Chapter XXIV: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (21)

The word CHOP (_chāp_) is adopted in Malay [with the meanings of seal-impression, stamp, to seal or stamp, though there is, as Mr. Skeat points out, a pure native word _tera_ or _tra_, which is used in all these senses;] and CHOP has acquired the specific sense of a passport or licence. The word has also obtained a variety of applications, including that just mentioned, in the _lingua franca_ of foreigners in the China seas. Van Braam applies it to a tablet bearing the Emperor's name, to which he and his fellow envoys made KOTOW on their first landing in China (_Voyage_, &c., Paris, An vi., 1798, i. 20-21). Again, in the same jargon, a CHOP of tea means a certain number of chests of tea, all bearing the same brand. CHOP-_houses_ are customs stations on the Canton River, so called from the chops, or seals, used there (_Giles, Glossary_). CHOP-_dollar_ is a dollar _chopped_, or stamped with a private mark, as a guarantee of its genuineness (_ibid._). (Dollars similarly marked had currency in England in the first quarter of last century, and one of the present writers can recollect their occasional occurrence in Scotland in his childhood). The _grand_ CHOP is the port clearance granted by the Chinese customs when all dues have been paid (_ibid._). All these have obviously the same origin; but there are other uses of the word in China not so easily explained, _e.g._ _chop_, for 'a hulk'; _chop-boat_ for a lighter or cargo-boat.

In Captain Forrest's work, quoted below, a golden badge or decoration, conferred on him by the King of Achin, is called a CHAPP (p. 55). The portrait of Forrest, engraved by Sharp, shows this badge, and gives the inscription, translated: "Capt. Thomas Forrest, Orancayo [see ORANKAY] of the Golden Sword. This CHAPP was conferred as a mark of honour in the city of Atcheen, belonging to the Faithful, by the hands of the Shabander [see SHAHBUNDER] of Atcheen, on Capt. Thomas Forrest."

[1534.—"The Governor said that he would receive nothing save under his
CHAPA." "Until he returned from Badur with his reply and the CHAPA
required."—_Correa_, iii. 585.]

1537.—"And the said Nizamamede Zamom was present and then before me
signed, and swore on his Koran (_moçafo_) to keep and maintain and fulfil
this agreement entirely ... and he sealed it with his seal" (_e o_ CHAPO
_de sua_ CHAPA).—Treaty above quoted, in _S. Botelho, Tombo_, 228.

1552.—"... ordered ... that they should allow no person to enter or to
leave the island without taking away his CHAPA.... And this CHAPA was, as
it were, a seal."—_Castanheda_, iii. 32.

1614.—"The King (of Achen) sent us his CHOP."—_Milward_, in _Purchas_, i.
526.

1615.—"Sailed to Acheen; the King sent his CHOPE for them to go ashore,
without which it was unlawful for any one to do so."—_Sainsbury_, i. 445.

[ " "2 chistes plate ... with the rendadors CHAPE upon it."—_Cocks's
Diary_, i. 219.]

1618.—"Signed with my CHOP, the 14th day of May (_sic_), in the Yeare of
our Prophet Mahomet 1027."—Letter from Gov. of Mocha, in _Purchas_, i.
625.

1673.—"The Custom-house has a good Front, where the chief Customer
appears certain Hours to CHOP, that is to mark Goods
outward-bound."—_Fryer_, 98.

1678.—"... sending of our _Vuckeel_ this day to Compare the Coppys with
those sent, in order to y^e CHAUP, he refused it, alledging that they
came without y^e Visiers CHAUP to him...."—_Letter_ (in India Office)
_from Dacca Factory_ to Mr. Matthias Vincent (Ft. St. George?).

1682.—"To Rajemaul I sent ye old Duan ...'s Perwanna, CHOPT both by the
Nabob and new Duan, for its confirmation."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i.
37.

1689.—"Upon their CHOPS as they call them in India, or Seals engraven,
are only Characters, generally those of their Name."—_Ovington_, 251.

1711.—"This (Oath at Acheen) is administered by the Shabander ...
lifting, very respectfully, a short Dagger in a Gold Case, like a
Scepter, three times to their Heads; and it is called receiving the CHOP
for Trade."—_Lockyer_, 35.

1715.—"It would be very proper also to put our CHOP on the said
Books."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 224.

c. 1720.—"Here they demanded tax and toll; felt us all over, not
excepting our mouths, and when they found nothing, stamped a CHOP upon
our arms in red paint; which was to serve for a pass."—_Zesteen Jaarige
Reize_ ... door _Jacob de Bucquoy_, Haarlem, 1757.

1727.—"On my Arrival (at Acheen) I took the CHAP at the great River's
Mouth, according to Custom. This _Chap_ is a Piece of Silver about 8
ounces Weight, made in Form of a Cross, but the cross Part is very short,
that we ... put to our Fore-head, and declare to the Officer that brings
the _Chap_, that we come on an honest Design to trade."—_A. Hamilton_,
ii. 103.

1771.—"... with TIAPP or passports."—_Osbeck_, i. 181.

1782.—"... le Pilote ... apporte avec lui leur CHAPPE, ensuite il adore
et consulte son Poussa, puis il fait lever l'ancre."—_Sonnerat_, ii. 233.

1783.—"The bales (at Acheen) are immediately opened; 12 in the hundred
are taken for the king's duty, and the remainder being marked with a
certain mark (CHAPP) may be carried where the owner pleases."—_Forrest,
V. to Mergui_, 41.

1785.—"The only pretended original produced was a manifest forgery, for
it had not the CHOP or smaller seal, on which is engraved the name of the
Mogul."—_Carraccioli's Clive_, i. 214.

1817.—"... and so great reluctance did he (the Nabob) show to the
ratification of the Treaty, that Mr. Pigot is said to have seized his
CHOP, or seal, and applied it to the paper."—_Mill's Hist._ iii. 340.

1876.—"'_First_ CHOP! tremendously pretty too,' said the elegant Grecian,
who had been paying her assiduous attention."—_Daniel Deronda_, Bk. I.
ch. x.

1882.—"On the edge of the river facing the 'Pow-shan' and the Creek
Hongs, were CHOP _houses_, or branches of the Hoppo's department, whose
_duty_ it was to prevent smuggling, but whose _interest_ it was to aid
and facilitate the shipping of silks ... at a considerable reduction on
the Imperial tariff."—_The Fankwae at Canton_, p. 25.

The writer last quoted, and others before him, have imagined a Chinese origin for CHOP, _e.g._, as "from _chah_, 'an official note from a superior,' or _chah_, 'a contract, a diploma, &c.,' both having at Canton the sound _chăp_, and between them covering most of the 'pigeon' uses of _chop_" (Note by _Bishop Moule_). But few of the words used by Europeans in Chinese trade are really Chinese, and we think it has been made clear that _chop_ comes from India.

CHOP-CHOP. Pigeon-English (or -Chinese) for 'Make haste! look sharp!' This is supposed to be from the Cantonese, pron. _kăp-kăp_, of what is in the Mandarin dialect _kip-kip_. In the Northern dialects _kwai-kwai_, 'quick-quick' is more usual (_Bishop Moule_). [Mr. Skeat compares the Malay _chepat-chepat_, 'quick-quick.']

CHOPPER.

A. H. _chhappar_, 'a thatched roof.'

[1773.—"... from their not being provided with a sufficient number of
boats, there was a necessity for crouding a large party of _Sepoys_ into
one, by which the CHUPPAR, or upper slight deck broke down."—_Ives_,
174.]

