Chapter XXXVIII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (35)

c. 70.—"In the deserts of Affricke yee shall meet oftentimes with
fairies,[137] appearing in the shape of men and women; but they vanish
soone away, like fantasticall illusions."—_Pliny_, by _Ph. Holland_, vii.
2.

c. 940.—"The Arabs relate many strange stories about the GHŪL and their
transformations.... The Arabs allege that the two feet of the GHŪL are
ass's feet.... These Ghūl appeared to travellers in the night, and at
hours when one meets with no one on the road; the traveller taking them
for some of their companions followed them, but the Ghūl led them astray,
and caused them to lose their way."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, iii. 314 _seqq._ (There is
much more after the copious and higgledy-piggledy Plinian fashion of this
writer.)

c. 1420.—"In exitu deserti ... rem mirandam dicit contigisse. Nam cum
circiter mediam noctem quiescentes magno murmure strepituque audito
suspicarentur omnes, Arabes praedones ad se spoliandos venire ...
viderunt plurimas equitum turmas transeuntium.... Plures qui id antea
viderant, daemones (GHŪLS, no doubt) esse per desertum vagantes
asseruere."—_Nic. Conti_, in _Poggio_, iv.

1814.—"The Afghauns believe each of the numerous solitudes in the
mountains and desarts of their country to be inhabited by a lonely
daemon, whom they call _Ghoolee Beeabaun_ (the GOULE or Spirit of the
Waste); they represent him as a gigantic and frightful spectre, who
devours any passenger whom chance may bring within his
haunts."—_Elphinstone's Caubul_, ed. 1839, i. 291.

[GHURRA, s. Hind. _ghaṛa_, Skt. _ghaṭa_. A water-pot made of clay, of a spheroidal shape, known in S. India as the CHATTY.

[1827.—"... the Rajah sent ... 60 GURRAHS (earthen vessels holding a
gallon) of sugar-candy and sweetmeats."—_Mundy, Pen and Pencil Sketches_,
66.]

GHURRY, GURREE, s. Hind. _ghaṛī_. A clepsydra or water-instrument for measuring time, consisting of a floating cup with a small hole in it, adjusted so that it fills and sinks in a fixed time; also the gong by which the time so indicated is struck. This latter is properly _ghaṛiyāl_. Hence also a clock or watch; also the 60th part of a day and night, equal therefore to 24 minutes, was in old Hindu custom the space of time indicated by the clepsydra just mentioned, and was called a _ghaṛī_. But in Anglo-Indian usage, the word is employed for 'an hour,' [or some indefinite period of time]. The water-instrument is sometimes called PUN-GHURRY (_panghaṛī_ _quasi_ _pānī-ghaṛī_); also the Sun-dial, DHOOP-GHURRY (_dhūp_, 'sunshine'); the hour-glass, RET-GHURRY (_ret_, _retā_, 'sand').

(Ancient).—"The magistrate, having employed the first four GHURRIES of
the day in bathing and praying, ... shall sit upon the Judgment
Seat."—_Code of the Gentoo Laws_ (_Halhed_, 1776), 104.

[1526.—"GHERI." See under PUHUR.

[c. 1590.—An elaborate account of this method of measuring time will be
found in _Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, iii. 15 _seq._

[1616.—"About a GUARY after, the rest of my company arrived with the
money."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 343.]

1633.—"First they take a great Pot of Water ... and putting therein a
little Pot (this lesser pot having a small hole in the bottome of it),
the water issuing into it having filled it, then they strike on a great
plate of brasse, or very fine metal, which stroak maketh a very great
sound; this stroak or parcell of time they call a _Goome_, the small Pot
being full they call a GREE, 8 GREES make a _Par_, which _Par_ (see
PUHUR) is three hours by our accompt."—_W. Bruton_, in _Hakl._ v. 51.

1709.—"Or un GARI est une de leurs heures, mais qui est bien petite en
comparaison des nôtres; car elle n'est que de vingt-neuf minutes et
environ quarante-trois secondes."(?)—_Lettres Edif._ xi. 233.

1785.—"We have fixed the _Coss_ at 6,000 _Guz_, which distance must be
travelled by the postmen in a GHURRY and a half.... If the letters are
not delivered according to this rate ... you must flog the _Hurkârehs_
belonging to you."—_Tippoo's Letters_, 215.

[1869.—Wallace describes an instrument of this kind in use on board a
native vessel. "I tested it with my watch and found that it hardly varied
a minute from one hour to another, nor did the motion of the vessel have
any effect upon it, as the water in the bucket of course kept
level."—_Wallace, Malay Archip._, ed. 1890, p. 314.]

GINDY, s. The original of this word belongs to the Dravidian tongues; Malayāl. _kiṇḍi_; Tel. _giṇḍi_; Tam. _kiṇṇi_, from v. _kiṇu_, 'to be hollow'; and the original meaning is a basin or pot, as opposed to a flat dish. In Malabar the word is applied to a vessel resembling a coffee-pot without a handle, used to drink from. But in the Bombay dialect of H., and in Anglo-Indian usage, _giṇḍi_ means a wash-hand basin of tinned copper, such as is in common use there (see under CHILLUMCHEE).

1561.—"... GUINDIS of gold...."—_Correa, Lendas_, II. i. 218.

1582.—"After this the Capitaine Generall commanded to discharge theyr
Shippes, which were taken, in the whiche was bound store of rich
Merchaundize, and amongst the same these peeces following:

"Foure great GUYNDES of silver...."—_Castañeda_, by N. L., f. 106.

1813.—"At the English tables two servants attend after dinner, with a
GINDEY and ewer, of silver or white copper."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 397;
[2nd ed. ii. 30; also i. 333].

1851.—"... a tinned bason, called a GENDEE...."—_Burton, Scinde, or the
Unhappy Valley_, i. 6.

GINGALL, JINJALL, s. H. _janjāl_, 'a swivel or wall-piece'; a word of uncertain origin. [It is a corruption of the Ar. _jazā'il_ (see JUZAIL).] It is in use with Europeans in China also.

1818.—"There is but one gun in the fort, but there is much and good
sniping from matchlocks and GINGALS, and four Europeans have been
wounded."—_Elphinstone, Life_, ii. 31.

1829.—"The moment the picket heard them, they fired their long
_ginjalls_, which kill a mile off."—_Shipp's Mem._ iii. 40.

[1900.—"GINGALS, or JINGALS, are long tapering guns, six to fourteen feet
in length, borne on the shoulders of two men and fired by a third. They
have a stand, or tripod, reminding one of a telescope...."—_Ball, Things
Chinese_, 38.]

GINGELI, GINGELLY, &c. s. The common trade name for the seed and oil of _Sesamum indicum_, v. _orientale_. There is a H. [not in _Platts' Dict._] and Mahr. form _jinjalī_, but most probably this also is a trade name introduced by the Portuguese. The word appears to be Arabic _al-juljulān_, which was pronounced in Spain _al-jonjolīn_ (_Dozy_ and _Engelmann_, 146-7), whence Spanish _aljonjoli_, Italian _giuggiolino_, _zerzelino_, &c., Port. _girgelim_, _zirzelim_, &c., Fr. _jugeoline_, &c., in the Philippine Islands _ajonjoli_. The proper H. name is _til_. It is the σήσαμον of Dioscorides (ii. 121), and of Theophrastus (_Hist. Plant._ i. 11). [See _Watt, Econ. Dict._ VI. ii. 510 _seqq._]

1510.—"Much grain grows here (at Zeila) ... oil in great quantity, made
not from olives, but from ZERZALINO."—_Varthema_, 86.

