Chapter LXXXVIII: Act III: of 1873. Under that system the highest rank of native Judge was (7)

1770.—"... An instrument of brass which the Europeans lately borrowed
from the Turks to add to their military music, and which is called a TAM"
(!).—_Abbé Raynal_, tr. 1777, i. 30.

1789.—"An harsh kind of music from a TOM-TOM or drum, accompanied by a
loud rustic pipe, sounds from different parties throughout the
throng...."—_Munro, Narrative_, 73.

1804.—"I request that they may be hanged; and let the cause of their
punishment be published in the bazar by beat of TOM-TOM."—_Wellington_,
iii. 186.

1824.—"The Mahrattas in my vicinity kept up such a confounded noise with
the TAMTAMS, cymbals, and pipes, that to sleep was impossible."—_Seely,
Wonders of Ellora_, ch. iv.

1836.—For the use of the word by Dickens, see under GUM-GUM.

1862.—"The first musical instruments were without doubt percussive
sticks, calabashes, TOMTOMS."—_Herbert Spencer, First Principles_, 356.

1881.—"The TOM-TOM is ubiquitous. It knows no rest. It is content with
depriving man of his. It selects by preference the hours of the night as
the time for its malign influence to assert its most potent sway. It
reverberates its dull unmeaning monotones through the fitful dreams which
sheer exhaustion brings. It inspires delusive hopes by a brief lull only
to break forth with refreshed vigour into wilder ecstacies of maniacal
fury—accompanied with nasal incantations and protracted
howls...."—_Overland Times of India_, April 14.

TONGA, s. A kind of light and small two-wheeled vehicle, Hind, _tāngā_, [Skt. _tamanga_, 'a platform']. The word has become familiar of late years, owing to the use of the _tonga_ in a modified form on the roads leading up to Simla, Darjeeling, and other hill-stations. [Tavernier speaks of a carriage of this kind, but does not use the word:

[c. 1665.—"They have also, for travelling, small, very light, carriages
which contain two persons; but usually one travels alone ... to which
they harness a pair of oxen only. These carriages, which are provided,
like ours, with curtains and cushions, are not slung...."—_Tavernier_,
ed. _Ball_, i. 44.]

1874.—"The villages in this part of the country are usually superior to
those in Poona or Sholápur, and the people appear to be in good
circumstances.... The custom too, which is common, of driving light
TONGAS drawn by ponies or oxen points to the same
conclusion."—_Settlement Report of Násik._

1879.—"A TONGHA dâk has at last been started between Rajpore and Dehra.
The first tongha took only 5½ hours from Rajpore to
Saharunpore."—_Pioneer Mail._

1880.—"In the (_Times_) of the 19th of April we are told that 'Syud
Mahomed Padshah has repulsed the attack on his fort instigated by certain
_moolahs_ of TONGA _dâk_.'... Is the relentless TONGA a region of country
or a religious organization?... The original telegram appears to have
contemplated a full stop after 'certain _moollahs_.' Then came an
independent sentence about the TONGA _dâk_ working admirably between
Peshawur and Jellalabad, but the sub-editor of the _Times_, interpreting
the message referred to, made sense of it in the way we have seen,
associating the ominous mystery with the _moollahs_, and helping out the
other sentence with some explanatory ideas of his own."—_Pioneer Mail_,
June 10.

1881.—"Bearing in mind Mr. Framji's extraordinary services, notably those
rendered during the mutiny, and ... that he is crippled for life ... by
wounds received while gallantly defending the mail TONGA cart in which he
was travelling, when attacked by dacoits...."—Letter from _Bombay Govt.
to Govt. of India_, June 17, 1881.

TONICATCHY, TUNNYKETCH, s. In Madras this is the name of the domestic water-carrier, who is generally a woman, and acts as a kind of under housemaid. It is a corr. of Tamil _tannir-kāssi_, _tannikkāriççi_, an abbreviation of _tannīr-kāsatti_, 'water-woman.'

c. 1780.—"'Voudriez-vous me permettre de faire ce trajet avec mes gens et
mes bagages, qui ne consistent qu'en deux malles, quatre caisses de vin,
deux ballots de toiles, et deux femmes, dont l'une est ma cuisinière, et
l'autre, ma TANNIE KARETJE ou porteuse d'eau.'"—_Haafner_, i. 242.

1792.—"The Armenian ... now mounts a bit of blood ... and ... dashes the
mud about through the streets of the _Black Town_, to the admiration and
astonishment of the TAWNY-KERTCHES."—_Madras Courier_, April 26.

TONJON, and vulg. TOMJOHN, s. A sort of sedan or portable chair. It is (at least in the Bengal Presidency) carried like a palankin by a single pole and four bearers, whereas a JOMPON (q.v.), for use in a hilly country, has two poles like a European sedan, each pair of bearers bearing it by a stick between the poles, to which the latter are slung. We cannot tell what the origin of this word is, nor explain the etymology given by Williamson below, unless it is intended for _thām-jāngh_, which _might_ mean 'support-thigh.' Mr. Platts gives as forms in Hind. _tāmjhām_ and _thāmjān_. The word is perhaps adopted from some trans-gangetic language. A rude contrivance of this kind in Malabar is described by Col. Welsh under the name of a 'Tellicherry chair' (ii. 40).

c. 1804.—"I had a TONJON, or open palanquin, in which I rode."—_Mrs.
Sherwood, Autobiog._ 283.

1810.—"About Dacca, Chittagong, Tipperah, and other mountainous parts, a
very light kind of conveyance is in use, called a TAUM-JAUNG, _i.e._ 'a
support to the feet.'"—_Williamson, V.M._ i. 322-23.

" "Some of the party at the tents sent a TONJON, or open chair,
carried like a palankeen, to meet me."—_Maria Graham_, 166.

[1827.—"In accordance with Lady D'Oyly's earnest wish I go out every
morning in her TONJIN."—_Diary of Mrs. Fenton_, 100.]

1829.—"I had been conveyed to the hill in Hanson's TONJON, which differs
only from a palanquin in being like the body of a gig with a head to
it."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 88.

[1832.—"... I never seat myself in the palankeen or THONJAUN without a
feeling bordering on self-reproach...."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali,
Observations_, i. 320.]

1839.—"He reined up his ragged horse, facing me, and dancing about till I
had passed; then he dashed past me at full gallop, wheeled round, and
charged my TONJON, bending down to his saddlebow, pretending to throw a
lance, showing his teeth, and uttering a loud quack!"—_Letters from
Madras_, 290.

[1849.—"We proceeded to Nawabgunge, the minister riding out with me, for
some miles, to take leave, as I sat in my TONJOHN."—_Sleeman, Journey
through Oudh_, i. 2.]

TOOLSY, s. The holy Basil of the Hindus (_Ocimum sanctum_, L.), Skt. _tulsī_ or _tulasī_, frequently planted in a vase upon a pedestal of masonry in the vicinity of Hindu temples or dwellings. Sometimes the ashes of deceased relatives are preserved in these domestic shrines. The practice is alluded to by Fr. Odoric as in use at Tana, near Bombay (see _Cathay_, i. 59, c. 1322); and it is accurately described by the later ecclesiastic quoted below. See also _Ward's Hindoos_, ii. 203. The plant has also a kind of sanctity in the Greek Church, and a character for sanitary value at least on the shores of the Mediterranean generally.

