Chapter XXXV: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (32)

The oldest Hebrew mention of ivory is in the notice of the products brought to Solomon from Ophir, or India. Among these are ivory tusks—_shen-habbim_, _i.e._ 'teeth of _habbīm_,' a word which has been interpreted as from Skt. _ibha_, elephant.[118] But it is entirely doubtful what this _habbīm_, occurring here only, really means.[119] We know from other evidence that ivory was known in Egypt and Western Asia for ages before Solomon. And in other cases the Hebrew word for ivory is simply _shen_, corresponding to _dens Indus_ in Ovid and other Latin writers. In Ezekiel (xxvii. 15) we find _karnoth shen_ = 'cornua dentis.' The use of the word '_horns_' does not necessarily imply a confusion of these great curved tusks with horns; it has many parallels, as in Pliny's, "_cum arbore exacuant limentque_ cornua _elephanti_" (xviii. 7); in Martial's "_Indicoque_ cornu" (i. 73); in Aelian's story, as alleged by the Mauritanians, that the elephants there shed their _horns_ every ten years ("δεκάτῳ ἔτει πάντως τὰ κέρατα ἐκπεσεῖν"—xiv. 5); whilst Cleasby quotes from an Icelandic saga '_olifant_-horni' for 'ivory.'

We have mentioned Skt. _ibha_, from which Lassen assumes a compound _ibhadantā_ for ivory, suggesting that this, combined by early traders with the Arabic article, formed _al-ibhadantā_, and so originated ἐλέφαντος. Pott, besides other doubts, objects that _ibhadantā_, though the name of a plant (_Tiaridium indicum_, Lehm.), is never actually a name of ivory.

Pott's own etymology is _alaf-hindi_, 'Indian ox,' from a word existing in sundry resembling forms, in Hebrew and in Assyrian (_alif_, _alap_).[120] This has met with favour; though it is a little hard to accept any form like _Hindī_ as earlier than Homer.

Other suggested origins are Pictet's from _airāvata_ (lit. 'proceeding from water'), the proper name of the elephant of Indra, or Elephant of the Eastern Quarter in the Hindu Cosmology.[121] This is felt to be only too ingenious, but as improbable. It is, however, suggested, it would seem independently, by Mr. Kittel (_Indian Antiquary_, i. 128), who supposes the first part of the word to be Dravidian, a transformation from _āne_, 'elephant.'

Pictet, finding his first suggestion not accepted, has called up a Singhalese word _aliya_, used for 'elephant,' which he takes to be from _āla_, 'great'; thence _aliya_, 'great creature'; and proceeding further, presents a combination of _āla_, 'great,' with Skt. _phaṭa_, sometimes signifying 'a tooth,' thus _ali-phaṭa_, 'great tooth' = _elephantus_.[122]

Hodgson, in _Notes on Northern Africa_ (p. 19, quoted by Pott), gives _elef ameqran_ ('Great Boar,' _elef_ being 'boar') as the name of the animal among the Kabyles of that region, and appears to present it as the origin of the Greek and Latin words.

Again we have the Gothic _ulbandus_, 'a camel,' which has been regarded by some as the same word with _elephantus_. To this we shall recur.

Pott, in his elaborate paper already quoted, comes to the conclusion that the choice of etymologies must lie between his own _alaf-hindī_ and Lassen's _al-ibha-dantā_. His paper is 50 years old, but he repeats this conclusion in his _Wurzel-Wörterbüch der Indo-Germanische Sprachen_, published in 1871,[123] nor can I ascertain that there has been any later advance towards a true etymology. Yet it can hardly be said that either of the alternatives carries conviction.

Both, let it be observed, apart from other difficulties, rest on the assumption that the knowledge of ἐλέφας, whether as fine material or as monstrous animal, came from India, whilst nearly all the other or less-favoured suggestions point to the same assumption.

But knowledge acquired, or at least taken cognizance of, since Pott's latest reference to the subject, puts us in possession of the new and surprising fact that, even in times which we are entitled to call historic, the elephant existed wild, far to the westward of India, and not very far from the eastern extremity of the Mediterranean. Though the fact was indicated from the wall-paintings by Wilkinson some 65 years ago,[124] and has more recently been amply displayed in historical works which have circulated by scores in popular libraries, it is singular how little attention or interest it seems to have elicited.[125]

The document which gives precise Egyptian testimony to this fact is an inscription (first interpreted by Ebers in 1873)[126] from the tomb of Amenemhib, a captain under the great conqueror Thotmes III. [Thūtmosis], who reigned B.C. c. 1600. This warrior, speaking from his tomb of the great deeds of his master, and of his own right arm, tells how the king, in the neighbourhood of _Ni_, hunted 120 elephants for the sake of their tusks; and how he himself (Amenemhib) encountered the biggest of them, which had attacked the sacred person of the king, and cut through its trunk. The elephant chased him into the water, where he saved himself between two rocks; and the king bestowed on him rich rewards.

The position of _Ni_ is uncertain, though some have identified it with Nineveh.[127] [Maspero writes: "Nīi, long confounded with Nineveh, after Champolion (_Gram. égyptienne_, p. 150), was identified by Lenormant (_Les Origines_, vol. iii. p. 316 _et seq._) with Ninus Vetus, Membidj, and by Max Müller (_Asien und Europa_, p. 267) with Balis on the Euphrates: I am inclined to make it Kefer-Naya, between Aleppo and Turmanīn" (_Struggle of the Nations_, 144, note).] It is named in another inscription between _Arinath_ and _Akerith_, as, all three, cities of _Naharain_ or Northern Mesopotamia, captured by Amenhotep II., the son of Thotmes III. Might not _Ni_ be Nisibis? We shall find that Assyrian inscriptions of later date have been interpreted as placing elephant-hunts in the land of Harran and in the vicinity of the Chaboras.

If then these elephant-hunts may be located on the southern skirts of Taurus, we shall more easily understand how a tribute of elephant-tusks should have been offered at the court of Egypt by the people of _Rutennu_ or Northern Syria, and also by the people of the adjacent _Asebi_ or Cyprus, as we find repeatedly recorded on the Egyptian monuments, both in hieroglyphic writing and pictorially.[128]

What the stones of Egypt allege in the 17th cent. B.C., the stones of Assyria 500 years afterwards have been alleged to corroborate. The great inscription of Tighlath-Pileser I., who is calculated to have reigned about B.C. 1120-1100, as rendered by Lotz, relates:

"Ten mighty Elephants
Slew I in Harran, and on the banks of the Haboras.
Four Elephants I took alive;
Their hides,
Their teeth, and the live Elephants
I brought to my city Assur."[129]

The same facts are recorded in a later inscription, on the broken obelisk of Assurnazirpal from Kouyunjik, now in the Br. Museum, which commemorates the deeds of the king's ancestor, Tighlath Pileser.[130]

In the case of these Assyrian inscriptions, however, _elephant_ is by no means an undisputed interpretation. In the famous quadruple _test_ exercise on this inscription in 1857, which gave the death-blow to the doubts which some sceptics had emitted as to the genuine character of the Assyrian interpretations, Sir H. Rawlinson, in this passage, rendered the animals slain and taken alive as _wild buffaloes_. The ideogram given as _teeth_ he had not interpreted. The question is argued at length by Lotz in the work already quoted, but it is a question for cuneiform experts, dealing, as it does, with the interpretation of more than one _ideogram_, and enveloped as yet in uncertainties. It is to be observed, that in 1857 Dr. Hincks, one of the four test-translators,[131] had rendered the passage almost exactly as Lotz has done 23 years later, though I cannot see that Lotz makes any allusion to this fact. [See _Encycl. Bibl._ ii. 1262.] Apart from arguments as to decipherment and ideograms, it is certain that probabilities are much affected by the publication of the Egyptian inscription of Amenhoteb, which gives a greater plausibility to the rendering 'elephant' than could be ascribed to it in 1857. And should it eventually be upheld, it will be all the more remarkable that the sagacity of Dr. Hincks should then have ventured on that rendering.