1780.—"About 20 Days ago a Villian was detected here setting fire to
Houses by throwing the _Tickeea_[67] of his Hooka on the CHOPPERS, and
was immediately committed to the _Phouzdar's_ Prison.... On his tryal ...
it appering that he had more than once before committed the same
Nefarieus and abominable Crime, he was sentenced to have his left Hand,
and right Foot cut off.... It is needless to expatiate on the Efficacy
such exemplary Punishments would be of to the Publick in general, if
adopted on all similar occasions...."—Letter from Moorshedabad, in
_Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, May 6.

1782.—"With Mr. Francis came the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Laws of
England, partial oppression, and licentious liberty. The common felons
were cast loose, ... the merchants of the place told that they need not
pay duties ... and the natives were made to know that they might erect
their CHAPPOR huts in what part of the town they pleased."—_Price, Some
Observations_, 61.

1810.—"CHUPPERS, or grass thatches."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 510.

c. 1817.—"These cottages had neat CHOPPERS, and some of them wanted not
small gardens, fitly fenced about."—_Mrs. Sherwood's Stories_, ed. 1873,
258.

[1832.—"The religious devotee sets up a CHUPHA-hut without
expence."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali_, ii. 211.]

[B. In Persia, a corr. of P. _chār-pā_, 'on four feet, a quadruped' and thence a mounted post and posting.

1812.—"Eight of the horses belong to the East India Company, and are
principally employed in carrying CHOPPERS or couriers to
Shiraz."—_Morier, Journey through Persia_, &c., p. 64.

1883.—"By this time I had begun to pique myself on the rate I could get
over the ground 'en CHUPPAR.'"—_Wills, In the Land of the Lion and the
Sun_, ed. 1891, p. 259.]

CHOPPER-COT, a. Much as this looks like a European concoction, it is a genuine H. term, _chhappar khāṭ_, 'a bedstead with curtains.'

1778.—"Leito com armação. CHÂPÂR CÁTT."—_Grammatica Indostana_, 128.

c. 1809.—"Bedsteads are much more common than in Puraniya. The best are
called _Palang_, or CHHAPAR KHAT ... they have curtains, mattrasses,
pillows, and a sheet...."—_Buchanan, Eastern India_, ii. 92.

c. 1817.—"My husband chanced to light upon a very pretty CHOPPER-COT,
with curtains and everything complete."—_Mrs. Sherwood's Stories_, ed.
1873, 161. (See COT.)

CHOPSTICKS, s. The sticks used in pairs by the Chinese in feeding themselves. The Chinese name of the article is '_kwai-tsz_,' 'speedy-ones.' "Possibly the inventor of the present word, hearing that the Chinese name had this meaning, and accustomed to the phrase _chop-chop_ for 'speedily,' used _chop_ as a translation" (_Bishop Moule_). [Prof. Giles writes: "The _N.E.D._ gives incorrectly _kwai-tze_, _i.e._ 'nimble boys,' 'nimble ones.' Even Sir H. Yule is not without blemish. He leaves the aspirate out of _kwai_, of which the official orthography is now _k'uai-k'uai-tzŭ_, 'hasteners,' the termination _-ers_ bringing out the value of _tzŭ_, an enclitic particle, better than 'ones.' Bishop Moule's suggestion is on the right track. I think, however, that CHOPSTICK came from a Chinaman, who of course knew the meaning of _k'uai_ and applied it accordingly, using the 'pidgin' word CHOP as the, to him, natural equivalent."]

c. 1540.—"... his young daughters, with their brother, did nothing but
laugh to see us feed ourselves with our hands, for that is contrary to
the custome which is observed throughout the whole empire of _China_,
where the Inhabitants at their meat carry it to their mouthes with two
little sticks made like a pair of Cizers" (this is the translator's
folly; it is really _com duos paos feitos como fusos_—"like
spindles")."—_Pinto_, orig. cap. lxxxiii., in _Cogan_, p. 103.

[1598.—"Two little peeces of blacke woode made round ... these they use
instead of forkes."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 144.]

c. 1610.—"... ont comme deux petites spatules de bois fort bien faites,
qu'ils tiennent entre leurs doigts, et prennent avec cela ce qu'ils
veulent manger, si dextrement, que rien plus."—_Mocquet_, 346.

1711.—"They take it very dexterously with a couple of small CHOPSTICKS,
which serve them instead of Forks."—_Lockyer_, 174.

1876.—"Before each there will be found a pair of CHOPSTICKS, a wine-cup,
a small saucer for soy ... and a pile of small pieces of paper for
cleaning these articles as required."—_Giles, Chinese Sketches_, 153-4.

CHOTA-HAZRY, s. H. _chhoṭī hāẓirī_, vulg. _hāẓrī_, 'little breakfast'; refreshment taken in the early morning, before or after the morning exercise. The term (see HAZREE) was originally peculiar to the Bengal Presidency. In Madras the meal is called 'early tea.' Among the Dutch in Java, this meal consists (or did consist in 1860) of a large cup of tea, and a large piece of cheese, presented by the servant who calls one in the morning.

1853.—"After a bath, and hasty ante-breakfast (which is called in India
'a LITTLE BREAKFAST') at the Euston Hotel, he proceeded to the private
residence of a man of law."—_Oakfield_, ii. 179.

1866.—"There is one small meal ... it is that commonly known in India by
the Hindustani name of CHOTA-HĀZIRI, and in our English colonies as
'Early Tea.'..."—_Waring, Tropical Resident_, 172.

1875.—"We took EARLY TEA with him this morning."—_The Dilemma_, ch. iii.

CHOUL, CHAUL, n.p. A seaport of the Concan, famous for many centuries under various forms of this name, _Cheṅwal_ properly, and pronounced in Konkani _Tseṁwal_ (_Sinclair, Ind. Ant._ iv. 283). It may be regarded as almost certain that this was the Σίμυλλα of Ptolemy's Tables, called by the natives, as he says, Τίμουλα. It may be fairly conjectured that the true reading of this was Τιίμουλα, or Τιέμουλα. We find the sound _ch_ of Indian names apparently represented in Ptolemy by τι (as it is in Dutch by _tj_). Thus Τιάτουρα = _Chitor_, Τιάστανης = _Chashṭaṇa_; here Τίμουλα = _Cheṅwal_; while Τιάγουρα and Τιαύσπα probably stand for names like _Chagara_ and _Chauspa_. Still more confidently _Cheṅwal_ may be identified with the _Ṣaimur_ (Chaimur) or Jaimur of the old Arab. Geographers, a port at the extreme end of Lār or Guzerat. At Choul itself there is a tradition that its antiquity goes back beyond that of Suali (see SWALLY), Bassein, or Bombay. There were memorable sieges of Choul in 1570-71, and again in 1594, in which the Portuguese successfully resisted Mahommedan attempts to capture the place. Dr. Burgess identifies the ancient Σήμυλλα rather with a place called _Chembur_, on the island of Trombay, which lies immediately east of the island of Bombay; but till more evidence is adduced we see no reason to adopt this.[68] Choul seems now to be known as Revadaṇḍa. Even the name is not to be found in the _Imperial Gazetteer_. _Rewadaṇḍa_ has a place in that work, but without a word to indicate its connection with this ancient and famous port. Mr. Gerson d'Acunha has published in the _J. Bo. Br. As. Soc._, vol. xii., _Notes on the H. and Ant. of Chaul_.