[c. 1650.—"They who bear the TULASĪ round the neck ... they are
Vaishnavas, and sanctify the world."—_Bhaktā Mālā_, in _H. H. Wilson's
Works_, i. 41.]

1672.—"Almost all the Hindus ... adore a plant like our _Basilico
gentile_, but of more pungent odour.... Every one before his house has a
little altar, girt with a wall half an ell high, in the middle of which
they erect certain pedestals like little towers, and in these the shrub
is grown. They recite their prayers daily before it, with repeated
prostrations, sprinklings of water, &c. There are also many of these
maintained at the bathing-places, and in the courts of the pagodas."—_P.
Vincenzo Maria_, 300.

1673.—"They plaster Cow-dung before their Doors; and so keep themselves
clean, having a little place or two built up a Foot Square of Mud, where
they plant _Calaminth_, or (by them called) TULCE, which they worship
every Morning, and tend with Diligence."—_Fryer_, 199.

1842.—"Veneram a planta chamada TULOSSE, por dizerem é do pateo dos
Deoses, e por isso é commun no pateo de suas casas, e todas as manhãs lhe
vão tributar veneração."—_Annaes Maritimos_, iii. 453.

1872.—"At the head of the ghát, on either side, is a sacred TULASI plant
... placed on a high pedestal of masonry."—_Govinda Samanta_, i. 18.

The following illustrates the esteem attached to Toolsy in S. Europe:

1885.—"I have frequently realised how much prized the basil is in Greece
for its mystic properties. The herb, which they say grew on Christ's
grave, is almost worshipped in the Eastern Church. On St. Basil's day
women take sprigs of this plant to be blessed in church. On returning
home they cast some on the floor of the house, to secure luck for the
ensuing year. They eat a little with their household, and no sickness,
they maintain, will attack them for a year. Another bit they put in their
cupboard, and firmly believe that their embroideries and silken raiment
will be free from the visitation of rats, mice, and moths, for the same
period."—_J. T. Bent, The Cyclades_, p. 328.

TOOMONGONG, s. A Malay title, especially known as borne by one of the chiefs of Johōr, from whom the Island of Singapore was purchased. The Sultans of Johōr are the representatives of the old Mahommedan dynasty of Malacca, which took refuge in Johōr, and the adjoining islands (including Bintang especially), when expelled by Albuquerque in 1511, whilst the _Tumanggung_ was a minister who had in Peshwa fashion appropriated the power of the Sultan, with hereditary tenure: and this chief now lives, we believe, at Singapore. Crawfurd says: "The word is most probably Javanese; and in Java is the title of a class of nobles, not of an office" (_Malay Dict._ s.v.)

[1774.—"Paid a visit to the Sultan ... and Pangaram
TOOMONGONG...."—_Diary of J. Herbert_, in _Forrest, Bombay Letters, Home
Series_, ii. 438.

[1830.—"This (Bopáti), however, is rather a title of office than of mere
rank, as these governors are sometimes TUMÚNG'GUNGS, _An'gebáis_, and of
still inferior rank."—_Raffles, Java_, 2nd ed. i. 299.]

1884.—"Singapore had originally been purchased from two Malay chiefs; the
Sultan and TUMANGONG of Johore. The former, when Sir Stamford Raffles
entered into the arrangement with them, was the titular sovereign, whilst
the latter, who held an hereditary office, was the real
ruler."—_Cavenagh, Reminis. of an Indian Official_, 273.

TOON, TOON-WOOD, s. The tree and timber of the _Cedrela Toona_, Roxb. N.O. _Meliaceae_. Hind. _tun_, _tūn_, Skt. _tunna_. The timber is like a poor mahogany, and it is commonly used for furniture and fine joiner's work in many parts of India. It is identified by Bentham with the Red Cedar of N.S. Wales and Queensland (_Cedrela australis_, F. Mueller). See _Brandis, Forest Flora_, 73. A sp. of the same genus (_C. sinensis_) is called in Chinese _ch'un_, which looks like the same word.

[1798.—The tree first described by Sir W. Jones, _As. Res._ iv. 288.]

1810.—"The TOON, or country mahogany, which comes from Bengal...."—_Maria
Graham_, 101.

1837.—"Rosellini informs us that there is an Egyptian harp at Florence,
of which the wood is what is commonly called E. Indian mahogany
(_Athenaeum_, July 22, 1837). This may be the _Cedrela_ TOONA."—_Royle's
Hindu Medicine_, 30.

TOORKEY, s. A _Turkī_ horse, _i.e._ from Turkestan. Marco Polo uses what is practically the same word for a horse from the Turcoman horse-breeders of Asia Minor.

1298.—"... the Turcomans ... dwell among mountains and downs where they
find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping. Excellent
horses, known as TURQUANS, are reared in their country...."—_Marco Polo_,
Bk. i. ch. 2.

[c. 1590.—"The fourth class (TURKÍ) are horses imported from Turán;
though strong and well formed, they do not come up to the preceding
(Arabs, Persian, Mujannas)."—_Āīn_, i. 234.

[1663.—"If they are found to be TURKI horses, that is from Turkistan or
Tartary, and of a proper size and adequate strength, they are branded on
the thigh with the King's mark...."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 243.]

1678.—"Four horses bought for the Company—

_Pagodas._
One young Arab at 160
One old TURKEY at 40
One old Atchein at 20
One of this country at 20
-----
240."
_Ft. St. Geo. Consns._, March 6, in
_Notes and Exts._, Madras, 1871.

1782.—"Wanted one or two Tanyans (see TANGUN) rising six years old,
Wanted also a Bay TOORKEY, or Bay _Tazzi_ (see TAZEE) Horse for a
Buggy...."—_India Gazette_, Feb. 9.

" "To be disposed of at Ghyretty ... a Buggy, almost new ... a pair
of uncommonly beautiful spotted TOORKAYS."—_Ibid._ March 2.

TOOTNAGUE, s. Port. _tutenaga_. This word appears to have two different applications. A. A Chinese alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel, sometimes called 'white copper' (_i.e._ _peh-tung_ of the Chinese). The finest qualities are alleged to contain arsenic.[271] The best comes from Yunnan, and Mr. Joubert of the Garnier Expedition, came to the conclusion that it was produced by a direct mixture of the ores in the furnace (_Voyage d'Exploration_, ii. 160). B. It is used in Indian trade in the same loose way that _spelter_ is used, for either _zinc_ or _pewter_ (_peh-yuen_, or 'white lead' of the Chinese). The base of the word is no doubt the Pers. _tūtiya_, Skt. _tuttha_, an oxide of zinc, generally in India applied to blue vitriol or sulphate of copper, but the formation of the word is obscure. Possibly the last syllable is merely an adjective affix, in which way _nāk_ is used in Persian. Or it may be _nāga_ in the sense of lead, which is one of the senses given by Shakespear. In one of the quotations given below, _tutenague_ is confounded with _calin_ (see CALAY). Moodeen Sheriff gives as synonyms for _zinc_, Tam. _tuttanāgam_ [_tuttunāgam_], Tel. _tuttunāgam_ [_tuttināgamu_], Mahr. and Guz. _tutti-nāga_. Sir G. Staunton is curiously wrong in supposing (as his mode of writing seems to imply) that _tutenague_ is a Chinese word. [The word has been finally corrupted in England into '_tooth and egg_' metal, as in a quotation below.]

