Chapter XVI: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (13)

BRINJARRY, s. Also BINJARREE, BUNJARREE, and so on. But the first form has become classical from its constant occurrence in the Indian Despatches of Sir A. Wellesley. The word is properly H. _banjārā_, and Wilson derives it from Skt. _baṇij_, 'trade,' _kāra_, 'doer.' It is possible that the form _brinjārā_ may have been suggested by a supposed connection with the Pers. _birinj_, 'rice.' (It is alleged in the _Dict. of Words used in the E. Indies_, 2nd ed., 1805, to be derived from _brinj_, 'rice,' and _ara_, 'bring'!) The _Brinjarries_ of the Deccan are dealers in grain and salt, who move about, in numerous parties with cattle, carrying their goods to different markets, and who in the days of the Deccan wars were the great resource of the commissariat, as they followed the armies with supplies for sale. They talk a kind of Mahratta or Hindi patois. Most classes of Banjārās in the west appear to have a tradition of having first come to the Deccan with Moghul camps as commissariat carriers. In a pamphlet called _Some Account of the Bunjarrah Class_, by N. R. Cumberlege, _District Sup. of Police, Basein, Berar_ (Bombay, 1882; [_North Indian N. & Q._ iv. 163 _seqq._]), the author attempts to distinguish between _brinjarees_ as 'grain-carriers,' and _bunjarrahs_, from _bunjār_, 'waste land' (meaning _banjar_ or _bānjaṛ_). But this seems fanciful. In the N.-W. Provinces the name is also in use, and is applied to a numerous tribe spread along the skirt of the Himālaya from Hardwār to Gorakhpur, some of whom are settled, whilst the rest move about with their cattle, sometimes transporting goods for hire, and sometimes carrying grain, salt, lime, forest produce, or other merchandise for sale. [See _Crooke, Tribes and Castes_, i. 149 _seqq._] VANJĀRĀS, as they are called about Bombay, used to come down from Rajputāna and Central India, with large droves of cattle, laden with grain, &c., taking back with them salt for the most part. These were not mere carriers, but the actual dealers, paying ready money, and they were orderly in conduct.

c. 1505.—"As scarcity was felt in his camp (Sultan Sikandar Lodi's) in
consequence of the non-arrival of the BANJÁRAS, he despatched 'Azam
Humáyun for the purpose of bringing in supplies."—_Ni'amat Ullah_, in
_Elliot_, v. 100 (written c. 1612).

1516.—"The Moors and Gentiles of the cities and towns throughout the
country come to set up their shops and cloths at Cheul ... they bring
these in great caravans of domestic oxen, with packs, like donkeys, and
on the top of these long white sacks placed crosswise, in which they
bring their goods; and one man drives 30 or 40 beasts before
him."—_Barbosa_, 71.

1563.—"... This King of Dely took the Balagat from certain very powerful
gentoos, whose tribe are those whom we now call VENEZARAS, and from
others dwelling in the country, who are called _Colles_; and all these,
Colles, and _Venezaras_, and Reisbutos, live by theft and robbery to this
day."—_Garcia De O._, f. 34.

c. 1632.—"The very first step which Mohabut Khan [Khān Khānān] took in
the Deccan, was to present the BUNJARAS of Hindostan with elephants,
horses, and cloths; and he collected (by these conciliatory measures) so
many of them that he had one chief _Bunjara_ at Agrah, another in
Goojrat, and another above the Ghats, and established the advanced price
of 10 _sers_ per rupee (in his camp) to enable him to buy it
cheaper."—MS. _Life of Mohabut Khan_ (_Khan Khanan_), in _Briggs's_ paper
quoted below, 183.

1638.—"Il y a dans le Royaume de _Cuncam_ vn certain peuple qu'ils
appellent VENESARS, qui achettent le bled et le ris ... pour le reuendre
dans _l'Indosthan_ ... ou ils vont auec des _Caffilas_ ou _Caravances_ de
cinq ou six, et quelque fois de neuf ou dix mille bestes de
somme...."—_Mandelslo_, 245.

1793.—"Whilst the army halted on the 23rd, accounts were received from
Captain Read ... that his convoy of BRINJARRIES had been attacked by a
body of horse."—_Dirom_, 2.

1800.—"The BINJARRIES I look upon in the light of servants of the public,
of whose grain I have a right to regulate the sale ... always taking care
that they have a proportionate advantage."—_A. Wellesley_, in _Life of
Sir T. Munro_, i. 264.

" "The BRINJARRIES drop in by degrees."—_Wellington_, i. 175.

1810.—"Immediately facing us a troop of BRINJAREES had taken up their
residence for the night. These people travel from one end of India to the
other, carrying salt, grain, assafœtida, almost as necessary to an army
as salt."—_Maria Graham_, 61.

1813.—"We met there a number of VANJARRAHS, or merchants, with large
droves of oxen, laden with valuable articles from the interior country,
to commute for salt on the sea-coast."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 206; [2nd
ed. i. 118; also see ii. 276 _seqq._].

" "As the Deccan is devoid of a single navigable river, and has no
roads that admit of wheel-carriages, the whole of this extensive
intercourse is carried on by laden bullocks, the property of that class
of people known as BUNJARAS."—_Acc. of Origin, Hist., and Manners of ...
Bunjaras_, by _Capt. John Briggs_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bo._ i. 61.

1825.—"We passed a number of BRINJARREES who were carrying salt.... They
... had all bows ... arrows, sword and shield.... Even the children had,
many of them, bows and arrows suited to their strength, and I saw one
young woman equipped in the same manner."—_Heber_, ii. 94.

1877.—"They were BRINJARRIES, or carriers of grain, and were quietly
encamped at a village about 24 miles off; trading most unsuspiciously in
grain and salt."—_Meadows Taylor, Life_, ii. 17.

BRINJAUL, s. The name of a vegetable called in the W. Indies the _Egg-plant_, and more commonly known to the English in Bengal under that of _bangun_ (prop. _baingan_). It is the _Solanum Melongena_, L., very commonly cultivated on the shores of the Mediterranean as well as in India and the East generally. Though not known in a wild state under this form, there is no reasonable doubt that _S. Melongena_ is a derivative of the common Indian _S. insanum_, L. The word in the form _brinjaul_ is from the Portuguese, as we shall see. But probably there is no word of the kind which has undergone such extraordinary variety of modifications, whilst retaining the same meaning, as this. The Skt. is _bhaṇṭākī_, H. _bhāṇṭā_, _baigan_, _baingan_, P. _badingān_, _badilgān_, Ar. _badinjān_, Span. _alberengena_, _berengena_, Port. _beringela_, _bringiela_, BRINGELLA, Low Latin _melangolus_, _merangolus_, Ital. _melangola_, _melanzana_, _mela insana_, &c. (see _P. della Valle_, below), French _aubergine_ (from _alberengena_), _melongène_, _merangène_, and provincially _belingène_, _albergaine_, _albergine_, _albergame_. (See _Marcel Devic_, p. 46.) Littré, we may remark, explains (_dormitante Homero?_) _aubergine_ as '_espèce de morelle_,' giving the etym. as "diminutif de _auberge_" (in the sense of a kind of peach). _Melongena_ is no real Latin word, but a factitious rendering of _melanzana_, or, as Marcel Devic says, "Latin du botaniste." It looks as if the Skt. word were the original of all. The H. _baingan_ again seems to have been modified from the P. _badingān_, [or, as Platts asserts, direct from the Skt. _vanga_, _vangana_, 'the plant of Bengal,'] and _baingan_ also through the Ar. to have been the parent of the Span. _berengena_, and so of all the other European names except the English 'egg-plant.' The Ital. _mela insana_ is the most curious of these corruptions, framed by the usual effort after meaning, and connecting itself with the somewhat indigestible reputation of the vegetable as it is eaten in Italy, which is a fact. When cholera is abroad it is considered (_e.g._ in Sicily) to be an act of folly to eat the _melanzana_. There is, however, behind this, some notion (exemplified in the quotation from _Lane's Mod. Egypt._ below) connecting the _badinjān_ with madness. [_Burton, Ar. Nights_, iii. 417.] And it would seem that the old Arab medical writers give it a bad character as an article of diet. Thus Avicenna says the _badinjān_ generates melancholy and obstructions. To the N. O. _Solanaceae_ many poisonous plants belong.

