Chapter XL: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (37)

c. 1665.—"Nous nous trouvâmes au Village de Bilpar, dont les Habitans
qu'on nomme GRATIATES, sont presque tous Voleurs."—_Thevenot_, v. 42.

1808.—"The GRASIAS have been shewn to be of different Sects, Casts, or
families, viz., 1st, Colees and their Collaterals; 2nd, Rajpoots; 3rd,
Syed Mussulmans; 4th, Mole-Islams or modern Mahomedans. There are besides
many others who enjoy the free usufruct of lands, and permanent emolument
from villages, but those only who are of the four aforesaid warlike
tribes seem entitled by prescriptive custom ... to be called
GRASSIAS."—_Drummond, Illustrations._

1813.—"I confess I cannot now contemplate my extraordinary deliverance
from the GRACIA machinations without feelings more appropriate to solemn
silence, than expression."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii. 393; [conf. 2nd ed.
ii. 357].

1819.—"GRASSIA, from GRASS, a word signifying 'a mouthful.' This word is
understood in some parts of Mekran, Sind, and Kutch; but I believe not
further into Hindostan than Jaypoor."—_Mackmurdo_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bo._
i. 270. [On the use in Central India, see _Tod, Annals_, i. 175;
_Malcolm, Central India_, i. 508.]

GRAVE-DIGGER. (See BEEJOO.)

GREEN-PIGEON. A variety of species belonging to the sub.-fam. _Treroninae_, and to genera _Treron_, _Cricopus_, _Osmotreron_, and _Sphenocereus_, bear this name. The three first following quotations show that these birds had attracted the attention of the ancients.

c. 180.—"Daimachus, in his History of India, says that PIGEONS of an
APPLE-GREEN colour are found in India."—_Athenaeus_, ix. 51.

c. A.D. 250.—"They bring also GREENISH (ὠχρὰς) PIGEONS which they say can
never be tamed or domesticated."—_Aelian, De Nat. Anim._ xv. 14.

" "There are produced among the Indians ... PIGEONS of a pale GREEN
COLOUR (χλωρόπτιλοι); any one seeing them for the first time, and not
having any knowledge of ornithology, would say the bird was a parrot and
not a pigeon. They have legs and bill in colour like the partridges of
the Greeks."—_Ibid._ xvi. 2.

1673.—"Our usual diet was (besides Plenty of Fish) Water-Fowl, Peacocks,
GREEN PIDGEONS, Spotted Deer, Sabre, Wild Hogs, and sometimes Wild
Cows."—_Fryer_, 176.

1825.—"I saw a great number of pea-fowl, and of the beautiful GREENISH
PIGEON common in this country...."—_Heber_, ii. 19.

GREY PARTRIDGE. The common Anglo-Indian name of the Hind. _tītar_, common over a great part of India, _Ortygornis Ponticeriana_, Gmelin. "Its call is a peculiar loud shrill cry, and has, not unaptly, been compared to the word _Pateela-pateela-pateela_, quickly repeated but preceded by a single note, uttered two or three times, each time with a higher intonation, till it gets, as it were, the key-note of its call."—_Jerdon_, ii. 566.

GRIBLEE, s. A graplin or grapnel. Lascars' language (_Roebuck_).

GRIFFIN, GRIFF, s.; GRIFFISH, adj. One newly arrived in India, and unaccustomed to Indian ways and peculiarities; a Johnny Newcome. The origin of the phrase is unknown to us. There was an Admiral _Griffin_ who commanded in the Indian seas from Nov. 1746 to June 1748, and was not very fortunate. Had his name to do with the origin of the term? The word seems to have been first used at Madras (see _Boyd_, below). [But also see the quotation from _Beaumont & Fletcher_, below.] Three references below indicate the parallel terms formerly used by the Portuguese at Goa, by the Dutch in the Archipelago, and by the English in Ceylon.

[c. 1624.—"Doves beget doves, and eagles eagles, Madam: a citizen's heir,
though never so rich, seldom at the best proves a gentleman."—_Beaumont &
Fletcher, Honest Man's Fortune_, Act III. sc. 1, vol. iii. p. 389, ed.
_Dyce_. Mr. B. Nicolson (3 ser. _Notes and Queries_, xi. 439) points out
that Dyce's MS. copy, licensed by Sir Henry Herbert in 1624, reads
"proves but a GRIFFIN gentleman." Prof. Skeat (_ibid._ xi. 504) quoting
from _Piers Plowman_, ed. _Wright_, p. 96, "_Gryffyn_ the Walshe," shows
that _Griffin_ was an early name for a Welshman, apparently a corruption
of _Griffith_. The word may have been used abroad to designate a raw
Welshman, and thus acquired its present sense.]

1794.—"As I am little better than an unfledged GRIFFIN, according to the
fashionable phrase here" (Madras).—_Hugh Boyd_, 177.

1807.—"It seems really strange to a GRIFFIN—the cant word for a European
just arrived."—_Ld. Minto, in India_, 17.

1808.—"At the Inn I was tormented to death by the impertinent persevering
of the black people; for every one is a beggar, as long as you are
reckoned a GRIFFIN, or a new-comer."—_Life of Leyden_, 107.

1836.—"I often tire myself ... rather than wait for their dawdling; but
Mrs. Staunton laughs at me and calls me a 'GRIFFIN,' and says I must
learn to have patience and save my strength."—_Letters from Madras_, 38.

" "... he was living with bad men, and saw that they thought him no
better than themselves, but only more GRIFFISH...."—_Ibid._ 53.

1853.—"There were three more cadets on the same steamer, going up to that
great GRIFF depot, Oudapoor."—_Oakfield_, i. 38.

1853.—

"'Like drill?'

"'I don't dislike it much now: the goose-step was not lively.'

"'Ah, they don't give GRIFFS half enough of it now-a-days; by Jove, Sir,
when I was a GRIFF'—and thereupon ..."—_Ibid._ i. 62.

[1900.—"Ten Rangoon sportsmen have joined to import ponies from Australia
on the GRIFFIN system, and have submitted a proposal to the Stewards to
frame their events to be confined to GRIFFINS at the forthcoming autumn
meeting."—_Pioneer Mail_, May 18.]

The GRIFFIN at Goa also in the old days was called by a peculiar name. (See REINOL.)

1631.—"Haec exanthemata (prickly heat-spots) magis afficiunt recenter
advenientes ut et Mosquitarum puncturae ... ita ut deridiculum ergo hic
inter nostrates dicterium enatum sit, eum qui hoc modo affectus sit, esse
ORANG BAROU, quod novitium hominem significat."—_Jac. Bontii, Hist.
Nat._, &c., ii. cap. xviii. p. 33.

Here ORANG BAROU is Malay ORANG-BAHARU, _i.e._ 'new man'; whilst _Orang-lama_, 'man of long since,' is applied to old colonials. In connection with these terms we extract the following:—

c. 1790.—"Si je n'avois pas été un _oorlam_, et si un long séjour dans
l'Inde ne m'avoit pas accoutumé à cette espèce de fleau, j'aurois
certainement souffert l'impossible durant cette nuit."—_Haafner_, ii.
26-27.