1552.—"There is a great amount of GERGELIM."—_Castanheda_, 24.

[1554.—"... oil of JERGELIM and quoquo (COCO)."—_Botelho, Tombo_, 54.]

1599.—"... Oyle of ZEZELINE, which they make of a Seed, and it is very
good to eate, or to fry fish withal."—_C. Fredericke_, ii. 358.

1606.—"They performed certain anointings of the whole body, when they
baptized, with oil of coco-nut, or of GERGELIM."—_Gouvea_, f. 39.

c. 1610.—"I'achetay de ce poisson frit en l'huile de GERSELIN (petite
semence comme nauete dont ils font huile) qui est de tres-mauvais
goust."—_Mocquet_, 232.

[1638.—Mr. Whiteway notes that "in a letter of Amra Rodriguez to the
King, of Nov. 30 (India Office MSS. _Book of the Monssons_, vol. iv.), he
says: 'From Masulipatam to the furthest point of the Bay of Bengal runs
the coast which we call that of GERGILIM.' They got Gingeli thence, I
suppose."]

c. 1661.—"La gente più bassa adopra un'altro olio di certo seme detto
TELSELIN, che è una spezie del di setamo, ed è alquanto
amarognolo."—_Viag. del P. Gio. Grueber_, in _Thevenot, Voyages Divers_.

1673.—"Dragmes de Soussamo ou graine de GEORGELINE."—App. to _Journal
d'Ant. Galland_, ii. 206.

1675.—"Also much Oil of _Sesamos_ or JUJOLINE is there expressed, and
exported thence."—_T. Heiden, Vervaerlyke Schipbreuk_, 81.

1726.—"From Orixa are imported hither (Pulecat), with much profit, Paddy,
also ... GINGELI-seed Oil...."—_Valentijn, Chor._ 14.

" "An evil people, gold, a drum, a wild horse, an ill conditioned
woman, sugar-cane, GERGELIM, a Bellale (or cultivator) without
foresight—all these must be wrought sorely to make them of any
good."—Native Apophthegms translated in _Valentijn_, v. (_Ceylon_) 390.

1727.—"The Men are bedaubed all over with red Earth, or Vermilion, and
are continually squirting GINGERLY Oyl at one another."—_A. Hamilton_, i.
128; [ed. 1744, i. 130].

1807.—"The oil chiefly used here, both for food and unguent, is that of
_Sesamum_, by the English called GINGELI, or sweet oil."—_F. Buchanan,
Mysore_, &c. i. 8.

1874.—"We know not the origin of the word GINGELI, which Roxburgh remarks
was (as it is now) in common use among Europeans."—_Hanbury & Flückiger_,
426.

1875.—"Oils, JINJILI or Til...."—_Table of Customs Duties, imposed on
Imports into B. India_, up to 1875.

1876.—"There is good reason for believing that a considerable portion of
the olive oil of commerce is but the JINJILI, or the ground-nut, oil of
India, for besides large exports, of both oils to Europe, several
thousand tons of the sesamum seed, and ground-nuts in smaller quantities,
are exported annually from the south of India to France, where their oil
is expressed, and finds its way into the market, as olive oil."—_Suppl.
Report on Supply of Drugs to India_, by Dr. Paul, India Office, March,
1876.

GINGER, s. The root of _Zingiber officinale_, Roxb. We get this word from the Arabic _zānjabīl_, Sp. _agengibre_ (_al-zānjabīl_), Port. _gingibre_, Latin _zingiber_, Ital. _zenzero_, _gengiovo_, and many other old forms.

The Skt. name is _sṛiñgavera_, professedly connected with _sṛiñga_, 'a horn,' from the antler-like form of the root. But this is probably an introduced word shaped by this imaginary etymology. Though ginger is cultivated all over India, from the Himālaya to the extreme south,[138] the best is grown in Malabar, and in the language of that province (Malayālam) green ginger is called _inchi_ and _inchi-ver_, from _inchi_, 'root.' _Inchi_ was probably in an earlier form of the language _siñchi_ or _chiñchi_, as we find it in Canarese still _sūnti_, which is perhaps the true origin of the H. _sonth_ for 'dry ginger,' [more usually connected with Skt. _suṇṭhi_, _suṇṭh_, 'to dry'].

It would appear that the Arabs, misled by the form of the name, attributed _zānjabīl_ or _zinjabīl_, or ginger, to the coast of _Zinj_ or Zanzibar; for it would seem to be ginger which some Arabic writers speak of as 'the plant of Zinj.' Thus a poet quoted by Kazwīnī enumerates among the products of India the _shajr al-Zānij_ or _Arbor Zingitana_, along with shisham-wood, pepper, steel, &c. (see _Gildemeister_, 218). And Abulfeda says also: "At Melinda is found the plant of Zinj" (_Geog._ by _Reinaud_, i. 257). In Marino Sanudo's map of the world also (c. 1320) we find a rubric connecting _Zinziber_ with _Zinj_. We do not indeed find ginger spoken of as a product of eastern continental Africa, though Barbosa says a large quantity was produced in Madagascar, and Varthema says the like of the Comoro Islands.

c. A.D. 65.—"Ginger (Ζιγγίβερις) is a special kind of plant produced for
the most part in Troglodytic Arabia, where they use the green plant in
many ways, as we do rue (πήγανον), boiling it and mixing it with drinks
and stews. The roots are small, like those of _cyperus_, whitish, and
peppery to the taste and smell...."—_Dioscorides_, ii. cap. 189.

c. A.D. 70.—"This pepper of all kinds is most biting and sharpe.... The
blacke is more kindly and pleasant.... Many have taken Ginger (which some
call Zimbiperi and others ZINGIBERI) for the root of that tree; but it is
not so, although in tast it somewhat resembleth pepper.... A pound of
GINGER is commonly sold at Rome for 6 deniers...."—_Pliny_, by _Ph.
Holland_, xii. 7.

c. 620-30.—"And therein shall they be given to drink a cup of wine, mixed
with the water of ZENJEBIL...."—_The Koran_, ch. lxxvi. (by _Sale_).

c. 940.—"Andalusia possesses considerable silver and quicksilver
mines.... They export from it also saffron, and roots of ginger (? _'arūḳ
al_-ZANJABĪL)."—_Maṣ'ūdi_, i. 367.