1605.—"4500 Pikals (see PECUL) of _Tintenaga_ (for TIUTENAGA) or
Spelter."—In _Valentijn_, v. 329.

1644.—"That which they export (from Cochin to Orissa) is pepper, although
it is prohibited, and all the drugs of the south, with Callaym (see
CALAY), TUTUNAGA, wares of China and Portugal; jewelled ornaments; but
much less nowadays, for the reasons already stated...."—_Bocarro, MS._ f.
316.

1675.—"... from thence with _Dollars_ to _China_ for _Sugar_, _Tea_,
_Porcelane_, _Laccared Ware_, _Quicksilver_, TUTHINAG, and
Copper...."—_Fryer_, 86.

[1676-7.—"... supposing yo^r Hon^r may intend to send y^e Sugar,
Sugar-candy, and TUTONAG for Persia...."—_Forrest, Bombay Letters, Home
Series_, i. 125.]

1679.—Letter from Dacca reporting ... "that Dacca is not a good market
for Gold, Copper, Lead, Tin or TUTENAGUE."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consns._, Oct.
31, in _Notes and Exts._ Madras, 1871.

[ " "In the list of commodities brought from the East Indies, 1678,
I find among the drugs, tincal (see TINCALL) and TOOTHANAGE set doune.
Enquire also what these are...."—Letter of _Sir T. Browne_, May 29, in
_N. & Q._ 2 ser. vii. 520.]

1727.—"Most of the Spunge in China had pernicious Qualities because the
Subterraneous Grounds were stored with Minerals, as Copper, Quicksilver,
Allom, TOOTHENAGUE, &c."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 223; [ed. 1744, ii. 222, for
"Spunge" reading "Springs"].

1750.—"A sort of Cash made of TOOTHENAGUE is the only Currency of the
Country."—_Some Ac. of Cochin China_, by _Mr. Robert Kirsop_, in
_Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 245.

[1757.—Speaking of the freemen enrolled at Nottingham in 1757, Bailey
(_Annals of Nottinghamshire_, iii. 1235) mentions as one of them William
Tutin, buckle-maker, and then goes on to say: "It was a son of this
latter person who was the inventor of that beautiful composite white
metal, the introduction of which created such a change in numerous
articles of ordinary table service in England. This metal, in honour of
the inventor, was called TUTINIC, but which word, by one of the most
absurd perversions of language ever known, became transferred into 'TOOTH
AND EGG,' the name by which it was almost uniformly recognised in the
shops."—Quoted in 2 ser. _N. & Q._ x. 144.]

1780.—"At Quedah, there is a trade for calin (see CALAY) or TUTENAGUE ...
to export to different parts of the Indies."—_Dunn, New Directory_, 5th
ed. 338.

1797.—"TU-TE-NAG is, properly speaking, zinc, extracted from a rich ore
or calamine; the ore is powdered and mixed with charcoal dust, and placed
in earthen jars over a slow fire, by means of which the metal rises in
form of vapour, in a common distilling apparatus, and afterwards is
condensed in water."—_Staunton's Acct. of Lord Macartney's Embassy_, 4to
ed. ii. 540.

TOPAZ, TOPASS, &c., s. A name used in the 17th and 18th centuries for dark-skinned or half-caste claimants of Portuguese descent, and Christian profession. Its application is generally, though not universally, to soldiers of this class, and it is possible that it was originally a corruption of Pers. (from Turkish) _top-chī_, 'a gunner.' It may be a slight support to this derivation that Italians were employed to cast guns for the Zamorin at Calicut from a very early date in the 16th century, and are frequently mentioned in the annals of Correa between 1503 and 1510. Various other etymologies have however been given. That given by Orme below (and put forward doubtfully by Wilson) from _topī_, 'a hat,' has a good deal of plausibility, and even if the former etymology be the true _origin_, it is probable that this one was often in the minds of those using the term, as its true connotation. It may have some corroboration not only in the fact that Europeans are to this day often spoken of by natives (with a shade of disparagement) as TOPEEWALAS (q.v.) or 'Hat-men,' but also in the pride commonly taken by all persons claiming European blood in wearing a hat; indeed Fra Paolino tells us that this class call themselves _gente de chapeo_ (see also the quotation below from Ovington). Possibly however this was merely a misrendering of _topaz_ from the assumed etymology. The same Fra Paolino, with his usual fertility in error, propounds in another passage that _topaz_ is a corruption of _do-bhāshiya_, 'two-tongued' (in fact is another form of DUBASH, q.v.), viz. using Portuguese and a debased vernacular (pp. 50 and 144). [The _Madras Gloss._ assumes Mal. _tópáshi_ to be a corruption of DUBASH.] The _Topaz_ on board ship is the sweeper, who is at sea frequently of this class.

1602.—"The 12th ditto we saw to seaward another _Champaigne_ (SAMPAN)
wherein were 20 men, Mestiços (see MUSTEES) and TOUPAS."—_Van
Spilbergen's Voyage_, p. 34, pub. 1648.

[1672.—"TOEPASSES." See under MADRAS.]

1673.—"To the Fort then belonged 300 _English_, and 400 TOPAZES, or
Portugal Firemen."—_Fryer_, 66. In his glossarial Index he gives
"TOPAZES, Musketeers."

1680.—"It is resolved and ordered to entertain about 100 TOPASSES, or
Black Portuguese, into pay."—In _Wheeler_, i. 121.

1686.—"It is resolved, as soon as English soldiers can be provided
sufficient for the garrison, that all TOPASSES be disbanded, and no more
entertained, since there is little dependence on them."—In _ditto_, 159.

1690.—"A Report spread abroad, that a Rich Moor Ship belonging to one
_Abdal Ghaford_, was taken by _Hat-men_, that is, in their (the Moors)
Dialect, Europeans."—_Ovington_, 411.

1705.—"... TOPASES, qui sont des gens du pais qu'on élève et qu'on
habille à la Françoise, lesquels ont esté instruits dans la Religion
Catholique par quelques uns de nos Missionnaires."—_Luillier_, 45-46.

1711.—"The Garrison consists of about 250 Soldiers, at 91 Fanhams, or
1_l._ 2_s._ 9_d._ per Month, and 200 TOPASSES, or black Mungrel
Portuguese, at 50, or 52 Fanhams per Month."—_Lockyer_, 14.

1727.—"Some Portuguese are called TOPASSES ... will be served by none but
Portuguese Priests, because they indulge them more and their
Villany."—_A. Hamilton_, [ed. 1744, i. 326].

1745.—"Les Portugais et les autres Catholiques qu'on nomme Mestices (see
MUSTEES) et TOPASES, également comme les naturels du Pays y viennent sans
distinction pour assister aux Divins mystères."—_Norbert_, ii. 31.

1747.—"The officers upon coming in report their People in general behaved
very well, and could not do more than they did with such a handful of men
against the Force the Enemy had, being as they believe at least to be one
thousand Europeans, besides TOPASSES, Coffrees (see CAFFER), and Seapoys
(see SEPOY), altogether about Two Thousand (2000)."—_MS. Consns. at Ft.
St. David_, March 1. (In India Office).

1749.—"600 effective _Europeans_ would not have cost more than that Crowd
of useless TOPASSES and _Peons_ of which the Major Part of our Military
has of late been composed."—In _A Letter to a Proprietor of the E.I. Co._
p. 57.