On this his editor notes:

"_Oorlam_ est un mot Malais corrumpu; il faut dire _Orang-lama_, ce qui
signifie une personne qui a déjà été long-temps dans un endroit, ou dans
un pays, et c'est par ce nom qu'on designe les Européens qui ont habité
depuis un certain temps dans l'Inde. Ceux qui ne font qu'y arriver, sont
appelés _Baar_; denomination qui vient du mot Malais ORANG-BARU ... un
homme nouvellement arrivé."

[1894.—"In the _Standard_, Jan. 1, there appears a letter entitled
'Ceylon Tea-Planting—a Warning,' and signed 'An Ex-CREEPER.' The
correspondent sends a cutting from a recent issue of a Ceylon daily
paper—a paragraph headed 'CREEPERS Galore.' From this extract it appears
that CREEPER is the name given in Ceylon to paying pupils who go out
there to learn tea-planting."—_Mr. A. L. Mayhew_, in 8 ser. _Notes and
Queries_, v. 124.]

GROUND, s. A measure of land used in the neighbourhood of Madras. [Also called _Munny_, Tam. _manai_.] (See under CAWNY.)

GRUFF, adj. Applied to bulky goods. Probably the Dutch _grof_, 'coarse.'

[1682-3.—"... that for every Tunne of Saltpetre and all other GROFFE
goods I am to receive nineteen pounds."—_Pringle, Diary, Ft. St. Geo._
1st ser. vol. ii. 3-4.]

1750.—"... all which could be called Curtins, and some of the Bastions at
_Madrass_, had Warehouses under them for the Reception of Naval Stores,
and other GRUFF Goods from Europe, as well as Salt Petre from
_Bengal_."—_Letter to a Propr. of the E. I. Co._, p. 52.

1759.—"Which by causing a great export of rice enhances the price of
labour, and consequently of all other GRUFF, piece-goods and raw
silk."—In _Long_, 171.

1765.—"... also _foole sugar_, lump _jaggre_, ginger, long pepper, and
_piply-mol_ ... articles that usually compose the GRUFF cargoes of our
outward-bound shipping."—_Holwell, Hist. Events_, &c., i. 194.

1783.—"What in India is called a GRUFF (bulky) cargo."—_Forrest, Voyage
to Mergui_, 42.

GRUNTH, s. Panjābī _Granth_, from Skt. _grantha_, lit. 'a knot,' leaves tied together by a string. 'The Book,' _i.e._ the Scripture of the Sikhs, containing the hymns composed or compiled by their leaders from Nānak (1469-1539) onwards. The _Granth_ has been translated by Dr. Trumpp, and published, at the expense of the Indian Government.

1770.—"As the young man (Nānak) was early introduced to the knowledge of
the most esteemed writings of the Mussulmen ... he made it a practice in
his leisure hours to translate literally or virtually, as his mind
prompted him, such of their maxims as made the deepest impression on his
heart. This was in the idiom of Pendjab, his maternal language. Little by
little he strung together these loose sentences, reduced them into some
order, and put them in verses.... His collection became numerous; it took
the form of a book which was entitled GRENTH."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, i. 89.

1798.—"A book entitled the GRUNTH ... is the only typical object which
the Sicques have admitted into their places of worship."—_G. Forster's
Travels_, i. 255.

1817.—"The fame of Nannak's book was diffused. He gave it a new name,
KIRRUNT."—_Mill's Hist._ ii. 377.

c. 1831.—"... Au centre du quel est le temple d'or où est gardé le GRANT
ou livre sacré des Sikes."—_Jacquemont, Correspondance_, ii. 166.

[1838.—"There was a large collection of priests, sitting in a circle,
with the GROOHT, their holy book, in the centre...."—_Miss Eden, Up the
Country_, ii. 7.]

GRUNTHEE, s. Panj. _granthī_ from _granth_ (see GRUNTH). A sort of native chaplain attached to Sikh regiments. [The name _Granthī_ appears among the Hindi mendicant castes of the Panjab in _Mr. Maclagan's Census Rep._, 1891, p. 300.]

GRUNTHUM, s. This (_grantham_) is a name, from the same Skt. word as the last, given in various odd forms to the Sanskrit language by various Europeans writing in S. India during the 16th and 17th centuries. The term properly applied to the character in which the Sanskrit books were written.

1600.—"In these verses is written, in a particular language, called
GERODAM, their Philosophy and Theology, which the Bramens study and read
in Universities all over India."—_Lucena, Vida do Padre F. Xavier_, 95.

1646.—"Cette langue correspond à la nostre Latine, parceque les seules
Lettrés l'apprennent; il se nomment GUIRINDANS."—_Barretto, Rel. de la
Prov. de la Malabar_, 257.

1727.—"... their four law-books, _Sama Vedam_, _Urukku Vedam_, _Edirwarna
Vedam_, and _Adir Vedam_, which are all written in the GIRANDAMS, and are
held in high esteem by the Bramins."—_Valentijn_, v. (_Ceylon_), 399.

" "GIRANDAM (by others called KERENDUM, and also _Sanskrits_) is
the language of the Bramins and the learned."—_Ibid._ 386.

1753.—"Les Indiens du pays se donnent le nom de _Tamules_, et on sait que
la langue vulgaire différente du Sanskret, et du GRENDAM, qui sont les
langues sacrées, porte le même nom."—_D'Anville_, 117.

GUANA, IGUANA, s. This is not properly an Indian term, nor the name of an Indian species, but, as in many other cases, it has been applied by transfer from superficially resembling _genera_ in the new Indies, to the old. The great lizards, sometimes called _guanas_ in India, are apparently _monitors_. It must be observed, however, that approximating Indian names of lizards have helped the confusion. Thus the large monitor to which the name _guana_ is often applied in India, is really called in Hindi _goh_ (Skt. _godhā_), Singhalese _goyā_. The true _iguana_ of America is described by Oviedo in the first quotation under the name of _iuana_. [The word is Span. _iguana_, from Carib _iwana_, written in early writers _hiuana_, _igoana_, _iuanna_ or _yuana_. See _N.E.D._ and _Stanf. Dict._]

c. 1535.—"There is in this island an animal called IUANA, which is here
held to be amphibious (_neutrale_), _i.e._ doubtful whether fish or
flesh, for it frequents the rivers and climbs the trees as well.... It is
a Serpent, bearing to one who knows it not a horrid and frightful aspect.
It has the hands and feet like those of a great lizard, the head much
larger, but almost of the same fashion, with a tail 4 or 5 palms in
length.... And the animal, formed as I have described, is much better to
eat than to look at," &c.—_Oviedo_, in _Ramusio_, iii. f. 156_v_, 157.

c. 1550.—"We also used to catch some four-footed animals called IGUANE,
resembling our lizards in shape ... the females are most delicate
food."—_Girolami Benzoni_, p. 140.

1634.—"De Lacertae quâdam specie, Incolis LIGUAN. Est ... genus
venenosissimum," &c.—_Jac. Bontii_, Lib. v. cap. 5. p. 57. (See GECKO.)

1673.—"GUIANA, a Creature like a Crocodile, which Robbers use to lay hold
on by their Tails, when they clamber Houses."—_Fryer_, 116.

1681.—Knox, in his _Ceylon_, speaks of two creatures resembling the
Alligator—one called _Kobbera_ GUION, 5 or 6 feet long, and not eatable;
the other called _tolla_ GUION, very like the former, but "which is
eaten, and reckoned excellent meat ... and I suppose it is the same with
that which in the W. Indies is called the GUIANA" (pp. 30, 31). The names
are possibly Portuguese, and _Kobbera guion_ may be _Cobra_-GUANA.

