Chapter XCV: Act III: of 1873. Under that system the highest rank of native Judge was (14)

Soorsack, 857a

Soosey, Soosie, 855a, 854b, 708b

Sootaloota, 221b

Sopara, 873b

Sophi, Sophius, Sophy, 855a

Sōrath, 876a

Sorbet, 826a

Soret, Soreth, 876b, a

Sornau, 795b

Sorrabula, 833b

Sorroy, 812b

Soüalec, 844b

Souba, 856a;
Soubadar, 856b;
Soubah, 856b;
Soubahdar, 856b

Soucan, 804b

Soucar, 777b, 858b

Souchong, 909b

Soudagur, 857a

Soudan, Soudanc, 865a

Soudra, 853b

Sou-la-tch'a, 876b

Sou-men-t'ala, 867b

Σουπάρα, Σούππαρα, Σουφείρ, 873a

Sourâchtra, 876b

Souray, 812b

Soure, 874a

Souret, 875b

Sour Sack, Soursop, 857b, a

Souy, 859a

Sowar, 857b, 858a;
Shooter, 857b

Sowarree, Sowarri, Sowary, 858a, 719a

Sowcar, 858a

Soy, 858b

Spachi, Spahee, Spahi, Spahiz, Sphai, Spie, 811a

Spin, 859a

Sponge Cake, 859a

Spotted-Deer, Deare, 859a

Squeeze, 859b

Stange, Stank, 899a

Station, 859b

Stevedore, 859b

Stick-insect, 859b;
-lac, 860a

Stink-wood, 860a

Streedhana, 860a

Streights of Governadore, 391a

Stridhan, Stridhana, 860a

Stupa, 860a

Suákin, 860a

Sually, Sualybar, 883a, b

Suami, 883b

Subadar, 856b

Subah, 856a

Subahdar, 856b

Subárá, 873a

Subidar, 856b

Sublom, Subnom, 708b

Sucar, Succare, 863a, 864a

Succatoon, 708b

Suckat, 861a

Sucker-Bucker, 860b

Sucket, 860b

Suckette, 175a

Suclát, 861a

Sudden Death, 862a

Sudder, 862a;
Adawlut, 4b;
Ameen, 17b, 862a;
Board, 862a;
Court, 862a;
Station, 862b

Sudkāwān, 203b

Sudrung Puttun, 779b

Sufâlah, Sufârah, 873b

Sufeena, 862b

Suffavean, Suffee, 856a, 855b

Suffola, 850b

Suffy, Sufi, 855b, a

Sugar, 862b;
Candie, Candy, 156a;
Suger, candy, 864b

Sujee, Suji, 854a, 853b

Sūḳ, 214a

Sukkāngīr, 804b

Suklat, 862a

Sukor, 860b

Sukte, 861a

Ṣūlī, 752b

Ṣūlia, 207a

Suldari, 831b

Sulky, 854a

Sullah, 819b

Sulmah, 854a

Sultan, 864b

Sumatra, 865b

Sumbrero, 851b

Sumjao, 868a

Su-men-ta-la, 867a

Summerhead, 851a, b

Summiniana, 821a

Sumoltra, Sumotra, 867a, 866b

Sumpitan, 868a, 781b, 795a

Sumuthra, Sūmūtra, 867a, 866b

Sun, 871a

Sunáparanta, 852a

Sunbūk, 788a

Sunda, Sunda Calapa, 868a, 869a

Sundarbans, Sunderbunds, Sundrabund, 870a, b, 869a

Sungar, Sungha, 870b

Sungtara, 870b

Sunn, 871a

Sunnee, Sunni, 871a, b, 825a

Sunnud, 871b

Sunny, 871a

Sunny Baba, 42b

Súntarah, 643a, 871a

Sunyásee, Sunyasse, 871b, 872b

Supára, 872b

Suparij, 689b

Supera, 873a, 895b

Supervisor, 5a, 235b

Suppâraka, 873a

Suppya, 809b

Supreme Court, 873b

Sura, 874a, 36b

Surahee, Surāhī, 812b, 382a

Συραστρηνή, 874b

Surat, 874a

Sūrath, 876a

Suray, 812a

Sure, 874a

Surkunda, 876b, 841b

Surma, 854a

Surnasa, 378b

Surpage, Surpaish, 279a, 813a

Surpâraka, 873a

Surpoose, 877a, 195b

Surrapurda, 877a

Surrat, 875b

Surrinjaum, 877b;
Surrinjaumee Gram, 877b

Surrow, 877b

Surroy, 812a

Sursack, Sursak, 857a, b

Surwaun, 877b

Surwar, 857b

Sury, 874a, 739a

Susa, 855a

Sutee, 882b, 883a

Sutledge, Sutlej, 877b, 878a

Suttee, 878b

Suursack, 857b

Suwar, 857b;
Suwarree, 858a

Suzan, 782b

Swalloe, 883a

Swallow, 883a, b

Swally, Hole, Marine, Roads, 883a

Swamee-house, 884a;
Swāmī, Swamme, 884a, 882b;
Swamy, -house, jewelry, pagoda, 883a, 884a