A.D. c. 80-90.—"Μετὰ δὲ Καλλιέναν ἄλλα ἐμπόρια τοπικὰ, Σήμυλλα, καὶ
Μανδαγόρα...."—_Periplus._

A.D. c. 150.—"Σίμυλλα ἐμπόριον (καλούμενον ὑπὸ τῶν ἐγχωρίων
Τίμουλα)."—_Ptol._ i. cap. 17.

A.D. 916. "The year 304 I found myself in the territory of _Ṣaimūr_ (or
CHAIMŪR), belonging to Hind and forming part of the province of Lār....
There were in the place about 10,000 Mussulmans, both of those called
_baiāsirah_ (half-breeds), and of natives of Sirāf, Omān, Basrah, Bagdad,
&c."—_Maṣ'ūdi_, ii. 86.

[1020.—"JAIMÚR." See quotation under LAR.]

c. 1150.—"SAIMŪR, 5 days from Sindān, is a large, well-built
town."—_Edrisi_, in _Elliot_, i. [85].

c. 1470.—"We sailed six weeks in the _taca_ till we reached CHIVIL, and
left Chivil on the seventh week after the great day. This is an Indian
country."—_Ath. Nikitin_, 9, in _India in XVth. Cent._

1510.—"Departing from the said city of Combeia, I travelled on until I
arrived at another city named CEVUL (CHEVUL) which is distant from the
above-mentioned city 12 days' journey, and the country between the one
and the other of these cities is called Guzerati."—_Varthema_, 113.

1546.—Under this year D'Acunha quotes from Freire d'Andrada a story that
when the Viceroy required 20,000 PARDAOS (q.v.) to send for the defence
of Diu, offering in pledge a wisp of his mustachio, the women of CHOUL
sent all their earrings and other jewellery, to be applied to this
particular service.

1554.—"The ports of Mahaim and SHEÚL belong to the Deccan."—_The Mohit_,
in _J.A.S.B._, v. 461.

1584.—"The 10th of November we arrived at CHAUL which standeth in the
firme land. There be two townes, the one belonging to the Portugales, and
the other to the Moores."—_R. Fitch_, in Hakl. ii. 384.

c. 1630.—"After long toil ... we got to CHOUL; then we came to
Daman."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed. 1665, p. 42.

1635.—"CHÍVAL, a seaport of Deccan."—_Sádik Isfaháni_, 88.

1727.—"CHAUL, in former Times, was a noted Place for Trade, particularly
for fine embroidered Quilts; but now it is miserably poor."—_A.
Hamilton_, i. 243.

1782.—"That St. Lubin had some of the Mahratta officers on board of his
ship, at the port of CHOUL ... he will remember as long as he lives, for
they got so far the ascendancy over the political Frenchman, as to induce
him to come into the harbour, and to land his cargo of military stores
... not one piece of which he ever got back again, or was paid sixpence
for."—_Price's Observations on a Late Publication_, &c., 14. In _Price's
Tracts_, vol. i.

CHOULTRY, s. Peculiar to S. India, and of doubtful etymology; Malayāl. _chāwaṭī_, Tel. _chāwaḍi_, [_tsāvaḍi_, _chau_, Skt. _chatur_, 'four,' _vāṭa_, 'road,' a place where four roads meet]. In W. India the form used is _chowry_ or _chowree_ (Dakh. _chāoṛī_). A hall, a shed, or a simple _loggia_, used by travellers as a resting-place, and also intended for the transaction of public business. In the old Madras Archives there is frequent mention of the "Justices of the CHOULTRY." A building of this kind seems to have formed the early Court-house.

1673.—"Here (at Swally near Surat) we were welcomed by the Deputy
President ... who took care for my Entertainment, which here was rude,
the place admitting of little better Tenements than Booths stiled by the
name of CHOULTRIES."—_Fryer_, 82.

" "Maderas ... enjoys some CHOULTRIES for Places of
Justice."—_Ibid._ 39.

1683.—"... he shall pay for every slave so shipped ... 50 pagodas to be
recovered of him in the CHOULTRY of Madraspattanam."—_Order of Madras
Council_, in _Wheeler_, i. 136.

1689.—"Within less than half a Mile, from the Sea (near Surat) are three
CHOULTRIES or Convenient Lodgings made of Timber."—_Ovington_, 164.

1711.—"Besides these, five Justices of the CHOULTRY, who are of the
Council, or chief Citizens, are to decide Controversies, and punish
offending Indians."—_Lockyer_, 7.

1714.—In the MS. List of Persons in the Service, &c. (India Office
Records), we have:—

"Josiah Cooke ffactor Register of the CHOULTRY, £15."

1727.—"There are two or three little CHOULTERIES or Shades built for
Patients to rest in."—_A. Hamilton_, ch. ix.; [i. 95].

[1773.—"A CHOLTRE is not much unlike a large summer-house, and in general
is little more than a bare covering from the inclemency of the weather.
Some few indeed are more spacious, and are also endowed with a salary to
support a servant or two, whose business is to furnish all passengers
with a certain quantity of rice and fresh water."—_Ives_, 67.]

1782.—"Les fortunes sont employées à bâtir des CHAUDERIES sur les
chemins."—_Sonnerat_, i. 42.

1790.—"On ne rencontre dans ces voyages aucune auberge ou hôtellerie sur
la route; mais elles sont remplacées par des lieux de repos appelées
SCHULTRIS (_chauderies_), qui sont des bâtimens ouverts et inhabités, où
les voyageurs ne trouvent, en général, qu'un toit...."—_Haafner_, ii. 11.

1809.—"He resides at present in an old CHOULTRY which has been fitted up
for his use by the Resident."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 356.

1817.—"Another fact of much importance is, that a Mahomedan Sovereign was
the first who established CHOULTRIES."—_Mill's Hist._ ii. 181.

1820.—"The CHOWREE or town-hall where the public business of the township
is transacted, is a building 30 feet square, with square gable-ends, and
a roof of tile supported on a treble row of square wooden posts."—_Acc.
of Township of Loony_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bombay_, ii. 181.

1833.—"Junar, 6th Jan. 1833.... We at first took up our abode in the
CHAWADĪ, but Mr. Escombe of the C. S. kindly invited us to his
house."—_Smith's Life of Dr. John Wilson_, 156.

1836.—"The roads are good, and well supplied with CHOULTRIES or
taverns"(!)—_Phillips, Million of Facts_, 319.

1879.—"Let an organised watch ... be established in each village ...
armed with good TULWARS. They should be stationed each night in the
village CHOURI."—_Overland Times of India_, May 12, Suppl. 7_b_.

See also CHUTTRUM.

CHOULTRY PLAIN, n.p. This was the name given to the open country formerly existing to the S.W. of Madras. _Choultry Plain_ was also the old designation of the Hd. Quarters of the Madras Army; equivalent to "Horse Guards" in Westminster (C. P. B. MS.).

1780.—"Every gentleman now possessing a house in the fort, was happy in
accommodating the family of his friend, who before had resided in
CHOULTRY PLAIN. _Note._ The country near Madras is a perfect flat, on
which is built, at a small distance from the fort, a small
_choultry_."—_Hodges, Travels_, 7.