" "The TOPASSES of which the major Part of the Garrison consisted,
every one that knows _Madrass_ knows it to be a black, degenerate,
wretched Race of the antient _Portuguese_, as proud and bigotted as their
Ancestors, lazy, idle, and vitious withal, and for the most Part as weak
and feeble in Body as base in Mind, not one in ten possessed of any of
the necessary Requisites of a Soldier."—_Ibid._ App. p. 103.

1756.—"... in this plight, from half an hour after eleven till near two
in the morning, I sustained the weight of a heavy man, with his knees on
my back, and the pressure of his whole body on my head; a Dutch sergeant,
who had taken his seat upon my left shoulder, and a TOPAZ bearing on my
right."—_Holwell's Narr. of the Black Hole_, [ed. 1758, p. 19].

1758.—"There is a distinction said to be made by you ... which, in our
opinion, does no way square with rules of justice and equity, and that is
the exclusion of Portuguese TOPASSES, and other Christian natives, from
any share of the money granted by the Nawab."—_Court's Letter_, in
_Long_, 133.

c. 1785.—"TOPASSES, black foot soldiers, descended from Portuguese
marrying natives, called TOPASSES because they wear hats."—_Carraccioli's
Clive_, iv. 564. The same explanation in _Orme_, i. 80.

1787.—"... Assuredly the mixture of Moormen, Rajahpoots, Gentoos, and
Malabars in the same corps is extremely beneficial.... I have also
recommended the corps of TOPASSES or descendants of Europeans, who retain
the characteristic qualities of their progenitors."—_Col. Fullarton's
View of English Interests in India_, 222.

1789.—"TOPASSES are the sons of Europeans and black women, or low
Portuguese, who are trained to arms."—_Munro, Narr._ 321.

1817.—"TOPASSES, or persons whom we may denominate Indo-Portuguese,
either the mixed produce of Portuguese and Indian parents, or converts to
the Portuguese, from the Indian, faith."—_J. Mill, Hist._ iii. 19.

TOPE, s. This word is used in three quite distinct senses, from distinct origins.

A. Hind. _top_, 'a cannon.' This is Turkish _tōp_, adopted into Persian and Hindustani. We cannot trace it further. [Mr. Platts regards T. _tob_, _top_, as meaning originally 'a round mass,' from Skt. _stūpa_, for which see below.]

B. A grove or orchard, and in Upper India especially a mango-orchard. The word is in universal use by the English, but is quite unknown to the natives of Upper India. It is in fact Tam. _tōppu_, Tel. _tōpu_, [which the _Madras Gloss._ derives from Tam. _togu_, 'to collect,'] and must have been carried to Bengal by foreigners at an early period of European traffic. But Wilson is curiously mistaken in supposing it to be in common use in Hindustan by natives. The word used by them is _bāgh_.

C. An ancient Buddhist monument in the form of a solid dome. The word _tōp_ is in local use in the N.W. Punjab, where ancient monuments of this kind occur, and appears to come from Skt. _stūpa_ through the Pali or Prakrit _thūpo_. According to Sir H. Elliot (i. 505), _Stupa_ in Icelandic signifies 'a Tower.' We cannot find it in Cleasby. The word was first introduced to European knowledge by Mr. Elphinstone in his account of the Tope of Manikyala in the Rawul Pindi district.

A.—

[1687.—"TOPE." See under TOPE-KHANA.

[1884.—"The big gun near the Central Museum of Lahor called the Zam-Zamah
or Bhanjianvati TOP, seems to have held much the same place with the
Sikhs as the Malik-i-Maidán held in Bijapur."—_Bombay Gazetteer_, xxiii.
642.]

B.—

1673.—"... flourish pleasant TOPS of Plantains, Cocoes,
Guiavas."—_Fryer_, 40.

" "The Country is Sandy; yet plentiful in Provisions; in all
places, TOPS of Trees."—_Ibid._ 41.

1747.—"The TOPES and Walks of Trees in and about the Bounds will furnish
them with firewood to burn, and Clay for Bricks is almost
everywhere."—_Report of a Council of War at Ft. St. David_, in _Consns._
of May 5, MS. in India Office.

1754.—"A multitude of People set to the work finished in a few days an
entrenchment, with a stout mud wall, at a place called Facquire's TOPE,
or the grove of the Facquire."—_Orme_, i. 273.

1799.—"Upon looking at the TOPE as I came in just now, it appeared to me,
that when you get possession of the bank of the NULLAH, you have the TOPE
as a matter of course."—_Wellington, Desp._ i. 23.

1809.—"... behind that a rich country, covered with rice fields and
TOPES."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 557.

1814.—"It is a general practice when a plantation of mango trees is made,
to dig a well on one side of it. The well and the TOPE are married, a
ceremony at which all the village attends, and large sums are often
expended."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii. 56.

C.—

[1839.—"TOPE is an expression used for a mound or barrow as far west as
Peshawer...."—_Elphinstone, Caubul_, 2nd ed. i. 108.]

TOPE-KHANA, s. The Artillery, Artillery Park, or Ordnance Department, Turco-Pers. _tōp-khāna_, 'cannon-house' or 'cannon-department.' The word is the same that appears so often in reports from Constantinople as the _Tophaneh_. Unless the traditions of Donna Tofana are historical, we are strongly disposed to suspect that _Aqua Tofana_ may have had its name from this word.

1687.—"_The Toptchi._ These are Gunners, called so from the word _Tope_,
which in Turkish signifies a Cannon, and are in number about 1200,
distributed in 52 Chambers; their Quarters are at TOPHANA, or the place
of Guns in the Suburbs of Constantinople."—_Rycaut's Present State of the
Ottoman Empire_, p. 94.

1726.—"Isfandar Chan, chief of the Artillery (called the Daroger (see
DAROGA) of the TOPSCANNA)."—_Valentijn_, iv. (_Suratte_), 276.

1765.—"He and his troops knew that by the treachery of the TOPE KHONNAH
DROGER (see DAROGA), the cannon were loaded with powder only."—_Holwell,
Hist. Events_, &c. i. 96.

TOPEE, s. A hat, Hind. _ṭopī_. This is sometimes referred to Port. _topo_, 'the top' (also _tope_, 'a top-knot,' and _topete_, a 'toupee'), which is probably identical with English and Dutch _top_, L. German _topp_, Fr. _topet_, &c. But there is also a simpler Hind. word _ṭop_, for a helmet or hat, and the quotation from the Roteiro Vocabulary seems to show that the word existed in India when the Portuguese first arrived. With the usual tendency to specialize foreign words, we find this word becomes specialized in application to the SOLA hat.

1498.—In the vocabulary ("_Este he a linguajem de Calicut_") we have:
"barrete (_i.e._ a cap): TUPY."—_Roteiro_, 118.

The following expression again, in the same work, seems to be Portuguese,
and to refer to some mode in which the women's hair was dressed: "Trazem
em a moleera huuns TOPETES por signall que sam Christãos."—_Ibid._ 52.

1849.—"Our good friend Sol came down in right earnest on the waste, and
there is need of many a fold of twisted muslin round the white TOPI, to
keep off his importunacy."—_Dry Leaves from Young Egypt_, 2.

1883.—"TOPEE, a solar helmet."—_Wills, Modern Persia_, 263.