Swangy, 969a

Swatch, 884a

Sweet Apple, 884b;
Oleander, 884b;
Potato, 884b;
Sweetsop, 857b

Syagush, Syah-gush, 831a

Syam, Syão, 834b

Syc, 836a

Syce, 885b

Sycee, 886a

Syddy, 806b

Syer, 800b

Sykary, 827b

Syke, 836a

Syklatoun, 861b

Symbol, 807a

Syncapuranus, 839b

Sypae, 809b

Syrang, 813a

Syras, 886a, 289a

Syre, 798b

Syriam, Syrian, 886a

Syricum, 452b

Syud, 886b

Taalima, 893a

Taaluc, 384a

Tabacca, Tabacco, Tabako, 925a, 924b, 926b

Tabasheer, Tabāshīr, Tabaxer, Tabaxiir, Tabaxir, 887a, b, 54b, 863a

Tabby, 887b

Table-shade, 818a

Taboot, 887b

Tacavi, 940b

Tack, 897b

Tack-ravan, 887b

Tacourou, 915a

Tacque, 898a

Tact-ravan, 888a

Taddy, Tadee, Tadie, 927a, b

Tael, Taey, 888a, 155a, 690b

Taffatshela, Taffaty, 4b, 708b

Tagadgeer, 334a

Tahe, 888b

Tah-Qhana, 947a

Tahseeldar, Tahsildar, 888b, 889a

Taie, 888a, 155a

Taikhana, 947a

Taile, 888b

Tailinga, 913b

Tailor-bird, 889a

Tainsook, 708b

Tair, 912a

Tair, 950b

Taj, Mehale, 889a, b

Táká, 940b

Takávi, 941a

Takht revan, 888a

Taksaul, 947a

Tal, 892b

Tala, 927a

Talacimanni, 893b

Talagrepos, 891a

Talaing, 889b

Talang, Talanj, 912b

Talapoi, Talapoin, Talapoy, 891a, 890b, 663b, 724a

Talavai, 292b

Tale, Talee, Tali, 892a, 891b

Taliar, 892a

Talien, 890b

Talinga, Talingha, 913a

Talipoi, 891a

Talipot, 892b, 140a

Talisman, Talismani, Talismanni, 893a, b

Talius, 892a

Tāliyamār, 894a

Talkiat, 941a

Tallapoy, 891a

Talleca, 497b

Talliar, Talliari, 892b

Tallica, 894a

Tallipot, 893a, 771a

Tallopin, 891b

Talman, 894a

Talook, Talookdār, 894a, b

Talpet, 892b

Talpooy, 891a

Tam, 294b

Tam, 930a

Tamachar, 941b

Tamalapatra, 544a

Tamarai, Tamarani, 895b

Tamarind, 894b;
Fish, 895a, 808a

Tamar-al-Hindi, Tamarinde, Tamarindi, 894b, 895a

Tamasha, 941a

Tambákú, 926b

Tambanck, 929b

Tamberanee, Tambiraine, 895b

Tamboli, Tambul, 914a, 942a

Tamerim, 895a

Tamgua, 897b

Tamil, 326b, 539b

Tāmpadewa, Tampadeeva, 852a, b

Tamralipti, 941b

Tamtam, 930a

Tana, 896a

Tana, 895b, 244b;
Mayambu, 896a

Tanabaré, 322b, 360b

Tanacerin, 914b

Tanadar, Tanadaria, 896a, 686a, 787a, 782b

Tanah, 895b

Tanasary, Tanaser, Tanasery, Tanassaria, Tanassarien, 914a, b, 627a

Tanaw, 896a

Tanck, Tancke, Tancho, 899b

Tandail, 569a, 612b

Tandar, 896b

Tandīl, 923b

Tanga, 896b, 677b

Tangan, 898a

Tangár, 923b

Táng'han, 898a, 387a

Tango, Tangu, 897b, 758a

Tangun, 898a, 923b

Tanjeeb, 708b

Tanjore, 898b;
Pill, 898b

Tank, Tanka, 898b, 900a

Tanka, 942b

Tanka, Tankah, Tankchah, 897a, b

Tanksal, 947a

Tankun, 898a

Tanna, 895b

Tannadar, 896a

Tannaserye, Tannaserim, 914b

Tannie Karetje, 930b

Tannore, Tanor, Tanoor, 900b

Tanque, 899b

Tany Pundal, 221b

Tapi, 901a

Tappal, Tappaul, 901a, 900b

Tappee, 901a

Taprobane, 181a, 547a

Tapseil, 708b

Taptee, Tapty, 901a

Tar, Tara, 901a, 673b

Tarakaw, 937b

Tarboosh, Tarbrush, 877a

Tare, 901a

Tare and Tret, 901b

Tarega, Tarege, Tareghe, 901b, 902a

Taren, Tarent, 901b

Targum, 327a

Tarhdár, 13b

Tari, Tarif, 927a, b

Tariff, Tariffa, 902a

Tarnassari, 914b

Tarnatanne, 708b

Tarouk, Taroup, 902a

Tarr, 901b

Tarranquin, 937b

Tarrecà, 902a

Tarree, 927a

Tarryar, 892a, 73b

Tartoree, 709a

Tasheriff, Tasheriffe, Tashreef, 902a, 808b, 939b

Tasar, 946a

Tasimacan, 889b

Tassar, 945b

Tat, 903a

Tat, 903b

Tatoo, Tatt, 903a

Tattee, 903b

Tattoo, Tattou, 902b, 903a

Tatty, 903a

Tatu, 903a

Taut, 903b

Tauwy, 904a

Tauzee, 904b

Tava, 315a

Tavae, Tavay, Tavi, Tavoy, 904a

Taweey, Taweez, 904a

Tawny-kertch, 930b

Tayar, 950b

Tayca, 911b

Taye, Tayel, 888a