1298.—"Good ginger (GENGIBRE) also grows here (at Coilum—see QUILON), and
it is known by the same name of _Coilumin_, after the country."—_Marco
Polo_, Bk. III. ch. 22.

c. 1343.—"GIENGIOVO si è di piu maniere, cioe _belledi_ (see COUNTRY), e
_colombino_, e _micchino_, e detti nomi portano per le contrade, onde
sono nati ispezialmente il _colombino_ e il _micchino_, che primieramente
il belledi nasce in molte contrade dell'India, e il colombino nasce nel
Isola del Colombo d'India, ed ha la scorza sua piana, e delicata, e
cenerognola; e il micchino viene dalle contrade del Mecca ... e ragiona
che il buono giengiovo dura buono 10 anni," &c.—_Pegolotti_, in _Della
Decima_, iii. 361.

c. 1420.—"His in regionibus (Malabar) GINGIBER oritur, quod _belledi_
(see COUNTRY), _gebeli et neli_[139] vulgo appellatur. Radices sunt
arborum duorum cubitorum altitudine, foliis magnis instar enulae
(elecampane), duro cortice, veluti arundinum radices, quae fructum
tegunt; ex eis extrahitur gingiber, quod immistum cineri, ad solemque
expositum, triduo exsiccatur."—_N. Conti_, in _Poggio_.

1580.—In a list of drugs sold at Ormuz we find

ZENZERI da buli (presumably from DABUL.)
" mordaci
" Mecchini
" beledi
ZENZERO condito in giaga (preserved in JAGGERY?)
—_Gasparo Balbi_, f. 54.

GINGERLY, s. A coin mentioned as passing in Arabian ports by _Milburn_ (i. 87, 91). Its country and proper name are doubtful. [The following quotations show that GINGERLEE or GERGELIN was a name for part of the E. coast of India, and Mr. Whiteway (see GINGELI) conjectures that it was so called because the oil was produced there.] But this throws no light on the gold coin of Milburn.

1680-81.—"The form of the pass given to ships and vessels, and Register
of Passes given (18 in all), bound to Jafnapatam, Manilla, Mocha,
GINGERLEE, Tenasserim, &c."—_Fort St. Geo. Cons. Notes and Exts._, App.
No. iii. p. 47.

1701.—The _Carte Marine depuis Suratte jusqu'au Detroit de Malaca_, par
le R. Père P. P. Tachard, shows the coast tract between _Vesegapatam_ and
_Iagrenate_ as GERGELIN.

1753.—"Some authors give the Coast between the points of Devi and
Gaudewari, the name of the Coast of GERGELIN. The Portuguese give the
name of GERGELIM to the plant which the Indians call _Ellu_, from which
they extract a kind of oil."—_D'Anville_, 134.

[Mr. Pringle (_Diary Fort St. Geo._ 1st ser. iii. 170) identifies the
_Gingerly_ Factory with Vizagapatam. See also i. 109; ii. 99.]

GINGHAM, s. A kind of stuff, defined in the _Draper's Dictionary_ as made from cotton yarn dyed before being woven. The Indian ginghams were apparently sometimes of cotton mixt with some other material. The origin of this word is obscure, and has been the subject of many suggestions. Though it has long passed into the English language, it is on the whole most probable that, like CHINTZ and CALICO, the term was one originating in the Indian trade.

We find it hardly possible to accept the derivation, given by Littré, from "_Guingamp_, ville de Bretagne, où il y a des fabriques de tissus." This is also alleged, indeed, in the _Encycl. Britannica_, 8th ed., which states, under the name of Guingamp, that there are in that town manufactures of _ginghams_, to which the town gives its name. [So also in 9th ed.] We may observe that the productions of Guingamp, and of the Côtes-du-Nord generally, are of _linen_, a manufacture dating from the 15th century. If it could be shown that _gingham_ was either originally applied to linen fabrics, or that the word occurs before the Indian trade began, we should be more willing to admit the French etymology as possible.

The _Penny Cyclopaedia_ suggests a derivation from _guingois_, 'awry.' "The variegated, striped, and crossed patterns may have suggested the name."

'Civilis,' a correspondent of _Notes and Queries_ (5 ser. ii. 366, iii. 30) assigns the word to an Indian term, _ginghām_, a stuff which he alleges to be in universal use by Hindu women, and a name which he constantly found, when in judicial employment in Upper India, to be used in inventories of stolen property and the like. He mentions also that in Sir G. Wilkinson's _Egypt_, the word is assigned to an Egyptian origin. The alleged Hind. word is unknown to us and to the dictionaries; if used as 'Civilis' believes, it was almost certainly borrowed from the English term.

It is likely enough that the word came from the Archipelago. Jansz's _Javanese Dict._ gives "_ginggang_, a sort of striped or chequered East Indian _lijnwand_," the last word being applied to cotton as well as linen stuffs, equivalent to French _toile_. The verb _ginggang_ in Javanese is given as meaning 'to separate, to go away,' but this seems to throw no light on the matter; nor can we connect the name with that of a place on the northern coast of Sumatra, a little E. of Acheen, which we have seen written _Gingham_ (see _Bennett's Wanderings_, ii. 5, 6; also _Elmore, Directory to India and China Seas_, 1802, pp. 63-64). This place appears prominently as _Gingion_ in a chart by W. Herbert, 1752. Finally, Bluteau gives the following:—"GUINGAM. So in some parts of the kingdom (Portugal) they call the excrement of the Silkworm, _Bombicis excrementum_. GUINGÃO. A certain stuff which is made in the territories of the Mogul. _Beirames_, GUINGOENS, _Canequis_, &c. (_Godinho, Viagam da India_, 44)." Wilson gives _kinḍan_ as the Tamil equivalent of _gingham_, and perhaps intends to suggest that it is the original of this word. The _Tamil Dict._ gives "_kinḍan_, a kind of coarse cotton cloth, striped or chequered." [The _Madras Gloss._ gives Can. _ginta_, Tel. _gintena_, Tam. _kinḍan_, with the meaning of "double-thread texture." The _N.E.D._, following Scott, _Malayan Words in English_, 142 _seq._, accepts the Javanese derivation as given above: "Malay _ginggang_ ... a striped or checkered cotton fabric known to Europeans in the East as '_gingham_.' As an adjective, the word means, both in Malay and Javanese, where it seems to be original, 'striped.' The full expression is _kāin ginggang_, 'striped cloth' (_Grashuis_). The Tamil '_kinḍan_, a kind of coarse cotton cloth, striped or chequered' (quoted in _Yule_), cannot be the source of the European forms, nor, I think, of the Malayan forms. It must be an independent word, or a perversion of the Malayan term." On the other hand, Prof. Skeat rejects the Eastern derivation on the ground that "no one explains the spelling. The right explanation is simply that _gingham_ is an old English spelling of _Guingamp_. See the account of the 'towne of Gyngham' in the _Paston Letters_, ed. _Gairdner_, iii. 357." (8th ser. _Notes and Queries_, iv. 386.)]

c. 1567.—Cesare Federici says there were at Tana many weavers who made
"_ormesini_ e GINGANI di lana e di bombaso"—ginghams of wool and
cotton.—_Ramusio_, iii. 387_v_.

1602.—"With these toils they got to Arakan, and took possession of two
islets which stood at the entrance, where they immediately found on the
beach two sacks of mouldy biscuit, and a box with some GINGHAMS
(_guingões_) in it."—_De Couto_, Dec. IV. liv. iv. cap. 10.

1615.—"Captain Cock is of opinion that the GINGHAMS, both white and
browne, which yow sent will prove a good commodity in the Kinge of
Shashmahis cuntry, who is a Kinge of certaine of the most westermost
ilandes of Japon ... and hath conquered the ilandes called The
Leques."—_Letter appd. to Cocks's Diary_, ii. 272.