CHOUSE, s. and v. This word is originally Turk. _chāush_, in former days a sergeant-at-arms, herald, or the like. [Vambéry (_Sketches_, 17) speaks of the _Tchaush_ as the leader of a party of pilgrims.] Its meaning as 'a cheat,' or 'to swindle' is, apparently beyond doubt, derived from the anecdote thus related in a note of W. Gifford's upon the passage in Ben Jonson's _Alchemist_, which is quoted below. "In 1609 Sir Robert Shirley sent a messenger or _chiaus_ (as our old writers call him) to this country, as his agent, from the Grand Signor and the Sophy, to transact some preparatory business. Sir Robert followed him, at his leisure, as ambassador from both these princes; but before he reached England, his agent had _chiaused_ the Turkish and Persian merchants here of 4000_l._, and taken his flight, unconscious perhaps that he had enriched the language with a word of which the etymology would mislead Upton and puzzle Dr. Johnson."—Ed. of _Ben Jonson_, iv. 27. "In Kattywar, where the native chiefs employ Arab mercenaries, the CHAUS still flourishes as an officer of a company. When I joined the Political Agency in that Province, there was a company of Arabs attached to the Residency under a _Chaus_." (_M.-Gen. Keatinge_). [The _N.E.D._ thinks that "Gifford's note must be taken with reserve." The _Stanf. Dict._ adds that Gifford's note asserts that two other _Chiauses_ arrived in 1618-1625. One of the above quotations proves his accuracy as to 1618. Perhaps, however, the particular fraud had little to do with the modern use of the word. As Jonson suggests, _chiaus_ may have been used for 'Turk' in the sense of 'cheat'; just as _Cataian_ stood for 'thief' or 'rogue.' For a further discussion of the word see _N. & Q._, 7 ser. vi. 387; 8 ser. iv. 129.]

1560.—"Cum vero me taederet inclusionis in eodem diversorio, ago cum meo
CHIAUSO (genus id est, ut tibi scripsi alias, multiplicis apud Turcas
officii, quod etiam ad oratorum custodiam extenditur) ut mihi liceat aere
meo domum conducere...."—_Busbeq. Epist._ iii. p. 149.

1610.—"_Dapper._... What do you think of me, that I am a _chiaus_?

_Face._ What's that?

_Dapper._ The Turk was here.
As one would say, do you think I am a Turk?

* * * * *

_Face._ Come, noble doctor, pray thee let's prevail;
This is the gentleman, and he's no CHIAUS."
_Ben. Jonson, The Alchemist_, Act I. sc. i.

1638.—

"_Fulgoso._ Gulls or Moguls,
Tag, rag, or other, hogen-mogen, vanden,
Ship-jack or CHOUSES. Whoo! the brace are flinched.
The pair of shavers are sneak'd from us, Don...."
_Ford, The Lady's Trial_, Act II. sc. i.

1619.—"Con gli ambasciatori stranieri che seco conduceva, cioè l'Indiano,
di Sciah Selim, un CIAUSC Turco ed i Moscoviti...."—_P. della Valle_, ii.
6.

1653.—"CHIAOUX en Turq est vn Sergent du Diuan, et dans la campagne la
garde d'vne Karauane, qui fait le guet, se nomme aussi CHIAOUX, et cet
employ n'est pas autrement honeste."—_Le Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 536.

1659.—

"_Conquest._ We are
In a fair way to be ridiculous.
What think you? CHIAUS'D by a scholar."
_Shirley, Honoria & Mammon_, Act II. sc. iii.

1663.—"The Portugals have CHOUSED us, it seems, in the Island of Bombay
in the East Indys; for after a great charge of our fleets being sent
thither with full commission from the King of Portugal to receive it, the
Governour by some pretence or other will not deliver it to Sir Abraham
Shipman."—_Pepys, Diary_, May 15; [ed. _Wheatley_ iii. 125].

1674.—

"When geese and pullen are seduc'd
And sows of sucking pigs are CHOWS'D."
_Hudibras_, Pt. II. canto 3.

1674.—

"Transform'd to a Frenchman by my art;
He stole your cloak, and pick'd your pocket,
CHOWS'D and caldes'd ye like a blockhead."
_Ibid._

1754.—"900 CHIAUX: they carried in their hand a baton with a double
silver crook on the end of it; ... these frequently chanted moral
sentences and encomiums on the SHAH, occasionally proclaiming also his
victories as he passed along."—_Hanway_, i. 170.

1762.—"Le 27^e d'Août 1762 nous entendîmes un coup de canon du chateau de
Kâhira, c'étoit signe qu'un TSJAUS (courier) étoit arrivé de la grande
caravane."—_Niebuhr, Voyage_, i. 171.

1826.—"We started at break of day from the northern suburb of Ispahan,
led by the CHAOUSHES of the pilgrimage...."—_Hajji Baba_, ed. 1835, p. 6.

CHOW-CHOW, s. A common application of the _Pigeon_-English term in China is to mixed preserves; but, as the quotation shows, it has many uses; the idea of mixture seems to prevail. It is the name given to a book by Viscountess Falkland, whose husband was Governor of Bombay. There it seems to mean 'a medley of trifles.' CHOW is in 'pigeon' applied to food of any kind. ["From the erroneous impression that dogs form one of the principal items of a Chinaman's diet, the common variety has been dubbed the 'CHOW dog'" (_Ball, Things Chinese_, p. 179).] We find the word CHOW-CHOW in Blumentritt's _Vocabular_ of Manilla terms: "_Chau-chau_, a Tagal dish so called."

1858.—"The word CHOW-CHOW is suggestive, especially to the Indian reader,
of a mixture of things, 'good, bad, and indifferent,' of sweet little
oranges and bits of bamboo stick, slices of sugar-cane and rinds of
unripe fruit, all concocted together, and made upon the whole into a very
tolerable confection....

"Lady Falkland, by her happy selection of a name, to a certain extent
deprecates and disarms criticism. We cannot complain that her work is
without plan, unconnected, and sometimes trashy, for these are exactly
the conditions implied in the word CHOW-CHOW."—_Bombay Quarterly Review_,
January, p. 100.

1882.—"The variety of uses to which the compound word 'CHOW-CHOW' is put
is almost endless.... A 'No. 1 _chow-chow_' thing signifies utterly
worthless, but when applied to a breakfast or dinner it means
'unexceptionably good.' A '_chow-chow_' cargo is an assorted cargo; a
'general shop' is a '_chow-chow_' shop ... one (factory) was called the
'_chow-chow_,' from its being inhabited by divers Parsees, Moormen, or
other natives of India."—_The Fankwae_, p. 63.

CHOWDRY, s. H. _chaudharī_, lit. 'a holder of four'; the explanation of which is obscure: [rather Skt. _chakra-dharin_, 'the bearer of the discus as an ensign of authority']. The usual application of the term is to the headman of a craft in a town, and more particularly to the person who is selected by Government as the agent through whom supplies, workmen, &c., are supplied for public purposes. [Thus the _Chaudharī_ of carters provides carriage, the _Chaudharī_ of Kahārs bearers, and so on.] Formerly, in places, to the headman of a village; to certain holders of lands; and in Cuttack it was, under native rule, applied to a district Revenue officer. In a paper of 'Explanations of Terms' furnished to the Council at Fort William by Warren Hastings, then Resident at Moradbagh (1759), CHOWDREES are defined as "Landholders in the next rank to Zemindars." (In _Long_, p. 176.) [Comp. VENDU-MASTER.] It is also an honorific title given by servants to one of their number, usually, we believe, to the _mālī_ [see MOLLY], or gardener—as _khalīfa_ to the cook and tailor, _jama'dār_ to the _bhishtī_, _mehtar_ to the sweeper, _sirdār_ to the bearer.

c. 1300.—"... The people were brought to such a state of obedience that
one revenue officer would string twenty ... CHAUDHARIS together by the
neck, and enforce payment by blows."—_Ziā-ud-dīn Barnī_, in _Elliot_,
iii. 183.

c. 1343.—"The territories dependent on the capital (Delhi) are divided
into hundreds, each of which has a JAUTHARĪ, who is the Sheikh or chief
man of the Hindus."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 388.