TOPEEWALA, s. Hind. _ṭopīwālā_, 'one who wears a hat,' generally a European, or one claiming to be so. Formerly by Englishmen it was habitually applied to the dark descendants of the Portuguese. R. Drummond says that in his time (before 1808) _Topeewala_ and PUGGRY_wala_ were used in Guzerat and the Mahratta country for 'Europeans' and 'natives.' [The S. Indian form is _Toppikār_.] The author of the Persian _Life of Hydur Naik_ (Or. Tr. Fund, by Miles) calls Europeans _Kalāh-posh_, _i.e._ 'hat-wearers' (p. 85).

1803.—"The descendants of the Portuguese ... unfortunately the ideas of
Christianity are so imperfect that the only mode they hit upon of
displaying their faith is by wearing hats and breeches."—_Sydney Smith,
Works_, 3d. ed. iii. 5.

[1826.—"It was now evident we should have to encounter the TOPEE
WALLAS."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 71.]

1874.—"... you will see that he will not be able to protect us. All
TOPIWÁLÁS ... are brothers to each other. The magistrates and the judge
will always decide in favour of their white brethren."—_Govinda Samanta_,
ii. 211.

TORCULL, s. This word occurs only in Castanheda. It is the Malayālam _tiru-koyil_, [Tam. _tiru_, Skt. _śri_, 'holy' _koyil_, 'temple']. See i. 253, 254; also the English Trans. of 1582, f. 151. In fact, in the 1st ed. of the 1st book of Castanheda _turcoll_ occurs where _pagode_ is found in subsequent editions. [_Tricalore_ in S. Arcot is in Tam. _Tirukkoyilūr_, with the same meaning.]

TOSHACONNA, s. P.—H. _tosha-khāna_. The repository of articles received as presents, or intended to be given as presents, attached to a government-office, or great man's establishment. The _tosha-khāna_ is a special department attached to the Foreign Secretariat of the Government of India.

[1616.—"Now indeed the ATASHCKANNOE was become a right stage."—_Sir T.
Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 300.]

[1742.—"... the Treasury, Jewels, TOISHIK-KHANNA ... that belonged to the
Emperor...."—_Fraser, H. of Nadir Shah_, 173.]

1799.—"After the capture of Seringapatam, and before the country was
given over to the Raja, some brass SWAMIES (q.v.), which were in the
TOSHEKANAH were given to the brahmins of different pagodas, by order of
Macleod and the General. The prize-agents require payment for
them."—_Wellington_, i. 56.

[1885.—"When money is presented to the Viceroy, he always 'remits' it,
but when presents of jewels, arms, stuffs, horses, or other things of
value are given him, they are accepted, and are immediately handed over
to the TOSH KHANA or Government Treasury...."—_Lady Dufferin, Viceregal
Life_, 75.]

TOSTDAUN, s. Military Hind. _tosdān_ for a cartouche-box. The word appears to be properly Pers. _toshadān_, 'provision-holder,' a wallet.

[1841.—"This last was, however, merely 'TOS-DAN _kee awaz_'—a
cartouch-box report—as our sepoys oddly phrase a vague rumour."—_Society
in India_, ii. 223.]

TOTY, s. Tam. _toṭṭi_, Canar. _totīga_, from Tam. _tondu_, 'to dig,' properly a low-caste labourer in S. India, and a low-caste man who in villages receives certain allowances for acting as messenger, &c., for the community, like the GORAYT of N. India.

1730.—"Il y a dans chaque village un homme de service, appellé TOTTI, qui
est chargé des impositions publiques."—_Lettr. Edif._ xiii. 371.

[1883.—"The name TOTY being considered objectionable, the same officers
in the new arrangements are called _Talaiaris_ (see TALIAR) when assigned
to Police, and _Vettians_ when employed in Revenue duties."—_Le Fanu,
Man. of Salem_, ii. 211.]

TOUCAN, s. This name is very generally misapplied by Europeans to the various species of Hornbill, formerly all styled _Buceros_, but now subdivided into various genera. Jerdon says: "They (the hornbills) are, indeed, popularly called Toucans throughout India; and this appears to be their name in some of the Malayan isles; the word signifying 'a worker,' from the noise they make." This would imply that the term did originally belong to a species of hornbill, and not to the S. American _Rhamphastes_ or _Zygodactyle_. _Tukang_ is really in Malay a 'craftsman or artificer'; but the dictionaries show no application to the bird. We have here, in fact, a remarkable instance of the coincidences which often justly perplex etymologists, or would perplex them if it were not so much their habit to seize on one solution and despise the others. Not only is _tukang_ in Malay 'an artificer,' but, as Willoughby tells us, the Spaniards called the real S. American toucan '_carpintero_' from the noise he makes. And yet there seems no doubt that _Toucan_ is a Brazilian name for a Brazilian bird. See the quotations, and especially Thevet's, with its date.

The Toucan is described by Oviedo (c. 1535), but he mentions only the name by which "the Christians" called it,—in Ramusio's Italian _Picuto_ (?_Beccuto_; _Sommario_, in _Ramusio_, iii. f. 60). [Prof. Skeat (_Concise Dict._ s.v.) gives only the Brazilian derivation. The question is still further discussed, without any very definite result, save that it is probably an imitation of the cry of the bird, in _N. & Q._ 9 ser. vii. 486; viii. 22, 67, 85, 171, 250.]

1556.—"Sur la coste de la marine, la plus frequẽte marchandise est le
plumage d'vn oyseau, qu'ils appellent en leur langue TOUCAN, lequel
descrivons sommairement puis qu'il vient à propos. Cest oyseau est de la
grandeur d'vn pigeon.... Au reste cest oyseau est merveilleusement
difforme et monstrueux, ayant le bec plus gros et plus long quasi que le
reste du corps."—_Les Singularitez de la France Antarticque, autrement
nommée Amerique.... Par T. André Theuet, Natif d'Angoulesme_, Paris,
1558, f. 91.

1648.—"TUCANA sive TOUCAN Brasiliensibus: avis picae aut palumbi
magnitudine.... Rostrum habet ingens et nonnumquam palmum longum,
exterius flavam.... Mirum est autem videri possit quomodo tantilla avis
tam grande rostrum ferat; sed levissimum est."—_GeorgI MarcgravI de
Liebstad, Hist. Rerum Natur. Brasiliae._ Lib. V. cap. xv., in _Hist.
Natur. Brasil._ Lugd. Bat. 1648, p. 217.

See also (1599) _Aldrovandus, Ornitholog._ lib. xii. cap. 19, where the
word is given TOUCHAM.

Here is an example of misapplication to the Hornbill, though the latter name is also given:

1885.—"Soopah (in N. Canara) is the only region in which I have met with
the TOUCAN or great hornbill.... I saw the comical looking head with its
huge aquiline beak, regarding me through a fork in the branch; and I
account it one of the best shots I ever made, when I sent a ball ...
through the head just at its junction with the handsome orange-coloured
helmet which surmounts it. Down came the TOUCAN with outspread wings,
dead apparently; but when my peon Manoel raised him by the thick muscular
neck, he fastened his great claws on his hand, and made the wood resound
with a succession of roars more like a bull than a bird."—_Gordon Forbes,
Wild Life in Canara_, &c. pp. 37-38.

TOWLEEA, s. Hind. _tauliyā_, 'a towel.' This is a corruption, however, not of the English form, but rather of the Port. _toalha_ (_Panjab N. & Q._, 1885, ii. 117).