1648.—"The principal names (of the stuffs) are these: GAMIGUINS, BAFTAS,
_Chelas_ (see PIECE-GOODS), _Assamanis_ (_asmānīs_? sky-blues),
_Madafoene_, _Beronis_ (see BEIRAMEE), _Tricandias_, _Chittes_ (see
CHINTZ), _Langans_ (see LUNGOOTY?), _Toffochillen_ (_Tafṣīla_, a gold
stuff from Mecca; see ADATI, ALLEJA), _Dotias_ (see DHOTY)."—_Van Twist_,
63.

1726.—In a list of cloths at Pulicat:

"_Gekeperde_ GINGGANGS (Twilled ginghams)
Ditto _Chialones_ (shaloons?)"—_Valentijn, Chor._ 14.

Also

"Bore (?) GINGGANES driedraad."—v. 128.

1770.—"Une centaine de balles de mouchoirs, de pagnes, et de GUINGANS,
d'un très beau rouge, que les Malabares fabriquent à Gaffanapatam, où ils
sont établis depuis très longtemps."—_Raynal, Hist. Philos._, ii. 15,
quoted by _Littré_.

1781.—"The trade of Fort St. David's consists in longcloths of different
colours, sallamporees, morees, dimities, GINGHAMS, and
succatoons."—_Carraccioli's L. of Clive_, i. 5. [Mr. Whiteway points out
that this is taken word for word from _Hamilton, New Account_ (i. 355),
who wrote 40 years before.]

" "_Sadras_ est renommé par ses GUINGANS, ses toiles peintes; et
_Paliacate_ par ses mouchoirs."—_Sonnerat_, i. 41.

1793.—"Even the GINGHAM waistcoats, which striped or plain have so long
stood their ground, must, I hear, ultimately give way to the stronger
KERSEYMERE (q.v.)."—_Hugh Boyd, Indian Observer_, 77.

1796.—"GUINGANI are cotton stuffs of Bengal and the Coromandel coast, in
which the cotton is interwoven with thread made from certain barks of
trees."—_Fra Paolino, Viaggio_, p. 35.

GINGI, JINJEE, &c., n.p. Properly _Chenji_, [_Shenji_; and this from Tam. _shingi_, Skt. _sṛingi_, 'a hill']. A once celebrated hill-fortress in S. Arcot, 50 [44] m. N.E. of Cuddalore, 35 m. N.W. from Pondicherry, and at one time the seat of a Mahratta principality. It played an important part in the wars of the first three-quarters of the 18th century, and was held by the French from 1750 to 1761. The place is now entirely deserted.

c. 1616.—"And then they were to publish a proclamation in Negapatam, that
no one was to trade at Tevenapatam, at Porto Novo, or at any other port
of the Naik of GINJA, or of the King of Massulapatam, because these were
declared enemies of the state, and all possible war should be made on
them for having received among them the Hollanders...."—_Bocarro_, p.
619.

1675.—"Approve the treaty with the Cawn [see KHAN] of CHENGIE."—_Letter
from Court to Fort St. Geo._ In _Notes and Exts._, No. i. 5.

1680.—"Advice received ... that Santogee, a younger brother of Sevagee's,
had seized upon Rougnaut Pundit, the Soobidar of CHENGY Country, and put
him in irons."—_Ibid._ No. iii. 44.

1752.—"It consists of two towns, called the Great and Little GINGEE....
They are both surrounded by one wall, 3 miles in circumference, which
incloses the two towns, and five mountains of ragged rock, on the summits
of which are built 5 strong forts.... The place is inaccessible, except
from the east and south-east.... The place was well supplied with all
manner of stores, and garrisoned by 150 Europeans, and sepoys and black
people in great numbers...."—_Cambridge, Account of the War_, &c., 32-33.

GINSENG, s. A medical root which has an extraordinary reputation in China as a restorative, and sells there at prices ranging from 6 to 400 dollars an ounce. The plant is _Aralia Ginseng_, Benth. (N.O. _Araliaceae_). The second word represents the Chinese name _Jên-Shên_. In the literary style the drug is called simply _Shên_. And possibly _Jên_, or 'Man,' has been prefixed on account of the forked radish, man-like aspect of the root. European practitioners do not recognise its alleged virtues. That which is most valued comes from Corea, but it grows also in Mongolia and Manchuria. A kind much less esteemed, the root of _Panax quinquefolium_, L., is imported into China from America. A very closely-allied plant occurs in the Himālaya, _A. Pseudo-Ginseng_, Benth. _Ginseng_ is first mentioned by Alv. Semedo (Madrid, 1642). [See _Ball, Things Chinese_, 268 _seq._, where Dr. P. Smith seems to believe that it has some medicinal value.]

GIRAFFE, s. English, not Anglo-Indian. Fr. _girafe_, It. _giraffa_, Sp. and Port. _girafa_, old Sp. _azorafa_, and these from Ar. _al-zarāfa_, a cameleopard. The Pers. _surnāpa_, _zurnāpa_, seems to be a form curiously divergent of the same word, perhaps nearer the original. The older Italians sometimes make _giraffa_ into _seraph_. It is not impossible that the latter word, in its biblical use, may be radically connected with _giraffe_.

The oldest mention of the animal is in the Septuagint version of Deut. xiv. 5, where the word _zămăr_, rendered in the English Bible 'chamois,' is translated καμηλοπαρδάλις; and so also in the Vulgate _camelopardalus_, [probably the 'wild goat' of the Targums, not the _giraffe_ (_Encycl. Bibl._ i. 722)]. We quote some other ancient notices of the animal, before the introduction of the word before us:

c. B.C. 20.—"The animals called _camelopards_ (καμηλοπαρδάλεις) present a
mixture of both the animals comprehended in this appellation. In size
they are smaller than camels, and shorter in the neck; but in the
distinctive form of the head and eyes. In the curvature of the back again
they have some resemblance to a camel, but in colour and hair, and in the
length of tail, they are like panthers."—_Diodorus_, ii. 51.

c. A.D. 20.—"_Camelleopards_ (καμηλοπαρδάλεις) are bred in these parts,
but they do not in any respect resemble leopards, for their variegated
skin is more like the streaked and spotted skin of fallow deer. The
hinder quarters are so very much lower than the fore quarters, that it
seems as if the animal sat upon its rump.... It is not, however, a wild
animal, but rather like a domesticated beast; for it shows no sign of a
savage disposition."—_Strabo_, Bk. XVI. iv. § 18, E.T. by _Hamilton_ and
_Falconer_.

c. A.D. 210.—Athenaeus, in the description which he quotes of the
wonderful procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus at Alexandria, besides many
other strange creatures, details 130 Ethiopic sheep, 20 of Eubœa, 12
white _koloi_, 26 Indian oxen, 8 Aethiopic, a huge white bear, 14
pardales and 16 panthers, 4 lynxes, 3 _arkēloi_, one _camēlopardalis_, 1
Ethiopic Rhinoceros.—Bk. V. cap. xxxii.