[1772.—"CHOWDRAHS, land-holders, in the next rank to
Zemeendars."—_Verelst, View of Bengal_, Gloss. s.v.]

1788.—"CHOWDRY.—A Landholder or Farmer. Properly he is above the Zemindar
in rank; but, according to the present custom of Bengal, he is deemed the
next to the Zemindar. Most commonly used as the principal purveyor of the
markets in towns or camps."—_Indian Vocabulary_ (Stockdale's).

CHOWK, s. H. _chauk_. An open place or wide street in the middle of a city where the market is held, [as, for example, the _Chāndnī Chauk_ of Delhi]. It seems to be adopted in Persian, and there is an Arabic form _Sūḳ_, which, it is just possible, may have been borrowed and Arabized from the present word. The radical idea of _chauk_ seems to be "four ways" [Skt. _chatushka_], the crossing of streets at the centre of business. Compare _Carfax_, and the _Quattro Cantoni_ of Palermo. In the latter city there is a market place called Piazza Ballarò, which in the 16th century a chronicler calls _Seggeballarath_, or as Amari interprets, _Sūḳ_-Balharā.

[1833.—"The Chandy CHOKE, in Delhi ... is perhaps the broadest street in
any city in the East."—_Skinner, Excursions in India_, i. 49.]

CHOWNEE, s. The usual native name, at least in the Bengal Presidency, for an Anglo-Indian CANTONMENT (q.v.). It is H. _chhāonī_, 'a thatched roof,' _chhāonā_, _chhānā_, v. 'to thatch.'

[1829.—"The Regent was at the CHAONI, his standing camp at Gagrown, when
this event occurred."—_Tod, Annals_ (Calcutta reprint), ii. 611.]

CHOWRINGHEE, n.p. The name of a road and quarter of Calcutta, in which most of the best European houses stand; _Chaurangī_.

1789.—"The houses ... at CHOWRINGEE also will be much more
healthy."—_Seton-Karr_, ii. 205.

1790.—"To dig a large tank opposite to the CHERINGHEE Buildings."—_Ibid._
13.

1791.—"Whereas a robbery was committed on Tuesday night, the first
instant, on the CHOWRINGHY Road."—_Ibid._ 54.

1792.—"_For Private Sale._ A neat, compact and new built garden house,
pleasantly situated at CHOURINGY, and from its contiguity to Fort
William, peculiarly well calculated for an officer; it would likewise be
a handsome provision for a native lady, or a child. The price is 1500
sicca rupees."—_Ibid._ ii. 541.

1803.—"CHOURINGHEE, an entire village of palaces, runs for a considerable
length at right angles with it, and altogether forms the finest view I
ever beheld in any city."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 236.

1810.—"As I enjoyed Calcutta much less this time ... I left it with less
regret. Still, when passing the CHOWRINGHEE road the last day, I—

'Looked on stream and sea and plain
As what I ne'er might see again.'"
_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i. 231.

1848.—"He wished all Cheltenham, all CHOWRINGHEE, all Calcutta, could see
him in that position, waving his hand to such a beauty, and in company
with such a famous buck as Rawdon Crawley, of the Guards."—_Vanity Fair_,
ed. 1867, i. 237.

CHOWRY, s.

(A.) See CHOULTRY.

(B.) H. _chaṅwar_, _chauṅrī_; from Skt. _chamara_, _chāmara_. The bushy tail of the Tibetan YAK (q.v.), often set in a costly decorated handle to use as a fly-flapper, in which form it was one of the insignia of ancient Asiatic royalty. The tail was also often attached to the horse-trappings of native warriors; whilst it formed from remote times the standard of nations and nomad tribes of Central Asia. The Yak-tails and their uses are mentioned by Aelian, and by Cosmas (see under YAK). Allusions to the _chāmara_, as a sign of royalty, are frequent in Skt. books and inscriptions, _e.g._ in the Poet Kalidāsa (see transl. by Dr. Mill in _J. As. Soc. Beng._ i. 342; the _Amarakosha_, ii. 7, 31, &c.). The common Anglo-Indian expression in the 18th century appears to have been "COW-TAILS" (q.v.). And hence Bogle in his Journal, as published by Mr. Markham, calls _Yaks_ by the absurd name of "_cow-tailed cows_" though "horse-tailed cows" would have been more germane!

c. A.D. 250.—"Βοῶν δε γένη δύο, δρομικούς τε καὶ ἄλλους ἀγρίους δεινῶς·
ἐκ τουτῶν γε τῶν βοῶν καὶ τὰς μυιοσόβας ποιοῦνται, καὶ τὸ μὲν σῶμα
παμμέλανες εῖσιν οἵδε· τὰς δὲ οὐρὰς ἔχουσι λευκὰς ἰσχυρῶς."—_Aelian. de
Nat. An._ xv. 14.

A.D. 634-5.—"... with his armies which were darkened by the spotless
CHĀMARAS that were waved over them."—_Aihole Inscription._

c. 940.—"They export from this country the hair named _al-zamar_ (or
al-CHAMAR) of which those fly-flaps are made, with handles of silver or
ivory, which attendants held over the heads of kings when giving
audience."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, i. 385. The expressions of _Maṣ'ūdī_ are aptly
illustrated by the Assyrian and Persepolitan sculptures. (See also _Marco
Polo_, bk. iii. ch. 18; _Nic. Conti_, p. 14, in _India in the XVth
Century_).

1623.—"For adornment of their horses they carried, hung to the cantles of
their saddles, great tufts of a certain white hair, long and fine, which
they told me were the tails of certain wild oxen found in India."—_P.
della Valle_, ii. 662; [Hak. Soc. ii. 260].

1809.—"He also presented me in trays, which were as usual laid at my
feet, two beautiful CHOWRIES."—_Lord Valentia_, i. 428.

1810.—"Near Brahma are Indra and Indranee on their elephant, and below is
a female figure holding a _chamara_ or CHOWREE."—_Maria Graham_, 56.

1827.—"A black female slave, richly dressed, stood behind him with a
CHOWRY, or cow's tail, having a silver handle, which she used to keep off
the flies."—_Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. x.

CHOWRYBURDAR, s. The servant who carries the CHOWRY. H. P. _chauṅrī-bardār_.

1774.—"The Deb-Rajah on horseback ... a CHOWRA-BURDAR on each side of
him."—_Bogle_, in _Markham's Tibet_, 24.

[1838.—"... the old king was sitting in the garden with a CHOWRYBADAR
waving the flies from him."—_Miss Eden, Up the Country_, i. 138.]

CHOWT, CHOUT, s. Mahr. _chauth_, 'one fourth part.' The blackmail levied by the Mahrattas from the provincial governors as compensation for leaving their districts in immunity from plunder. The term is also applied to some other exactions of like ratio (see _Wilson_).