Tayer, 950b

Tayl, 918b

Tazee, Tází, 904b

Tazeea, Ta'zia, Ta'ziya, Taziyu, 904b, 905a, 419b, 887b

Tazzy, 904b

Tchapan, 219b

Tchaukykane, 206a

Tchaush, 212b

Tchekmen, 219b

T'cherout, 189a

Tchilim, 748b

Tchi-tchi, 186b

Te, Tea, 907b, 905a;
Caddy, 909b;
early, 210b

Teak, 910a

Teapoy, 910a

Tébachir, 887a

Tebet, 918a

Teca, 911a

Teccali, 918b

Tecka, 911b

Tecul, 918b

Tee, 911b

Tee, 907b

Teecall, 919a

Teecka, 919a

Teek, 911b

Teek, 912a

Teeka, 919a

Teen, 155a

Teertha, Teerut, 912a

Tehr, 912a, 877b

Tehsildar, 889a

Teiparu, 924a

Tejpat, 912a

Teke, Tekewood, 911b

Telapoi, 891a

Telinga, Telingee, 912b, 913a, 124b, 488a, 889b

Tellicherry Chair, 931a

Tellinga, Tellingana, Tellinger, 913a, b

Teloogoo, Telougou, 913b, a

Telselin, 373b

Telunga, 913b

Tembool, Tembul, 913b, 914a, 89a

Tenaçar, 914a

Tenadar, 896a

Tenaseri, Tenasserim, Tenasirin, Tenazar, 914a, b

Tendell, 411b

Tenga, 229a

Tenga, 898a

Tenugu, Tenungu, 913b

Tepoy, 709a

Terai, 914b

Teraphim, 974a

Terindam, 709a

Terreinho, Terrenho, Terrheno, 503a

Terrai, 915a

Terranquim, 937b

Terry, 914b

Terry, 927b

Tershana, 37a

Terye, 914b

Teriz, 319a

Tessersse, 946a

Testury, 334a

Tey, 906b

Tēz-pāt, 912a

Thabbat, Thabet, 918b, a

Thacur, Thakoor, Thakur, 915a

Thalassimani, 893b

Thana, 895b

Thana, 896a;
Thanadar, 896a;
Thánah, 896a

Thè, Thea, Thee, 907b, a, 906b

Theg, 916b

Thêk, 912a

Thenasserim, 914a

Thermantidote, 915b

Theyl, 888b

Thibet, 918a

Thin, Thinae, 197a

Thistle, yellow, 299b

Thomand, 929a

Thonaprondah, 852b

Thonjaun, 931a

Thug, 915b

Thunaparanta, 852a

T,huseeldam, 889a

Tiapp, 209a

Tibat, Tibbat, Tibet, 917a, b, 918a

Tical, 918b

Ticca, 919a

Ticka, 919a

Tickeea, 209b

Ticker, 919a

Ticksali, 947a

Ticky, Ticky taw, Ticky-Tock, 919b

Tic-polonga, 720b

Tier-cutty, 919b

Tiff, Tiffar, Tiffen, Tiffin, Tiffing, 920a, b, 921a

Tifoni, 949b

Tiger, 921a

Tiggall, 918b

Tigre, 922a

Tigris, 921b, 101b

Tika, Tikawala, 919a

Tilang, Tiling, Tilinga, Tilingāna, 912b, 913a

Τίμουλα, 211a

Tincall, Tincar, 923b

Tindal, 923b

Tinkal, 923b

Tinnevelly, 924a

Tinpoy, 910a

Tipari, Tiparry, 924b, a

Tiphon, 949a

Tippoo Sahib, 924b

Tir, 924b

Tirasole, 487a

Tirishirapali, 939a

Tirkut, 924b

Tirt, Tirtha, 912a

Tiruxerapalai, 939a

Tisheldar, 889a

Titticorin, 946b

Tiutenaga, 933a

Tiva, Tiyan, 924b

Tiyu, 319b, 320a

Tma, 929a

Tobacco, 924b

Tobbat, 935b, 917b

Tobra, 926b

Toddy, 926a;
Bird, Cat, 928a

Toepass, 939b, 534a

Toffochillen, 376b

Toishik-khanna, 936a

Toko, 928a

Tola, Tole, 928b, 807b, 835b

Tuliban, 943b

Tolinate, 45b

Tólla, 641b, 928b

Tolliban, Tolopan, 943b

Tolwa, 941a

Tomacha, 941b

Tomān, Tomand, Tomandar, Tomano, 929a, 501a

Tomasha, Tomasia, 941b

Tomaun, 928b

Tombac, Tomback, 929b

Tombadeva, 852b

Tombaga, 929b

Tombali, 942a, 477a

Tomjohn, 930b

Tompdevah, 852b

Tom-tom, 929b

Tône, Toné, Tonee, 323a, b

Tonga, 930a

Tonga, 898a

Tongha, 930a

Tonicatchy, 930b

Tonjin, Tonjon, 931a, 930b, 463a, 883b

Tonny, Tony, 323a, b

Toofan, Toofaun, 950a

Toolsy, 931a

Toom, 567b

Toomongong, 931b

Toon, Toona, 932a

Toopaz, 328a

Toorkay, Toorkey, 932a

Toos, 847a

Toothanage, Tooth and Egg Metal, Toothenague, Tootnague, 933a, 932b

Top, 935a

Topas, Topass, Topassee, 934a, 933b, 604b

Topaz, 933b

Tope, 934b;
khana, khonnah, 935a, b

Topee, 935b;
wálá, walla, 935b, 936a

Topete, 935b

Tophana, 935b

Topi, 935b;
wálá, 936a

Topsail, 708b

Topscanna, 935b

Topseil, 13b

Torcull, 936a

Torii, 659a

Torunpaque, 940a

Tos-dan, 936b

Toshaconna, Toshekanah, Toshkhana, 936a