c. A.D. 520.—

"Ἔννεπέ μοι κἀκεῖνα, πολύθρος Μοῦσα λιγεῖα,
μικτὰ φύσιν θηρῶν, διχόθεν κεκερασμένα, φῦλα,
πάρδαλιν αἰολόνωτον ὁμοῦ ξυνήν τε κάμηλον.
* * * * * * * *
Δειρή οἱ ταναὴ, στικτὸν δέμας, οὖατα βαιὰ,
ψιλὸν ὕπερθε κάρη, δολιχοὶ πόδες εὐρέα ταρσὰ,
κώλων δ' οὐκ ἴσα μέτρα, πόδες τ' οὐ πάμπαν ὁμοῖοι,
ἀλλ' οἱ πρόσθεν ἔασιν ἀρείονες, ὑστάτιοι δὲ
πολλὸν ὀλιζότεροι."—κ. τ. λ.
_Oppiani Cynegetica_, iii. 461 _seqq._

c. 380.—"These also presented gifts, among which besides other things a
certain species of animal, of nature both extraordinary and wonderful. In
size it was equal to a camel, but the surface of its skin marked with
flower-like spots. Its hinder parts and the flanks were low, and like
those of a lion, but the shoulders and forelegs and chest were much
higher in proportion than the other limbs. The neck was slender, and in
regard to the bulk of the rest of the body was like a swan's throat in
its elongation. The head was in form like that of a camel, but in size
more than twice that of a Libyan ostrich.... Its legs were not moved
alternately, but by pairs, those on the right side being moved together,
and those on the left together, first one side and then the other....
When this creature appeared the whole multitude was struck with
astonishment, and its form suggesting a name, it got from the populace,
from the most prominent features of its body, the improvised name of
_camelopardalis_."—_Heliodorus, Aethiopica_, x. 27.

c. 940.—"The most common animal in those countries is the _giraffe_
(ZARĀFA) ... some consider its origin to be a variety of the camel;
others say it is owing to a union of the camel with the panther: others
in short that it is a particular and distinct species, like the horse,
the ass, or the ox, and not the result of any cross-breed.... In Persian
the giraffe is called _Ushturgāo_ ('camel-cow'). It used to be sent as a
present from Nubia to the kings of Persia, as in later days it was sent
to the Arab princes, to the first khālifs of the house of 'Abbās, and to
the Wālis of Misr.... The origin of the giraffe has given rise to
numerous discussions. It has been noticed that the panther of Nubia
attains a great size, whilst the camel of that country is of low stature,
with short legs," &c., &c.—_Maṣ'ūdī_, iii. 3-5.

c. 1253.—"Entre les autres joiaus que il (le Vieil de la Montagne) envoia
au Roy, li envoia un oliphant de cristal mout bien fait, et une beste que
l'on appelle ORAFLE, de cristal aussi."—_Joinville_, ed. _de Wailly_,
250.

1271.—"In the month of Jumada II. a female giraffe in the Castle of the
Hill (at Cairo) gave birth to a young one, which was nursed by a
cow."—_Makrizi_ (by _Quatremère_), i. pt. 2, 106.

1298.—"Mais bien ont GIRAFFES assez qui naissent en leur pays."—_Marco
Polo, Pauthier's_ ed., p. 701.

1336.—"Vidi in Kadro (Cairo) animal GERAFFAN nomine, in anteriori parte
multum elevatum, longissimum collum habens, ita ut de tecto domus
communis altitudinis comedere possit. Retro ita demissum est ut dorsum
ejus manu hominis tangi possit. Non est ferox animal, sed ad modum
jumenti pacificum, colore albo et rubeo pellem habens ordinatissime
decoratam."—_Gul. de Boldensele_, 248-249.

1384.—"Ora racconteremo della GIRAFFA che bestia ella è. La giraffa è
fatta quasi come lo struzzolo, salvo che l'imbusto suo non ha penne
('just like an ostrich, except that it has no feathers on its body'!)
anzi ha lana branchissima ... ella è veramente a vedere una cosa molto
contraffatta."—_Simone Sigoli, V. al Monte Sinai_, 182.

1404.—"When the ambassadors arrived in the city of Khoi, they found in it
an ambassador, whom the Sultan of Babylon had sent to Timour Bey.... He
had also with him 6 rare birds and a beast called JORNUFA ..." (then
follows a very good description).—_Clavijo_, by _Markham_, pp. 86-87.

c. 1430.—"Item, I have also been in Lesser India, which is a fine
Kingdom. The capital is called Dily. In this country are many elephants,
and animals called SURNASA (for _surnafa_), which is like a stag, but is
a tall animal and has a long neck, 4 fathoms in length or
longer."—_Schiltberger_, Hak. Soc. 47.

1471.—"After this was brought foorthe a giraffa, which they call
GIRNAFFA, a beaste as long legged as a great horse, or rather more; but
the hinder legges are halfe a foote shorter than the former," &c. (The
Italian in _Ramusio_, ii. f. 102, has "vna ZIRAPHA, la quale essi
chiamano Zirnapha ouer GIRAFFA.")—_Josafa Barbaro_, in _Venetians in
Persia_, Hak. Soc. 54.

1554.—"Il ne fut onc que les grands seigneurs quelques barbares qu'ilz
aient esté, n'aimassent qu'on leurs presentast les bestes d'estranges
pais. Aussi en auons veu plusieurs au chasteau du Caire ... entre
lesquelles est celle qu'ilz nomment vulgairement ZURNAPA."—_P. Belon_, f.
118. It is remarkable to find Belon adopting this Persian form in Egypt.

GIRJA, s. This is a word for a Christian church, commonly used on the Bengal side of India, from Port. _igreja_, itself a corruption of _ecclesia_. Khāfī Khān (c. 1720) speaking of the Portuguese at Hoogly, says they called their places of worship _Kalīsā_ (_Elliot_, vii. 211). No doubt _Kalīsā_, as well as _igreja_, is a form of _ecclesia_, but the superficial resemblance is small, so it may be suspected that the Musulman writer was speaking from book-knowledge only.

1885.—"It is related that a certain Maulví, celebrated for the power of
his curses, was called upon by his fellow religionists to curse a certain
church built by the English in close proximity to a _Masjid_. Anxious to
stand well with them, and at the same time not to offend his English
rulers, he got out of the difficulty by cursing the building thus:

'GIR JĀ GHAR! GIR JĀ GHAR! GIR JĀ!'

(_i.e._) 'Fall down, house! Fall down, house! Fall down!' or simply

'Church-house! Church-house! Church!'"—_W. J. D'Gruyther_, in _Panjab
Notes and Queries_, ii. 125.

The word is also in use in the Indian Archipelago:

1885.—"The village (of Wai in the Moluccas) is laid out in rectangular
plots.... One of its chief edifices is the GREDJA, whose grandeur quite
overwhelmed us; for it is far more elaborately decorated than many a
rural parish church at home."—_H. O. Forbes, A Naturalist's Wanderings_,
p. 294.

GOA, n.p. Properly _Gowa_, _Gova_, Mahr. _Goven_, [which the _Madras Gloss._ connects with Skt. _go_, 'a cow,' in the sense of the 'cowherd country']. The famous capital of the Portuguese dominions in India since its capture by Albuquerque in 1510. In earlier history and geography the place appears under the name of SINDĀBŪR or SANDĀBŪR (Sundāpūr?) (q.v.). _Govā_ or _Kuva_ was an ancient name of the southern Konkan (see in _H. H. Wilson's Works, Vishnu Purana_, ii. 164, note 20). We find the place called by the Turkish admiral Sidi 'Ali GOWAI-_Sandābūr_, which may mean "Sandābūr of Gova."