In various suggestions, including Pott's, besides others that we have omitted, the etymology has been based on a transfer of the name of the ox, or some other familiar quadruped. There would be nothing extraordinary in such a transfer of meaning. The reference to the _bos Luca_[132] is trite; the Tibetan word for ox (_glan_) is also the word for 'elephant'; we have seen how the name 'Great Boar' is alleged to be given to the elephant among the Kabyles; we have heard of an elephant in a menagerie being described by a Scotch rustic as 'a muckle sow'; Pausanias, according to Bochart, calls rhinoceroses 'Aethiopic bulls' [Bk. ix. 21, 2]. And let me finally illustrate the matter by a circumstance related to me by a brother officer who accompanied Sir Neville Chamberlain on an expedition among the turbulent Pathan tribes c. 1860. The women of the villages gathered to gaze on the elephants that accompanied the force, a stranger sight to them than it would have been to the women of the most secluded village in Scotland. 'Do you see these?' said a soldier of the Frontier Horse; 'do you know what they are? These are the Queen of England's buffaloes that give 5 maunds (about 160 quarts) of milk a day!'

Now it is an obvious suggestion, that if there were elephants on the skirts of Taurus down to B.C. 1100, or even (taking the less questionable evidence) down only to B.C. 1600, it is highly improbable that the Greeks would have had to seek a name for the animal, or its tusk, from Indian trade. And if the Greeks had a vernacular name for the elephant, there is also a probability, if not a presumption, that some tradition of this name would be found, _mutatis mutandis_, among other Aryan nations of Europe.

Now may it not be that ἐλέφας—φαντος in Greek, and _ulbandus_ in Moeso-Gothic, represent this vernacular name? The latter form is exactly the modification of the former which Grimm's law demands. Nor is the word confined to Gothic. It is found in the Old H. German (_olpentâ_); in Anglo-Saxon (_olfend_, _oluend_, &c.); in Old Swedish (_aelpand_, _alwandyr_, _ulfwald_); in Icelandic (_ulfaldi_). All these Northern words, it is true, are used in the sense of _camel_, not of _elephant_. But instances already given may illustrate that there is nothing surprising in this transfer, all the less where the animal originally indicated had long been lost sight of. Further, Jülg, who has published a paper on the Gothic word, points out its resemblance to the Slav forms _welbond_, _welblond_, or _wielblad_, also meaning 'camel' (compare also Russian _verbliud_). This, in the last form (_wielblad_), may, he says, be regarded as resolvable into 'Great beast.' Herr Jülg ends his paper with a hint that in this meaning may perhaps be found a solution of the origin of _elephant_ (an idea at which Pictet also transiently pointed in a paper referred to above), and half promises to follow up this hint; but in thirty years he has not done so, so far as I can discover. Nevertheless it is one which may yet be pregnant.

Nor is it inconsistent with this suggestion that we find also in some of the Northern languages a second series of names designating the elephant—not, as we suppose _ulbandus_ and its kin to be, common vocables descending from a remote age in parallel development—but adoptions from Latin at a much more recent period. Thus, we have in Old and Middle German _Elefant_ and _Helfant_, with _elfenbein_ and _helfenbein_ for ivory; in Anglo-Saxon, _ylpend_, _elpend_, with shortened forms _ylp_ and _elp_, and _ylpenban_ for ivory; whilst the Scandinavian tongues adopt and retain _fil_. [The _N.E.D._ regards the derivation as doubtful, but considers the theory of Indian origin improbable.

[A curious instance of misapprehension is the use of the term '_Chain elephants_.' This is a misunderstanding of the ordinary locution _zanjīr-i-fīl_ when speaking of elephants. _Zanjīr_ is literally a 'chain,' but is here akin to our expressions, a 'pair,' 'couple,' 'brace' of anything. It was used, no doubt, with reference to the iron chain by which an elephant is hobbled. In an account 100 elephants would be entered thus: _Fīl, Zanjīr_, 100. (See NUMERICAL AFFIXES.)]

[1826.—"Very frequent mention is made in Asiatic histories of
_chain_-ELEPHANTS; which always mean elephants trained for war; but it is
not very clear why they are so denominated."—_Ranking, Hist. Res. on the
Wars and Sports of the Mongols and Romans_, 1826, Intro. p. 12.]

ELEPHANTA.

A. n.p. An island in Bombay Harbour, the native name of which is _Ghārāpurī_ (or sometimes, it would seem, shortly, _Purī_), famous for its magnificent excavated temple, considered by Burgess to date after the middle of the 8th cent. The name was given by the Portuguese from the life-size figure of an elephant, hewn from an isolated mass of trap-rock, which formerly stood in the lower part of the island, not far from the usual landing-place. This figure fell down many years ago, and was often said to have disappeared. But it actually lay _in situ_ till 1864-5, when (on the suggestion of the late Mr. W. E. Frere) it was removed by Dr. (now Sir) George Birdwood to the Victoria Gardens at Bombay, in order to save the relic from destruction. The elephant had originally a smaller figure on its back, which several of the earlier authorities speak of as a young elephant, but which Mr. Erskine and Capt. Basil Hall regarded as a tiger. The horse mentioned by Fryer remained in 1712; it had disappeared apparently before Niebuhr's visit in 1764. [Compare the recovery of a similar pair of elephant figures at Delhi, _Cunningham, Archaeol. Rep._ i. 225 _seqq._]

c. 1321.—"In quod dum sic ascendissem, in xxviii. dietis me transtuli
usque ad Tanam ... haec terra multum bene est situata.... Haec terra
antiquitus fuit valde magna. Nam ipsa fuit terra regis Pori, qui cum rege
Alexandro praelium maximum commisit."—_Friar Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c.,
App. p. v.

We quote this because of its relation to the passages following. It seems
probable that the alleged connection with Porus and Alexander may have
grown out of the name _Puri_ or _Pori_.

[1539.—Mr. Whiteway notes that in João de Crastro's Log of his voyage to
Diu will be found a very interesting account with measurements of the
ELEPHANTA Caves.]