The word has been carried, with the vegetable, to the Archipelago, probably by the Portuguese, for the Malays call it _berinjalā_. [On this Mr. Skeat writes: "The Malay form _brinjal_, from the Port., not _berinjalā_, is given by Clifford and Swettenham, but it cannot be established as a Malay word, being almost certainly the Eng. _brinjaul_ done into Malay. It finds no place in Klinkert, and the native Malay word, which is the only word used in pure Peninsular Malay, is _terong_ or _trong_. The form _berinjalā_, I believe, must have come from the Islands if it really exists."]

1554.—(At Goa). "And the excise from garden stuff under which are
comprised these things, viz.: Radishes, beetroot, garlick, onions green
and dry, green tamarinds, lettuces, _conbalinguas_, ginger, oranges,
dill, coriander, mint, cabbage, salted mangoes, BRINJELAS, lemons,
gourds, citrons, cucumbers, which articles none may sell in retail except
the Rendeiro of this excise, or some one who has got permission from
him...."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 49.

c. 1580.—"Trifolium quoque virens comedunt _Arabes_, mentham _Judaei_
crudam, ... MALA INSANA...."—_Prosper Alpinus_, i. 65.

1611.—"We had a market there kept upon the Strand of diuers sorts of
prouisions, towit ... PALLINGENIES, cucumbers...."—_N. Dounton_, in
_Purchas_, i. 298.

1616.—"It seems to me to be one of those fruits which are called in good
Tuscan _petronciani_, but which by the Lombards are called MELANZANE, and
by the vulgar at Rome _marignani_; and if my memory does not deceive me,
by the Neapolitans in their patois _molegnane_."—_P. della Valle_, i.
197.

1673.—"The Garden ... planted with Potatoes, Yawms, BERENJAWS, both hot
plants...."—_Fryer_, 104.

1738.—"Then follow during the rest of the summer, _calabashas_ ...
BEDIN-JANAS, and tomatas."—_Shaw's Travels_, 2nd ed. 1757, p. 141.

c. 1740.—"This man (Balaji Rao), who had become absolute in Hindostan as
well as in Decan, was fond of bread made of Badjrah ... he lived on raw
BRINGELAS, on unripe mangoes, and on raw red pepper."—_Seir Mutaqherin_,
iii. 229.

1782.—Sonnerat writes BÉRINGÉDES.—i. 186.

1783.—Forrest spells brinjalles (_V. to Mergui_, 40); and (1810)
Williamson BIRINGAL (_V. M._ i. 133). Forbes (1813), BRINGAL and BERENJAL
(_Or. Mem._ i. 32) [in 2nd ed. i. 22, BUNGAL,] ii. 50; [in 2nd ed. i.
348].

1810.—"I saw last night at least two acres covered with BRINJAAL, a
species of Solanum."—_Maria Graham_, 24.

1826.—"A plate of poached eggs, fried in sugar and butter; a dish of
BADENJÂNS, slit in the middle and boiled in grease."—_Hajji Baba_, ed.
1835, p. 150.

1835.—"The neighbours unanimously declared that the husband was mad....
One exclaimed: 'There is no strength nor power but in God! God restore
thee!' Another said: 'How sad! He was really a worthy man.' A third
remarked: 'BADINGÂNS are very abundant just now.'"—_Lane, Mod.
Egyptians_, ed. 1860, 299.

1860.—"Amongst other triumphs of the native cuisine were some singular,
but by no means inelegant _chefs d'œuvre_, BRINJALS boiled and stuffed
with savoury meats, but exhibiting ripe and undressed fruit growing on
the same branch."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 161. This dish is mentioned in
the Sanskrit Cookery Book, which passes as by King Nala. It is managed by
wrapping part of the fruit in wet cloths whilst the rest is being cooked.

BROACH, n.p. _Bharōch_, an ancient and still surviving city of Guzerat, on the River Nerbudda. The original forms of the name are _Bhṛigu-kachchha_, and _Bhāru-Kachchha_, which last form appears in the Sunnar Cave Inscription No. ix., and this was written with fair correctness by the Greeks as Βαρυγάζα and Βαργόση. "Illiterate Guzerattees would in attempting to articulate _Bhreeghoo-Kshetra_ (_sic_), lose the half in coalescence, and call it _Barigache_."—_Drummond, Illus. of Guzerattee_, &c.

c. B.C. 20.—"And then laughing, and stript naked, anointed and with his
loin-cloth on, he leaped upon the pyre. And this inscription was set upon
his tomb: _Zarmanochēgas the Indian from_ BARGÓSĒ _having rendered
himself immortal after the hereditary custom of the Indians lieth
here_."—_Nicolaus Damascenus_, in _Strabo_, xv. 72. [Lassen takes the
name Zarmanochēgas to represent the Skt. _Śrámanácharya_, teacher of the
_Śrámanas_, from which it would appear that he was a Buddhist priest.]

c. A.D. 80.—"On the right, at the very mouth of the gulf, there is a long
and narrow strip of shoal.... And if one succeeds in getting into the
gulf, still it is hard to hit the mouth of the river leading to BARYGAZA,
owing to the land being so low ... and when found it is difficult to
enter, owing to the shoals of the river near the mouth. On this account
there are at the entrances fishermen employed by the King ... to meet
ships as far off as Syrastrene, and by these they are piloted up to
Barygaza."—_Periplus_, sect. 43. It is very interesting to compare
Horsburgh with this ancient account. "From the sands of Swallow to Broach
a continued bank extends along the shore, which at BROACH river projects
out about 5 miles.... The tide flows here ... velocity 6 knots ... rising
nearly 30 feet.... On the north side of the river, a great way up, the
town of Broach is situated; vessels of considerable burden may proceed to
this place, as the channels are deep in many places, but too intricate to
be navigated without a pilot."—_India Directory_ (_in loco_).

c. 718.—BARÚS is mentioned as one of the places against which Arab
attacks were directed.—See _Elliot_, i. 441.

c. 1300.—"... a river which lies between the Sarsut and Ganges ... has a
south-westerly course till it falls into the sea near
BAHRÚCH."—_Al-Birūni_, in _Elliot_, i. 49.

A.D. 1321.—"After their blessed martyrdom, which occurred on the Thursday
before Palm Sunday, in Thana of India, I baptised about 90 persons in a
certain city called PAROCCO, 10 days' journey distant
therefrom...."—_Friar Jordanus_, in _Cathay_, &c., 226.

1552.—"A great and rich ship said to belong to Meleque Gupij, Lord of
BAROCHE."—_Barros_, II. vi. 2.

1555.—"Sultan Ahmed on his part marched upon BARŪJ."—_Sidī 'Ali_, 85.