TRAGA, s. [Molesworth gives "S. _trāgā_, Guz. _trāgu_"; _trāga_ does not appear in Monier-Williams's Skt. Dict., and Wilson queries the word as doubtful. Dr. Grierson writes: "I cannot trace its origin back to Skt. One is tempted to connect it with the Skt. root _trai_, or _trā_, 'to protect,' but the termination _gā_ presents difficulties which I cannot get over. One would expect it to be derived from some Skt. word like _trāka_, but no such word exists."] The extreme form of DHURNA (q.v.) among the Rājputs and connected tribes, in which the complainant puts himself, or some member of his family, to torture or death, as a mode for bringing vengeance on the oppressor. The tone adopted by some persons and papers at the time of the death of the great Charles Gordon, tended to imply their view that his death was a kind of _traga_ intended to bring vengeance on those who had sacrificed him. [For a case in Greece, see _Pausanias_, X. i. 6. Another name for this self-sacrifice is _Chandi_, which is perhaps Skt. _ćaṇḍa_, 'passionate' (see _Malcolm, Cent. India_, 2nd ed. ii. 137). Also compare the _jūhar_ of the Rājputs (_Tod, Annals_, Calcutta reprint, i. 74). And for _Kūr_, see _As. Res._ iv. 357 _seqq._]

1803.—A case of TRAGA is recorded in Sir Jasper Nicoll's Journal, at the
capture of Gawilgarh, by Sir A. Wellesley. See note to _Wellington_, ed.
1837, ii. 387.

1813.—"Every attempt to levy an assessment is succeeded by the TARAKAW, a
most horrid mode of murdering themselves and each other."—_Forbes, Or.
Mem._ ii. 91; [2nd ed. i. 378; and see i. 244].

1819.—For an affecting story of TRAGA, see _Macmurdo_, in _Bo. Lit. Soc.
Trans._ i. 281.

[TRANKEY, s. A kind of boat used in the Persian Gulf and adjoining seas. All attempts to connect it with any Indian or Persian word have been unsuccessful. It has been supposed to be connected with the Port. _trincador_, a sort of flat-bottomed coasting vessel with a high stern, and with _trinquart_, a herring-boat used in the English Channel. Smyth (_Sailor's Word-book_, s.v.) has: "_Trankeh_ or _Trankies_, a large boat of the Gulf of Persia." See _N. & Q._ 8 ser. vii. 167, 376.

[1554.—"He sent certain spies who went in TERRANQUIMS dressed as
fishermen who caught fish inside the straits."—_Couto_, Dec. VI. Bk. x.
ch. 20.

[c. 1750.—"... he remained some years in obscurity, till an Arab TRANKY
being driven in there by stress of weather, he made himself known to his
countrymen...."—_Grose_, 1st ed. 25.

[1753.—"Taghi Khan ... soon after embarked a great number of men in small
vessels." In the note TARRANQUINS.—_Hanway_, iv. 181.

[1773.—"Accordingly we resolved to hire one of the common, but
uncomfortable vessels of the Gulph, called a TRANKEY...."—_Ives_, 203.]

TRANQUEBAR, n.p. A seaport of S. India, which was in the possession of the Danes till 1807, when it was taken by England. It was restored to the Danes in 1814, and purchased from them, along with Serampore, in 1845. The true name is said to be _Tarangam-bāḍi_, 'Sea-Town' or 'Wave-Town'; [so the _Madras Gloss._; but in the _Man._ (ii. 216) it is interpreted 'Street of the Telegu people.']

1610.—"The members of the Company have petitioned me, that inasmuch as
they do much service to God in their establishment at Negapatam, both
among Portuguese and natives, and that there is a settlement of newly
converted Christians who are looked after by the catechumens of the
parish (FREGUEZIA) of TRANGABAR...."—_King's Letter_, in _Livros das
Monções_, p. 285.

[1683-4.—"This Morning the Portuguez ship that came from Vizagapatam
Sailed hence for TRANGAMBAR."—_Pringle, Diary, Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser.
iii. 16.]

TRAVANCORE, n.p. The name of a village south of Trevandrum, from which the ruling dynasty of the kingdom which is known by the name has been called. The true name is said to be _Tiru-vidān-koḍu_, shortened to _Tiruvānkoḍu_. [The _Madras Gloss._ gives _Tiruvitānkūr_, _tiru_, Skt. _śrī_, 'the goddess of prosperity,' _vāzhu_, 'to reside,' _kūr_, 'part.']

[1514.—"As to the money due from the Raja of TRAVAMCOR...."—_Albuquerque,
Cartas_, p. 270.]

1553.—"And at the place called TRAVANCOR, where this Kingdom of Coulam
terminates, there begins another Kingdom, taking its name from this very
TRAVANCOR, the king of which our people call the _Rey Grande_, because he
is greater in his dominion, and in the state which he keeps, than those
other princes of Malabar; and he is subject to the King of
NARSINGA."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1609.—"The said Governor has written to me that most of the kings
adjacent to our State, whom he advised of the coming of the rebels, had
sent replies in a good spirit, with expressions of friendship, and with
promises not to admit the rebels into their ports, all but him of
TRAVANCOR, from whom no answer had yet come."—_King of Spain's Letter_,
in _Livros das Monções_, p. 257.

TRIBENY, n.p. Skt. _tri-veṇī_, 'threefold braid'; a name which properly belongs to Prayāga (Allahābād), where the three holy rivers, Ganges, Jumna, and (unseen) Sarasvatī are considered to unite. But local requirements have instituted another Tribeṇī in the Ganges Delta, by bestowing the name of Jumna and Sarasvatī on two streams connected with the Hugli. The Bengal Tribeni gives name to a village, which is a place of great sanctity, and to which the _melas_ or religious fairs attract many visitors.

1682.—"... if I refused to stay there he would certainly stop me again at
TRIPPANY some miles further up the River."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct. 14;
[Hak. Soc. i. 38].

1705.—"... pendant la Lune de Mars ... il arrive la Fête de TRIPIGNY,
c'est un Dieu enfermé dans une maniere de petite Mosquée, qui est dans le
milieu d'une tres-grande pleine ... au bord du Gange."—_Luillier_, 69.

1753.—"Au-dessous de Nudia, à TRIPINI, dont le nom signifie trois eaux,
le Gange fait encore sortir du même côte un canal, qui par sa rentrée,
forme une seconde île renfermée dans la première."—_D'Anville_, 64.

TRICHIES, TRITCHIES, s. The familiar name of the cheroots made at Trichinopoly; long, and rudely made, with a straw inserted at the end for the mouth. They are (or were) cheap and coarse, but much liked by those used to them. Mr. C. P. Brown, referring to his etymology of TRICHINOPOLY under the succeeding article, derives the word _cheroot_ from the form of the name which he assigns. But this, like his etymology of the place-name, is entirely wrong (see CHEROOT). Some excellent practical scholars seem to be entirely without the etymological sense.

1876.—"Between whiles we smoked, generally Manillas, now supplanted by
foul Dindiguls and fetid TRICHIES."—_Burton, Sind Revisited_, i. 7.