1548.—"And the Isle of Pory, which is that of the ELEPHANT (_do
Alyfante_), is leased to João Pirez by arrangements of the said Governor
(dom João de Crastro) for 150 pardaos."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 158.

1580.—"At 3 hours of the day we found ourselves abreast of a cape called
Bombain, where is to be seen an ancient Roman temple, hollowed in the
living rock. And above the said temple are many tamarind-trees, and below
it a living spring, in which they have never been able to find bottom.
The said temple is called ALEFANTE, and is adorned with many figures, and
inhabited by a great multitude of bats; and here they say that Alexander
Magnus arrived, and for memorial thereof caused this temple to be made,
and further than this he advanced not."—_Gasparo Balbi_, f. 62_v._-63.

1598.—"There is yet an other Pagode, which they hold and esteem for the
highest and chiefest Pagode of all the rest, which standeth in a little
Iland called _Pory_; this Pagode by the Portingalls is called the Pagode
of the ELEPHANT. In that Iland standeth an high hill, and on the top
thereof there is a hole, that goeth down into the hill, digged and carved
out of the hard rock or stones as big as a great cloyster ... round about
the wals are cut and formed, the shapes of Elephants, Lions, tigers, & a
thousand such like wilde and cruel beasts...."—_Linschoten_, ch. xliv.;
[Hak. Soc. i. 291].

1616.—Diogo de Couto devotes a chapter of 11 pp. to his detailed account
"_do muito notavel e espantoso Pagode do_ ELEFANTE." We extract a few
paragraphs:

"This notable and above all others astonishing Pagoda of the ELEPHANT
stands on a small islet, less than half a league in compass, which is
formed by the river of Bombain, where it is about to discharge itself
southward into the sea. It is so called because of a great ELEPHANT of
stone, which one sees in entering the river. They say that it was made by
the orders of a heathen king called Banasur, who ruled the whole country
inland from the Ganges.... On the left side of this chapel is a doorway 6
palms in depth and 5 in width, by which one enters a chamber which is
nearly square and very dark, so that there is nothing to be seen there;
and with this ends the fabric of this great pagoda. It has been in many
parts demolished; and what the soldiers have left is so maltreated that
it is grievous to see destroyed in such fashion one of the Wonders of the
World. It is now 50 years since I went to see this marvellous Pagoda; and
as I did not then visit it with such curiosity as I should now feel in
doing so, I failed to remark many particulars which exist no longer. But
I do remember me to have seen a certain Chapel, not to be seen now, open
on the whole façade (which was more than 40 feet in length), and which
along the rock formed a plinth the whole length of the edifice, fashioned
like our altars both as to breadth and height; and on this plinth were
many remarkable things to be seen. Among others I remember to have
noticed the story of Queen Pasiphae and the bull; also the Angel with
naked sword thrusting forth from below a tree two beautiful figures of a
man and a woman, who were naked, as the Holy Scripture paints for us the
appearance of our first parents Adam and Eve."—_Couto_, Dec. VII. liv.
iii. cap. xi.

1644.—"... an islet which they call ILHEO DO ELLEFANTÉ.... In the highest
part of this Islet is an eminence on which there is a mast from which a
flag is unfurled when there are prows (_paros_) about, as often happens,
to warn the small unarmed vessels to look out.... There is on this island
a pagoda called that of the Elephant, a work of extraordinary magnitude,
being cut out of the solid rock," &c.—_Bocarro, MS._

1673.—"... We steered by the south side of the Bay, purposely to touch at
ELEPHANTO, so called from a monstrous Elephant cut out of the main Rock,
bearing a young one on its Back; not far from it the Effigies of a Horse
stuck up to the Belly in the Earth in the Valley; from thence we
clambered up the highest Mountain on the Island, on whose summit was a
miraculous Piece hewed out of solid Stone: It is supported with 42
_Corinthian_ Pillars," &c.—_Fryer_, 75.

1690.—"At 3 Leagues distance from _Bombay_ is a small Island called
ELEPHANTA, from the Statue of an Elephant cut in Stone.... Here likewise
are the just dimensions of a Horse Carved in Stone, so lively ... that
many have rather Fancyed it, at a distance, a living Animal.... But that
which adds the most Remarkable Character to this Island, is the fam'd
_Pagode_ at the top of it; so much spoke of by the _Portuguese_, and at
present admir'd by the present Queen Dowager, that she cannot think any
one has seen this part of India, who comes not Freighted home with some
Account of it."—_Ovington_, 158-9.

1712.—"The island of ELEPHANTA ... takes its name from an elephant in
stone, with another on its back, which stands on a small hill, and serves
as a sea mark.... As they advanced towards the pagoda through a smooth
narrow pass cut in the rock, they observed another hewn figure which was
called Alexander's horse."—From an account written by _Captain Pyke_, on
board the Stringer East Indiaman, and illd. by drawings. _Read by A.
Dalrymple to the Soc. of Antiquaries_, 10th Feb. 1780, and pubd. in
_Archaeologia_, vii. 323 _seqq._ One of the plates (xxi.) shows the
elephant having on its back distinctly a small elephant, whose proboscis
comes down into contact with the head of the large one.

1727.—"A league from thence is another larger, called ELEPHANTO,
belonging to the _Portugueze_, and serves only to feed some Cattle. I
believe it took its name from an Elephant carved out of a great black
Stone, about Seven Foot in Height."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 240; [ed. 1744, i.
241].

1760.—"Le lendemain, 7 Decembre, des que le jour parut, je me transportai
au bas de la seconde montagne, en face de Bombaye, dans un coin de
l'Isle, où est l'Elephant qui a fait donner à Galipouri le nom
d'ELEPHANTE. L'animal est de grandeur naturelle, d'une pierre noire, et
detachée du sol, et paroit porter son petit sur son dos."—_Anquetil du
Perron_, I. ccccxxiii.

1761.—"... The work I mention is an artificial cave cut out of a solid
Rock, and decorated with a number of pillars, and gigantic statues, some
of which discover y^e work of a skilful artist; and I am inform'd by an
acquaintance who is well read in y^e antient history, and has minutely
considered y^e figures, that it appears to be y^e work of King Sesostris
after his Indian Expedition."—MS. Letter of _James Rennell_.

1764.—"Plusieurs Voyageurs font bien mention du vieux temple Payen sur la
petite Isle ELEPHANTA près de Bombay, mais ils n'en parlent qu'en
passant. Je le trouvois si curieux et si digne de l'attention des
Amateurs d'Antiquités, que j'y fis trois fois le Voyage, et que j'y
dessinois tout ce que s'y trouve de plus remarquable...."—_Carsten
Niebuhr, Voyaye_, ii. 25.

" "Pas loin du Rivage de la Mer, et en pleine Campagne, on voit
encore un Elephant d'une pierre dure et noiratre.... La Statue ... porte
quelque chose sur le dos, mais que le tems a rendu entièrement
meconnoissable.... Quant au Cheval dont Ovington et Hamilton font mention
je ne l'ai pas vu."—_Ibid._ 33.