[1615.—"It would be necessary to give credit unto two or three Guzzaratts
for some cloth to make a voyage to BURROUSE."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 94.]

1617.—"We gave our host ... a peece of _backar_ BAROCHE to his children
to make them 2 coates."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 330. [_Backar_ here seems to
represent a port connected with Broach, called in the _Āīn_ (ii. 243)
_Bhankora_ or _Bhakor_; Bayley gives _Bhakorah_ as a village on the
frontier of Gujerat.]

1623.—"Before the hour of complines ... we arrived at the city of
BAROCHI, or BEHRUG as they call it in Persian, under the walls of which,
on the south side, flows a river called Nerbedà."—_P. della Valle_, ii.
529; [Hak. Soc. i. 60].

1648.—In _Van Twist_ (p. 11), it is written BROICHIA.

[1676.—"From Surat to BAROCHE, 22 coss."—_Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, i. 66.]

1756.—"Bandar of BHRŌCH."—(Bird's tr. of) _Mirat-i-Ahmadi_, 115.

1803.—"I have the honour to enclose ... papers which contain a detailed
account of the ... capture of BAROACH."—_Wellington_, ii. 289.

BUCK, v. To prate, to chatter, to talk much and egotistically. H. _baknā_. [A _buck-stick_ is a chatterer.]

1880.—"And then ... he BUCKS with a quiet stubborn determination that
would fill an American editor, or an Under Secretary of State with
despair. He belongs to the 12-foot-tiger school, so perhaps he can't help
it."—_Ali Baba_, 164.

BUCKAUL, s. Ar. H. _baḳḳāl_, 'a shopkeeper;' a _bunya_ (q.v. under BANYAN). In Ar. it means rather a 'second-hand' dealer.

[c. 1590.—"There is one cast of the Vaiśyas called Banik, more commonly
termed Baniya (grain-merchant). The Persians name them BAKKÁL...."—_Āīn_,
_tr. Jarrett_, iii. 118.]

1800.—"... a BUCCAL of this place told me he would let me have 500 bags
to-morrow."—_Wellington_, i. 196.

1826.—"Should I find our neighbour the BAQUAL ... at whose shop I used to
spend in sweetmeats all the copper money that I could purloin from my
father."—_Hajji Baba_, ed. 1835, 295.

BUCKSHAW, s. We have not been able to identify the fish so called, or the true form of the name. Perhaps it is only H. _bachchā_, Mahr. _bachchā_ (P. _bacha_, Skt. _vatsa_), 'the young of any creature.' But the Konkani Dict. gives '_boussa_—peixe pequeno de qualquer sorte,' 'little fish of any kind.' This is perhaps the real word; but it also may represent _bachcha_. The practice of manuring the coco-palms with putrid fish is still rife, as residents of the Government House at Parell never forget. The fish in use is refuse BUMMELO (q.v.). [The word is really the H. _bachhuā_, a well-known edible fish which abounds in the Ganges and other N. Indian rivers. It is either the _Pseudoutropius garua_, or P. _murius_ of Day, _Fish. Ind._, nos. 474 or 471; _Fau. Br. Ind._ i. 141, 137.]

1673.—"... Cocoe Nuts, for Oyl, which latter they dunging with (BUBSHO)
Fish, the Land-Breezes brought a poysonous Smell on board Ship."—_Fryer_,
55. [Also see _Wheeler, Early Rec._, 40.]

1727.—"The Air is somewhat unhealthful, which is chiefly imputed to their
dunging their Cocoa-nut trees with BUCKSHOE, a sort of small Fishes which
their Sea abounds in."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 181.

c. 1760.—"... manure for the coconut-tree ... consisting of the small fry
of fish, and called by the country name of BUCKSHAW."—_Grose_, i. 31.

[1883.—"_Mahsīr_, rohū and BATCHWA are found in the river
Jumna."—_Gazetteer of Delhi District_, 21.]

BUCKSHAW, s. This is also used in _Cocks's Diary_ (i. 63, 99) for some kind of Indian piece-goods, we know not what. [The word is not found in modern lists of piece-goods. It is perhaps a corruption of Pers. _buḳchah_, 'a bundle,' used specially of clothes. Tavernier (see below) uses the word in its ordinary sense.]

[1614.—"Percalla, BOXSHAES."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 88.

[1615.—"80 pieces BOXSHA gingams"; "Per PUXSHAWS, double piece, at 9
mas."—_Ibid._ iii. 156; iv. 50.

[1665.—"I went to lie down, my BOUCHHA being all the time in the same
place, half under the head of my bed and half outside."—_Tavernier_, ed.
_Ball_, ii. 166.]

BUCKSHEESH, BUXEES, s. P. through P.—H. _bakhshish_. Buonamano, Trinkgeld, pourboire; we don't seem to have in England any exact equivalent for the word, though the thing is so general; 'something for (the driver)' is a poor expression; _tip_ is accurate, but is slang; gratuity is official or dictionary English.

[1625.—"Bacsheese (as they say in the Arabicke tongue) that is gratis
freely."—_Purchas_, ii. 1340 [N.E.D.].

1759.—"To Presents:—

R. A. P.
2 Pieces of flowered Velvet 532 7 0
1 ditto of Broad Cloth 50 0 0
BUXIS to the Servants 50 0 0"

_Cost of Entertainment to Jugget Set._ In _Long_, 190.

c. 1760.—"... BUXIE money."—_Ives_, 51.

1810.—"... each mile will cost full one rupee (_i.e._ 2_s._ 6_d._),
besides various little disbursements by way of BUXEES, or presents, to
every set of bearers."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 235.

1823.—"These Christmas-boxes are said to be an ancient custom here, and I
could almost fancy that our name of _box_ for this particular kind of
present ... is a corruption of BUCKSHISH, a gift or gratuity, in Turkish,
Persian, and Hindoostanee."—_Heber_, i. 45.

1853.—"The relieved bearers opened the shutters, thrust in their torch,
and their black heads, and most unceremoniously demanded BUXEES."—_W.
Arnold, Oakfield_, i. 239.

BUCKYNE, s. H. _bakāyan_, the tree _Melia sempervivens_, Roxb. (N. O. _Meliaceae_). It has a considerable resemblance to the _nīm_ tree (see NEEM); and in Bengali is called _mahā-nīm_, which is also the Skt. name, _mahā-nimba_. It is sometimes erroneously called Persian Lilac.

BUDDHA, BUDDHISM, BUDDHIST. These words are often written with a quite erroneous assumption of precision _Bhudda_, &c. All that we shall do here is to collect some of the earlier mentions of Buddha and the religion called by his name.

c. 200.—"Εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν Ἰνδῶν οἱ τοῖς Βούττα πειθόμενοι παραγγέλμασιν· ὃν
δι' ὑπερβολὴν σεμνότητος εἰς θεὸν τετιμήκασι."—_Clemens Alexandrinus_,
Strōmatōn, Liber I. (Oxford ed., 1715, i. 359).

c. 240.—"Wisdom and deeds have always from time to time been brought to
mankind by the messengers of God. So in one age they have been brought to
mankind by the messenger called BUDDHA to India, in another by Zarâdusht
to Persia, in another by Jesus to the West. Thereupon this revelation has
come down, this prophecy in this last age, through me, Mânî, the
messenger of the God of truth to Babylonia."—The Book of _Mānī_, called
_Shābūrkān_, quoted by _Albirūnī_, in his _Chronology_, tr. by Sachau, p.
190.