1704.—"The GUANO is a sort of Creature, some of which are found on the
land, some in the water ... stewed with a little Spice they make good
Broth."—_Funnel_, in _Dampier_, iv. 51.

1711.—"Here are Monkeys, GAUNAS, Lissards, large Snakes, and
Alligators."—_Lockyer_, 47.

1780.—"They have here an amphibious animal called the GUANA, a species of
the crocodile or alligator, of which soup is made equal to that of
turtle. This I take upon hearsay, for it is to me of all others the most
loathsome of animals, not less so than the toad."—_Munro's Narrative_,
36.

c. 1830.—"Had I known I was dining upon a GUANA, or large wood-lizard, I
scarcely think I would have made so hearty a meal."—_Tom Cringle_ (ed.
1863), 178.

1879.—"Captain Shaw asked the Imaum of one of the mosques of Malacca
about alligator's eggs, a few days ago, and his reply was, that the young
that went down to the sea became alligators, and those that came up the
river became IGUANAS."—_Miss Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 200.

1881.—"The chief of Mudhol State belongs to the Bhonslá family.... The
name, however, has been entirely superseded by the second designation of
_Ghorpade_, which is said to have been acquired by one of the family who
managed to scale a fort previously deemed impregnable, by fastening a
cord around the body of a _ghorpad_ or IGUANA."—_Imperial Gazetteer_, vi.
437.

1883.—"Who can look on that anachronism, an iguana (I mean the large
_monitor_ which Europeans in India generally call an IGUANA, sometimes a
GUANO!) basking, four feet long, on a sunny bank ..."—_Tribes on My
Frontier_, 36.

1885.—"One of my moonshis, José Prethoo, a Concani of one of the numerous
families descended from Xavier's converts, gravely informed me that in
the old days IGUANAS were used in gaining access to besieged places; for,
said he, a large IGUANA, sahib, is so strong that if 3 or 4 men laid hold
of its tail he could drag them up a wall or tree!"—_Gordon Forbes, Wild
Life in Canara_, 56.

GUARDAFUI, CAPE, n.p. The eastern horn of Africa, pointing towards India. We have the name from the Portuguese, and it has been alleged to have been so called by them as meaning, 'Take you heed!' (_Gardez-vous_, in fact.) But this is etymology of the species that so confidently derives 'Bombay' from _Boa Bahia_. Bruce, again (see below), gives dogmatically an interpretation which is equally unfounded. We must look to history, and not to the 'moral consciousness' of anybody. The country adjoining this horn of Africa, the _Regio Aromatum_ of the ancients, seems to have been called by the Arabs _Hafūn_, a name which we find in the _Periplus_ in the shape of _Opōnē_. This name _Hafūn_ was applied to a town, no doubt the true _Opōnē_, which Barbosa (1516) mentions under the name of _Afuni_, and it still survives in those of two remarkable promontories, viz. the Peninsula of _Rās Hafūn_ (the _Chersonnesus_ of the _Periplus_, the _Zingis_ of Ptolemy, the Cape _d'Affui_ and _d'Orfui_ of old maps and nautical directories), and the cape of JARD-HAFŪN (or according to the Egyptian pronunciation, _Gard-Hafūn_), _i.e._ GUARDAFUI. The nearest possible meaning of _jard_ that we can find is 'a wide or spacious tract of land without herbage.' Sir R. Burton (_Commentary on Camõens_, iv. 489) interprets _jard_ as = Bay, "from a break in the dreadful granite wall, lately provided by Egypt with a lighthouse." The last statement is unfortunately an error. The intended light seems as far off as ever. [There is still no lighthouse, and shipowners differ as to its advantage; see answer by Secretary of State, in House of Commons, _Times_, March 14, 1902.] We cannot judge of the ground of his interpretation of _jard_.

An attempt has been made to connect the name _Hafūn_ with the Arabic _af'a_, 'pleasant odours.' It would then be the equivalent of the ancient _Reg. Aromatum_. This is tempting, but very questionable. We should have mentioned that Guardafui is the site of the mart and Promontory of the Spices described by the author of the _Periplus_ as the furthest point and abrupt termination of the continent of _Barbarice_ (or eastern Africa), towards the Orient (τὸ τῶν Ἀρωματών ἐμπόριον καὶ ἀκρωτήριον τελευταῖον τῆς βαρβαρικῆς ἠπείρου πρὸς ἀνατολὴν ἀποκόπον).

According to C. Müller our _Guardafui_ is called by the natives _Rās Aser_; their _Rās Jardafūn_ being a point some 12 m. to the south, which on some charts is called _Rās Shenarif_, and which is also the Τάβαι of the _Periplus_ (_Geog. Gr. Minores_, i. 263).

1516.—"And that the said ships from his ports (K. of Coulam's) shall not
go inwards from the Strait and Cape of GUOARDAFFUY, nor go to Adem,
except when employed in our obedience and service ... and if any vessel
or _Zambuque_ is found inward of the Cape of GUOARDAFFUY it shall be
taken as good prize of war."—_Treaty between Lopo Soares and the K. of
Caulam_, in _Botelho, Tombo_, 33.

" "After passing this place (_Afuni_) the next after it is _Cape_
GUARDAFUN, where the coast ends, and trends so as to double towards the
Red Sea."—_Barbosa_, 16.

c. 1530.—"This province, called of late Arabia, but which the ancients
called _Trogloditica_, begins at the Red Sea and the country of the
Abissines, and finishes at Magadasso ... others say it extends only to
the Cape of GUARDAFUNI."—_Sommario de' Regni_, in _Ramusio_, i. f. 325.

1553.—"Vicente Sodre, being despatched by the King, touched at the Island
of Çocotora, where he took in water, and thence passed to the Cape of
GUARDAFU, which is the most easterly land of Africa."—_De Barros_, I.
vii. cap. 2.

1554.—"If you leave Dábúl at the end of the season, you direct yourselves
W.S.W. till the pole is four inches and an eighth, from thence true west
to KARDAFÚN."—_Sidi 'Ali Kapudān, The Mohit_, in _J. As. Soc. Ben._, v.
464.

" "You find such whirlpools on the coasts of KARDAFŪN...."—The
same, in his narrative, _Journ. As._ ser. 1. tom. ix. p. 77.

1572.—

"O Cabo vê já Aromata chamado,
E agora GUARDAFÚ, dos moradores,
Onde começa a boca do affamado
Mar Roxo, que do fundo toma as cores."
_Camões_, x. 97.

Englished by Burton:

"The Cape which Antients 'Aromatic' clepe
behold, yclept by Moderns GUARDAFÚ;
where opes the Red Sea mouth, so wide and deep,
the Sea whose ruddy bed lends blushing hue."

1602.—"Eitor da Silveira set out, and without any mishap arrived at the
Cape of _Gardafui_."—COUTO, IV. i. 4.

1727.—"And having now travell'd along the Shore of the Continent, from
the Cape of _Good Hope_ to Cape GUARDAFOY, I'll survey the Islands that
lie in the Ethiopian Sea."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 15; [ed. 1744].