1780.—"That which has principally attracted the attention of travellers
is the small island of ELEPHANTA, situated in the east side of the
harbour of Bombay.... Near the south end is the figure of an elephant
rudely cut in stone, from which the island has its name.... On the back
are the remains of something that is said to have formerly represented a
young elephant, though no traces of such a resemblance are now to be
found."—_Account_, &c. By _Mr. William Hunter_, Surgeon in the E. Indies,
_Archaeologia_, vii. 286.

1783.—In vol. viii. of the _Archaeologia_, p. 251, is another account in
a letter from Hector Macneil, Esq. He mentions "the elephant cut out of
stone," but not the small elephant, nor the horse.

1795.—"_Some Account of the Caves in the Island of_ ELEPHANTA. By _J.
Goldingham_, Esq." (No date of paper). In _As. Researches_, iv. 409
_seqq._

1813.—_Account of the Cave Temple of_ ELEPHANTA ... by _Wm. Erskine,
Trans. Bombay Lit. Soc._ i. 198 _seqq._ Mr. Erskine says in regard to the
figure on the back of the large elephant: "The remains of its paws, and
also the junction of its belly with the larger animal, were perfectly
distinct; and the appearance it offered is represented on the annexed
drawing made by Captain Hall (Pl. II.),[133] who from its appearance
conjectured that it must have been a tiger rather than an elephant; an
idea in which I feel disposed to agree."—_Ibid._ 208.

B. s. A name given, originally by the Portuguese, to violent storms occurring at the termination, though some travellers describe it as at the setting-in, of the Monsoon. [The Portuguese, however, took the name from the H. _hathiyā_, Skt. _hastā_, the 13th lunar Asterism, connected with _hastin_, an elephant, and hence sometimes called 'the sign of the elephant.' The _hathiyā_ is at the close of the Rains.]

1554.—"The _Damani_, that is to say a violent storm arose; the kind of
storm is known under the name of the ELEPHANT; it blows from the
west."—_Sidi 'Ali_, p. 75.

[1611.—"The storm of OFANTE doth begin."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 126.]

c. 1616.—"The 20th day (August), the night past fell a storme of raine
called the OLIPHANT, vsuall at going out of the raines."—_Sir T. Roe_, in
_Purchas_, i. 549; [Hak. Soc. i. 247].

1659.—"The boldest among us became dismayed; and the more when the whole
culminated in such a terrific storm that we were compelled to believe
that it must be that yearly raging tempest which is called the ELEPHANT.
This storm, annually, in September and October, makes itself heard in a
frightful manner, in the Sea of Bengal."—_Walter Schulze_, 67.

c. 1665.—"Il y fait si mauvais pour le Vaisseaux au commencement de ce
mois à cause d'un Vent d'Orient qui y souffle en ce tems-là avec
violence, et qui est toujours accompagnè de gros nuages qu'on appelle
_Elephans_, parce-qu'ils en ont la figure...."—_Thevenot,_ v. 38.

1673.—"Not to deviate any longer, we are now winding about the
_South-West_ part of Ceilon; where we have the TAIL OF THE ELEPHANT full
in our mouth; a constellation by the _Portugals_ called RABO DEL
ELEPHANTO, known for the breaking up of the _Munsoons_, which is the last
Flory this season makes."—_Fryer_, 48.

[1690.—"The Mussoans (MONSOON) are rude and Boisterous in their
departure, as well as at their coming in, which two seasons are called
the ELEPHANT in India, and just before their breaking up, take their
farewell for the most part in very rugged puffing weather."—_Ovington_,
137].

1756.—"9th (October). We had what they call here an ELEPHANTA, which is
an excessive hard gale, with very severe thunder, lightning and rain, but
it was of short continuance. In about 4 hours there fell ... 2
(inches)."—_Ives_, 42.

c. 1760.—"The setting in of the rains is commonly ushered in by a violent
thunderstorm, generally called the ELEPHANTA."—_Grose_, i. 33.

ELEPHANT-CREEPER, s. _Argyreia speciosa_, Sweet. (N. O. _Convolvulaceae_). The leaves are used in native medicine as poultices, &c.

ELK, s. The name given by sportsmen in S. India, with singular impropriety, to the great stag _Rusa Aristotelis_, the _sāmbar_ (see SAMBRE) of Upper and W. India.

[1813.—"In a narrow defile ... a male ELK (_cervus alces_, Lin.) of noble
appearance, followed by twenty-two females, passed majestically under
their platform, each as large as a common-sized horse."—_Forbes, Or.
Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 506.]

ELL'ORA, (though very commonly called ELLÓRA), n.p. Properly _Elurā_, [Tel. _elu_, 'rule,' _ūru_, 'village,'] otherwise _Vērulē_, a village in the Nizam's territory, 7 m. from Daulatābād, which gives its name to the famous and wonderful rock-caves and temples in its vicinity, excavated in the crescent-shaped scarp of a plateau, about 1½ m. in length. These works are Buddhist (ranging from A.D. 450 to 700), Brahminical (c. 650 to 700), and Jain (c. 800-1000).

c. 1665.—"On m'avoit fait a Sourat grande estime des Pagodes d'ELORA ...
(and after describing them).... Quoiqu'il en soit, si l'on considère
cette quantité de Temples spacieux, remplis de pilastres et de colonnes,
et tant de milliers de figures, et le tout taillé dans le roc vif, on
peut dire avec verité que ces ouvrages surpassent la force humaine; et
qu'au moins les gens du siècle dans lequel ils ont été faits, n'étoient
pas tout-à-fait barbares."—_Thevenot_, v. p. 222.

1684.—"Muhammad Sháh Malik Júná, son of Tughlik, selected the fort of
Deogir as a central point whereat to establish the seat of government,
and gave it the name of Daulatábád. He removed the inhabitants of Delhí
thither.... Ellora is only a short distance from this place. At some very
remote period a race of men, as if by magic, excavated caves high up
among the defiles of the mountains. These rooms extended over a breadth
of one _kos_. Carvings of various designs and of correct execution
adorned all the walls and ceilings; but the outside of the mountain is
perfectly level, and there is no sign of any dwelling. From the long
period of time these Pagans remained masters of this territory, it is
reasonable to conclude, although historians differ, that to them is to be
attributed the construction of these places."—_Sākī Musta'idd Khān,
Ma-āṣir-i-'Ālamgīrī_, in _Elliot_, vii. 189 _seq._

1760.—"Je descendis ensuite par un sentier frayé dans le roc, et après
m'être muni de deux Brahmes que l'on me donna pour fort instruits je
commencai la visite de ce que j'appelle les Pagodes d'ELOURA."—_Anquetil
du Perron_, I. ccxxxiii.

1794.—"_Description of the Caves ... on the Mountain, about a Mile to the
Eastward of the town of_ ELLORA, _or as called on the spot, Verrool_."
(By Sir C. W. Malet.) In _As. Researches_, vi. 38 _seqq._

1803.—"_Hindoo Excavations in the Mountain of_ ... ELLORA _in Twenty-four
Views.... Engraved from the Drawings of_ James Wales, _by and under the
direction of_ Thomas Daniell."