c. 400.—"Apud Gymnosophistas Indiae quasi per manus hujus opinionis
auctoritas traditur, quod BUDDAM principem dogmatis eorum, e latere suo
virgo generaret. Nec hoc mirum de barbaris, quum Minervam quoque de
capite Jovis, et Liberum patrem de femore ejus procreatos, docta finxit
Graecia."—_St. Jerome, Adv. Jovinianum_, Lib. i. ed. Vallarsii, ii. 309.

c. 440.—"... Τηνικαῦτα γαρ τὸ Ἐμπεδοκλέους τοῦ παρ' Ἕλλησι φιλοσόφου
δόγμα, διὰ τοῦ Μανιχαίου χριστιανισμὸν ὑπεκρίνατο ... τούτου δὲ τοῦ
Σκυθιανοῦ μαθητὴς γίνεται Βούδδας, πρότερον Τερέβινθος καλούμενος ... κ.
τ. λ." (see the same matter from _Georgius Cedrenus_ below).—_Socratis,
Hist. Eccles._ Lib. I. cap. 22.

c. 840.—"An certè Bragmanorum sequemur opinionem, ut quemadmodum illi
sectae suae auctorem BUBDAM, per virginis latus narrant exortum, ita nos
Christum fuisse praedicemus? Vel magis sic nascitur Dei sapientia de
virginis cerebro, quomodo Minerva de Jovis vertice, tamquam Liber Pater
de femore? Ut Christicolam de virginis partu non solennis natura, vel
auctoritas sacrae lectionis, sed superstitio Gentilis, et commenta
perdoceant fabulosa."—_Ratramni Corbeiensis L. de Nativitate Xti._, cap.
iii. in _L. D'Achery, Spicilegium_, tom. i. p. 54, Paris, 1723.

c. 870.—"The Indians give in general the name of BUDD to anything
connected with their worship, or which forms the object of their
veneration. So, an idol is called _budd_."—_Biládurí_, in _Elliot_, i.
123.

c. 904.—"BUDĀSAF was the founder of the Sabaean Religion ... he preached
to mankind renunciation (of this world) and the intimate contemplation of
the superior worlds.... There was to be read on the gate of the
Naobihar[44] at Balkh an inscription in the Persian tongue of which this
is the interpretation: 'The words of BUDĀSAF: In the courts of kings
three things are needed, Sense, Patience, Wealth.' Below had been written
in Arabic: 'BUDĀSAF lies. If a free man possesses any of the three, he
will flee from the courts of Kings.'"—_Mas'ūdī_, iv. 45 and 49.

1000.—"... pseudo-prophets came forward, the number and history of whom
it would be impossible to detail.... The first mentioned is BÛDHÂSAF, who
came forward in India."—_Albirûnî, Chronology_, by Sachau, p. 186. This
name given to Buddha is specially interesting as showing a step nearer
the true _Bodhisattva_, the origin of the name Ἰωάσαφ, under which Buddha
became a Saint of the Church, and as elucidating Prof. Max Müller's
ingenious suggestion of that origin (see _Chips_, &c., iv. 184; see also
_Academy_, Sept. 1, 1883, p. 146).

c. 1030.—"A stone was found there in the temple of the great BUDDA on
which an inscription ... purporting that the temple had been founded
50,000 years ago...."—_Al 'Utbi_, in _Elliot_, ii. 39.

c. 1060.—"This madman then, Manēs (also called Scythianus) was by race a
Brachman, and he had for his teacher BUDAS, formerly called Terebinthus,
who having been brought up by Scythianus in the learning of the Greeks
became a follower of the sect of Empedocles (who said there were two
first principles opposed to one another), and when he entered Persia
declared that he had been born of a virgin, and had been brought up among
the hills ... and this BUDAS (alias Terebinthus) did perish, crushed by
an unclean spirit."—_Georg. Cedrenus, Hist. Comp._, Bonn ed., 455 (old
ed. i. 259). This wonderful jumble, mainly copied, as we see, from
Socrates (_supra_), seems to bring Buddha and Manes together. "Many of
the ideas of Manicheism were but fragments of Buddhism."—_E. B. Cowell_,
in _Smith's Dict. of Christ. Biog._

c. 1190.—"Very grieved was Sārang Deva. Constantly he performed the
worship of the Arihant; the BUDDHIST religion he adopted; he wore no
sword."—_The Poem of Chand Bardai_, paraphr. by _Beames_, in _Ind. Ant._
i. 271.

1610.—"... This Prince is called in the histories of him by many names:
his proper name was _Dramá Rajo_; but that by which he has been known
since they have held him for a saint is the BUDAO, which is as much as to
say 'Sage' ... and to this name the Gentiles throughout all India have
dedicated great and superb Pagodas."—_Couto_, Dec. V., liv. vi. cap. 2.

[1615.—"The image of DIBOTTES, with the hudge collosso or bras imadg (or
rather idoll) in it."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 200.]

c. 1666.—"There is indeed another, a seventh Sect, which is called BAUTÉ,
whence do proceed 12 other different sects; but this is not so common as
the others, the Votaries of it being hated and despised as a company of
irreligious and atheistical people, nor do they live like the
rest."—_Bernier_, E. T., ii. 107; [ed. _Constable_, 336].

1685.—"Above all these they have one to whom they pay much veneration,
whom they call BODU; his figure is that of a man."—_Ribeiro_, f. 40_b_.

1728.—"Before Gautama BUDHUM there have been known 26
_Budhums_—viz.:...."—_Valentijn_, v. (Ceylon) 369.

1753.—"Edrisi nous instruit de cette circonstance, en disant que le
_Balahar_ est adorateur de BODDA. Les Brahmènes du Malabar disent que
c'est le nom que Vishtnu a pris dans une de ses apparitions, et on
connoît Vishtnu pour une des trois principales divinités Indiennes.
Suivant St. Jerôme et St. Clément d'Alexandrie, BUDDA ou BUTTA est le
legislateur des Gymno-Sophistes de l'Inde. La secte des SHAMANS ou
Samanéens, qui est demeurée la dominante dans tous les royaumes d'au delà
du Gange, a fait de BUDDA en cette qualité son objet d'adoration. C'est
la première des divinités Chingulaises ou de Ceilan, selon Ribeiro.
Samano-Codom (see GAUTAMA), la grande idole des Siamois, est par eux
appelé Putti."—_D'Anville, Éclaircissemens_, 75. What knowledge and
apprehension, on a subject then so obscure, is shown by this great
Geographer! Compare the pretentious ignorance of the flashy Abbé Raynal
in the quotations under 1770.

1770.—"Among the deities of the second order, particular honours are paid
to BUDDOU, who descended upon earth to take upon himself the office of
mediator between God and mankind."—_Raynal_ (tr. 1777), i. 91.

"The _Budzoists_ are another sect of Japan, of which BUDZO was the
founder.... The spirit of _Budzoism_ is dreadful. It breathes nothing but
penitence, excessive fear, and cruel severity."—_Ibid._ i. 138. Raynal in
the two preceding passages shows that he was not aware that the religions
alluded to in Ceylon and in Japan were the same.

1779.—"Il y avoit alors dans ces parties de l'Inde, et principalement à
la Côte de Coromandel et à Ceylan, un Culte dont on ignore absolument les
Dogmes; le Dieu BAOUTH, dont on ne connoit aujourd'hui, dans l'Inde que
le Nom et l'objet de ce Culte; mais il est tout-à-fait aboli, si ce
n'est, qu'il se trouve encore quelques familles d'Indiens séparées et
méprisées des autres Castes, qui sont restées fidèles à BAOUTH, et qui ne
reconnoissent pas la religion des Brames."—_Voyage de M. Gentil_, quoted
by _W. Chambers_, in _As. Res._ i. 170.