TRICHINOPOLY, n.p. A district and once famous rock-fort of S. India. The etymology and proper form of the name has been the subject of much difference. Mr. C. P. Brown gives the true name as _Chiruta-paḷḷi_, 'Little-Town.' But this may be safely rejected as mere guess, inconsistent with facts. The earliest occurrence of the name on an inscription is (about 1520) as _Tiru-śśilla-paḷḷi_, apparently 'Holy-rock-town.' In the _Tevāram_ the place is said to be mentioned under the name of _Sirapalli_. Some derive it from _Tri-sira-puram_, 'Three-head-town,' with allusion to a 'three-headed demon.' [The _Madras Gloss._ gives _Tiruććināppalli_, _tiru_, 'holy,' _shina_, 'the plant _cissampelos pareira_, L. _palli_, 'village.']

1677.—"TRITCHENAPALI."—_A. Bassing_, in _Valentijn_, v. (_Ceylon_), 300.

1741.—"The Maratas concluded the campaign by putting this whole Peninsula
under contribution as far as C. Cumerim, attacking, conquering, and
retaining the city of TIRUXERAPALI, capital of Madura, and taking
prisoner the Nabab who governed it."—_Report of the Port. Viceroy_, in
_Bosquejo das Possessões_, &c., _Documentos_, ed. 1853, iii. 19.

1753.—"Ces embouchûres sont en grand nombre, vû la division de ce fleuve
en différens bras ou canaux, à remonter jusqu'à TIRISHIRAPALI, et à la
pagode de Shirangham."—_D'Anville_, 115.

1761.—"After the battle Mahommed Ali Khan, son of the late nabob, fled to
TRUCHINAPOLLI, a place of great strength."—_Complete Hist. of the War in
India_, 1761, p. 3.

TRINCOMALEE, n.p. A well-known harbour on the N.E. coast of Ceylon. The proper name is doubtful. It is alleged to be _Tirukko-nātha-malai_, or _Taranga-malai_. The last ('Sea-Hill') seems conceived to fit our modern pronunciation, but not the older forms. It is perhaps _Tri-kona-malai_, for 'Three-peak Hill.' There is a shrine of Siva on the hill, called _Trikoneśwara_; [so the _Madras Man._ (ii. 216)].

1553.—"And then along the coast towards the north, above Baticalou, there
is the kingdom of TRIQUINAMALÉ."—_Barros_, II. ii. cap. 1.

1602.—"This Prince having departed, made sail, and was driven by the
winds unknowing whither he went. In a few days he came in sight of a
desert island (being that of Ceilon), where he made the land at a haven
called Preaturé, between TRIQUILLIMALÉ and the point of
JAFANAPATAM."—_Couto_, V. i. 5.

1672.—"TRINQUENEMALE hath a surpassingly fine harbour, as may be seen
from the draught thereof, yea one of the best and largest in all Ceylon,
and better sheltered from the winds than the harbours of Belligamme,
Gale, or Colombo."—_Baldaeus_, 413.

1675.—"The Cinghalese themselves oppose this, saying that they emigrated
from another country ... that some thousand years ago, a Prince of great
piety, driven out of the land of Tanassery ... came to land near the Hill
of TRICOENMALE with 1800 or 2000 men...."—_Ryklof van Goens_, in
_Valentijn_ (_Ceylon_), 210.

1685.—"TRIQUINIMALE...."—_Ribeyro_, Fr. Tr. 6.

1726.—"TRINKENEMALE, properly TRICOENMALE" (_i.e._
_Trikunmalê_).—_Valentijn_ (_Ceylon_), 19.

" "TRINKEMALE...."—_Ibid._ 103.

1727.—"... that vigilant _Dutchman_ was soon after them with his Fleet,
and forced them to fight disadvantageously in TRANKAMALAYA Bay, wherein
the French lost one half of their Fleet, being either sunk or burnt."—_A.
Hamilton_, i. 343, [ed. 1744].

1761.—"We arrived at TRINCONOMALE in Ceylone (which is one of the finest,
if not y^e best and most capacious Harbours in y^e World) the first of
November, and employed that and part of the ensuing Month in preparing
our Ships for y^e next Campaign."—MS. Letter of _James Rennell_, Jan. 31.

TRIPANG, s. The sea-slug. This is the Malay name, _trīpang_, _tĕrīpang_. See SWALLOW, and BECHE-DE-MER.

[1817.—"Bich de mar is well known to be a dried sea slug used in the
dishes of the Chinese; it is known among the Malayan Islands by the name
of TRIPANG...."—_Raffles, H. of Java_, 2nd ed. i. 232.]

TRIPLICANE, n.p. A suburb of Fort St. George; the part where the palace of the "Nabob of the Carnatic" is. It has been explained, questionably, as _Tiru-valli-kēḍi_, 'sacred-creeper-tank.' Seshagiri Sastri gives it as _Tiru-alli-kēni_, 'sacred lily- (_Nymphaea rubea_) tank,' [and so the _Madras Gloss._ giving the word as _Tiruvallikkéni_.]

1674.—"There is an absolute necessity to go on fortifying this place in
the best manner we can, our enemies at sea and land being within less
than musket shot, and better fortified in their camp at TRIVELICANE than
we are here."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consns._ Feb. 2. In _Notes and Exts._,
Madras, 1871, No. I. p. 28.

1679.—"The Didwan (DEWAUN) from Conjeveram, who pretends to have come
from Court, having sent word from TREPLICANE that unless the Governor
would come to the garden by the river side to receive the Phyrmaund he
would carry it back to Court again, answer is returned that it hath not
been accustomary for the Governours to go out to receive a bare Phyrmaund
except there come therewith a Serpow (see SEERPAW) or a Tasheriff" (see
TASHREEF).—_Do., do._, Dec. 2. _Ibid._ 1873, No. III. p. 40.

[1682-4.—"TRIBLICANE, TREBLICANE Trivety."—_Diary Ft. St. Geo._ ed.
_Pringle_, i. 63; iii. 154.]

TRIVANDRUM, n.p. The modern capital of the State now known as TRAVANCORE (q.v.) Properly _Tiru-(v)anantā-puram_, 'Sacred Vishnu-Town.'

TRUMPÁK, n.p. This is the name by which the site of the native suburb of the city of ORMUS on the famous island of that name is known. The real name is shown by Lt. Stiffe's account of that island (_Geogr. Mag._ i. 13) to have been _Tūrūn-bāgh_, 'Garden of Tūrūn,' and it was properly the palace of the old Kings, of whom more than one bore the name of Tūrūn or Tūrūn Shāh.

1507.—"When the people of the city saw that they were so surrounded, that
from no direction could water be brought, which was what they felt most
of all, the principal Moors collected together and went to the king
desiring him earnestly to provide a guard for the pools of TURUMBAQUE,
which were at the head of the island, lest the Portuguese should obtain
possession of them...."—_Comment. of Alboquerque_, E.T. by _Birch_, i.
175.

" "Meanwhile the Captain-Major ordered Afonso Lopes de Costa and
João da Nova, and Manuel Teles with his people to proceed along the
water's edge, whilst he with all the rest of the force would follow, and
come to a place called TURUMBAQUE, which is on the water's edge, in which
there were some palm-trees, and wells of brackish water, which supplied
the people of the city with drink when the water-boats were not arriving,
as sometimes happened owing to a contrary wind."—_Correa_, i. 830.

1610.—"The island has no fresh water ... only in TORUNPAQUE, which is a
piece of white salt clay, at the extremity of the island, there is a well
of fresh water, of which the King and the Wazir take advantage, to water
the gardens which they have there, and which produce perfectly everything
which is planted."—_Teixeira, Rel. de los Reyes de Harmuz_, 115.