ELU, HELU, n.p. This is the name by which is known an ancient form of the Singhalese language from which the modern vernacular of Ceylon is immediately derived, "and to which" the latter "bears something of the same relation that the English of to-day bears to Anglo-Saxon. Fundamentally Elu and Singhalese are identical, and the difference of form which they present is due partly to the large number of new grammatical forms evolved by the modern language, and partly to an immense influx into it of Sanskrit nouns, borrowed, often without alteration, at a comparatively recent period.... The name ELU is no other than _Sinhala_ much corrupted, standing for an older form, _Hĕla_ or _Hĕlu_, which occurs in some ancient works, and this again for a still older, _Sĕla_, which brings us back to the Pali _Sîhala_." (_Mr. R. C. Childers_, in _J.R.A.S._, N.S., vii. 36.) The loss of the initial sibilant has other examples in Singhalese. (See also under CEYLON.)

EMBLIC _Myrobalans_. See under MYROBALANS.

ENGLISH-BAZAR, n.p. This is a corruption of the name (_Angrezābād_ = 'English-town') given by the natives in the 17th century to the purlieus of the factory at Malda in Bengal. Now the Head-quarters Station of Malda District.

1683.—"I departed from Cassumbazar with designe (God willing) to visit ye
factory at ENGLESAVAD."—_Hedges, Diary_, May 9; [Hak. Soc. i. 86; also
see i. 71].

1878.—"These ruins (Gaur) are situated about 8 miles to the south of
Angrézábád (ENGLISH BÁZÁR), the civil station of the district of
Máldah...."—_Ravenshaw's Gaur_, p. 1.

[ESTIMAUZE, s. A corruption of the Ar.—P. _iltimās_, 'a prayer, petition, humble representation.'

[1687.—"The Arzdest (URZ) with the ESTIMAUZE concerning your twelve
articles which you sent to me arrived."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak.
Soc. ii. lxx.]

EURASIAN, a. A modern name for persons of mixt European and Indian blood, devised as being more euphemistic than HALF-CASTE and more precise than _East-Indian_. ["No name has yet been found or coined which correctly represents this section. EURASIAN certainly does not. When the European and Anglo-Indian Defence Association was established 17 years ago, the term _Anglo-Indian_, after much consideration, was adopted as best designating this community."—(_Procs. Imperial Anglo-Indian Ass._, in _Pioneer Mail_, April 13, 1900.)]

[1844.—"_The_ EURASIAN BELLE," _in a few Local Sketches by J. M._,
Calcutta.—6th ser. _Notes and Queries_, xii. 177.

[1866.—See quotation under KHUDD.]

1880.—"The shovel-hats are surprised that the EURASIAN does not become a
missionary or a schoolmaster, or a policeman, or something of that sort.
The native papers say, 'Deport him'; the white prints say, 'Make him a
soldier'; and the _Eurasian_ himself says, 'Make me a Commissioner, give
me a pension.'"—_Ali Baba_, 123.

EUROPE, adj. Commonly used in India for "European," in contradistinction to COUNTRY (q.v.) as qualifying goods, viz. those imported from Europe. The phrase is probably obsolescent, but still in common use. "Europe shop" is a shop where European goods of sorts are sold in an up-country station. The first quotation applies the word to a _man_. [A "_Europe_ morning" is lying late in bed, as opposed to the Anglo-Indian's habit of early rising.]

1673.—"The Enemies, by the help of an EUROPE Engineer, had sprung a Mine
to blow up the Castle."—_Fryer_, 87.

[1682-3.—"Ordered that a sloop be sent to Conimero with EUROPE
goods...."—_Pringle, Diary, Ft. St. Geo._, 1st ser. ii. 14.]

1711.—"On the arrival of a EUROPE ship, the Sea-Gate is always throng'd
with People."—_Lockyer_, 27.

1781.—"Guthrie and Wordie take this method of acquainting the Public that
they intend quitting the EUROPE Shop Business."—_India Gazette_, May 26.

1782.—"To be Sold, a magnificent EUROPE Chariot, finished in a most
elegant manner, and peculiarly adapted to this Country."—_Ibid._ May 11.

c. 1817.—"Now the EUROPE shop into which Mrs. Browne and Mary went was a
very large one, and full of all sorts of things. One side was set out
with EUROPE caps and bonnets, ribbons, feathers, sashes, and what
not."—_Mrs. Sherwood's Stories_, ed. 1873, 23.

1866.—"_Mrs. Smart._ Ah, Mr. Cholmondeley, I was called the EUROPE
Angel."—_The Dawk Bungalow_, 219.

[1888.—"I took a 'EUROPEAN morning' after having had three days of going
out before breakfast...."—_Lady Dufferin, Viceregal Life_, 371.]

EYSHAM, EHSHÂM, s. Ar. _aḥshām_, pl. of _ḥashm_, 'a train or retinue.' One of the military technicalities affected by Tippoo; and according to Kirkpatrick (_Tippoo's Letters_, App. p. cii.) applied to garrison troops. Miles explains it as "Irregular infantry with swords and matchlocks." (See his tr. of _H. of Hydur Naik_, p. 398, and tr. of _H. of Tipú Sultan_, p. 61). The term was used by the latter Moghuls (see Mr. Irvine below).

[1896.—"In the case of the AHSHĀM, or troops belonging to the infantry
and artillery, we have a little more definite information under this
head."—_W. Irvine, Army of the Indian Moghuls_, in _J.R.A.S._, July 1896,
p. 528.]

F

FACTOR, s. Originally a commercial agent; the executive head of a FACTORY. Till some 55 years ago the _Factors_ formed the third of the four classes into which the covenanted civil servants of the Company were theoretically divided, viz. Senior Merchants, Junior Merchants, FACTORS and WRITERS. But these terms had long ceased to have any relation to the occupation of these officials, and even to have any application at all except in the nominal lists of the service. The titles, however, continue (through _vis inertiae_ of administration in such matters) in the classified lists of the Civil Service for years after the abolition of the last vestige of the Company's trading character, and it is not till the publication of the E. I. Register for the first half of 1842 that they disappear from that official publication. In this the whole body appears without any classification; and in that for the second half of 1842 they are divided into six classes, first class, second class, &c., an arrangement which, with the omission of the 6th class, still continues. Possibly the expressions _Factor_, _Factory_, may have been adopted from the Portuguese _Feitor_, _Feitoria_. The formal authority for the classification of the civilians is quoted under 1675.

1501.—"With which answer night came on, and there came aboard the Captain
Mór that Christian of Calecut sent by the FACTOR (_feitor_) to say that
Cojebequi assured him, and he knew it to be the case, that the King of
Calecut was arming a great fleet."—_Correa_, i. 250.

1582.—"The FACTOR and the Catuall having seen these parcels began to
laugh thereat."—_Castañeda_, tr. by N. L., f. 46_b_.