1801.—"It is generally known that the religion of BOUDDHOU is the
religion of the people of _Ceylon_, but no one is acquainted with its
forms and precepts. I shall here relate what I have heard upon the
subject."—_M. Joinville_, in _As. Res._ vii. 399.

1806.—"... The head is covered with the cone that ever adorns the head of
the Chinese deity Fo, who has been often supposed to be the same as
BOUDAH."—_Salt, Caves of Salsette_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bo._ i. 50.

1810.—"Among the BHUDDISTS there are no distinct castes."—_Maria Graham_,
89.

It is remarkable how many poems on the subject of Buddha have appeared of late years. We have noted:

1. BUDDHA, _Epische Dichtung in Zwanzig Gesängen_, _i.e._ an Epic Poem in 20 cantos (in _ottava rima_). Von Joseph Vittor Widmann, Bern. 1869.

2. _The Story of_ GAUTAMA BUDDHA _and his Creed_: An Epic by Richard Phillips, Longmans, 1871. This is also printed in octaves, but each octave consists of 4 heroic couplets.

3. _Vasadavatta_, a BUDDHIST _Idyll_; by Dean Plumtre. Republished in _Things New and Old_, 1884. The subject is the story of the Courtesan of Mathura ("Vāsavadattā and Upagupta"), which is given in Burnouf's _Introd. a l'Histoire du Buddhisme Indien_, 146-148; a touching story, even in its original crude form.

It opens:

"Where proud MATHOURA rears her hundred towers...."

The Skt. Dict. gives indeed as an alternative _Mathūra_, but _Mathŭra_ is the usual name, whence Anglo-Ind. MUTTRA.

4. The brilliant Poem of Sir Edwin Arnold, called _The Light of Asia, or the Great Renunciation, being the Life and Teaching of_ GAUTAMA, _Prince of India, and Founder of_ BUDDHISM, _as told in verse by an Indian_ BUDDHIST, 1879.

BUDGE-BUDGE, n.p. A village on the Hooghly R., 15 m. below Calcutta, where stood a fort which was captured by Clive when advancing on Calcutta to recapture it, in December, 1756. The _Imperial Gazetteer_ gives the true name as _Baj-baj_, [but Hamilton writes _Bhuja-bhuj_].

1756.—"On the 29th _December_, at six o'clock in the morning, the admiral
having landed the Company's troops the evening before at _Mayapour_,
under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Clive, cannonaded BOUGEE BOUGEE
Fort, which was strong and built of mud, and had a wet ditch round
it."—_Ives_, 99.

1757.—The Author of _Memoir of the Revolution in Bengal_ calls it
BUSBUDGIA; (1763), Luke Scrafton BUDGE BOODJEE.

BUDGEROW, s. A lumbering keelless barge, formerly much used by Europeans travelling on the Gangetic rivers. Two-thirds of the length aft was occupied by cabins with Venetian windows. Wilson gives the word as H. and B. _bajrā_; Shakespear gives H. _bajrā_ and _bajra_, with an improbable suggestion of derivation from _bajar_, 'hard or heavy.' Among Blochmann's extracts from Mahommedan accounts of the conquest of Assam we find, in a detail of Mīr Jumla's fleet in his expedition of 1662, mention of 4 _bajras_ (_J. As. Soc. Ben._ xli. pt. i. 73). The same extracts contain mention of war-sloops called _bach'haris_ (pp. 57, 75, 81), but these last must be different. _Bajra_ may possibly have been applied in the sense of 'thunder-bolt.' This may seem unsuited to the modern budgerow, but is not more so than the title of 'lightning-darter' is to the modern BURKUNDAUZE (q.v.)! We remember how Joinville says of the approach of the great galley of the Count of Jaffa:—"_Sembloit que foudre cheist des ciex_." It is however perhaps more probable that _bajrā_ may have been a variation of _baglā_. And this is especially suggested by the existence of the Portuguese form _pajeres_, and of the Ar. form _bagara_ (see under BUGGALOW). Mr. Edye, Master Shipwright of the Naval Yard in Trincomalee, in a paper on the Native Craft of India and Ceylon, speaks of the BAGGALA or BUDGEROW, as if he had been accustomed to hear the words used indiscriminately. (See _J. R. A. S._, vol. i. p. 12). [There is a drawing of a modern Budgerow in _Grant, Rural Life_, p. 5.]

c. 1570.—"Their barkes be light and armed with oares, like to Foistes ...
and they call these barkes BAZARAS and Patuas" (in Bengal).—_Cæsar
Frederick_, E. T. in _Hakl._ ii. 358.

1662.—(Blochmann's Ext. as above).

1705.—"... des BAZARAS qui sont de grands bateaux."—_Luillier_, 52.

1723.—"Le lendemain nous passâmes sur les BAZARAS de la compagnie de
France."—_Lett. Edif._ xiii. 269.

1727.—"... in the evening to recreate themselves in Chaises or Palankins;
... or by water in their BUDGEROES, which is a convenient Boat."—_A.
Hamilton_, ii. 12.

1737.—"Charges, BUDGROWS ... Rs. 281. 6. 3."—MS. _Account from Ft.
William_, in India Office.

1780.—"A gentleman's BUGEROW was drove ashore near Chaun-paul
Gaut...."—_Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, May 13th.

1781.—"The boats used by the natives for travelling, and also by the
Europeans, are the BUDGEROWS, which both sail and row."—_Hodges_, 39.

1783.—"... his boat, which, though in Kashmire (it) was thought
magnificent, would not have been disgraced in the station of a
Kitchen-tender to a Bengal BUDGERO."—_G. Forster, Journey_, ii. 10.

1784.—"I shall not be at liberty to enter my BUDGEROW till the end of
July, and must be again at Calcutta on the 22nd of October."—_Sir W.
Jones_, in _Mem._ ii. 38.

1785.—"Mr. Hastings went aboard his BUDGEROW, and proceeded down the
river, as soon as the tide served, to embark for Europe on the
Berrington."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 86.

1794.—"By order of the Governor-General in Council ... will be sold the
Hon'ble Company's BUDGEROW, named the Sonamookhee[45] ... the Budgerow
lays in the nullah opposite to Chitpore."—_Ibid._ ii. 114.

1830.—

"Upon the bosom of the tide
Vessels of every fabric ride;
The fisher's skiff, the light canoe,
* * * * * *
The BUJRA broad, the _Bholia_ trim,
Or _Pinnaces_ that gallant swim,
With favouring breeze—or dull and slow
Against the heady current go...."
_H. H. Wilson_, in _Bengal Annual_, 29.