1790.—"The Portuguese, or Venetians, the first Christian traders in these
parts, have called it GARDEFUI, which has no signification in any
language. But in that part of the country where it is situated, it is
called GARDEFAN and means the _Straits of Burial_, the reason of which
will be seen afterwards."—_Bruce's Travels_, i. 315.

[1823.—"... we soon obtained sight of Cape GARDAFUI.... It is called by
the natives _Ras Assere_, and the high mountain immediately to its south
is named _Gibel_ JORDAFOON.... Keeping about nine miles off shore we
rounded the peninsula of HAFOON.... HAFOON appears like an island, and
belongs to a native Somauli prince...."—_Owen, Narr._ i. 353.]

GUAVA, s. This fruit (_Psidium Guayava_, L., Ord. _Myrtaceae_; Span. _guayava_, Fr. _goyavier_, [from Brazilian _guayaba_, _Stanf. Dict._]), _Guayabo pomifera Indica_ of Caspar Bauhin, _Guayava_ of Joh. Bauhin, strangely appears by name in Elliot's translation from Amīr Khosrū, who flourished in the 13th century: "He who has placed only _guavas_ and quinces in his throat, and has never eaten a plantain, will say it is like so much jujube" (iii. 556). This must be due to some ambiguous word carelessly rendered. The fruit and its name are alike American. It appears to be the _guaiabo_ of Oviedo in his _History of the Indies_ (we use the Italian version in _Ramusio_, iii. f. 141v). There is no mention of the _guava_ in either De Orta or Acosta. _Amrūd_, which is the commonest Hindustani (Pers.) name for the guava, means properly 'a pear'; but the fruit is often called _safarī ām_, 'journey mango' (respecting which see under ANANAS). And this last term is sometimes vulgarly corrupted into _supārī ām_ (areca-mango!). In the Deccan (according to Moodeen Sheriff) and all over Guzerat and the Central Provinces (as we are informed by M.-Gen. Keatinge), the fruit is called _jām_, Mahr. _jamba_, which is in Bengal the name of _Syzigium jambolanum_ (see JAMOON), and in Guzerāti _jāmrūd_, which seems to be a factitious word in imitation of _āmrūd_.

The guava, though its claims are so inferior to those of the pine-apple (indeed except to stew, or make jelly, it is _nobis judicibus_, an utter impostor), [Sir Joseph Hooker annotates: "You never ate good ones!"] must have spread like that fruit with great rapidity. Both appear in Blochmann's transl. of the _Āīn_ (i. 64) as served at Akbar's table; though when the guava is named among the fruits of Tūrān, doubts again arise as to the fruit intended, for the word used, _amrūd_, is ambiguous. In 1688 Dampier mentions guavas at Achin, and in Cochin China. The tree, like the custard-apple, has become wild in some parts of India. See _Davidson_, below.

c. 1550.—"The GUAIAVA is like a peach-tree, with a leaf resembling the
laurel ... the red are better than the white, and are
well-flavoured."—_Girol. Benzoni_, p. 88.

1658.—There is a good cut of the GUAVA, as _guaiaba_, in _Piso_, pp.
152-3.

1673.—"... flourish pleasant Tops of Plantains, Cocoes, GUIAVAS, a kind
of Pear."—_Fryer_, 40.

1676.—"The N.W. part is full of GUAVER Trees of the greatest variety, and
their Fruit the largest and best tasted I have met with."—_Dampier_, ii.
107.

1685.—"The GUAVA ... when the Fruit is ripe, it is yellow, soft, and very
pleasant. It bakes well as a Pear."—_Ibid._ i. 222.

c. 1750-60.—"Our guides too made us distinguish a number of GOYAVA, and
especially plumb-trees."—_Grose_, i. 20.

1764.—

"A wholesome fruit the ripened GUAVA yields,
Boast of the housewife."
_Grainger_, Bk. i.

1843.—"On some of these extensive plains (on the Mohur R. in Oudh) we
found large orchards of the wild GUAVA ... strongly resembling in their
rough appearance the pear-trees in the hedges of Worcestershire."—_Col.
C. J. Davidson, Diary of Travels_, ii. 271.

GUBBER, s. This is some kind of gold ducat or sequin; Milburn says 'a Dutch ducat.' It may have adopted this special meaning, but could hardly have held it at the date of our first quotation. The name is probably _gabr_ (_dīnār-i-gabr_), implying its being of _infidel_ origin.

c. 1590.—"Mirza Jani Beg Sultán made this agreement with his soldiers,
that every one who should bring in an enemy's head should receive 500
GABARS, every one of them worth 12 _mírís_ ... of which 72 went to one
_tanka_."—_Táríkh-i-Táhiri_, in _Elliot_, i. 287.

1711.—"Rupees are the most current Coin; they have Venetians, GUBBERS,
Muggerbees, and Pagodas."—_Lockyer_, 201.

" "When a Parcel of Venetian Ducats are mixt with others the whole
goes by the name of _Chequeens_ at Surat, but when they are separated,
one sort is called Venetians, and all the others GUBBERS
indifferently."—_Ibid._ 242.

1762.—"_Gold and Silver Weights_:

oz. dwts. grs.
100 Venetian Ducats 11 0 5
10 (100?) GUBBERS 10 17 12."
_Brooks, Weights and Measures._

GUBBROW, v. To bully, to dumbfound, and perturb a person. Made from _ghabrāo_, the imperative of _ghabrānā_. The latter, though sometimes used transitively, is more usually neuter, 'to be dumbfounded and perturbed.'

GUDDA, s. A donkey, literal and metaphorical. H. _gadhā_: [Skt. _gardabha_, 'the roarer']. The coincidence of the Scotch _cuddy_ has been attributed to a loan from H. through the gypsies, who were the chief owners of the animal in Scotland, where it is not common. On the other hand, this is ascribed to a nickname _Cuddy_ (for Cuthbert), like the English _Neddy_, similarly applied. [So the _N.E.D._ with hesitation.] A Punjab proverbial phrase is _gadōṅ khurkī_, "Donkeys' rubbing" their sides together, a sort of 'claw me and I'll claw thee.'

GUDDY, GUDDEE, s. H. _gaddī_, Mahr. _gādī_. 'The Throne.' Properly it is a cushion, a throne in the Oriental sense, _i.e._ the seat of royalty, "a simple sheet, or mat, or carpet on the floor, with a large cushion or pillow at the head, against which the great man reclines" (_Wilson_). "To be placed on the GUDDEE" is to succeed to the kingdom. The word is also used for the pad placed on an elephant's back.

[1809.—"Seendhiya was seated nearly in the centre, on a large square
cushion covered with gold brocade; his back supported by a round bolster,
and his arms resting upon two flat cushions; all covered with the same
costly material, and forming together a kind of throne, called a MUSNUD,
or GUDDEE."—_Broughton, Letters from a Mahratta Camp_, ed. 1892, p. 28.]

GUDGE, s. P.—H. _gaz_, and corr. _gaj_; a Persian yard measure or thereabouts; but in India applied to measures of very varying lengths, from the _hāth_, or natural cubit, to the English yard. In the _Āīn_ [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 58 _seqq._] Abu'l Faẓl details numerous _gaz_ which had been in use under the Caliphs or in India, varying from 18 inches English (as calculated by J. Prinsep) to 52⅛. The _Ilāhī gaz_ of Akbar was intended to supersede all these as a standard; and as it was the basis of all records of land-measurements and rents in Upper India, the determination of its value was a subject of much importance when the revenue surveys were undertaken about 1824. The results of enquiry were very discrepant, however, and finally an arbitrary value of 33 inches was assumed. The _bīghā_ (see BEEGAH), based on this, and containing 3600 square _gaz_ = ⅝ of an acre, is the standard in the N.W.P., but statistics are now always rendered in acres. See _Gladwin's Ayeen_ (1800) i. 302, _seqq._; _Prinsep's Useful Tables_, ed. Thomas, 122; [_Madras Administration Manual_, ii. 505.]