Tostdaun, 936a

Totti, 936b

Totucoury, 946a

Toty, 936b

Toucan, Toucham, 936b, 937a

Touffan, Touffon, 949a

Touman, 929a

Toung-gyan, 252a

Toupas, 933b

Τουπάτα, 918a

Towleea, 937a

Traga, 937a, 91b, 497b

Trangabar, Trangambar, 938a

Trankamalaya, 939b

Trankey, Tranky, 937b

Tranquebar, 938a

Travamcor, Travancor, Travancore, 938a

Treblicane, Treplicane, 939b

Tribeny, 938a

Triblicane, 939b

Tricalore, 936a

Tricandia, 376b

Tricinopoly, 938b

Trichy, 938b, 188b

Tricoenmale, 939a

Trifoe, 35a

Trikalinga, Trilinga, Τρίλιγγον, 489a, 912b, 913a

Trincomalee, Trinconomale, Trinkemale, Trinkenemale, Trinquenemale, 939a,
b

Tripang, 939b, 883a

Tripigny, Tripini, 938b

Triplicane, 939b

Trippany, 938b

Triquillimalé, Triquinamale, Triquinimale, 939a

Trisoe, Triste, 35a

Tritchenapali, 939a

Tritchy, 938b

Trivandrum, 939b

Trivelicane, 939b

Tropina, 326b

Truchinapolli, 939a

Trujaman, 327a

Trumpák, 940a

Truximan, 327b, 640a

Tryphala, Tryphera, 609a

Tsaubwa, 205a

Tschakelí, 217a

Tschollo, 218a

Tschuddirer, 853b

Tshaï, Tsia, 908a, 907b

Tsiam, 183b

Tsjannok, 2b, 3a

Tsjaus, 213a

Tual, 919a

Tuam, Tuan, 940b, a, 866a

Tubbatīna, 917b

Tucana, 936b

Tucka, 940b

Tuckávee, 940b

Tuckeah, 130a

Tuckeed, 941a

Tuckiah, 941a

Tufan, Tufão, Tufaon, Tuffon, Tuffoon, Tufões, 948a, 949a, b

Tugger-wood, 335b

Tuia, 924b

Tukaza, 316a

Tukha, 940b

Tulasī, 931a

Tulban, -oghlani, Tulband, Tulbangi, Tulbentar Aga, 944a

Tulce, 931b

Tuliban, 943b

Tulinate, 153a

Tulipant, 944a

Tulosse, 931b

Tulwar, Tulwaur, 941a, 212a

Tumān, 929a

Tumangong, 932a

Tumasha, 941a

Tumbalee, Tumboli, 942a

Tumlet, 941b

Tumlook, 941b, 477a

Tumtum, 942a

Tumung'gung, 932a

Tunca, Tuncah, Tuncar, Tuncaw, 942a, 761a

Tungah, 898a

Tunkaw, Tunkhwáh, 428a, 949b

Tunnee, 945b

Tunny, 323b

Tunnyketch, 930b

Tupay, 328a

Tuphan, Tuphão, 950a, 949a

Tupy, 935b

Tûra, 942b

Turaka, 943a

Turban, Turbant, Turbante, Turbanti, Turbat, 943a, b, 944a

Turchimannus, Turcimannus, Turgemanus, 327b, a

Turkey, 932a

Turkey, 944b

Turki, -koq, 932a, 945b

Turmeric, 549a

Turnee, 945b

Turpaul, 945b

Turquan, 932a

Turry, Turryani, 915a

Turumbake, Turumbaque, 940a

Turushka, 943a

Turveez, 904a

Turwar, 941a

Tūs, 792b

Tussah, 945b

Tusseeldar, 889a

Tusseh, Tusser, Tussur, 946a, b

Tutecareen, Tutecoryn, 946b

Tu-te-nag, Tutenague, Tutenegg, Tuthinag, 933a, 923b

Tut,hoo, 903a

Tuticorin, 946a

Tutinic, 933a

Tutocorim, 946b

Tutonag, 933a

Tutticaree, Tuttucorim, Tutucoury, 946b, a

Tutunaga, 933a

Tuxall, 947a

Twankay, 909b

Tyconna, Tyekana, 946b

Tyer, 950b

Tyger, Tygre, 923a, 922a

Tykhána, 947a

Tymquall, 923b

Typhaon, Typhon, Typhoon, 950a, 949a, 947a

Tyrasole, 487a

Tyre, 950b

Tzacchi, 442b

Tzinde, 837b

Tzinesthan, Tzinia, Tzinista, Tzinitza, 197b

Τζυκανιστήριον, 192b

Tzyle, 819b

Uddlee-budlee, 805a

Ugen, 639a

Ugentana, 940a

Ugger-wood, Uggur oil, 335b, 386a

Ugli, Ugolim, 423b, a

Ujantana, Ujongtana, Ujungtanah, 414b, 950b, 951a

Ulcinde, 320b

Ulock, 971b

Ulu balang, 639a

Umbarry, 17a

Umbrella, 951b

Umbra, 637b

Umbraculum, Umbrell, Umbrella, Umbrello, Unbrele, 951a, b, 952a

Uncalvet, 149b

Undra Cundra, 413b

Upa, Upas, 957a, 952b

Uplah, 639b

Uplot, Uplotte, 745b

Upper Roger, 959b

Uraca, 36a

Urizza, 867a

Urjee, Urz, Urzdaast, Urzee, 959b

Usbec, 960b

'Usfur, 780a

Ushrufee, 960a

Uspeck, 960b

Uspuck, 411a

Uspuk, 960a

Uzbeg, 960a

Vacca, 960b

Vaccination, 960b

Vackel, 961a

Vaddah, 963b

Vāgnīt, 365b

Vaidálai, 77a

Vaishnava, 961b

Vakea-nevis, 960b