BUDGROOK, s. Port. _bazarucco_. A coin of low denomination, and of varying value and metal (copper, tin, lead, and tutenague), formerly current at Goa and elsewhere on the Western Coast, as well as at some other places on the Indian seas. It was also adopted from the Portuguese in the earliest English coinage at Bombay. In the earliest Goa coinage, that of Albuquerque (1510), the _leal_ or _bazarucco_ was equal to 2 _reis_, of which _reis_ there went 420 to the gold _cruzado_ (_Gerson da Cunha_). The name appears to have been a native one in use in Goa at the time of the conquest, but its etymology is uncertain. In Van Noort's Voyage (1648) the word is derived from _bāzār_, and said to mean 'market-money' (perhaps _bāzār-rūka_, the last word being used for a copper coin in Canarese). [This view is accepted by Gray in his notes on _Pyrard_ (Hak. Soc. ii. 68), and by Burnell (_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 143). The _Madras. Admin. Man. Gloss._ (s.v.) gives the Can. form as _bajāra-rokkha_, 'market-money.'] C. P. Brown (MS. notes) makes the word = _baḍaga-rūka_, which he says would in Canarese be 'base-penny,' and he ingeniously quotes Shakspeare's "beggarly denier," and Horace's "_vilem assem_." This is adopted in substance by Mr. E. Thomas, who points out that _rukā_ or _rukkā_ is in Mahratti (see _Molesworth_, s.v.) one-twelfth of an anna. But the words of Khāfi Khān below suggest that the word may be a corruption of the P. _buzurg_, 'big,' and according to Wilson, _budrūkh_ (s.v.) is used in Mahratti as a dialectic corruption of _buzūrg_. This derivation may be partially corroborated by the fact that at Mocha there is, or was formerly, a coin (which had become a money of account only, 80 to the dollar) called _kabīr_, _i.e._ 'big' (see _Ovington_, 463, and _Milburn_, i. 98). If we could attach any value to Pyrard's spelling—_bousuruques_—this would be in favour of the same etymology; as is also the form _besorg_ given by Mandelslo. [For a full examination of the value of the _budgrook_ based on the most recent authorities, see _Whiteway, Rise of the Port. Power_, p. 68.]

1554.—_Bazarucos_ at Maluco (Moluccas) 50 = 1 tanga, at 60 reis to the
tanga, 5 tangas = 1 pardao. "Os quaes bazarucos se faz comta de 200
caixas" (_i.e._ to the tanga).—_A. Nunes_, 41.

[1584.—BASARUCHIES, _Barret_, in _Hakl._ See SHROFF.]

1598.—"They pay two BASARUKES, which is as much as a Hollander's Doit....
It is molten money of badde Tinne."—_Linschoten_, 52, 69; [Hak. Soc. i.
180, 242].

1609.—"Le plus bas argent, sont BASARUCOS ... et sont fait de mauvais
Estain."—_Houtmann_, in _Navigation des Hollandois_, i. 53_v_.

c. 1610.—"Il y en a de plusieurs sortes. La premiere est appellée
BOUSURUQUES, dont il en faut 75 pour une _Tangue_. Il y a d'autre
BOUSURUQUES vieilles, dont il en faut 105 pour le Tangue.... Il y a de
cette monnoye qui est de fer; et d'autre de _callin_, metal de Chine"
(see CALAY).—_Pyrard_, ii. 39; see also 21; [Hak. Soc. ii. 33, 68].

1611.—"Or a Viceroy coins false money; for so I may call it, as the
people lose by it. For copper is worth 40 _xerafims_ (see XERAFINE) the
hundred weight, but they coin the BASARUCCOS at the rate of 60 and 70.
The Moors on the other hand, keeping a keen eye on our affairs, and
seeing what a huge profit there is, coin there on the mainland a great
quantity of BASARUCOS, and gradually smuggle them into Goa, making a
pitful of gold."—_Couto, Dialogo do Soldado Pratico_, 138.

1638.—"They have (at Gombroon) a certain Copper Coin which they call
BESORG, whereof 6 make a _Peys_, and 10 _Peys_ make a _Chay_ (_Shāhī_)
which is worth about 5_d._ English."—_V. and Tr. of J. A. Mandelslo into
the E. Indies_, E. T. 1669, p. 8.

1672.—"Their coins (at TANOR in Malabar) ... of Copper, a BUSEROOK, 20 of
which make a Fanam."—_Fryer_, 53. [He also spells the word BASROOK. See
quotation under REAS.]

1677.—"Rupees, Pices and BUDGROOKS."—_Letters Patent of Charles II._ in
_Charters of the E. I. Co._, p. 111.

1711.—"The BUDGEROOKS (at Muskat) are mixt Mettle, rather like Iron than
anything else, have a Cross on one side, and were coin'd by the
Portuguese. Thirty of them make a silver _Mamooda_, of about Eight Pence
Value."—_Lockyer_, 211.

c. 1720-30.—"They (the Portuguese) also use bits of copper which they
call _buzurg_, and four of these BUZURGS pass for a _fulús_."—_Khāfī
Khān_, in _Elliot_, v. 345.

c. 1760.—"At Goa the sceraphim is worth 240 Portugal _reas_, or about
16_d._ sterling; 2 _reas_ make a BASARACO, 15 BASARACOS a _vintin_, 42
_vintins_ a _tanga_, 4 _tangas_ a _paru_, 2½ _parues_ a pagoda of
gold."—_Grose_, i. 282.

1838.—"Only eight or ten loads (of coffee) were imported this year,
including two loads of 'Kopes' (see COPECK), the copper currency of
Russia, known in this country by the name of BUGHRUKCHA. They are
converted to the same uses as copper."—_Report from Kabul_, by _A.
Burnes_; in _Punjab Trade Report_, App. p. iii.

This may possibly contain some indication of the true form of this
obscure word, but I have derived no light from it myself. The _budgrook_
was apparently current at Muscat down to the beginning of last century
(see _Milburn_, i. 116).

BUDLEE, s. A substitute in public or domestic service. H. _badlī_, 'exchange; a person taken in exchange; a _locum tenens_'; from Ar. _badal_, 'he changed.' (See MUDDLE.)

BUDMÁSH, s. One following evil courses; Fr. _mauvais sujet_; It. _malandrino_. Properly _bad-ma'āsh_, from P. _bad_, 'evil,' and Ar. _ma'āsh_, 'means of livelihood.'

1844.—"... the reputation which John Lawrence acquired ... by the
masterly manœuvring of a body of police with whom he descended on a nest
of gamblers and cut-throats, 'BUDMASHES' of every description, and took
them all prisoners."—_Bosworth Smith's Life of Ld. Lawrence_, i. 178.

1866.—"The truth of the matter is that I was foolish enough to pay these
BUDMASHES beforehand, and they have thrown me over."—_The Dawk Bungalow_,
by _G. O. Trevelyan_, in _Fraser_, p. 385.

BUDZAT, s. H. from P. _badzāt_, 'evil race,' a low fellow, 'a bad lot,' a blackguard.

1866.—"_Cholmondeley_. Why the shaitan didn't you come before, you lazy
old BUDZART?"—_The Dawk Bungalow_, p. 215.

BUFFALO, s. This is of course originally from the Latin _bubalus_, which we have in older English forms, _buffle_ and _buff_ and _bugle_, through the French. The present form probably came from India, as it seems to be the Port. _bufalo_. The proper meaning of _bubalus_, according to Pliny, was not an animal of the ox-kind (βοόβαλις was a kind of African antelope); but in Martial, as quoted, it would seem to bear the vulgar sense, rejected by Pliny.

At an early period of our connection with India the name of _buffalo_ appears to have been given erroneously to the common Indian ox, whence came the still surviving misnomer of London shops, '_buffalo_ humps.' (See also the quotation from _Ovington_.) The _buffalo_ has no hump. Buffalo _tongues_ are another matter, and an old luxury, as the third quotation shows. The ox having appropriated the name of the buffalo, the true Indian domestic buffalo was differentiated as the '_water buffalo_,' a phrase still maintained by the British soldier in India. This has probably misled Mr. Blochmann, who uses the term '_water buffalo_,' in his excellent English version of the _Āīn_ (_e.g._ i. 219). We find the same phrase in _Barkley's Five Years in Bulgaria_, 1876: "Besides their bullocks every well-to-do Turk had a drove of _water-buffaloes_" (32). Also in _Collingwood's Rambles of a Naturalist_ (1868), p. 43, and in _Miss Bird's Golden Chersonese_ (1883), 60, 274. [The unscientific use of the word as applied to the American Bison is as old as the end of the 18th century (see _N.E.D._).]