[1532.—"... and if in quantity the measure and the weight, and whether
ells, roods or GAZES."—_Archiv. Port. Orient._ f. 5, p. 1562.]

1754.—"Some of the townsmen again demanded of me to open my bales, and
sell them some pieces of cloth; but ... I rather chose to make several of
them presents of 2¼ GAZ of cloth, which is the measure they usually take
for a coat."—_Hanway_, i. 125.

1768-71.—"A GESS or GOSS is 2 _cobidos_, being at Chinsurah 2 feet and 10
inches Rhineland measure."—_Stavorinus_, E.T. i. 463.

1814.—"They have no measures but the GUDGE, which is from their elbow to
the end of the middle finger, for measuring length."—_Pearce, Acc. of the
Ways of the Abyssinians_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bo._ ii. 56.

GUICOWAR, n.p. _Gāekwār_, the title of the Mahratta kings of Guzerat, descended from Dāmāji and Pīlājī Gāekwār, who rose to distinction among Mahratta warriors in the second quarter of the 18th century. The word means 'Cowherd.'

[1813.—"These princes were all styled GUICKWAR, in addition to their
family name ... the word literally means a cow-keeper, which, although a
low employment in general, has, in this noble family among the Hindoos,
who venerate that animal, become a title of great importance."—_Forbes,
Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 375.]

GUINEA-CLOTHS, GUINEA-STUFFS, s. Apparently these were piece-goods bought in India to be used in the West African trade. [On the other hand, Sir G. Birdwood identifies them with GUNNY (_Report on old Recs._, 224). The manufacture still goes on at Pondicherry.] These are presumably the _Negros-tücher_ of Baldaeus (1672), p. 154.

[1675.—"GUINEA-STUFFS," in _Birdwood_, _ut supra_.]

1726.—We find in a list of cloths purchased by the Dutch Factory at Porto
Novo, GUINEES LYWAAT, and _Negros-Kleederen_ ('Guinea linens and Negro's
clothing').—See _Valentijn, Chorom._ 9.

1813.—"The demand for Surat piece-goods has been much decreased in Europe
... and from the abolition of the slave trade, the demand for the African
market has been much reduced.... GUINEA STUFFS, 4½ yards each (per ton)
1200 (pieces)."—_Milburn_, i. 289.

[1878.—"The chief trades of Pondicherry are, spinning, weaving and dyeing
the cotton stuffs known by the name of GUINEES."—_Garstin, Man. of S.
Arcot_, 426.]

[GUINEA DEER, s. An old name for some species of Chevrotain, in the quotation probably the _Tragulus meminna_ or Mouse Deer (_Blanford, Mammalia_, 555).

[1755.—"Common deer they have here (in Ceylon) in great abundance, and
also GUINEA DEER."—_Ives_, 57.]

GUINEA-FOWL. There seems to have been, in the 16th century, some confusion between turkeys and Guinea-fowl. See however under TURKEY. The Guinea-fowl is the _Meleagris_ of Aristotle and others, the _Afra avis_ of Horace.

GUINEA-PIG, s. This was a nickname given to midshipmen or apprentices on board Indiamen in the 18th century, when the command of such a vessel was a sure fortune, and large fees were paid to the captain with whom the youngsters embarked. Admiral Smyth, in his _Sailor's Handbook_, 1867, defines: 'The younger midshipmen of an Indiaman.'

[1779.—"I promise you, to me it was no slight penance to be exposed
during the whole voyage to the half sneering, satirical looks of the
mates and GUINEA-PIGS."—_Macintosh, Travels_, quoted in _Carey, Old
Days_, i. 73.]

GUINEA-WORM, s. A parasitic worm (_Filaria Medinensis_) inhabiting the subcutaneous cellular tissue of man, frequently in the leg, varying from 6 inches to 12 feet in length, and common on the Pers. Gulf, in Upper Egypt, Guinea, &c. It is found in some parts of W. India. "I have known," writes M.-Gen. Keatinge, "villages where half the people were maimed by it after the rains. Matunga, the Head Quarters of the Bombay Artillery, was abandoned, in great measure, on account of this pest." [It is the disease most common in the Damoh District (_C. P. Gazetteer_, 176, _Sleeman, Rambles, &c._, ed. _V. A. Smith_, i. 94). It is the _rāshta_, _reshta_ of Central Asia (_Schuyler, Turkistan_, i. 147; _Wolff, Travels_, ii. 407).] The reason of the name is shown by the quotation from Purchas respecting its prevalence in Guinea. The disease is graphically described by Agatharchides in the first quotation.

B.C. c. 113.—"Those about the Red Sea who are stricken with a certain
malady, as Agatharchides relates, besides being afflicted with other
novel and unheard-of symptoms, of which one is that small snake-like
worms (δρακόντια μικρὰ) eat through the legs and arms, and peep out, but
when touched instantly shrink back again, and winding among the muscles
produce intolerable burning pains."—In Dubner's ed. of _Plutarch_, iv.
872, viz. _Table Discussions_, Bk. VIII. Quest. ix. 3.

1600.—"The wormes in the legges and bodies trouble not euery one that
goeth to those Countreys, but some are troubled with them and some are
not"—(a full account of the disease follows).—_Descn. of_ GUINEA, in
_Purchas_, ii. 963.

c. 1630.—"But for their water ... I may call it _Aqua Mortis_ ... it
ingenders small long worms in the legges of such as use to drink it ...
by no potion, no unguent to be remedied: they have no other way to
destroy them, save by rowling them about a pin or peg, not unlike the
treble of Theorbo."—_Sir T. Herbert_, p. 128.

1664.—"... nor obliged to drink of those naughty waters ... full of
nastiness of so many people and beasts ... that do cause such fevers,
which are very hard to cure, and which breed also certain very dangerous
worms in the legs ... they are commonly of the bigness and length of a
small Vial-string ... and they must be drawn out little by little, from
day to day, gently winding them about a little twig about the bigness of
a needle, for fear of breaking them."—_Bernier_, E.T. 114; [ed.
_Constable_, 355].

1676.—"GUINEA WORMS are very frequent in some Places of the West Indies
... I rather judge that they are generated by drinking bad
water."—_Dampier_, ii. 89-90.

1712.—"Haec vita est Ormusiensium, imò civium totius littoris Persici, ut
perpetuas in corpore calamitates ferant ex coeli intemperie: modo sudore
diffluunt; modo vexantur furunculis; nunc cibi sunt, mox aquae inopes;
saepè ventis urentibus, semper sole torrente, squalent et quis omnia
recenseat? Unum ex aerumnis gravioribus induco: nimirum _Lumbricorum_
singulare genus, quod non in intestinis, sed in musculis per corporis
ambitum natales invenit. Latini medici vermem illum nomine donant τοῦ
δρακοντίου, s. _Dracunculi_.... GUINEENSES nigritae linguâ suâ ... vermes
illos vocant _Ickòn_, ut produnt reduces ex aurifero illo Africae
littore...."—_Kaempfer, Amoen. Exot._, 524-5. Kaempfer speculates as to
why the old physicians called it _dracunculus_; but the name was
evidently taken from the δρακόντιον of Agatharchides, quoted above.