Vakeea, 770b

Vakeel, Vakil, 961a, 334a

Valanga, 172a

Valera, 961a

Vali, 968a

Vanjārā, Vanjarrah, 114a, 115a

Varāha, 673b

Vârânaçi, 83a

Varanda, Varangue, 965a, 966a

Varela, Varella, Varelle, 961a, b, 292a

Vargem, 966b, 635b

Vatum, 73b

Vavidee, 109b

Vdeza, 645b

V[e]d, Veda, Vedam, Vedáo, 963a, 961b, 962b

Vedda, 963b

Vehar, 967a

Vehicle, Vekeel, 961a

Vellard, 964a, 357a

Vellore, 964a

Vendu, Vendue-Master, 964b, a, 214a

Venesar, Venezar, 114b

Venetian, 964b

Ventepollam, 709a

Veranda, Verandah, 964a, 966a

Verdora, 69b

Verdure, 966a

Verge, 966b

Verido, 265a, 567a

Vettele, 89b

Vettyver, 966b

Viacondam, 617b

Vidan, Vidana, 966b

Vidara, 77b

Viece, 918b, 967b

Viedam, 963a

Vgen, Vgini, 639a, 638b

Vihar, Vihara, 967a, 81a, 248a, 630a

Vikeel, 961a

Vinteen, 758a

Viontana, 951a, 87a

Vintin, 121b

Viranda, 966a

Vis, Visay, 919a, 967b

Visir, 967b

Viss, 967a

Vitele, 89b

Vizier, 967b

Vmbrello, 952a

Vmbra, Vmbraye, Vmrae, Vmrei, 637a

Vocanovice, 960b

Voishnuvu, 960b

Vomeri, 665a

Voranda, 966a

Vorloffe, 359b

Vraca, 36b

Vunghi, 522b

Vzbique, 960a

Vyse, 967b

Waaly, 968a

Wacadash, 967b

Wâin, 109a

Wakizashi, 968a

Waler, 968a

Wali, 968a, 692b

Walla, Wallah, 968b, 239b

Wall-shade, 818a

Wanghee, 969a

Wani, Wānia, 64a, 63b

Waringin, 66a

Water, buffalo, 122a;
-Chestnut, 969b;
Filter Nut, 223a

Wattie waeroo, 966b

Wāv, 109b

Weaver-bird, 969b

Weda, 963b

Wedda, 963b

Weli, Wely, 692b

West Coast, 969b

Whampoa, 969b

Whangee, 969a

Whinyard, 410b

Whistling-teal, 969b

White Ants, 969b;
Jacket, 969b

Whoolye, 425a

Wihāra, Wihare, 967a

Wilāyat, Willaut, 94a, 487a

Winter, 970a

Wistnouwa, 960b

Wollock, 971b

Wood-apple, 971a;
oil, 971a

Woolock, 971b

Wooly, 425a

Woon, -douk, -gyee, 972a

Woordie, Woordy Major, 972a

Wootz, 972a

Wrankiaw, 645a

Writer, 973a, 222b

Wug, 973b

Wullock, 971b

Wurdee wollah, 972a

Wuzeer, 967b

Xabandar, Xabunder, 816b, 503a

Xagara, 446a

Xanton, 616b

Xanxus, 185a

Xarab, 826a

Xarafaggio, Xaraffo, 832a

Xarafi, Xarafin, 974b

Xarave, 826a

Xarife, 974a

Xarife, 826b

Xarnauz, 796a, 87a

Xarrafo, 832a, 569a

Xastra, 823b, 724a

Xatigam, 204a, 766b, 623a

Xaxma, 523a, 798a

Xeque, 825b

Xerafim, Xerafine, Xerapheen, Xeraphin, 974a, b, 975a, 121b

Xercansor, 975a

Xiá, 825a

Xinto, 829b

Yaboo, Yabou, Yábú, 975b

Yak, 975b, 214b

Yam, 977a

Yamb, Yámbú, Yambucha, 830b

Yauboo, 975b

Yava-bhū, Ya-va-di, Yava-dvīpa, Yavākhya, Yava-koṭi, 455a, b

Ydu, 336b

Yerua, 393b

Ye-wun, 972a

Ymgu, 418b

Yodaya, 466a

Yogee, Yoguee, 462a

Yojana, 513a

Yoodra-shaan, 823a

Yoss, Yoss-house, 464a

Young Hyson, 909b

Yuthia, 465b

Zabád, 4a

Zābaj, 455a

Zabeta, Zabita, 977a

Zaboà, 205a, 823a

Zador, 979b

Zagaglie, Zagaye, 39a

Zaitūn, Zaitūnī, Zaitūnia, 797a, b

Zalaparda, 877a

Zâm, Zâmâ, 448b

Zamboorak, 986b

Zambuco, 35b, 612b, 788a;
Zambuquo, 733b, 788b

Zambúrak, 986a

Zamerhin, 978a, 164b

Zamgizara, 791b

Zamorim, Zamorin, Zamorine, 977a, 978a

Zampa, 879b

Zananah, 981b

Zanbuqo, 788b

Zand, 982b

Zang, Zanghibar, 978b

Zangomay, 450b

Zanguebar, Zanguy, Zanj, 978b, a

Zanjabīl, 374b

Zanzibar, 978a, 539b

Zarāfa, 378a

Zarbaft, 983b

Zarmanochēgas, 116b

Zaroogat, 123b

Zarvatana, 795a

Zatony, 797b

Zaye, 216a

Zayte, 886b

Zayton, 797a

Zebra, 979b

Zebt, Zebty, 985b

Zebu, 979a

Zecchino, 193b

Zedoaria, Zedoary, 979b

Zee Calappers, 231a

Zeilam, Zeilon, 182a, b

Zekoom, 568a

Zela, 255b, 819b

Zeloan, Zelone, 182b

Zemberec, 986a

Zemee, 451a, 823a

Zemidary, Zemindar, 980b, a

Zenana, Zenanah, 981a, b, 411b