The domestic buffalo is apparently derived from the wild buffalo (_Bubalus arni_, Jerd.; _Bos bubalus_, Blanf.), whose favourite habitat is in the swampy sites of the Sunderbunds and Eastern Bengal, but whose haunts extend north-eastward to the head of the Assam valley, in the Terai west to Oudh, and south nearly to the Godavery; not beyond this in the Peninsula, though the animal is found in the north and north-east of Ceylon.

The domestic buffalo exists not only in India but in Java, Sumatra, and Manilla, in Mazanderan, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Adherbijan, Egypt, Turkey, and Italy. It does not seem to be known how or when it was introduced into Italy.—(See _Hehn_.) [According to the _Encycl. Britt._ (9th ed. iv. 442), it was introduced into Greece and Italy towards the close of the 6th century.]

c. A.D. 70.—"Howbeit that country bringeth forth certain kinds of goodly
great wild bœufes: to wit the Bisontes, mained with a collar, like Lions;
and the Vri [Urus], a mightie strong beast, and a swift, which the
ignorant people call _Buffles_ (BUBALOS), whereas indeed the _Buffle_ is
bred in Affrica, and carieth some resemblance of a calfe rather, or a
Stag."—_Pliny_, by _Ph. Hollande_, i. 199-200.

c. A.D. 90.—

"Ille tulit geminos facili cervice juvencos
Illi cessit atrox BUBALUS atque bison."
_Martial, De Spectaculis_, xxiv.

c. 1580.—"Veneti mercatores linguas BUBALORUM, tanquam mensis optimas,
sale conditas, in magna copia Venetias mittunt."—_Prosperi Alpini, Hist.
Nat. Aegypti_, P. I. p. 228.

1585.—"Here be many Tigers, wild BUFS, and great store of wilde
Foule...."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 389.

"Here are many wilde BUFFES and Elephants."—_Ibid._ 394.

"The King (Akbar) hath ... as they doe credibly report, 1000 Elephants,
30,000 horses, 1400 tame deere, 800 concubines; such store of ounces,
tigers, BUFFLES, cocks and Haukes, that it is very strange to
see."—_Ibid._ 386.

1589.—"They doo plough and till their ground with kine, BUFALOS, and
bulles."—_Mendoza's China_, tr. by _Parkes_, ii. 56.

[c. 1590.—Two methods of snaring the BUFFALO are described in _Āīn,
Blochmann_, tr. i. 293.]

1598.—"There is also an infinite number of wild BUFFS that go wandering
about the desarts."—_Pigafetta, E. T._ in _Harleian Coll. of Voyages_,
ii. 546.

[1623.—"The inhabitants (of Malabar) keep Cows, or BUFFALLS."—_P. della
Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 207.]

1630.—"As to Kine and BUFFALOES ... they besmeare the floores of their
houses with their dung, and thinke the ground sanctified by such
pollution."—_Lord, Discoverie of the Banian Religion_, 60-61.

1644.—"We tooke coach to Livorno, thro' the Great Duke's new Parke, full
of huge corke-trees; the underwood all myrtills, amongst which were many
BUFFALOS feeding, a kind of wild ox, short nos'd, horns
reversed."—_Evelyn_, Oct. 21.

1666.—"... it produces Elephants in great number, oxen and BUFFALOES"
(_bufaros_).—_Faria y Souza_, i. 189.

1689.—"... both of this kind (of Oxen), and the BUFFALOES, are remarkable
for a big piece of Flesh that rises above Six Inches high between their
Shoulders, which is the choicest and delicatest piece of Meat upon them,
especially put into a dish of Palau."—_Ovington_, 254.

1808.—"... the BUFFALA milk, and curd, and butter simply churned and
clarified, is in common use among these Indians, whilst the dainties of
the Cow Dairy is prescribed to valetudinarians, as Hectics, and preferred
by vicicous (_sic_) appetites, or impotents alone, as that of the caprine
and assine is at home."—_Drummond, Illus. of Guzerattee_, &c.

1810.—

"The tank which fed his fields was there ...
There from the intolerable heat
The BUFFALOES retreat;
Only their nostrils raised to meet the air,
Amid the shelt'ring element they rest."
_Curse of Kehama_ ix. 7.

1878.—"I had in my possession a head of a cow BUFFALO that measures 13
feet 8 inches in circumference, and 6 feet 6 inches between the tips—the
largest BUFFALO head in the world."—_Pollok, Sport in Br. Burmah_, &c.,
i. 107.

BUGGALOW, s. Mahr. _baglā_, _bagalā_. A name commonly given on the W. coast of India to Arab vessels of the old native form. It is also in common use in the Red Sea (_bakalā_) for the larger native vessels, all built of teak from India. It seems to be a corruption of the Span. and Port. _bajel_, _baxel_, _baixel_, _baxella_, from the Lat. _vascellum_ (see _Diez, Etym. Wörterb._ i. 439, s.v.). Cobarruvias (1611) gives in his Sp. Dict. "_Baxel_, quasi _vasel_" as a generic name for a vessel of any kind going on the sea, and quotes St. Isidore, who identifies it with _phaselus_, and from whom we transcribe the passage below. It remains doubtful whether this word was introduced into the East by the Portuguese, or had at an earlier date passed into Arabic marine use. The latter is most probable. In _Correa_ (c. 1561) this word occurs in the form _pajer_, pl. _pajeres_ (_j_ and _x_ being interchangeable in Sp. and Port. See _Lendas_, i. 2, pp. 592, 619, &c.). In Pinto we have another form. Among the models in the Fisheries Exhibition (1883), there was "A _Zaroogat_ or BAGARAH from Aden." [On the other hand Burton (_Ar. Nights_, i. 119) derives the word from the Ar. _baghlah_, 'a she-mule.' Also see BUDGEROW.]

c. 636.—"PHASELUS est navigium quod nos corrupte _baselum_ dicimus. De
quo Virgilius: _Pictisque phaselis_."—_Isodorus Hispalensis, Originum et
Etymol._ lib. xix.

c. 1539.—"Partida a nao pera Goa, Fernão de Morais ... seguio sua viage
na volta do porto de Dabul, onde chegou ao outro dia as nove horas, e
tomando nelle hũ PAGUEL de Malavares, carregado de algodao e de pimenta,
poz logo a tormento o Capitano e o piloto delle, os quaes
confessarão...."—_Pinto_, ch. viii.

1842.—"As store and horse boats for that service, Capt. Oliver, I find,
would prefer the large class of native BUGGALAS, by which so much of the
trade of this coast with Scinde, Cutch ... is carried on."—_Sir G.
Arthur_, in _Ind. Admin. of Lord Ellenborough_, 222.

[1900.—"His tiny BAGGALA, which mounted ten tiny guns, is now employed in
trade."—_Bent, Southern Arabia_, 8.]