1768.—"The less dangerous diseases which attack Europeans in Guinea are,
the dry belly-ache, and a worm which breeds in the flesh.... Dr. Rouppe
observes that the disease of the GUINEA-WORM is infectious."—_Lind on
Diseases of Hot Climates_, pp. 53, 54.

1774.—See an account of this pest under the name of "_le ver des nerfs_
(Vena Medinensis)," in _Niebuhr, Desc. de l'Arabie_, 117. The name given
by Niebuhr is, as we learn from Kaempfer's remarks, _'araḳ Medīnī_, the
Medina nerve (rather than vein).

[1821.—"The doctor himself is just going off to the Cape, half-dead from
the Kotah fever; and, as if that were not enough, the _narooa_, or
GUINEA-WORM, has blanched his cheek and made him a cripple."—_Tod,
Annals_, ed. 1884, ii. 743.]

GUJPUTTY, n.p. (See COSPETIR.)

GUM-GUM, s. We had supposed this word to be an invention of the late Charles Dickens, but it seems to be a real Indian, or Anglo-Indian, word. The nearest approximation in Shakespear's Dict. is _gamak_, 'sound of the kettledrum.' But the word is perhaps a Malay plural of _gong_ originally; see the quotation from _Osbeck_. [The quotations from _Bowdich_ and _Medley_ (from _Scott, Malay Words_, p. 53) perhaps indicate an African origin.]

[1659.—"... The roar of great guns, the sounding of trumpets, the beating
of drums, and the noise of the GOMGOMMEN of the Indians."—From the
account of the Dutch attack (1659) on a village in Ceram, given in
_Wouter Schouten, Reistogt nadr en door Oostindiën_, 4th ed. 1775, i. 55.
In the Dutch version, "en het geraas van de GOMGOMMEN der Indiäanen." The
French of 1707 (i. 92) has "au bruit du canon, des trompettes, des
tambour et des GOMGOMMES Indiennes."

[1731.—"One of the Hottentot Instruments of Musick is common to several
Negro Nations, and is called both by Negroes and Hottentots, GOM-GOM ...
is a Bow of Iron, or Olive Wood, strung with twisted Sheep-Gut or
Sinews."—_Medley_, tr. _Kolben's Cape of Good Hope_, i. 271.]

c. 1750-60.—"A music far from delightful, consisting of little drums they
call GUMGUMS, cymbals, and a sort of fife."—_Grose_, i. 139.

1768-71.—"They have a certain kind of musical instruments called
GOM-GOMS, consisting in hollow iron bowls, of various sizes and tones,
upon which a man strikes with an iron or wooden stick ... not unlike a
set of bells."—_Stavorinus_, E.T. i. 215. See also p. 65.

1771.—"At night we heard a sort of music, partly made by insects, and
partly by the noise of the GUNGUNG."—_Osbeck_, i. 185.

[1819.—"The GONG-GONGS and drums were beat all around us."—_Bowdich,
Mission to Ashantee_, i. 7, 136.]

1836.—"'Did you ever hear a tom-tom, Sir?' sternly enquired the
Captain....

'A what?' asked Hardy, rather taken aback.

'A tom-tom.'

'Never!'

'Nor a GUM-GUM?'

'Never!'

'What _is_ a GUM-GUM?' eagerly enquired several young ladies."—_Sketches
by Boz, The Steam Excursion._

[GUNGE, s. Hind. _ganj_, 'a store, store-house, market.'

[1762.—See under GOMASTA.

[1772.—"GUNGE, a market principally for grain."—_Verelst, View of
Bengal_, Gloss. s.v.

[1858.—"The term GUNGE signifies a range of buildings at a place of
traffic, for the accommodation of merchants and all persons engaged in
the purchase and sale of goods, and for that of their goods and of the
shopkeepers who supply them."—_Sleeman, Journey through Oudh_, i. 278.]

GUNJA, s. Hind. _gānjhā_, _gānjā_. The flowering or fruiting shoots of the female plant of Indian hemp (_Cannabis sativa_, L., formerly distinguished as _C. indica_), used as an intoxicant. (See BANG.)

[c. 1813.—"The natives have two proper names for the hemp (_Cannabis
sativa_), and call it GANGJA when young, and _Siddhi_ when the flowers
have fully expanded."—_Buchanan, Eastern India_, ii. 865.]

1874.—"In odour and the absence of taste, GANJÁ resembles _bhang_. It is
said that after the leaves which constitute _bhang_ have been gathered,
little shoots sprout from the stem, and that these, picked off and dried,
form what is called GANJÁ."—_Hanbury & Flückiger_, 493.

GUNNY, GUNNY-BAG, s. From Skt. _goṇi_, 'a sack'; Hind. and Mahr. _goṇ_, _goṇī_, 'a sack, sacking.' The popular and trading name of the coarse sacking and sacks made from the fibre of JUTE, much used in all Indian trade. _Ṭāṭ_ is a common Hind. name for the stuff. [With this word Sir G. Birdwood identifies the forms found in the old records—"_Guiny_ Stuffes (1671)," "_Guynie_ stuffs," "_Guinea_ stuffs," "_Gunnys_" (_Rep. on Old Records_, 26, 38, 39, 224); but see under GUINEA-CLOTHS.]

c. 1590.—"Sircar Ghoraghat produces raw silk, GUNNEYS, and plenty of
_Tanghion_ horses."—_Gladwin's Ayeen_, ed. 1800, ii. 9; [ed. _Jarrett_,
ii. 123]. (But here, in the original, the term is _pārchah-i-ṭāṭband_.)

1693.—"Besides the aforenamed articles GOENY-SACKS are collected at
Palicol."—_Havart_ (3), 14.

1711.—"When Sugar is pack'd in double GONEYS, the outer Bag is always
valued in Contract at 1 or 1½ _Shahee_."—_Lockyer_, 244.

1726.—In a list of goods procurable at _Daatzerom_: "GOENI-ZAKKEN (Gunny
bags)."—_Valentijn, Chor._ 40.

1727.—"Sheldon ... put on board some rotten long Pepper, that he could
dispose of in no other Way, and some damaged GUNNIES, which are much used
in Persia for embaling Goods, when they are good in their kind."—_A.
Hamilton_, ii. 15; [ed. 1744].

1764.—"Baskets, GUNNY BAGS, and _dubbers_ ... Rs. 24."—In _Long_, 384.

1785.—"We enclose two _parwanehs_ ... directing them each to despatch
1000 GOONIES of grain to that person of mighty degree."—_Tippoo's
Letters_, 171.

1885.—"The land was so covered with them (plover) that the hunters shot
them with all kind of arms. We counted 80 birds in the GUNNY-sack that
three of the soldiers brought in."—_Boots and Saddles_, by _Mrs. Custer_,
p. 37. (American work.)

GUNTA, s. Hind. _ghanṭā_, 'a bell or gong.' This is the common term for expressing an European hour in modern Hindūstānī. [See PANDY.]