Zenbourek, 985b

Zend, Zendavesta, 981b, 657b

Zenjebil, Zenzeri, Zenzero, 374b, 375a

Zequeen, 194a

Zequen, 825b

Zeraphim, 975a

Zerbaft, 983b

Zerbet, 826a

Zerumba, Zerumbet, 979b

Zerzalino, 373b

Zetani, 797b

Zezeline, 373b

Zhobo, 984b

Ziacche, 443a

Zierbaad, 984b

Zierjang, 886b

Zilah, Zillah, 983b

Zilm, 847a

Zimbiperi, 374b

Zimmé, 190b, 450b

Zinde, Zindi, 837b

Zingaçar, 791b

Zingari, 983b

Zingiberi, Ζιγγίβερις, 374b

Zingium, 978a

Zinguizar, 791b

Zinnar, 187a

Zinzin, 200b

Zirapha, 378b

Zīrbād, 984a, 144a, 914a

Zircon, 452a

Zirm, 847a

Zo, 985a

Zoame, 461b, 883b

Zobo, 984b

Zodoun, 382a

Zolan, 182a

Zombreiro, 851b

Zomo, 985a

Zomodri, 977b

Zonchi, 472b

Zouave, 985a

Zubt, Zubtee, Zupt, 985b

Zucanistri, 192b

Zucchara, Zuccheri, Zucchero, -Bambillonia, -Caffetino, Dommaschino,
Mucchera, -Musciatto, Candi, Canditi, Chandi, 863b, 864a, b, 156a

Zumatra, 867a

Zumbooruck, Zumbooruk, 985b, 986b

Zunana, 981a

Zuncus, 472a

Zundavastaio, Zundavastavv, Zundeuastavv, 982b, 983a

Zuratt, 875b

Zurkee, 854a

Zurnapa, 378b

Printed at
The Edinburgh Press,
9 and 11 Young Street.

Notes

[1] The dedication was sent for press on 6th January; on the 13th, G. U.
Y. departed to his rest.

[2] Three of the mottoes that face the title were also sent by him.

[3] See Note A. at end of Introduction.

[4] Professor Wilson's work may perhaps bear re-editing, but can hardly,
for its purpose, be superseded. The late eminent Telugu scholar, Mr.
C. P. Brown, interleaved, with criticisms and addenda, a copy of
Wilson, which is now in the India Library. I have gone through it,
and borrowed a few notes, with acknowledgment by the initials C. P.
B. The amount of improvement does not strike me as important.

[5] _Nautch_, it may be urged, _is_ admitted to full franchise, being
used by so eminent a writer as Mr. Browning. But the fact that his
use is entirely _misuse_, seems to justify the classification in the
text (see GLOSS., s.v.). A like remark applies to _compound_. See for
the tremendous fiasco made in its intended use by a most intelligent
lady novelist, the last quotation s.v. in GLOSS.

[6] GLOSS., s.v. (note p. 659, col. _a_), contains quotations from the
Vulgate of the passage in Canticles iii. 9, regarding King Solomon's
_ferculum_ of Lebanon cedar. I have to thank an old friend for
pointing out that the word _palanquin_ has, in this passage, received
solemn sanction by its introduction into the Revised Version.

[7] See these words in GLOSS.

[8] See this word in GLOSS.

[9] See A. Weber, in _Indian Antiquary_, ii. 143 _seqq._ Most of the
other Greek words, which he traces in Sanskrit, are astronomical
terms derived from books.

[10] Varthema, at the very beginning of the 16th century, shows some
acquaintance with Malayālam, and introduces pieces of conversation in
that language. Before the end of the 16th century, printing had been
introduced at other places besides Goa, and by the beginning of the
17th, several books in Indian languages had been printed at Goa,
Cochin, and Ambalakkāḍu.—(A. B.)

[11] "At Point de Galle, in 1860, I found it in common use, and also,
somewhat later, at Calecut."—(A. B.)

[12] See "Notices of Madras and Cuddalore, &c., by the earlier
Missionaries." Longman, 1858, _passim_. See also _Manual_, &c. in
BOOK-LIST, _infra_ p. xxxix. Dr. Carey, writing from Serampore as
late as 1800, says that the children of Europeans by native women,
whether children of English, French, Dutch, or Danes, were all called
Portuguese. _Smith's Life of Carey_, 152.