[1559.—Mr. Whiteway refers to _Couto_ (Dec. VII. bk. 6, ch. 6), where
this word is used in reference to payments made in 1559 in the time of D.
Constantine de Bragança, and in papers of the early part of the 17th
century the King of the CHOUTEAS is frequently mentioned.]

1644.—"This King holds in our lands of Daman a certain payment which they
call CHOUTO, which was paid him long before they belonged to the
Portuguese, and so after they came under our power the payment continued
to be made, and about these exactions and payments there have risen great
disputes and contentions on one side and another."—_Bocarro_ (MS.).

1674.—"Messengers were sent to Bassein demanding the CHOUT of all the
Portuguese territory in these parts. The _chout_ means the fourth part of
the revenue, and this is the earliest mention we find of the
claim."—_Orme's Fragments_, p. 45.

1763-78.—"They (the English) were ... not a little surprised to find in
the letters now received from Balajerow and his agent to themselves, and
in stronger terms to the Nabob, a peremptory demand of the CHOUT or
tribute due to the King of the Morattoes from the Nabobship of
Arcot."—_Orme_, ii. 228-9.

1803.—"The Peshwah ... cannot have a right to two CHOUTES, any more than
to two revenues from any village in the same year."—_Wellington Desp._
(ed. 1837), ii. 175.

1858.—"... They (the Mahrattas) were accustomed to demand of the
provinces they threatened with devastation a certain portion of the
public revenue, generally the fourth part; and this, under the name of
the CHOUT, became the recognized Mahratta tribute, the price of the
absence of their plundering hordes."—_Whitney, Oriental and Ling.
Studies_, ii. 20-21.

CHOYA, CHAYA, CHEY, s. A root, [generally known as CHAYROOT,] (_Hedyotis umbellata_, Lam., _Oldenlandia umb._, L.) of the Nat. Ord. _Cinchonaceae_, affording a red dye, sometimes called 'India Madder,' ['Dye Root,' 'Rameshwaram Root']; from Tam. _shāyaver_, Malayāl. _chāyaver_ (_chāya_, 'colour,' _ver_, 'root'). It is exported from S. India, and was so also at one time from Ceylon. There is a figure of the plant in _Lettres Edif._ xiv. 164.

c. 1566.—"Also from _S. Tome_ they layd great store of red yarne, of
bombast died with a roote which they call SAIA, as aforesayd, which
colour will never out."—_Caesar Frederike_, in _Hakl._ [ii. 354].

1583.—"Ne vien anchora di detta SAIA da un altro luogo detto Petopoli, e
se ne tingono parimente in S. Thomè."—_Balbi_, f. 107.

1672.—"Here groweth very good ZAYE."—_Baldaeus, Ceylon._

[1679.—"... if they would provide mustors of CHAE and White
goods...."—_Memoriall of S. Master_, in _Kistna Man._, p. 131.]

1726.—"SAYA (a dye-root that is used on the _Coast_ for painting
chintzes)."—_Valentijn, Chor._ 45.

1727.—"The Islands of _Diu_ (near Masulipatam) produce the famous _Dye_
called SHAII. It is a Shrub growing in Grounds that are overflown with
the Spring tides."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 370; [ed. 1744, i. 374].

1860.—"The other productions that constituted the exports of the Island
were sapan-wood to Persia; and CHOYA-roots, a substitute for Madder,
collected at Manaar ... for transmission to Surat."—_Tennent's Ceylon_,
ii. 54-55. See also _Chitty's Ceylon Gazetteer_ (1834), p. 40.

CHUCKAROO, s. English soldier's lingo for CHOKRA (q.v.)

CHUCKER. From H. _chakar_, _chakkar_, _chakrā_, Skt. _chakra_, 'a wheel or circle.'

(A.) s. A quoit for playing the English game; but more properly the sharp quoit or discus which constituted an ancient Hindu missile weapon, and is, or was till recently, carried by the Sikh fanatics called _Akālī_ (see AKALEE), generally encircling their peaked turbans. The thing is described by Tavernier (E. T. ii. 41: [ed. _Ball_, i. 82]) as carried by a company of Mahommedan Fakīrs whom he met at Sherpūr in Guzerat. See also _Lt.-Col. T. Lewin, A Fly_, &c., p. 47: [_Egerton, Handbook_, Pl. 15, No. 64].

1516.—"In the Kingdom of Dely ... they have some steel wheels which they
call CHACARANI, two fingers broad, sharp outside like knives, and without
edge inside; and the surface of these is the size of a small plate. And
they carry seven or eight of these each, put on the left arm; and they
take one and put it on the finger of the right hand, and make it spin
round many times, and so they hurl it at their enemies."—_Barbosa_,
100-101.

1630.—"In her right hand shee bare a CHUCKEREY, which is an instrument of
a round forme, and sharp-edged in the superficies thereof ... and slung
off, in the quickness of his motion, it is able to deliuer or conuey
death to a farre remote enemy."—_Lord, Disc. of the Banian Religion_, 12.

(B.) v. and s. To lunge a horse. H. _chakarnā_ or _chakar karnā_. Also 'the lunge.'

1829.—"It was truly tantalizing to see those fellows CHUCKERING their
horses, not more than a quarter of a mile from our post."—_John Shipp_,
i. 153.

[(C.) In Polo, a 'period.'

[1900.—"Two bouts were played to-day.... In the opening CHUKKER Capt. ——
carried the ball in."—_Overland Mail_, Aug. 13.]

CHUCKERBUTTY, n.p. This vulgarized Bengal Brahman name is, as Wilson points out, a corruption of _chakravarttī_, the title assumed by the most exalted ancient Hindu sovereigns, an universal Emperor, whose chariot-wheels rolled over all (so it is explained by some).

c. 400.—"Then the Bikshuni Uthala began to think thus with herself,
'To-day the King, ministers, and people are all going to meet Buddha ...
but I—a woman—how can I contrive to get the first sight of him?' Buddha
immediately, by his divine power, changed her into a holy CHAKRAVARTTI
Raja."—_Travels of Fah-hian, tr. by Beale_, p. 63.

c. 460.—"On a certain day (Asoka), having ... ascertained that the
supernaturally gifted ... Nága King, whose age extended to a _Kappo_, had
seen the four Buddhas ... he thus addressed him: 'Beloved, exhibit to me
the person of the omniscient being of infinite wisdom, the CHAKKAWATTI of
the doctrine.'"—_The Mahawanso_, p. 27.

1856.—"The importance attached to the possession of a white elephant is
traceable to the Buddhist system. A white elephant of certain wonderful
endowments is one of the seven precious things, the possession of which
marks the _Maha_ CHAKRAVARTTI _Raja_ ... the holy and universal
sovereign, a character which appears once in a cycle."—_Mission to the
Court of Ava_ (Major Phayre's), 1858, p. 154.

CHUCKLAH, s. H. _chaklā_, [Skt. _chakra_, 'a wheel']. A territorial subdivision under the Mahommedan government, thus defined by Warren Hastings, in the paper quoted under CHOWDRY:

1759.—"The jurisdiction of a _Phojdar_ (see FOUJDAR), who receives the
rents from the Zemindars, and accounts for them with the Government."

1760.—"In the treaty concluded with the Nawáb Meer Mohummud Cásim Khán,
on the 27th Sept. 1760, it was agreed that ... the English army should be
ready to assist him in the management of all affairs, and that the lands
of the CHUKLAHS (districts) of Burdwan, Midnapore and Chittagong, should
be assigned for all the charges of the company and the
army...."—_Harington's Analysis of the Laws and Regulations_, vol. i.
Calcutta, 1805-1809, p. 5.