GUP, s. Idle gossip. P.—H. _gap_, 'prattle, tattle.' The word is perhaps an importation from Tūrān. Vambéry gives Orient. Turki _gep_, _geb_, 'word, saying, talk'; which, however, Pavet de Courteille suggests to be a corruption from the Pers. _guftan_, 'to say'; of which, indeed, there is a form _guptan_. [So Platts, who also compares Skt. _jalpa_, which is the Bengali _golpo_, 'babble.'] See quotation from Schuyler showing the use in Turkistan. The word is perhaps best known in England through an unamiable account of society in S. India, published under the name of "GUP," in 1868.

1809-10.—"They (native ladies) sit on their cushions from day to day,
with no other ... amusement than hearing the 'GUP-GUP,' or gossip of the
place."—_Mrs. Sherwood's Autobiog._ 357.

1876.—"The first day of mourning goes by the name of GUP, _i.e._
commemorative talk."—_Schuyler's Turkistan_, i. 151.

GUREEBPURWUR, GURREEBNUWAUZ, ss. Ar.—P. _Gharībpārwar_, _Gharībnawāz_, used in Hind. as respectful terms of address, meaning respectively 'Provider of the Poor!' 'Cherisher of the Poor!'

1726.—"Those who are of equal condition bend the body somewhat towards
each other, and lay hold of each other by the beard, saying GRAB-ANEMOAS,
_i.e._ I wish you the prayers of the poor."—_Valentijn, Chor._ 109, who
copies from _Van Twist_ (1648), p. 55.

1824.—"I was appealed to loudly by both parties, the soldiers calling on
me as 'GHUREEB PURWUR,' the Goomashta, not to be outdone, exclaiming
'Donai, Lord Sahib! Donai! Rajah!'" (Read _Dohāī_ and see DOAI).—_Heber_,
i. 266. See also p. 279.

1867.—"'PROTECTOR OF THE POOR!' he cried, prostrating himself at my feet,
'help thy most unworthy and wretched slave! An unblest and evil-minded
alligator has this day devoured my little daughter. She went down to the
river to fill her earthen jar with water, and the evil one dragged her
down, and has devoured her. Alas! she had on her gold bangles. Great is
my misfortune!'"—_Lt.-Col. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, p. 99.

GURJAUT, n.p. The popular and official name of certain forest tracts at the back of Orissa. The word is a hybrid, being the Hind. _gaṛh_, 'a fort,' Persianised into a plural _gaṛhjāt_, in ignorance of which we have seen, in quasi-official documents, the use of a further English plural, _Gurjauts_ or _gaṛhjāts_, which is like 'fortses.' [In the quotation below, the writer seems to think it a name of a class of people.] This manner of denominating such tracts from the isolated occupation by fortified posts seems to be very ancient in that part of India. We have in Ptolemy and the _Periplus Dosarēnē_ or _Dēsarēnē_, apparently representing Skt. _Daśāṛṇa_, quasi _daśan ṛiṇa_, 'having Ten Forts,' which the lists of the _Bṛhat Sanhitā_ shew us in this part of India (_J. R. As. Soc._, N.S., v. 83). The forest tract behind Orissa is called in the grant of an Orissa king, _Nava Koti_, 'the Nine Forts' (_J.A.S.B._ xxxiii. 84); and we have, in this region, further in the interior, the province of _Chattīsgaṛh_, '36 Forts.'

[1820.—"At present nearly one half of this extensive region is under the
immediate jurisdiction of the British Government; the other possessed by
tributary zemindars called GHURJAUTS, or hill chiefs...."—_Hamilton,
Description of Hindustan_, ii. 32.]

GURRY.

A. A little fort; Hind. _gaṛhī_. Also Gurr, _i.e._ _gaṛh_, 'a fort.'

B. See GHURRY.

A.—

1693.—"... many of his Heathen Nobles, only such as were befriended by
strong GURRS, or Fastnesses upon the Mountains...."—_Fryer_, 165.

1786.—"... The Zemindars in 4 pergunnahs are so refractory as to have
forfeited (read _fortified_) themselves in their GURRIES, and to refuse
all payments of revenue."—_Articles against W. Hastings_, in _Burke_,
vii. 59.

[1835.—"A shot was at once fired upon them from a high GHURREE."—_Forbes,
Rās Mālā_, ed. 1878, p. 521.]

GUTTA PERCHA, s. This is the Malay name _Gatah Pertja_, _i.e._ 'Sap of the Percha,' _Dichopsis Gutta_, Benth. (_Isonandra Gutta_, Hooker; N.O. _Sapotaceae_). Dr. Oxley writes (_J. Ind. Archip._ i. 22) that _percha_ is properly the name of a tree which produces a spurious article; the real _gutta p._ is produced by the _túbau_. [Mr. Maxwell (_Ind. Ant._ xvii. 358) points out that the proper reading is _taban_.] The product was first brought to notice in 1843 by Dr. Montgomery. It is collected by first ringing the tree and then felling it, and no doubt by this process the article will speedily become extinct. The history of G. P. is, however, far from well known. Several trees are known to contribute to the exported article; their juices being mixed together. [Mr. Scott (_Malay Words_, 55 _seqq._) writes the word _getah percha_, or _getah perchah_, 'gum of percha,' and remarks that it has been otherwise explained as meaning 'gum of Sumatra,' "there being another word _percha_, a name of Sumatra, as well as a third word _percha_, 'a rag, a remnant.'" Mr. Maxwell (_loc. cit._) writes: "It is still uncertain whether there is a gutta-producing tree called _Percha_ by the Malays. My experience is that they give the name of _Perchah_ to that kind of _getah taban_ which hardens into strips in boiling. These are stuck together and made into balls for export."]

[1847.—"GUTTA PERCHA is a remarkable example of the rapidity with which a
really useful invention becomes of importance to the English public. A
year ago it was almost unknown, but now its peculiar properties are daily
being made more available in some new branch of the useful or ornamental
arts."—_Mundy, Journal_, in _Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes_,
ii. 342 _seq._ (quoted by _Scott_, _loc. cit._).]

1868.—"The late Mr. d'Almeida was the first to call the attention of the
public to the substance now so well known as GUTTA-PERCHA. At that time
the _Isonandra Gutta_ was an abundant tree in the forests of Singapore,
and was first known to the Malays, who made use of the juice which they
obtained by cutting down the trees.... Mr. d'Almeida ... acting under the
advice of a friend, forwarded some of the substance to the Society of
Arts. There it met with no immediate attention, and was put away uncared
for. A year or two afterwards Dr. Montgomery sent specimens to England,
and bringing it under the notice of competent persons, its value was at
once acknowledged.... The sudden and great demand for it soon resulted in
the disappearance of all the GUTTA-PERCHA trees on Singapore
Island."—_Collingwood, Rambles of a Naturalist_, pp. 268-9.

GUZZY, s. Pers. and Hind. _gazī_; perhaps from its having been woven of a _gaz_ (see GUDGE) in breadth. A very poor kind of cotton cloth.

1701.—In a price list for Persia we find: "GESJES Bengaals."—_Valentijn_,
v. 303.

1784.—"It is suggested that the following articles may be proper to
compose the first adventure (to Tibet): ... GUZZIE, or coarse Cotton
Cloths, and Otterskins...."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 4.