[13] See Note B. at end of Introductory Remarks. "Mr. Beames remarked some
time ago that most of the names of places in South India are greatly
disfigured in the forms used by Europeans. This is because we have
adopted the Portuguese orthography. Only in this way it can be
explained how Kollaḍam has become _Coleroon_, Solamaṇdalam,
_Coromandel_, and Tuttukkuḍi, _Tuticorin_." (A. B.) Mr. Burnell was
so impressed with the excessive corruption of S. Indian names, that
he would hardly ever willingly venture any explanation of them,
considering the matter all too uncertain.

[14] The nasal termination given to many Indian words, when adopted into
European use, as in _palanquin_, _mandarin_, &c., must be attributed
mainly to the Portuguese; but it cannot be entirely due to them. For
we find the nasal termination of _Achīn_, in Mahommedan writers (see
p. 3), and that of _Cochin_ before the Portuguese time (see p. 225),
whilst the conversion of _Pasei_, in Sumatra, into _Pacem_, as the
Portuguese call it, is already indicated in the _Basma_ of Marco
Polo.

[15] The first five examples will be found in GLOSS. _Banāo_, is
imperative of _banā-nā_, 'to fabricate'; _lagāo_ of _lagā-nā_, 'to
lay alongside,' &c.; _sumjhāo_, of _samjhā-nā_, 'to cause to
understand,' &c.

[16] This is in the Bombay ordnance nomenclature for a large umbrella. It
represents the Port. _sombrero_!

[17] Mr. Skeat's _Etym. Dict._ does not contain _mangrove_. [It will be
found in his _Concise Etymological Dict._ ed. 1901.]

[18] 'Buggy' of course is not an Oriental word at all, except as adopted
from us by Orientals. I call _sepoy_, _jungle_, and _veranda_, good
English words; and so I regard them, just as good as _alligator_, or
_hurricane_, or _canoe_, or _Jerusalem_ artichoke, or _cheroot_. What
would my friends think of spelling these in English books as
_alagarto_, and _huracan_, and _canoa_, and _girasole_, and
_shuruṭṭu_?

[19] Unfortunately, the translators of the Indo-Portuguese New Testament
have, as much as possible, preserved the Portuguese orthography.

[20] [In note "Luncheons."]

[21] _i.e._, not on the W. coast of the Peninsula, called _India_
especially by the Portuguese. See under INDIA.

[22] This alludes to the mistaken notion, as old as N. Conti (c. 1440),
that Sumatra = _Taprobane_.

[23] _Sir James Stephen_, in _Nuncomar and Impey_, ii. 221.

[24] These six were increased in 1781 to eighteen.

[25] This symbolical action was common among _beldars_ (BILDAR), or native
_navvies_, employed on the Ganges Canal many years ago, when they
came before the engineer to make a petition. But besides grass in
mouth, the beldar stood _on one leg_, with hands joined before him.

[26] Also see Dozy, s.v. _alcaduz_. _Alcaduz_, according to Cobarruvias,
is in Sp. one of the earthen pots of the _noria_ or Persian wheel.

[27] Query, from captured vessels containing foreign (non-Indian) women?
The words are as follows: "_As escravas que me diz que lhe mande,
tomãose de prezas, que as Gentias d'esta terra são pretas, e mancebas
do mundo como chegão a dez annos_."

[28] The _English Cyclop._ states on the authority of the Sloane MSS. that
the pine was brought into England by the Earl of Portland, in 1690.
[See _Encyl. Brit._, 9th ed., xix. 106.]

[29] _M_ is here a Suāhili prefix. See _Bleek's Comp. Grammar_, 189.

[30] This word takes a ludicrous form in _Dampier_: "All the Indians who
spake Malayan ... lookt on those _Meangians_ as a kind of Barbarians;
and upon any occasion of dislike, would call them _Bobby_, that is
Hogs."—i. 515.

[31] ["Mr Burke's method of pronouncing it."]

[32] At Lord Wellesley's table, Major Malcolm mentioned as a notable fact
that he and three of his brothers had once met together in India.
"Impossible, Malcolm, quite impossible!" said the Governor-General.
Malcolm persisted. "No, no," said Lord Wellesley, "if four Malcolms
had met, we should have heard the noise all over India!"

[33] See _Chinese Recorder_, 1876, vii. 324, and _Kovalefski's Mongol
Dict._ No. 1058.

[34] _Orient und Occident_, i. 137.

[35] _Waringin_ is the Javanese name of a sp. kindred to the banyan,
_Ficus benjamina_, L.

[36] In a Glossary of Military Terms, appended to _Fortification for
Officers of the Army and Students of Military History_, Edinburgh,
Blackwood, 1851.

[37] _Aurut-dar_ is _āṛhat-dār_, from H. _āṛhat_, 'agency'; _phorea_ = H.
_phaṛiyā_, 'a retailer.'

[38] The "Bahadur" could hardly have read Don Quixote! But what a curious
parallel presents itself! When Sancho is bragging of his daughter to
the "Squire of the Wood," and takes umbrage at the free epithet which
the said Squire applies to her (= _laundikā_ and more); the latter
reminds him of the like term of apparent abuse (hardly reproduceable
here) with which the mob were wont to greet a champion in the
bull-ring after a deft spear-thrust, meaning only the highest
fondness and applause!—Part ii. ch. 13.

[39] "The Greeks call it the _Araxes_, Khondamīr the _Kur_."