BUGGY, s. In India this is a (two-wheeled) gig with a hood, like the gentleman's cab that was in vogue in London about 1830-40, before broughams came in. Latham puts a (?) after the word, and the earliest examples that he gives are from the second quarter of this century (from Praed and I. D'Israeli). Though we trace the word much further back, we have not discovered its birthplace or etymology. The word, though used in England, has never been very common there; it is better known both in Ireland and in America. Littré gives _boghei_ as French also. The American _buggy_ is defined by Noah Webster as "a light, one-horse, four-wheel vehicle, usually with one seat, and with or without a calash-top." Cuthbert Bede shows (_N. & Q._ 5 ser. v. p. 445) that the adjective 'buggy' is used in the Eastern Midlands for 'conceited.' This suggests a possible origin. "When the Hunterian spelling-controversy raged in India, a learned Member of Council is said to have stated that he approved the change until —— —— began to spell _buggy_ as _bagī_. Then he gave it up."—(_M.-G. Keatinge._) I have recently seen this spelling in print. [The _N.E.D._ leaves the etymology unsettled, merely saying that it has been connected with _bogie_ and _bug_. The earliest quotation given is that of 1773 below.]

1773.—"Thursday 3d (June). At the sessions at Hicks's Hall two boys were
indicted for driving a post-coach and four against a single horse-chaise,
throwing out the driver of it, and breaking the chaise to pieces. Justice
Welch, the Chairman, took notice of the frequency of the brutish custom
among the post drivers, and their insensibility in making it a matter of
sport, ludicrously denominating mischief of this kind 'Running down the
BUGGIES.'—The prisoners were sentenced to be confined in Newgate for 12
months."—_Gentleman's Magazine_, xliii. 297.

1780.—

"Shall D(_onal_)d come with Butts and tons
And knock down Epegrams and Puns?
With Chairs, old Cots, and BUGGIES trick ye?
Forbid it, Phœbus, and forbid it, Hicky!"
In _Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, May 13th.

" "... go twice round the Race-Course as hard as we can set legs to
ground, but we are beat hollow by Bob Crochet's Horses driven by Miss
Fanny Hardheart, who in her career oversets Tim Capias the Attorney in
his BUGGY...."—In _India Gazette_, Dec. 23rd.

1782.—"Wanted, an excellent BUGGY Horse about 15 Hands high, that will
trot 15 miles an hour."—_India Gazette_, Sept. 14.

1784.—"For sale at Mr. Mann's, Rada Bazar. A Phaeton, a four-spring'd
BUGGY, and a two-spring'd ditto...."—_Calcutta Gazette_, in _Seton-Karr_,
i. 41.

1793.—"For sale. A good BUGGY and Horse...."—_Bombay Courier_, Jan. 20th.

1824.—"... the Archdeacon's BUGGY and horse had every appearance of
issuing from the back-gate of a college in Cambridge on Sunday
morning."—_Heber_, i. 192 (ed. 1844).

[1837.—"The vehicles of the place (Monghir), amounting to four BUGGIES
(that is a foolish term for a cabriolet, but as it is the only vehicle in
use in India, and as _buggy_ is the only name for said vehicle, I give it
up), ... were assembled for our use."—_Miss Eden, Up the Country_, i.
14.]

c. 1838.—"But substitute for him an average ordinary, uninteresting
Minister; obese, dumpy ... with a second-rate wife—dusty,
deliquescent—... or let him be seen in one of those Shem-Ham-and-Japhet
BUGGIES, made on Mount Ararat soon after the subsidence of the
waters...."—_Sydney Smith_, 3rd Letter to Archdeacon Singleton.

1848.—"'Joseph wants me to see if his—his BUGGY is at the door.'

"'What is a BUGGY, papa?'

"'It is a one-horse palanquin,' said the old gentleman, who was a wag in
his way."—_Vanity Fair_, ch. iii.

1872.—"He drove his charger in his old BUGGY."—_A True Reformer_, ch. i.

1878.—"I don't like your new Bombay BUGGY. With much practice I have
learned to get into it, I am hanged if I can ever get out."—_Overland
Times of India_, 4th Feb.

1879.—"Driven by that hunger for news which impels special
correspondents, he had actually ventured to drive in a 'spider,'
apparently a kind of BUGGY, from the Tugela to Ginglihovo."—_Spectator_,
May 24th.

BUGIS, n.p. Name given by the Malays to the dominant race of the island of Celébes, originating in the S.-Western limb of the island; the people calling themselves _Wugi_. But the name used to be applied in the Archipelago to native soldiers in European service, raised in any of the islands. Compare the analogous use of TELINGA (q.v.) formerly in India.

[1615.—"All these in the kingdom of Macassar ... besides BUGIES, Mander
and Tollova."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 152.]

1656.—"Thereupon the _Hollanders_ resolv'd to unite their forces with the
BOUQUISES, that were in rebellion against their Soveraign."—_Tavernier_,
E. T. ii. 192.

1688.—"These BUGGASSES are a sort of warlike trading Malayans and
mercenary soldiers of India. I know not well whence they come, unless
from Macassar in the Isle of Celebes."—_Dampier_, ii. 108.

[1697.—"... with the help of BUGGESSES...."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc.
ii. cxvii.]

1758.—"The Dutch were commanded by Colonel Roussely, a French soldier of
fortune. They consisted of nearly 700 Europeans, and as many BUGGOSES,
besides country troops."—_Narr. of Dutch attempt in Hoogly_, in
_Malcolm's Clive_, ii. 87.

1783.—"BUGGESSES, inhabitants of Celebes."—_Forrest, Voyage to Mergui_,
p. 59.

1783.—"The word BUGGESS has become among Europeans consonant to soldier,
in the east of India, as Sepoy is in the West."—_Ibid._ 78.

1811.—"We had fallen in with a fleet of nine BUGGESE prows, when we went
out towards Pulo Mancap."—_Lord Minto in India_, 279.

1878.—"The BUGIS are evidently a distinct race from the Malays, and come
originally from the southern part of the Island of Celebes."—_McNair,
Perak_, 130.

BULBUL, s. The word _bulbul_ is originally Persian (no doubt intended to imitate the bird's note), and applied to a bird which does duty with Persian poets for the nightingale. Whatever the Persian _bulbul_ may be correctly, the application of the name to certain species in India "has led to many misconceptions about their powers of voice and song," says Jerdon. These species belong to the family _Brachipodidae_, or short-legged thrushes, and the true bulbuls to the sub-family _Pycnonotinae_, _e.g._ genera _Hypsipetes_, _Hemixos_, _Alcurus_, _Criniger_, _Ixos_, _Kelaartia_, _Rubigula_, _Brachipodius_, _Otocompsa_, _Pycnonotus_ (_P. pygaeus_, common Bengal Bulbul; _P. haemorhous_, common Madras Bulbul). Another sub-family, _Phyllornithinae_, contains various species which Jerdon calls _green Bulbuls_.

[A lady having asked the late Lord Robertson, a Judge of the Court of
Session, "What sort of animal is the _bull-bull_?" he replied, "I
suppose, Ma'am, it must be the mate of the _coo-coo_."—3rd ser., _N. &
Q._ v. 81.]

1784.—"We are literally lulled to sleep by Persian nightingales, and
cease to wonder that the BULBUL, with a thousand tales, makes such a
figure in Persian poetry."—_Sir W. Jones_, in _Memoirs_, &c., ii. 37.

1813.—"The BULBUL or Persian nightingale.... I never heard one that
possessed the charming variety of the English nightingale ... whether the
Indian BULBUL and that of Iran entirely correspond I have some
doubts."—_Forbes, Oriental Memoirs_, i. 50; [2nd ed. i. 34].

1848.—"'It is one's nature to sing and the other's to hoot,' he said,
laughing, 'and with such a sweet voice as you have yourself, you must
belong to the BULBUL faction.'"—_Vanity Fair_, ii. ch. xxvii.