1391.—In a copper grant of this date (S. 1313) we have mention of a chief
city of Kankan (see CONCAN) called GOWA and GOWĀPŪRA. See the grant as
published by Major Legrand Jacob in _J. Bo. Br. B. As. Soc._ iv. 107. The
translation is too loose to make it worth while to transcribe a
quotation; but it is interesting as mentioning the reconquest of Goa from
the _Turushkas_, _i.e._ Turks or foreign Mahommedans. We know from Ibn
Batuta that Mahommedan settlers at Hunāwar had taken the place about
1344.

1510 (but referring to some years earlier). "I departed from the city of
Dabuli aforesaid, and went to another island which is about a mile
distant from the mainland and is called GOGA.... In this island there is
a fortress near the sea, walled round after our manner, in which there is
sometimes a captain who is called Savaiu, who has 400 mamelukes, he
himself being also a mameluke."—_Varthema_, 115-116.

c. 1520.—"In the Island of _Tissoury_, in which is situated the city of
GOA, there are 31 ALDEAS, and these are as follows...."—In _Archiv. Port.
Orient._, fasc. 5.

c. 1554.—"At these words (addressed by the Vizir of Guzerat to a
Portuguese Envoy) my wrath broke out, and I said: 'Malediction! You have
found me with my fleet gone to wreck, but please God in his mercy, before
long, under favour of the Pādshāh, you shall be driven not only from
Hormuz, but from Diu and GOWA too!'"—_Sidi 'Ali Kapudān_, in _J. Asiat._
Ser. I. tom. ix. 70.

1602.—"The island of GOA is so old a place that one finds nothing in the
writings of the Canaras (to whom it always belonged) about the beginning
of its population. But we find that it was always so frequented by
strangers that they used to have a proverbial saying: 'Let us go and take
our ease among the cool shades of GOE _moat_,' which in the old language
of the country means 'the cool fertile land.'"—_Couto_, IV. x. cap. 4.

1648.—"All those that have seen _Europe_ and _Asia_ agree with me that
the Port of GOA, the Port of _Constantinople_, and the Port of _Toulon_,
are three of the fairest Ports of all our vast continent."—_Tavernier_,
E.T. ii. 74; [ed. _Ball_, i. 186].

GOA PLUM. The fruit of _Parinarium excelsum_, introduced at Goa from Mozambique, called by the Portuguese _Matomba_. "The fruit is almost pure brown sugar in a paste" (_Birdwood, MS._).

GOA POTATO. _Dioscorea aculeata_ (_Birdwood, MS._).

GOA POWDER. This medicine, which in India is procured from Goa only, is invaluable in the virulent eczema of Bombay, and other skin diseases. In eczema it sometimes acts like magic, but smarts like the cutting of a knife. It is obtained from _Andira Araroba_ (N.O. _Leguminosae_), a native (we believe) of S. America. The active principle is Chrysophanic acid (_Commn. from Sir G. Birdwood_).

GOA STONE. A factitious article which was in great repute for medical virtues in the 17th century. See quotation below from Mr. King. Sir G. Birdwood tells us it is still sold in the Bombay Bazar.

1673.—"The _Paulistines_ enjoy the biggest of all the Monasteries at St.
Roch; in it is a Library, an Hospital, and an Apothecary's Shop well
furnished with Medicines, where _Gasper Antonio_, a Florentine, a
Lay-Brother of the Order, the Author of the GOA-STONES, brings them in
50,000 _Xerephins_, by that invention Annually; he is an Old Man, and
almost Blind."—_Fryer_, 149-150.

1690.—"The double excellence of this Stone (snake-stone) recommends its
worth very highly ... and much excels the deservedly famed _Gaspar
Antoni_, or GOA STONE."—_Ovington_, 262.

1711.—"GOA STONES or _Pedra de Gasper Antonio_, are made by the Jesuits
here: They are from ¼ to 8 Ounces each; but the Sise makes no Difference
in the Price: We bought 11 Ounces for 20 _Rupees_. They are often
counterfeited, but 'tis an easie Matter for one who has seen the right
Sort, to discover it.... _Manooch's_ Stones at Fort St. George come the
nearest to them ... both Sorts are deservedly cried up for their
Vertues."—_Lockyer_, 268.

1768-71.—"Their medicines are mostly such as are produced in the country.
Amongst others, they make use of a kind of little artificial stone, that
is manufactured at GOA, and possesses a strong aromatic scent. They give
scrapings of this, in a little water mixed with sugar, to their
patients."—_Stavorinus_, E.T. i. 454.

1867.—"The GOA-STONE was in the 16th (?) and 17th centuries as much in
repute as the Bezoar, and for similar virtues ... It is of the shape and
size of a duck's egg, has a greyish metallic lustre, and though hard, is
friable. The mode of employing it was to take a minute dose of the powder
scraped from it in one's drink every morning ... So precious was it
esteemed that the great usually carried it about with them in a casket of
gold filigree."—_Nat. Hist. of Gems_, by _C. W. King, M.A._, p. 256.

GOBANG, s. The game introduced some years ago from Japan. The name is a corr. of Chinese _K'i-p'an_, 'checker-board.'

[1898.—"GO, properly _gomoku narabe_, often with little appropriateness
termed 'checkers' by European writers, is the most popular of the indoor
pastimes of the Japanese,—a very different affair from the simple game
known to Europeans as GOBAN or GOBANG, properly the name of the board on
which GO is played."—_Chamberlain, Things Japanese_, 3rd ed., 190 _seq._,
where a full account of the game will be found.]

GODAVERY, n.p. Skt. _Godāvarī_, 'giving kine.' Whether this name of northern etymology was a corruption of some indigenous name we know not. [The Dravidian name of the river is _Goday_ (Tel. _gode_, 'limit'), of which the present name is possibly a corruption.] It is remarkable how the Godavery is ignored by writers and map-makers till a comparatively late period, with the notable exception of D. João de Castro, in a work, however, not published till 1843. Barros, in his trace of the coasts of the Indies (Dec. I. ix. cap. 1), mentions GUDAVARIJ as a place adjoining a cape of the same name (which appears in some much later charts as C. _Gordewar_), but takes no notice of the great river, so far as we are aware, in any part of his history. Linschoten also speaks of the _Punto de_ GUADOVARYN, but not of the river. Nor does his map show the latter, though showing the Kistna distinctly. The small general map of India in "_Cambridge's Acc. of the War in India_," 1761, confounds the sources of the Godavery with those of the Mahanadi (of Orissa) and carries the latter on to combine with the western rivers of the Ganges Delta. This was evidently the prevailing view until Rennell published the first edition of his _Memoir_ (1783), in which he writes:

"The Godavery river, or Gonga GODOWRY, commonly called _Ganga_ in
European maps, and sometimes _Gang_ in Indian histories, has generally
been represented as the same river with that of Cattack.

