, _le cas échéant_; the case occurring; in such a case.

=échomètre= (é-ko-), _n.m._, echometer.

=échométrie= (é-ko-), _n.f._, echometry.

=échoppage=, _n.m._, edging, scorping.

=échoppe=, _n.f._, booth, stall; round _or_ flat graver; scalper; scorper, burin.

=échopper=, _v.a._, to scorp, to edge.

=échoppi-er=, =-ère=, _n.m._ and _f._, stall-keeper.

=échouage=, _n.m._, (nav.) beaching, stranding. _Lieu d’—_; place proper for running a vessel aground.

=échouement=, _n.m._, running aground, stranding.

=échouer=, _v.n._, to run aground _or_ on shore, to cast away, to run against, to hit, to strand, to be stranded; to miscarry, to fail, to be disappointed. _La frégate échoua contre un rocher_; the frigate struck upon a rock. _— dans un examen_; to fail, to be plowed.

=échouer=, _v.n._, (nav.) to strand, to run aground.

=écimer=, _v.a._, to top, to pollard (trees).

=éclaboussement=, _n.m._, splashing, bespattering.

=éclabousser=, _v.a._, to splash, to bespatter.

=éclaboussure=, _n.f._, splash; (nav.) spoondrift.

=éclair=, _n.m._, lightning, flash of lightning, sort of chocolate cake; (chem.) shine. _—s de chaleur_; heat-lightning. _Il a passé comme un —_; he shot by like lightning. _Faire des —s_; to lighten.

=éclairage=, _n.m._, lighting, illumination. _— au gaz_; gas-lighting, gas-light. _Gaz d’—_; illuminating gas, ethylene.

=éclaircie=, _n.f._, glade, vista; opening, rift (in clouds, etc.).

=éclaircir=, _v.a._, to clear, to brighten; to clarify; to thin, to make thin; to clear up, to elucidate, to illustrate, to explain, to throw a light on. _Cet auteur éclaircit bien des vérités_; that author illustrates many truths. _— une difficulté_; to clear up a difficulty. _Le temps éclaircit la vérité_; time brings truth to light. _— quelqu’un_; to enlighten any one, to instruct, to inform, any one. _Il faut l’en —_; he must be informed of it. _— une peau_; to gloss a skin.

_s’_=éclaircir=, _v.r._, to clear, to brighten, to become clear or bright, to grow light; to be solved, to be explained, to be elucidated. _Le temps s’éclaircit_; the weather is clearing up. _Son teint commence à s’—_; her complexion is becoming clearer. _S’— d’une chose_; to inquire about or into a business, to inform one’s self about anything, to clear up a matter. _Il faut s’— sur cette affaire_; that affair must be cleared up.

=éclaircissement= (-sis-mān), _n.m._, clearing up, explanation, illustration, elucidation, solution; hint, light, discovery, insight. _Avoir un —_, _en venir à un — avec quelqu’un_; to have an explanation, to come to an explanation, with any one.

=éclaire=, _n.f._, (bot.) celandine. _La grande —_; swallow-wort, tetter-wort. _La petite —_; crowfoot, pilewort.

=éclairé=, =-e=, _adj._ and _part._, lighted; enlightened; judicious; intelligent, clear-sighted.

=éclairer=, _v.a._, to light, to give light to; to illuminate; to carry a light before, to show a light to; to enlighten, to instruct; to observe, to watch; (milit.) to reconnoiter; (paint.) to throw light in, to put light in. _Eclairez monsieur_; show a light to the gentleman. _Les bonnes lectures éclairent l’esprit_; the reading of good books enlightens the mind. _Il faut l’— de près_; he must be watched closely. _— une question_; to throw light upon a question.

_s’_=éclairer=, _v.r._, to become enlightened; to instruct, enlighten, one another.

=éclairer=, _v.n._, to sparkle, to shine, to brighten, to glitter. _v.imp._, to lighten. _Il éclaire_; it lightens.