1682.—"Behind the hills, to the S.S.W. and W.S.W. there is another part
of the island, lying over against the anchorage that we have mentioned,
and which includes the place called TURUMBAKE ... here one sees the
ancient pleasure-house of the old Kings of Ormus, with a few small trees,
and sundry date-palms. There are also here two great wells of water,
called after the name of the place, 'The Wells of TURUMBAKE'; which water
is the most wholesome and the freshest in the whole island."—_Nieuhof,
Zee en Lant-Reize_, ii. 86.

TUAN, s. Malay _tuan_ and _tuwan_, 'lord, master.' The word is used in the English and Dutch settlements of the Archipelago exactly as SAHIB is in India. [An early Chinese form of the word is referred to under SUMATRA.]

1553.—"Dom Paulo da Gama, who was a worthy son of his father in his zeal
to do the King good service ... equipped a good fleet, of which the King
of Ugentana (see UJUNGTANAH) had presently notice, who in all speed set
forth his own, consisting of 30 LANCHARAS, with a large force on board,
and in command of which he put a valiant Moor called TUAM-bár, to whom
the King gave orders that as soon as our force had quitted the fortress
(of Malacca) not leaving enough people to defend it, he should attack the
town of the _Queleys_ (see KLING) and burn and destroy as much as he
could."—_Correa_, iii. 486.

1553.—"For where this word RAJA is used, derived from the kingly title,
it attaches to a person on whom the King bestows the title, almost as
among us that of Count, whilst the style TUAM is like our _Dom_; only the
latter of the two is put before the person's proper name, whilst the
former is put after it, as we see in the names of these two Javanese,
Vtimuti RAJA, and TUAM Colascar."—_Barros_, II. vi. 3.

[1893.—"... the cooly talked over the affairs of the TUAN _Ingris_
(English gentleman) to a crowd of natives."—_W. B. Worsfold, A Visit to
Java_, 145.]

TUCKA, s. Hind. _ṭakā_, Beng. _ṭākā_, [Skt. _ṭankaka_, 'stamped silver money']. This is the word commonly used among Bengalis for a rupee. But in other parts of India it (or at least _ṭakā_) is used differently; as for aggregates of 4, or of 2 pice (generally in N.W.P. _pānch ṭakā paisā_ = five _ṭakā_ of pice, 20 pice). Compare TANGA.

[1809.—"A requisition of four TUKHAS, or eight _pice_, is made upon each
shop...."—_Broughton, Letters from a Mahr. Camp_, ed. 1892, p. 84.]

1874.—"'... How much did my father pay for her?'

"'He paid only ten TÁKÁS.'

"I may state here that the word _rupeyá_, or as it is commonly written
RUPEE or _rupi_, is unknown to the peasantry of Bengal, at least to
Bengali Hindu peasants; the word they invariably use is TÁKÁ."—_Govinda
Samanta_, i. 209.

TUCKÁVEE, s. Money advanced to a ryot by his superior to enable him to carry on his cultivation, and recoverable with his quota of revenue. It is Ar.—H. _taḳāvī_, from Ar. _ḳavī_, 'strength,' thus literally 'a reinforcement.'

[1800.—"A great many of them, who have now been forced to work as
labourers, would have thankfully received TACAVY, to be repaid, by
instalments, in the course of two or three years."—_Buchanan, Mysore_,
ii. 188.]

1880.—"When the Sirkar disposed of lands which reverted to it ... it sold
them almost always for a _nazarána_ (see NUZZERANA). It sometimes gave
them gratis, but it never paid money, and seldom or ever advanced TAKÁVI
to the tenant or owner."—_Minutes of Sir T. Munro_, i. 71. These words
are not in Munro's spelling. The Editor has reformed the orthography.

TUCKEED, s. An official reminder. Ar.—H. _tākīd_, 'emphasis, injunction,' and verb _tākīd karnā_, 'to enjoin stringently, to insist.'

1862.—"I can hardly describe to you my life—work all day, English and
Persian, scores of appeals and session cases, and a continual irritation
of TUKEEDS and offensive remarks ... these take away all the enjoyment of
doing one's duty, and make work a slavery."—Letter from _Col. J. R.
Becher_, in (unpublished) _Memoir_, p. 28.

[TUCKIAH, s. Pers. _takya_, literally 'a pillow or cushion'; but commonly used in the sense of a hut or hermitage occupied by a fakīr or holy man.

[1800.—"He declared ... that two of the people charged ... had been at
his TUCKIAH."—_Wellington, Desp._ i. 78.

[1847.—"In the centre of the wood was a Faqir's TALKIAT (_sic_) or Place
of Prayer, situated on a little mound."—_Mrs. Mackenzie, Life in the
Mission_, &c. ii. 47.]

TULWAUR, s. Hind. _talwār_ and _tarwār_, 'a sabre.' Williams gives Skt. _taravāri_ and _tarabālika_. ["_Talwār_ is a general term applied to shorter or more or less curved side-arms, while those that are lighter and shorter still are often styled _nimchas_" (_Sir W. Elliot_, in _Ind. Antiq._ xv. 29). Also see _Egerton, Handbook_, 138.]

[1799.—"... Ahmood Sollay ... drew his TOLWA on one of them."—_Jackson,
Journey from India_, 49.

[1829.—"... the _panchās huzār_ TURWAR _Rahtorān_, meaning the 'fifty
thousand Rahtore swords,' is the proverbial phrase to denote the muster
of Maroo...."—_Tod, Annals_, Calcutta reprint, ii. 179.]

1853.—"The old native officer who carried the royal colour of the
regiments was cut down by a blow of a Sikh TULWAR."—_Oakfield_, ii. 78.

TUMASHA, s. An entertainment, a _spectacle_ (in the French sense), a popular excitement. It is Ar. _tamāshi_, 'going about to look at anything entertaining.' The word is in use in Turkestan (see _Schuyler_, below).

1610.—"Heere are also the ruines of _Ranichand_ (_qu._ Ramchand's?)
Castle and Houses which the Indians acknowledge for the great God, saying
that he took flesh vpon him to see the TAMASHA of the World."—_Finch_, in
_Purchas_, i. 436.

1631.—"Hic quoque meridiem prospicit, ut spectet THAMASHAM id est pugnas
Elephantum Leonum Buffalorum et aliarum ferarum...."—_De Laet, De Imperio
Magni Mogolis_, 127. (For this quotation I am indebted to a communication
from Mr. Archibald Constable of the Oudh and Rohilkund Railway.—_Y._)

1673.—"... We were discovered by some that told our Banyan ... that two
Englishmen were come to the TOMASIA, or Sight...."—_Fryer_, 159.

1705.—"TAMACHARS. Ce sont des réjouissances que les Gentils font en
l'honneur de quelqu'unes de leurs divinitez."—_Luillier, Tab. des
Matières._

1840.—"Runjeet replied, 'Don't go yet; I am going myself in a few days,
and then we will have _burra_ TOMACHA.'"—_Osborne, Court and Camp of
Runjeet Singh_, 120-121.

1876.—"If you told them that you did not want to buy anything, but had
merely come for TOMASHA, or amusement, they were always ready to explain
and show you everything you wished to see."—_Schuyler's Turkistan_, i.
176.

TUMLET, s. Domestic Hind. _tāmlet_, being a corruption of _tumbler_.