CHUCKLER, s. Tam. and Malayāl. _shakkili_, the name of a very low caste, members of which are tanners or cobblers, like the _Chamārs_ (see CHUMAR) of Upper India. But whilst the latter are reputed to be a very dark caste, the _Chucklers_ are fair (see _Elliot's Gloss._ by _Beames_, i. 71, and _Caldwell's Gram._ 574). [On the other hand the _Madras Gloss._ (s.v.) says that as a rule they are of "a dark black hue."] Colloquially in S. India _Chuckler_ is used for a native shoemaker.

c. 1580.—"All the Gentoos (_Gentios_) of those parts, especially those of
Bisnaga, have many castes, which take precedence one of another. The
lowest are the CHAQUIVILIS, who make shoes, and eat all unclean
flesh...."—_Primor e Honra_, &c., f. 95.

1759.—"SHACKELAYS are shoemakers, and held in the same despicable light
on the Coromandel Coast as the Niaddes and Pullies on the
_Malabar_."—_Ives_, 26.

c. 1790.—"Aussi n'est-ce que le rébut de la classe méprisée des parrias;
savoir les TSCHAKELÍS ou cordonniers et les _vettians_ ou fossoyeurs, qui
s'occupent de l'enterrement et la combustion des morts."—_Haafner_, ii.
60.

[1844.—"... the CHOCKLY, who performs the degrading duty of
executioner...."—_Society, Manners, &c., of India_, ii. 282.]

1869.—"The _Komatis_ or mercantile caste of Madras by long established
custom, are required to send an offering of betel to the CHUCKLERS, or
shoemakers, before contracting their marriages."—_Sir W. Elliot_, in _J.
Ethn. Soc._, N. S. vol. i. 102.

CHUCKMUCK, s. H. _chakmak_. 'Flint and steel.' One of the titles conferred on Haidar 'Ali before he rose to power was 'CHAKMAK _Jang_,' 'Firelock of War'? See _H. of Hydur Naik_, 112.

CHUCKRUM, s. An ancient coin once generally current in the S. of India, Malayāl. _chakram_, Tel. _chakramu_; from Skt. _chakra_ (see under CHUCKER). It is not easy to say what was its value, as the statements are inconsistent: nor do they confirm Wilson's, that it was equal to one-tenth of a pagoda. [According to the _Madras Gloss._ (s.v.) it bore the same relation to the gold PAGODA that the ANNA does to the RUPEE, and under it again was the copper CASH, which was its sixteenth.] The denomination survives in Travancore, [where 28½ go to one rupee. (_Ibid._)]

1554.—"And the fanoms of the place are called CHOCRÕES, which are coins
of inferior gold; they are worth 12½ or 12¼ to the _pardao_ of gold,
reckoning the _pardao_ at 360 _reis_."—_A. Nunez, Livro dos Pesos_, 36.

1711.—"The Enemy will not come to any agreement unless we consent to pay
30,000 CHUCKRUMS, which we take to be 16,600 and odd pagodas."—In
_Wheeler_, ii. 165.

1813.—Milburn, under Tanjore, gives the CHUCKRUM as a coin equal to 20
Madras, or ten gold fanams. 20 Madras fanams would be 4/9 of a pagoda.

[From the difficulty of handling these coins, which are small and round, they are counted on a CHUCKRUM board as in the case of the FANAM (q.v.).]

CHUDDER, s. H. _chādar_, a sheet, or square piece of cloth of any kind; the ample sheet commonly worn as a mantle by women in N. India. It is also applied to the cloths spread over Mahommedan tombs. Barbosa (1516) and Linschoten (1598) have _chautars_, _chautares_, as a kind of cotton piece-goods, but it is certain that this is not the same word. _Chowtars_ occur among Bengal piece-goods in _Milburn_, ii. 221. [The word is _chautár_, 'anything with four threads,' and it occurs in the list of cotton cloths in the _Āīn_ (i. 94). In a letter of 1610 we have "_Chautares_ are white and well requested" (_Danvers, Letters_, i. 75); "_Chauters_ of Agra" (_Foster, Letters_, ii. 45); Cocks has "fine _Casho_ or _Chowter_" (_Diary_, i. 86); and in 1615 they are called "_Cowter_" (_Foster_, iv. 51).]

1525.—"CHADER of Cambaya."—_Lembrança_, 56.

[c. 1610.—"From Bengal comes another sort of hanging, of fine linen
painted and ornamented with colours in a very agreeable fashion; these
they call IADER."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 222.]

1614.—"Pintados, chints and CHADORS."—_Peyton_, in _Purchas_, i. 530.

1673.—"The habit of these water-nymphs was fine SHUDDERS of lawn
embroidered on the neck, wrist, and skirt with a border of several
coloured silks or threads of gold."—_Herbert_, 3rd ed. 191.

1832.—"CHUDDUR ... a large piece of cloth or sheet, of one and a half or
two breadths, thrown over the head, so as to cover the whole body. Men
usually sleep rolled up in it."—_Herklots, Qanoon-e-Islam_, xii.-xiii.

1878.—"Two or three women, who had been chattering away till we appeared,
but who, on seeing us, drew their 'CHADDERS' ... round their faces, and
retired to the further end of the boat."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i. 79.

The RAMPORE CHUDDER is a kind of shawl, of the Tibetan shawl-wool, of uniform colour without pattern, made originally at Rāmpur on the Sutlej; and of late years largely imported into England: [(see the _Panjab Mono. on Wool_, p. 9). Curiously enough a claim to the derivation of the title from Rāmpur, in Rohilkhand, N.W.P. is made in the _Imperial Gazetteer_, 1st ed. (s.v.).]

CHUL! CHULLO! v. in imperative; 'Go on! Be quick.' H. _chalo!_ imper. of _chalnā_, to go, go speedily. [Another common use of the word in Anglo-Indian slang is—"It won't CHUL," 'it won't answer, succeed.']

c. 1790.—"Je montai de très-bonne heure dans mon palanquin.—TSCHOLLO
(c'est-à-dire, marche), crièrent mes COULIS, et aussitôt le voyage
commença."—_Haafner_, ii. 5.

[CHUMAR, s. H. _Chamār_, Skt. _charma-kāra_, 'one who works in leather,' and thus answering to the CHUCKLER of S. India; an important caste found all through N. India, whose primary occupation is tanning, but a large number are agriculturists and day labourers of various kinds.

[1823.—"From this abomination, beef-eating ... they [the Bheels] only
rank above the CHOOMARS, or shoemakers, who feast on dead carcases, and
are in Central India, as elsewhere, deemed so unclean that they are not
allowed to dwell within the precincts of the village."—_Malcolm, Central
India_, 2nd ed. ii. 179.]

CHUMPUK, s. A highly ornamental and sacred tree (_Michelia champaca_, L., also _M. Rheedii_), a kind of magnolia, whose odorous yellow blossoms are much prized by Hindus, offered at shrines, and rubbed on the body at marriages, &c. H. _champak_, Skt. _champaka_. Drury strangely says that the name is "derived from _Ciampa_, an island between Cambogia and Cochin China, where the tree grows." _Champa_ is _not_ an island, and certainly derives its Sanskrit name from India, and did _not_ give a name to an Indian tree. The tree is found wild in the Himālaya from Nepāl, eastward; also in Pegu and Tenasserim, and along the Ghauts to Travancore. The use of the term _champaka_ extends to the Philippine Islands. [Mr. Skeat notes that it is highly prized by Malay women, who put it in their hair.]