1600.—"Capt. Middleton, John Havard, and Francis Barne, elected the three
principal FACTORS. John Havard, being present, willingly
accepted."—_Sainsbury_, i. 111.

c. 1610.—"Les Portugais de Malaca ont des commis et FACTEURS par toutes
ces Isles pour le trafic."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii. 106. [Hak. Soc. ii.
170].

1653.—"FEITOR est vn terme Portugais signifiant vn Consul aux Indes."—_De
la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 538.

1666.—"The Viceroy came to Cochin, and there received the news that
Antonio de Sà, FACTOR (_Fator_) of Coulam, with all his officers, had
been slain by the Moors."—_Faria y Sousa_, i. 35.

1675-6.—"For the advancement of our Apprentices, we direct that, after
they have served the first five yeares, they shall have £10 per annum,
for the last two yeares; and having served these two yeares, to be
entertayned one year longer, as WRITERS, and have Writers' Sallary: and
having served that yeare, to enter into y^e degree of FACTOR, which
otherwise would have been ten yeares. And knowing that a distinction of
titles is, in many respects necessary, we do order that when the
Apprentices have served their times, they be stiled _Writers_; and when
the Writers have served their times, they be stiled FACTORS, and Factors
having served their times to be stiled _Merchants_; and Merchants having
served their times to be stiled _Senior Merchants_."—_Ext. of Court's
Letter_ in _Bruce's Annals of the E.I. Co._, ii. 374-5.

1689.—"These are the chief Places of Note and Trade where their
Presidents and Agents reside, for the support of whom, with their Writers
and FACTORS, large Privileges and Salaries are allowed."—_Ovington_, 386.
(The same writer tells us that _Factors_ got £40 a year; junior Factors,
£15; Writers, £7. Peons got 4 rupees a month. P. 392.)

1711.—Lockyer gives the salaries at Madras as follows: "The Governor,
£200 and £100 gratuity; 6 Councillors, of whom the chief (2nd?) had £100,
3d. £70, 4th. £50, the others £40, which was the salary of 6 Senior
Merchants. 2 Junior Merchants £30 per annum; 5 FACTORS, £15; 10 Writers,
£5; 2 Ministers, £100; 1 Surgeon, £36.

* * * * * * * *

"Attorney-General has 50 Pagodas per _Annum_ gratuity.

"SCAVENGER 100 do."

* * * * * * * *

(p. 14.)

c. 1748.—"He was appointed to be a Writer in the Company's Civil Service,
becoming ... after the first five (years) a FACTOR."—_Orme, Fragments_,
viii.

1781.—"Why we should have a Council and Senior and Junior Merchants,
FACTORS and writers, to load one ship in the year (at Penang), and to
collect a very small revenue, appears to me perfectly
incomprehensible."—_Corresp. of Ld. Cornwallis_, i. 390.

1786.—In a notification of Aug. 10th, the subsistence of civil servants
out of employ is fixed thus:—

A Senior Merchant————£400 sterling per ann.
A Junior Merchant————£300 " "
FACTORS and Writers——£200 " "
In _Seton-Karr_, i. 131.

FACTORY, s. A trading establishment at a foreign port or mart (see preceding).

1500.—"And then he sent ashore the Factor Ayres Correa with the ship's
carpenters ... and sent to ask the King for timber ... all which the King
sent in great sufficiency, and he sent orders also for him to have many
carpenters and labourers to assist in making the houses; and they brought
much plank and wood, and palm-trees which they cut down at the Point, so
that they made a great Campo,[134] in which they made houses for the
Captain Mór, and for each of the Captains, and houses for the people, and
they made also a separate large house for the FACTORY
(_feitoria_)."—_Correa_, i. 168.

1582.—"... he sent a Nayre ... to the intent hee might remaine in the
FACTORYE."—_Castañeda_ (by N. L.), ff. 54_b_.

1606.—"In which time the _Portingall_ and Tydoryan Slaves had sacked the
towne, setting fire to the FACTORY."—_Middleton's Voyage_, G. (4).

1615.—"The King of Acheen desiring that the Hector should leave a
merchant in his country ... it has been thought fit to settle a FACTORY
at Acheen, and leave Juxon and Nicolls in charge of it."—_Sainsbury_, i.
415.

1809.—"The FACTORY-house (at Cuddalore) is a chaste piece of
architecture, built by my relative Diamond Pitt, when this was the chief
station of the British on the Coromandel Coast."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 372.

We add a list of the Factories established by the E. I. Company, as complete as we have been able to compile. We have used _Milburn_, _Sainsbury_, the "_Charters of the E. I. Company_," and "_Robert Burton, The English Acquisitions in Guinea and East India_, 1728," which contains (p. 184) a long list of English Factories. It has not been possible to submit our list as yet to proper criticism. The letters attached indicate the authorities, viz. M. Milburn, S. Sainsbury, C. Charters, B. Burton. [For a list of the Hollanders' Factories in 1613 see _Danvers, Letters_, i. 309.]

_In Arabia, the Gulf, and Persia._
Judda, B.
Mocha, M.
Aden, M.
Shahr, B.
Durga (?), B.
Dofar, B.
Maculla, B.
Muscat, B.
Kishm, B.
Bushire, M.
Gombroon, C.
Bussorah, M.
Shiraz, C.
Ispahan, C.

_In Sind._—Tatta (?).

_In Western India._
Cutch, M.
Cambay, M.
Brodera (Baroda), M.
Broach, C.
Ahmedabad, C.
Surat and Swally, C.
Bombay, C.
Raybag (?), M.
Rajapore, M.
Carwar, C.
Batikala, M.
Honore, M.
Barcelore, M.
Mangalore, M.
Cananore, M.
Dhurmapatam, M.
Tellecherry, C.
Calicut, C.
Cranganore, M.
Cochin, M.
Porca, M.
Carnoply, M.
Quilon, M.
Anjengo, C.

_Eastern and Coromandel Coast._
Tuticorin, M.
Callimere, B.
Porto Novo, C.
Cuddalore (Ft. St. David), C. (qy. Sadras?)
Fort St. George, C., M.
Pulicat, M.
Pettipoli, C., S.
Masulipatam, C., S.
Madapollam, C.
Verasheron (?), M.
Ingeram (?), M.
Vizagapatam, C.
Bimlipatam, M.
Ganjam, M.
Manickpatam, B.
Arzapore (?), B.

_Bengal Side._
Balasore, C. (and Jelasore?)
Calcutta (Ft. William and Chuttanuttee, C.)
Hoogly, C.
Cossimbazar, C.
Rajmahal, C.
Malda, C.
Berhampore, M.
Patna, C.
Lucknow, C.
Agra, C.
Lahore, M.
Dācca, C.
Chittagong?

_Indo-Chinese Countries._
Pegu, M.
Tennasserim (_Trinacore_, B.)
Quedah, M.
Johore, M.
Pahang, M.
Patani, S.
Ligore, M.
Siam, M., S. (Judea, _i.e._ Yuthia).
Camboja, M.
Cochin China, M.
Tonquin, C.