[1866.—"... common unbleached fabrics ... used for packing goods, and as
a covering for the dead.... These fabrics in Bengal pass under the names
of _Garrha_ and GUZEE."—_Forbes Watson, Textile Manufactures_, 83.]

GWALIOR, n.p. Hind. _Gwālīār_. A very famous rock-fortress of Upper India, rising suddenly and picturesquely out of a plain (or shallow valley rather) to a height of 300 feet, 65 m. south of Agra, in lat. 26° 13′. Gwalior may be traced back, in Gen. Cunningham's opinion, to the 3rd century of our era. It was the seat of several ancient Hindu dynasties, and from the time of the early Mahommedan sovereigns of Delhi down to the reign of Aurangzīb it was used as a state-prison. Early in the 18th century it fell into the possession of the Mahratta family of Sindhia, whose residence was established to the south of the fortress, in what was originally a camp, but has long been a city known by the original title of _Lashkar_ (camp). The older city lies below the northern foot of the rock. Gwalior has been three times taken by British arms: (1) escaladed by a force under the command of Major Popham in 1780, a very daring feat;[141] (2) by a regular attack under Gen. White in 1805; (3) most gallantly in June 1858, by a party of the 25th Bombay N. I. under Lieutenants Rose and Waller, in which the former officer fell. After the two first captures the fortress was restored to the Sindhia family. From 1858 it was retained in our hands, but in December 1885 it was formally restored to the Mahārājā Sindhia.

The name of the fortress, according to Gen. Cunningham (_Archaeol. Survey_, ii. 335), is derived from a small Hindū shrine within it dedicated to the hermit _Gwāli_ or _Gwāli-pā_, after whom the fortress received the name of _Gwāli-āwar_, contracted into _Gwāliār_.

c. 1020.—"From Kanauj, in travelling south-east, on the western side of
the Ganges, you come to Jajáhotí, at a distance of 30 parasangs, of which
the capital is Kajuráha. In that country are the two forts of GWÁLIÁR and
Kálinjar...."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Elliot_, i. 57-8.

1196.—The royal army marched "towards GĀLEWĀR, and invested that fort,
which is the pearl of the necklace of the castles of Hind, the summit of
which the nimble-footed wind from below cannot reach, and on the bastions
of which the clouds have never cast their shade...."—_Hasan Nizāmī_, in
_Elliot_, ii. 227.

c. 1340.—"The castle of GĀLYŪR, of which we have been speaking, is on the
top of a high hill, and appears, so to speak, as if it were itself cut
out of the rock. There is no other hill adjoining; it contains reservoirs
of water, and some 20 wells walled round are attached to it: on the walls
are mounted mangonels and catapults. The fortress is ascended by a wide
road, traversed by elephants and horses. Near the castle-gate is the
figure of an elephant carved in stone, and surmounted by a figure of the
driver. Seeing it from a distance one has no doubt about its being a real
elephant. At the foot of the fortress is a fine city, entirely built of
white stone, mosques and houses alike; there is no timber to be seen in
it, except that of the gates."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 193.

1526.—"I entered GUÂLIÂR by the Hâtipûl gate.... They call an elephant
_hâti_, and a gate _pûl_. On the outside of this gate is the figure of an
elephant, having two elephant drivers on it...."—_Baber_, p. 383.

[c. 1590.—"GUALIAR is a famous fort, in which are many stately buildings,
and there is a stone elephant over the gate. The air and water of this
place are both esteemed good. It has always been celebrated for fine
singers and beautiful women...."—_Ayeen, Gladwin_, ed. 1800, ii. 38; ed.
_Jarrett_, ii. 181.]

1610.—"The 31 to GWALERE, 6 c., a pleasant Citie with a Castle.... On the
West side of the Castle, which is a steep craggy cliffe of 6 c. compasse
at least (divers say eleven).... From hence to the top, leads a narrow
stone cawsey, walled on both sides; in the way are three gates to be
passed, all exceeding strong, with Courts of guard to each. At the top of
all, at the entrance of the last gate, standeth a mightie Elephant of
stone very curiously wrought...."—_Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 426-7.

1616.—"23. GWALIER, the chief City so called, where the Mogol hath a very
rich Treasury of Gold and Silver kept in this City, within an exceeding
strong Castle, wherein the King's _Prisoners_ are likewise kept. The
Castle is continually guarded by a very strong Company of Armed
Souldiers."—_Terry_, ed. 1665, p. 356.

[ " "KUALIAR," in _Sir T. Roe's List_, Hak. Soc. ii. 539.]

c. 1665.—"For to shut them up in GOUALEOR, which is a Fortress where the
Princes are ordinarily kept close, and which is held impregnable, it
being situated upon an inaccessible Rock, and having within itself good
water, and provision enough for a Garison; _that_ was not an easie
thing."—_Bernier_, E.T. 5; [ed. _Constable_, 14].

c. 1670.—"Since the Mahometan Kings became Masters of this Countrey, this
Fortress of GOUALEOR is the place where they secure Princes and great
Noblemen. _Chaiehan_ coming to the Empire by foul-play, caus'd all the
Princes and Lords whom he mistrusted, to be seiz'd one after another, and
sent them to the Fortress of GOUALEOR; but he suffer'd them all to live
and enjoy their estates. _Aureng-zeb_ his Son acts quite otherwise; for
when he sends any great Lord to this place, at the end of nine or ten
days he orders him to be poison'd; and this he does that the people may
not exclaim against him for a bloody Prince."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 35;
[ed. _Ball_, i. 63].

GYAUL (properly GAYĀL), [Skt. _go_, 'an ox'], s. A large animal (_Gavaeus frontalis_, Jerd., _Bos f._ Blanford, _Mammalia_, 487) of the ox tribe, found wild in various forest tracts to the east of India. It is domesticated by the Mishmis of the Assam valley, and other tribes as far south as Chittagong. In Assam it is called _Mithan_.

[c. 1590.—In Arakan, "cows and buffaloes there are none, but there is an
animal which has somewhat of the characteristics of both, piebald and
particoloured whose milk the people drink."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii.
119.]

1824.—"In the park several uncommon animals are kept. Among them the
GHYAL, an animal of which I had not, to my recollection, read any
account, though the name was not unknown to me. It is a very noble
creature, of the ox or buffalo kind, with immensely large
horns...."—_Heber_, i. 34.

1866-67.—"I was awakened by an extraordinary noise, something between a
bull's bellow and a railway whistle. What was it? We started to our feet,
and Fuzlah and I were looking to our arms when Adupah said, 'It is only
the GUYAL calling; Sahib! Look, the dawn is just breaking, and they are
opening the village gates for the beasts to go out to pasture.'

"These GUYAL were beautiful creatures, with broad fronts, sharp
wide-spreading horns, and mild melancholy eyes. They were the indigenous
cattle of the hills domesticated by these equally wild
Lushais...."—_Lt.-Col. T. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, &c., p. 303.

GYELONG, s. A Buddhist priest in Tibet. Tib. _dGe-sLong_, _i.e._ 'beggar of virtue,' _i.e._ a _bhikshu_ or mendicant friar (see under BUXEE); but latterly a priest who has received the highest orders. See _Jaeschke_, p. 86.

1784.—"He was dressed in the festival habit of a GYLONG or priest, being
covered with a scarlet satin cloak, and a gilded mitre on his
head."—_Bogle_, in _Markham's Tibet_, 25.