"As we have no authority that I can find for supposing it, the opinion
must have been taken up, on a supposition that there was no opening
between the mouths of the Kistna and Mahanadee (or Cattack river) of
magnitude sufficient for such a river as the Ganga" (pp. 74-75) [also
_ibid._ 2nd ed. 244]. As to this error see also a quotation from
D'Anville under KEDGEREE. It is probable that what that geographer says
in his _Éclaircissemens_, p. 135, that he had no real idea of the
Godavery. That name occurs in his book only as "la pointe de GAUDEWARI."
This point, he says, is about E.N.E. of the "river of Narsapur," at a
distance of about 12 leagues; "it is a low land, intersected by several
river-arms, forming the mouths of that which the maps, esteemed to be
most correct, call _Wenseron_; and the river of Narsapur is itself one of
those arms, according to a MS. map in my possession." Narsaparam is the
name of a taluk on the westernmost delta branch, or Vasishta Godāvarī
[see _Morris, Man. of Godavery Dist._, 193]. _Wenseron_ appears on a map
in Baldaeus (1672), as the name of one of the two mouths of the Eastern
or Gautamī Godāvarī, entering the sea near Coringa. It is perhaps the
same name as _Injaram_ on that branch, where there was an English Factory
for many years.

In the neat map of "Regionum Choromandel, Golconda, et Orixa," which is in Baldaeus (1672), there is no indication of it whatever except as a short inlet from the sea called GONDEWARY.

1538.—"The noblest rivers of this province (_Daquem_ or Deccan) are six
in number, to wit: Crusna (_Krishna_), in many places known as Hinapor,
because it passes by a city of this name (_Hindapūr?_); Bivra (read
_Bima?_); these two rivers join on the borders of the Deccan and the land
of CANARA (q.v.), and after traversing great distances enter the sea in
the Oria territory; Malaprare (_Malprabha?_); GUODAVAM (read GUODAVARI)
otherwise called Gangua; Purnadi; Tapi. Of these the Malaprare enters the
sea in the Oria territory, and so does the GUODAVAM; but Purnadi and Tapi
enter the Gulf of Cambay at different points."—_João de Castro, Primeiro
Roteiro da Costa da India_, pp. 6, 7.

c. 1590.—"Here (in Berar) are rivers in abundance; especially the Ganga
of Gotam, which they also call GODOVĀRĪ. The Ganga of Hindustan they
dedicate to Mahadeo, but this Ganga to Gotam. And they tell wonderful
legends of it, and pay it great adoration. It has its springs in the
Sahyā Hills near Trimbak, and passing through the Wilāyat of Ahmadnagar,
enters Berār and thence flows on to Tilingāna."—_Āīn-i-Akbari_ (orig.) i.
476; [ed. _Jarrett,_ ii. 228.] We may observe that the most easterly of
the Delta branches of the Godavery is still called _Gautami_.

GODDESS, s. An absurd corruption which used to be applied by our countrymen in the old settlements in the Malay countries to the young women of the land. It is Malay _gādīs_, 'a virgin.'

c. 1772.—

"And then how strange, at night opprest
By toils, with songs you're lulled to rest;
Of rural GODDESSES the guest,
Delightful!"
_W. Marsden_, in _Memoirs_, 14.

1784.—"A lad at one of these entertainments, asked another his opinion of
a GADDEES who was then dancing. 'If she were plated with gold,' replied
he, 'I would not take her for my concubine, much less for my
wife.'"—_Marsden's H. of Sumatra_, 2nd ed., 230.

GODOWN, s. A warehouse for goods and stores; an outbuilding used for stores; a store-room. The word is in constant use in the Chinese ports as well as in India. The H. and Beng. _gudām_ is apparently an adoption of the Anglo-Indian word, not its original. The word appears to have passed to the continent of India from the eastern settlements, where the Malay word GADONG is used in the same sense of 'store-room,' but also in that of 'a house built of brick or stone.' Still the word appears to have come primarily from the South of India, where in Telugu _giḍaṅgi_, _giḍḍangi_, in Tamil _kiḍaṅgu_, signify 'a place where goods lie,' from _kiḍu_, 'to lie.' It appears in Singhalese also as _gudāma_. It is a fact that many common Malay and Javanese words are Tamil, or only to be explained by Tamil. Free intercourse between the Coromandel Coast and the Archipelago is very ancient, and when the Portuguese first appeared at Malacca they found there numerous settlers from S. India (see s.v. KLING). Bluteau gives the word as _palavra da India_, and explains it as a "logea quasi debaixo de chão" ("almost under ground"), but this is seldom the case.

[1513.—"... in which all his rice and a GUDAM full of mace was
burned."—_Letter of F. P. Andrade to Albuquerque_, Feb. 22, India Office,
MSS. _Corpo Chronologico_, vol. I.

[1552.—"At night secretly they cleared their GUDAMS, which are rooms
almost under ground, for fear of fire."—_Barros_, Dec. II. Bk. vi. ch.
3.]

1552.—"... and ordered them to plunder many GODOWNS (_gudoes_) in which
there was such abundance of clove, nutmeg, mace, and sandal wood, that
our people could not transport it all till they had called in the people
of Malacca to complete its removal."—_Castanheda_, iii. 276-7.

1561.—"... GODOWNS (_Gudões_), which are strong houses of stone, having
the lower part built with lime."—_Correa_, II. i. 236. (The last two
quotations refer to events in 1511.)

1570.—"... but the merchants have all one house or _Magazon_, which house
they call GODON, which is made of brickes."—_Caesar Frederike_, in
_Hakl._

1585.—"In the Palace of the King (at Pegu) are many magazines both of
gold and of silver.... Sandalwood, and lign-aloes, and all such things,
have their _gottons_ (GOTTONI), which is as much as to say separate
chambers."—_Gasparo Balbi_, f. 111.

[c. 1612.—"... if I did not he would take away from me the key of the
GADONG."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 195.]

1613.—"As fortelezas e fortificações de Malayos ordinariamente erão
aedifficios de matte entaypado, de que havia muytas casas e armenyas ou
GODOENS que são aedifficios sobterraneos, em que os mercadores recolhem
as roupas de Choromandel per il perigo de fogo."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 22.

1615.—"We paid Jno. Dono 70 _taies_ or plate of bars in full payment of
the fee symple of the GADONGE over the way, to westward of English howse,
whereof 100 _taies_ was paid before."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 39; [in i. 15
GEDONGE].

[ " "An old ruined brick house or GODUNG."—_Foster, Letters_, iii.
109.

[ " "The same goods to be locked up in the GADDONES."—_Ibid._ iii.
159.]

1634.—

"Virão das ruas as secretas minas
* * * * *
Das abrazadas casas as ruinas,
E das riquezas os GUDÕES desertos."
_Malacca Conquistada_, x. 61.

1680.—"Rent Rowle of Dwelling Houses, GOEDOWNS, etc., within the Garrison
in Christian Town."—In _Wheeler_, i. 253-4.

1683.—"I went to ye Bankshall to mark out and appoint a Plat of ground to
build a GODOWN for ye Honble. Company's Salt Petre."—_Hedges, Diary_,
March 5; [Hak. Soc. i. 67].

1696.—"Monday, 3rd August. The Choultry Justices having produced
examinations taken by them concerning the murder of a child in the Black
town, and the robbing of a GODOWN within the walls:—it is ordered that
the Judge-Advocate do cause a session to be held on Tuesday the 11th for
the trial of the criminals."—_Official Memorandum_, in _Wheeler_, i. 303.