_In China._
Macao, M., S.
Amoy, M.
Hoksieu (_i.e._ Fuchow), M.
Tywan (in Formosa), M.
Chusan, M. (and Ningpo?).

_In Japan._—Firando, M.

_Archipelago._
_In Sumatra._
Acheen, M.
Passaman, M.
Ticoo, M. (qu. same as Ayer Dickets, B.?)
Sillebar, M.
Bencoolen, C.
Jambi, M., S.
Indrapore, C.
Tryamong, C.
(B. has also, in Sumatra, Ayer Borma, Eppon, and Bamola, which we cannot
identify.)
Indraghiri, S.

_In Java._
Bantam, C.
Japara, M., S.
Jacatra (since Batavia), M.

_In Borneo._
Banjarmasin, M.
Succadana, M.
Brunei, M.

_In Celebes, &c._
Macassar, M., S.
Banda, M.
Lantar, S.
Neira, S.
Rosingyn, S.
Selaman, S.
Amboyna, M.
Pulo Roon (?), M., S.
Puloway, S.
Pulo Condore, M.
Magindanao, M.
Machian, (3), S.
Moluccas, S.

Camballo (in Ceram), Hitto, Larica (or
Luricca), and Looho, or Lugho, are mentioned
in S. (iii. 303) as sub-factories of
Amboyna.

[FAGHFÚR, n.p. "The common Moslem term for the Emperors of China; in the Kamus the first syllable is Zammated (Fugh); in Al-Maṣ'udi (chap. xiv.) we find BAGHFÚR and in Al-Idrisi BAGHBÚGH, or BAGHBÚN. In Al-Asma'i _Bagh_ = god or idol (Pehlewi and Persian); hence according to some Baghdád (?) and Bághistán, a pagoda (?). Sprenger (_Al-Maṣ'udi_, p. 327) remarks that BAGHFÚR is a literal translation of Tien-tse, and quotes Visdelou: "pour mieux faire comprendre de quel ciel ils veulent parler, ils poussent la généalogie (of the Emperor) plus loin. Ils lui donnent le ciel pour père, la terre pour mère, le soleil pour frère aîné, et la lune pour sœur aînée."—_Burton, Arabian Nights_, vi. 120-121.]

FAILSOOF, s. Ar.—H. _failsūf_, from φιλόσοφος. But its popular sense is a 'crafty schemer,' an 'artful dodger.' FILOSOFO, in Manilla, is applied to a native who has been at college, and returns to his birthplace in the provinces, with all the importance of his acquisitions, and the affectation of European habits (_Blumentritt, Vocabular_.).

FAKEER, s. Hind. from Arab. _faḳīr_ ('poor'). Properly an indigent person, but specially 'one poor in the sight of God,' applied to a Mahommedan religious mendicant, and then, loosely and inaccurately, to Hindu devotees and naked ascetics. And this last is the most ordinary Anglo-Indian use.

1604.—"FOKERS are men of good life, which are only given to peace. Leo
calls them Hermites; others call them _Talbies_ and Saints."—_Collection
of things ... of Barbarie_, in _Purchas_, ii. 857.

" "_Muley Boferes_ sent certaine FOKERS, held of great estimation
amongst the _Moores_, to his brother _Muley Sidan_, to treate conditions
of Peace."—_Ibid._

1633.—"Also they are called FACKEERES, which are religious names."—_W.
Bruton_, in _Hakl._ v. 56.

1653.—"FAKIR signifie pauure en Turq et Persan, mais en Indien signifie
... vne espece de Religieux Indou, qui foullent le monde aux pieds, et ne
s'habillent que de haillons qu'ils ramassent dans les ruës."—_De la
Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, 538.

c. 1660.—"I have often met in the Field, especially upon the Lands of the
Rajas, whole squadrons of these FAQUIRES, altogether naked, dreadful to
behold. Some held their Arms lifted up ...; others had their terrible
Hair hanging about them ...; some had a kind of _Hercules's_ Club; others
had dry and stiff Tiger-skins over their Shoulders...."—_Bernier_, E.T.
p. 102; [ed. _Constable_, 317].

1673.—"FAKIERS or Holy Men, abstracted from the World, and resigned to
God."—_Fryer_, 95.

[1684.—"The FFUCKEER that Killed ye Boy at Ennore with severall others
... were brought to their tryalls...."—_Pringle, Diary, Ft. St. Geo._ 1st
ser. iii. 111.]

1690.—"They are called FAQUIRS by the Natives, but _Ashmen_ commonly by
us, because of the abundance of Ashes with which they powder their
Heads."—_Ovington_, 350.

1727.—"Being now settled in Peace, he invited his holy Brethren the
FAKIRES, who are very numerous in India, to come to Agra and receive a
new Suit of Clothes."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 175; [ed. 1744, ii. 177].

1763.—"Received a letter from Dacca dated 29th Novr., desiring our orders
with regard to the FAKIRS who were taken prisoners at the retaking of
Dacca."—_Ft. William Cons._ Dec. 5, in _Long_, 342. On these latter
_Fakirs_, see under SUNYASEE.

1770.—"Singular expedients have been tried by men jealous of superiority
to share with the Bramins the veneration of the multitude; this has given
rise to a race of monks known in India by the name of FAKIRS."—_Raynal_
(tr. 1777), i. 49.

1774.—"The character of a FAKIR is held in great estimation in this
country."—_Bogle_, in _Markham's Tibet_, 23.

1856.—

"There stalks a row of Hindoo devotees,
Bedaubed with ashes, their foul matted hair
Down to their heels; their blear eyes fiercely scowl
Beneath their painted brows. On this side struts
A Mussulman FAKEER, who tells his beads,
By way of prayer, but cursing all the while
The heathen."—_The Banyan Tree._

1878.—"Les mains abandonnées sur les genoux, dans une immobilité de
FAKIR."—_Alph. Daudet, Le Nabob_, ch. vi.

FALAUN, s. Ar. _falān_, _fulān_, and H. _fulāna_, _falāna_, 'such an one,' 'a certain one'; Span. and Port. _fulano_, Heb. _Fuluni_ (Ruth iv. 1). In Elphinstone's _Life_ we see that this was the term by which he and his friend Strachey used to indicate their master in early days, and a man whom they much respected, Sir Barry Close. And gradually, by a process of Hobson-Jobson, this was turned into FORLORN.

1803.—"The General (A. Wellesley) is an excellent man to have a peace to
make.... I had a long talk with him about SUCH A ONE; he said he was a
very sensible man."—_Op. cit._ i. 81.

1824.—"This is the old ghaut down which we were so glad to retreat with
old FORLORN."—ii. 164. See also i. 56, 108, 345, &c.