1623.—"Among others they showed me a flower, in size and form not unlike
our lily, but of a yellowish white colour, with a sweet and powerful
scent, and which they call CHAMPÀ [CIAMPÁ]."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 517;
[Hak. Soc. i. 40].

1786.—"The walks are scented with blossoms of the CHAMPAC and nagisar,
and the plantations of pepper and coffee are equally new and
pleasing."—_Sir W. Jones_, in _Mem._, &c., ii. 81.

1810.—"Some of these (birds) build in the sweet-scented CHAMPAKA and the
mango."—_Maria Graham_, 22.

1819.—

"The wandering airs they faint
On the dark, the silent stream;
And the CHUMPAK'S odours fail
Like sweet thoughts in a dream."
_Shelley, Lines to an Indian Air._

1821.—

"Some CHUMPAK flowers proclaim it yet divine."
_Medwin, Sketches in Hindoostan, 73._

CHUNÁM, s. Prepared lime; also specially used for fine polished plaster. Forms of this word occur both in Dravidian languages and Hind. In the latter _chūnā_ is from Skt. _chūrṇa_, 'powder'; in the former it is somewhat uncertain whether the word is, or is not, an old derivative from the Sanskrit. In the first of the following quotations the word used seems taken from the Malayāl. _chuṇṇāmba_, Tam. _shuṇṇāmbu_.

1510.—"And they also eat with the said leaves (betel) a certain lime made
from oyster shells, which they call CIONAMA."—_Varthema_, 144.

1563.—"... so that all the names you meet with that are not Portuguese
are Malabar; such as _betre_ (betel), CHUNA, which is lime...."—_Garcia,_
f. 37_g_.

c. 1610.—"... l'vn porte son éventail, l'autre la boëte d'argent pleine
de betel, l'autre une boëte ou il y a du CHUNAN, qui est de la
chaux."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii. 84; [Hak. Soc. ii. 135].

1614.—"Having burnt the great idol into CHUNAH, he mixed the powdered
lime with _pān_ leaves, and gave it to the Rājpūts that they might eat
the objects of their worship."—_Firishta_, quoted by _Quatremère, Not. et
Ext._, xiv. 510.

1673.—"The Natives chew it (Betel) with CHINAM (Lime of calcined Oyster
Shells)."—_Fryer_, 40.

1687.—"That stores of Brick, Iron, Stones, and CHENAM be in readiness to
make up any breach."—_Madras Consultations_, in _Wheeler_, i. 168.

1689.—"CHINAM is Lime made of Cockle-shells, or Lime-stone; and Pawn is
the Leaf of a Tree."—_Ovington_, 123.

1750-60.—"The flooring is generally composed of a kind of loam or stucco,
called CHUNAM, being a lime made of burnt shells."—_Grose_, i. 52.

1763.—"In the _Chuckleh_ of Silet for the space of five years ... my
phoasdar and the Company's gomastah shall jointly prepare CHUNAM, of
which each shall defray all expenses, and half the CHUNAM so made shall
be given to the Company, and the other half shall be for my use."—_Treaty
of Mir Jaffir with the Company_, in _Carraccioli's L. of Clive_, i. 64.

1809.—"The row of CHUNAM pillars which supported each side ... were of a
shining white."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 61.

CHUNÁM, TO, v. To set in mortar; or, more frequently, to plaster over with chunam.

1687.—"... to get what great jars he can, to put wheat in, and CHENAM
them up, and set them round the fort curtain."—In _Wheeler_, i. 168.

1809.—"... having one ... room ... beautifully CHUNAMMED."—_Ld.
Valentia_, i. 386.

Both noun and verb are used also in the Anglo-Chinese settlements.

CHUNÁRGURH, n.p. A famous rock-fort on the Ganges, above Benares, and on the right bank. The name is believed to be a corr. of _Charana-giri_, 'Foot Hill,' a name probably given from the actual resemblance of the rock, seen in longitudinal profile, to a human foot. [There is a local legend that it represents the foot of Vishnu. A native folk etymology makes it a corr. of _Chandālgaṛh_, from some legendary connection with the Bhangi tribe (see CHANDAUL). (See _Crooke, Tribes and Castes_, i. 263.)]

[1768.—"Sensible of the vast importance of the fort of CHUNAR to Sujah al
Dowlah ... we have directed Col. Barker to reinforce the
garrison...."—_Letter to Court of Directors_, in _Verelst_, App. 78.

[1785.—"CHUNAR, called by the natives Chundalghur...."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._
2nd ed. ii. 442.]

CHUPATTY, s. H. _chapātī_, an unleavened cake of bread (generally of coarse wheaten meal), patted flat with the hand, and baked upon a griddle; the usual form of native bread, and the staple food of Upper India. (See HOPPER).

1615.—Parson Terry well describes the thing, but names it not: "The
ordinary sort of people eat bread made of a coarse grain, but both
toothsome and wholesome and hearty. They make it up in broad cakes, thick
like our oaten cakes; and then bake it upon small round iron hearths
which they carry with them."—In _Purchas_, ii. 1468.

1810.—"CHOW-PATTIES, or bannocks."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 348.

1857.—"From village to village brought by one messenger and sent forward
by another passed a mysterious token in the shape of one of those flat
cakes made from flour and water, and forming the common bread of the
people, which in their language, are called CHUPATTIES."—_Kaye's Sepoy
War_, i. 570. [The original account of this by the Correspondent of the
'_Times_,' dated "Bombay, March 3, 1857," is quoted in 2 ser. _N. & Q._
iii. 365.]

There is a tradition of a noble and gallant Governor-General who, when compelled to rough it for a day or two, acknowledged that "_chuprassies_ and _masaulchies_ were not such bad diet," meaning CHUPATTIES and MUSSALLA.

CHUPKUN, s. H. _chapkan_. The long frock (or cassock) which is the usual dress in Upper India of nearly all male natives who are not actual labourers or indigent persons. The word is probably of Turki or Mongol origin, and is perhaps identical with the _chakman_ of the _Āīn_ (i. 90), a word still used in Turkistan. [Vambéry, (_Sketches_, 121 _seqq._) describes both the _Tchapan_ or upper coat and the _Tchekmen_ or gown.] Hence Beames's connection of _chapkan_ with the idea of _chap_ as meaning compressing or clinging [Platts _chapaknā_, 'to be pressed'], "a tightly-fitting coat or cassock," is a little fanciful. (_Comp. Gram._ i. 212 _seq._) Still this idea may have shaped the corruption of a foreign word.

1883.—"He was, I was going to say, in his shirt-sleeves, only I am not
sure that he wore a shirt in those days—I think he had a CHUPKUN, or
native under-garment."—_C. Raikes_, in _L. of Ld. Lawrence_, i. 59.

CHUPRA, n.p. _Chaprā_, [or perhaps rather _Chhaprā_, 'a collection of straw huts,' (see CHOPPER),] a town and head-quarter station of the District Sāran in Bahār, on the north bank of the Ganges.

1665.—"The Holland Company have a House there (at Patna) by reason of
their trade in Salt Peter, which they refine at a great Town called
CHOUPAR ... 10 leagues above Patna."—_Tavernier_, E. T. ii. 53; [ed.
_Ball_, i. 122].

1726.—"SJOPPERA (_Chupra_)."—_Valentijn, Chorom._, &c., 147.