[1800.—"The cook-room and ZODOUN at the Laul Baug are covered
in."—_Wellington_, i. 66.]

1809.—"The Black Hole is now part of a GODOWN or warehouse: it was filled
with goods, and I could not see it."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 237.

1880.—"These 'GODOWNS' ... are one of the most marked features of a
Japanese town, both because they are white where all else is gray, and
because they are solid where all else is perishable."—_Miss Bird's
Japan_, i. 264.

GOGLET, GUGLET. s. A water-bottle, usually earthenware, of globular body with a long neck, the same as what is called in Bengal more commonly a _surāhī_ (see SERAI, B., KOOZA). This is the usual form now; the article described by Linschoten and Pyrard, with a sort of cullender mouth and pebbles shut inside, was somewhat different. Corrupted from the Port. _gorgoleta_, the name of such a vessel. The French have also in this sense _gargoulette_, and a word _gargouille_, our medieval _gurgoyle_; all derivations from _gorga_, _garga_, _gorge_, 'the throat,' found in all the Romance tongues. _Tom Cringle_ shows that the word is used in the W. Indies.

1598.—"These cruses are called GORGOLETTA."—_Linschoten_, 60; [Hak. Soc.
i. 207].

1599.—In _Debry_, vii. 28, the word is written GORGOLANE.

c. 1610.—"Il y a une pièce de terre fort delicate, et toute percée de
petits trous façonnez, et au dedans y a de petites pierres qui ne peuvent
sortir, c'est pour nettoyer le vase. Ils appellent cela GARGOULETTE:
l'eau n'en sorte que peu à la fois."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii. 43; [Hak Soc.
ii. 74, and see i. 329].

[1616.—"... 6 GORGOLETTS."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 198.]

1648.—"They all drink out of GORGELANES, that is out of a Pot with a
Spout, without setting the Mouth thereto."—_T. Van Spilbergen's Voyage_,
37.

c. 1670.—"Quand on est à la maison on a des GOURGOULETTES ou aiguières
d'une certaine pierre poreuse."—_Bernier_ (ed. Amst.), ii. 214; [and
comp. ed. _Constable_, 356].

1688.—"L'on donne à chacun de ceux que leur malheur conduit dans ces
saintes prisons, un pot de terre plein d'eau pour se laver, un autre plus
propre de ceux qu'on appelle GURGULETA, aussi plein d'eau pour
boire."—_Dellon, Rel. de l'Inquisition de Goa_, 135.

c. 1690.—"The Siamese, Malays, and Macassar people have the art of making
from the larger coco-nut shells most elegant drinking vessels, cups, and
those other receptacles for water to drink called GORGELETTE, which they
set with silver, and which no doubt by the ignorant are supposed to be
made of the precious Maldive cocos."—_Rumphius_, I. iii.

1698.—"The same way they have of cooling their Liquors, by a wet cloth
wrapped about their GURGULETS and Jars, which are vessels made of a
porous Kind of Earth."—_Fryer_, 47.

1726.—"However, they were much astonished that the water in the GORGOLETS
in that tremendous heat, especially out of doors, was found quite
cold."—_Valentijn, Choro._ 59.

1766.—"I perfectly remember having said that it would not be amiss for
General Carnac to have a man with a GOGLET of water ready to pour on his
head, whenever he should begin to grow warm in debate."—_Lord Clive,
Consn. Fort William_, Jan. 29. In _Long_, 406.

1829.—"Dressing in a hurry, find the drunken bheesty ... has mistaken
your boot for the GOGLET in which you carry your water on the line of
march."—_Shipp's Memoirs_, ii. 149.

c. 1830.—"I was not long in finding a bottle of very tolerable rum, some
salt junk, some biscuit, and a GOGLET, or porous earthen jar of water,
with some capital cigars."—_Tom Cringle_, ed. 1863, 152.

1832.—"Murwan sent for a woman named Joada, and handing her some virulent
poison folded up in a piece of paper, said, 'If you can throw this into
Hussun's GUGGLET, he on drinking a mouthful or two of water will
instantly bring up his liver piece-meal.'"—_Herklots, Qanoon-e-Islam_,
156.

1855.—"To do it (gild the Rangoon Pagoda) they have enveloped the whole
in an extraordinary scaffolding of bamboos, which looks as if they had
been enclosing the pagoda in basketwork to keep it from breaking, as you
would do with a water GOGLET for a _dâk_ journey."—In _Blackwood's Mag._,
May, 1856.

GOGO, GOGA, n.p. A town on the inner or eastern shore of Kattywar Peninsula, formerly a seaport of some importance, with an anchorage sheltered by the Isle of Peram (the _Beiram_ of the quotation from Ibn Batuta). Gogo appears in the Catalan map of 1375. Two of the extracts will show how this unhappy city used to suffer at the hands of the Portuguese. Gogo is now superseded to a great extent by Bhaunagar, 8 m. distant.

1321.—"Dated from CAGA the 12th day of October, in the year of the Lord
1321."—_Letter of Fr. Jordanus_, in _Cathay_, &c. i. 228.

c. 1343.—"We departed from Beiram and arrived next day at the city of
ḲŪKA, which is large, and possesses extensive bazars. We anchored 4 miles
off because of the ebb tide."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 60.

1531.—"The Governor (Nuno da Cunha) ... took counsel to order a fleet to
remain behind to make war upon Cambaya, leaving Antonio de Saldanha with
50 sail, to wit: 4 galeons, and the rest galleys and galeots, and
rowing-vessels of the King's, with some private ones eager to remain, in
the greed for prize. And in this fleet there stayed 1000 men with good
will for the plunder before them, and many honoured gentlemen and
captains. And running up the Gulf they came to a city called GOGA,
peopled by rich merchants; and the fleet entering by the river ravaged it
by fire and sword, slaying much people...."—_Correa_, iii. 418.

[c. 1590.—"GHOGEH." See under SURATH.]

1602.—"... the city of GOGÁ, which was one of the largest and most
opulent in traffic, wealth and power of all those of Cambaya.... This
city lies almost at the head of the Gulf, on the western side, spreading
over a level plain, and from certain ruins of buildings still visible,
seems to have been in old times a very great place, and under the
dominion of certain foreigners."—_Couto_, IV. vii. cap. 5.

1614.—"The passage across from Surrate to GOGA is very short, and so the
three fleets, starting at 4 in the morning, arrived there at
nightfall.... The next day the Portuguese returned ashore to burn the
city ... and entering the city they set fire to it in all quarters, and
it began to blaze with such fury that there was burnt a great quantity of
merchandize (_fazendas de porte_), which was a huge loss to the Moors....
After the burning of the city they abode there 3 days, both captains and
soldiers content with the abundance of their booty, and the fleet stood
for Dio, taking, besides the goods that were on board, many boats in tow
laden with the same."—_Bocarro, Decada_, 333.

[c. 1660.—"A man on foot going by land to a small village named the
GAUGES, and from thence crossing the end of the Gulf, can go from Diu to
Surat in four or five days...."—_Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, ii. 37.]

1727.—"GOGA is a pretty large Town ... has some Trade.... It has the
Conveniences of a Harbour for the largest Ships, though they lie dry on
soft Mud at low Water."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 143.