FANÁM, s. The denomination of a small coin long in use in S. India, Malayāl. and Tamil _paṇam_, 'money,' from Skt. _paṇa_, [rt. _paṇ_, 'to barter']. There is also a Dekhani form of the word, _falam_. In Telugu it is called _rūka_. The form _fanam_ was probably of Arabic origin, as we find it long prior to the Portuguese period. The _fanam_ was anciently a gold coin, but latterly of silver, or sometimes of base gold. It bore various local values, but according to the old Madras monetary system, prevailing till 1818, 42 _fanams_ went to one star pagoda, and a Madras _fanam_ was therefore worth about 2d. (see _Prinsep's Useful Tables_, by E. Thomas, p. 18). The weights of a large number of ancient _fanams_ given by Mr. Thomas in a note to his _Pathan Kings of Delhi_ show that the average weight was 6 grs. of gold (p. 170). _Fanams_ are still met with on the west coast, and as late as 1862 were received at the treasuries of Malabar and Calicut. As the coins were very small they used to be counted by means of a small board or dish, having a large number of holes or pits. On this a pile of _fanams_ was shaken, and then swept off, leaving the holes filled. About the time named Rs. 5000 worth of gold _fanams_ were sold off at those treasuries. [Mr. Logan names various kinds of fanams: the _vīrāy_, or gold, of which 4 went to a rupee; new _vīrāy_, or gold, 3½ to a rupee; in silver, 5 to a rupee; the _rāsī fanam_, the most ancient of the indigenous _fanams_, now of fictitious value; the _sultānī fanam_ of Tippoo in 1790-92, of which 3½ went to a rupee (_Malabar_, ii. Gloss. clxxix.).]

c. 1344.—"A hundred FĂNĂM are equal to 6 golden _dīnārs_" (in
Ceylon).—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 174.

c. 1348.—"And these latter (Malabar Christians) are the Masters of the
public steelyard, from which I derived, as a perquisite of my office as
Pope's Legate, every month a hundred gold FAN, and a thousand when I
left."—_John Marignolli_, in _Cathay_, 343.

1442.—"In this country they have three kinds of money, made of gold mixed
with alloy ... the third called FANOM, is equivalent in value to the
tenth part of the last mentioned coin" (_partāb_, vid.
PARDAO).—_Abdurrazāk_, in _India in the XVth Cent._ p. 26.

1498.—"Fifty FANOEENS, which are equal to 3 cruzados."—_Roteiro de V. da
Gama_, 107.

1505.—"Quivi spendeno ducati d'auro veneziani e monete di auro et argento
e metalle, chiamano vna moneta de argento FANONE. XX vagliono vn ducato.
_Tara_ e vn altra moneta de metale. XV vagliono vn FANONE."—Italian
version of _Letter from Dom Manuel of Portugal_ (Reprint by A. Burnell,
1881), p. 12.

1510.—"He also coins a silver money called _tare_, and others of gold, 20
of which go to a _pardao_, and are called FANOM. And of these small coins
of silver, there go sixteen to a FANOM."—_Varthema_, Hak. Soc. 130.

[1515.—"They would take our cruzados at 19 FANAMS."—Albuquerque's Treaty
with the Samorin, _Alguns Documentos da Torre do Tombo_, p. 373.]

1516.—"Eight fine rubies of the weight of one FANÃO ... are worth FANÕES
10."—_Barbosa_ (Lisbon ed.), 384.

1553.—"In the ceremony of dubbing a knight he is to go with all his
kinsfolk and friends, in pomp and festal procession, to the House of the
King ... and make him an offering of 60 of those pieces of gold which
they call FANÕES, each of which may be worth 20 _reis_ of our money."—_De
Barros_, Dec. I. liv. ix. cap. iii.

1582.—In the English transl. of 'Castañeda' is a passage identical with
the preceding, in which the word is written "FANNON."—Fol. 36_b_.

" "In this city of Negapatan aforesaid are current certain coins
called FANNÒ.... They are of base gold, and are worth in our money 10
soldi each, and 17 are equal to a _zecchin_ of Venetian gold."—_Gasp.
Balbi_, f. 84_v_.

c. 1610.—"Ils nous donnent tous les jours a chacun un PANAN, qui est vne
pièce d'or monnoye du Roy qui vaut environ quatre sols et demy."—_Pyrard
de Laval_, i. 250; [Hak. Soc. i. 350; in i. 365 PANANTS].

[c. 1665.—"... if there is not found in every thousand oysters the value
of 5 FANOS of pearls—that is to say a half ecu of our money,—it is
accepted as a proof that the fishing will not be good...."—_Tavernier_,
ed. _Ball_, ii. 117 _seq._]

1678.—"2. Whosoever shall profane the name of God by swearing or cursing,
he shall pay 4 FANAMS to the use of the poore for every oath or
curse."—Orders agreed on by the Governor and Council of Ft. St. Geo. Oct.
28. In _Notes and Exts._ No. i. 85.

1752.—"N.B. 36 FANAMS to a Pagoda, is the exchange, by which all the
servants belonging to the Company receive their salaries. But in the
Bazar the general exchange in Trade is 40 to 42."—_T. Brooks_, p. 8.

1784.—This is probably the word which occurs in a "Song by a Gentleman of
the Navy when a Prisoner in Bangalore Jail" (temp. Hyder 'Ali).

"Ye Bucks of Seringapatam,
Ye Captives so cheerful and gay;
How sweet with a golden SANAM
You spun the slow moments away."
In _Seton-Karr_, i. 19.

1785.—"You are desired to lay a silver FANAM, a piece worth three pence,
upon the ground. This, which is the smallest of all coins, the elephant
feels about till he finds."—_Caraccioli's Life of Clive_, i. 288.

1803.—"The pay I have given the boatmen is one gold FANAM for every day
they do not work, and two gold FANAMS for every day they do."—From _Sir
A. Wellesley_, in _Life of Munro_, i. 342.

FAN-PALM, s. The usual application of this name is to the _Borassus flabelliformis_, L. (see BRAB, PALMYRA), which is no doubt the type on which our ladies' fans have been formed. But it is also sometimes applied to the TALIPOT (q.v.); and it is exceptionally (and surely erroneously) applied by Sir L. Pelly (_J.R.G.S._ xxxv. 232) to the "Traveller's Tree," _i.e._ the Madagascar _Ravenala_ (_Urania speciosa_).

FANQUI, s. Chin. _fan-kwei_, 'foreign demon'; sometimes with the affix _tsz_ or _tsŭ_, 'son'; the popular Chinese name for Europeans. ["During the 15th and 16th centuries large numbers of black slaves of both sexes from the E. I. Archipelago were purchased by the great houses of Canton to serve as gate-keepers. They were called 'devil slaves,' and it is not improbable that the term 'foreign devil,' so freely used by the Chinese for foreigners, may have had this origin."—_Ball, Things Chinese_, 535.]

FARÁSH, FERÁSH, FRASH, s. Ar.—H. _farrāsh_, [_farsh_, 'to spread (a carpet)']. A menial servant whose proper business is to spread carpets, pitch tents, &c., and, in fact, in a house, to do housemaid's work; employed also in Persia to administer the bastinado. The word was in more common use in India two centuries ago than now. One of the highest hereditary officers of Sindhia's Court is called the FARĀSH-KHĀNA-WĀLĀ. [The same word used for the tamarisk tree (_Tamarix gallica_) is a corr. of the Ar. _farās_.]