[40] On _benjuy de boninas_ ("of flowers"), see _De Orta_, ff. 28, 30, 31.
And on _benjuy de amendoada_ or _mandolalo_ (_mandolado_? "of
almond") _id._ 30_v._

[41] _Kamañan_ or _Kamiñan_ in Malay and Javanese.

[42] _Folium indicum_ of the druggist is, however, not _betel_, but the
leaf of the wild cassia (see MALABATHRUM.)

[43] "Terra e ilha de que El-Rei nosso senhor me fez mercê, aforada em
fatiota." _Em fatiota_ is a corruption apparently of _emphyteuta_,
_i.e._ properly the person to whom land was granted on a lease such
as the Civil Law called _emphyteusis_. "The emphyteuta was a
perpetual lessee who paid a perpetual rent to the owner."—_English
Cycl._ s.v. _Emphyteusis_.

[44] Naobihār = Nava-Vihāra ('New Buddhist Monastery') is still the name
of a district adjoining Balkh.

[45] This (_Sonamukhi_, 'Chrysostoma') has continued to be the name of the
Viceroy's river yacht (probably) to this day. It was so in Lord
Canning's time, then represented by a barge adapted to be towed by a
steamer.

[46] _I.e._ Pariah dog.

[47] "Mehtar! cut his ears and tail, quick; _fabricate_ a Terrier!"

[48] All new.

[49] "See, _I_ have _fabricated_ a Major!"

[50] The writer of these lines is believed to have been Captain Robert
Skirving, of Croys, Galloway, a brother of Archibald Skirving, a
Scotch artist of repute, and the son of Archibald Skirving, of East
Lothian, the author of a once famous ballad on the battle of
Prestonpans. Captain Skirving served in the Bengal army from about
1780 to 1806, and died about 1840.

[51] Forchhammer argues further that the original name was Ran or Yan,
with _m'_, _mā_, or _pa_ as a pronominal accent.

[52] In a note with which we were favoured by the late Prof. Anton
Schiefner, he expressed doubts whether the _Bakshi_ of the Tibetans
and Mongols was not of early introduction through the Uigurs from
some other corrupted Sanskrit word, or even of præ-buddhistic
derivation from an Iranian source. We do not find the word in
Jaeschke's Tibetan Dictionary.

[53] Thus: "_Chomandarla_ (_i.e._ Coromandel) he de Christãoos e o rey
Christãoo." So also _Ceylam Camatarra_, _Melequa_ (Malacca), _Peguo_,
&c., are all described as Christian states with Christian kings. Also
the so-called Indian Christians who came on board Da Gama at Melinde
seem to have been Hindu banians.

[54] It may be observed, however, that _kwāla_ in Malay indicates the
estuary of a navigable river, and denominates many small ports in the
Malay region. The _Kalah_ of the early Arabs is probably the Κῶλι
πόλις of Ptolemy's Tables.

[55] "Capitale des établissements Anglais dans le Bengale. _Les Anglais
prononcent et écrivent_ GOLGOTA"(!)

[56] Not 'a larger kind of cinnamon,' or 'cinnamon which is known there by
the name of _crassa_' (_canellae quae_ grossae _appellantur_), as Mr.
Winter Jones oddly renders, but _canella grossa_, _i.e._ 'coarse'
cinnamon, alias _cassia_.

[57] Sir J. Hooker observes that the fact that there is an acid and a
sweet-fruited variety (_blimbee_) of this plant indicates a very old
cultivation.

[58] Dr. R. Rost observes to us that the Arabic letter _ẓwād_ is
pronounced by the Malays like _ll_ (see also _Crawfurd's Malay
Grammar_, p. 7). And it is curious to find a transfer of the same
letter into Spanish as _ld_. In Malay _ḳāḍī_ becomes _ḳāllī_.

[59] These are probably the same as Milburn, under Tuticorin, calls
_ketchies_. We do not know the proper name. [See PUTTON KETCHIES,
under PIECE-GOODS.]

[60] The court for _chaugān_ is ascribed by Codinus (see below) to
Theodosius Parvus. This could hardly be the son of Arcadius (A.D.
408-450), but rather Theodosius III. (716-718).

[61] It may be well to append here the whole list which I find on a scrap
of paper in Dr. Burnell's handwriting (Y):

Pohālapura.
Chīnavallī.
Avantikshetra (_Ujjain_).
Nāgapaṭṭana (_Negapatam?_)
Pāṇḍyadeśa (_Madura_).
Allikākara.
Simhaladvīpa (_Ceylon_).
_Gopāka_sthāna (! ?).
Gujaṇasthāna.
Ṭhāṇaka (_Thana?_)
Aṇitavāta (_Anhilvād_).
Sunāpura.
Mūlasthāna (_Multan_).
Toṭṭideśa.
Pañchapaṭṭana.
Chīna.
Mahāchīna.
Kalingadeśa (_Telugu Country_).
Vaṅgadeśa (_Bengal_).

[62] I leave this passage as Dr. Burnell wrote it. But though limited to a
specific locality, of which I doubt not it was true, it conveys an
idea of the entire extinction of the ancient chintz production which
I find is not justified by the facts, as shown in a most interesting
letter from Mr. Purdon Clarke, C.S.I., of the India Museum. One kind
is still made at Masulipatam, under the superintendence of Persian
merchants, to supply the Ispahan market and the "Moghul" traders at
Bombay. At Pulicat very peculiar chintzes are made, which are
entirely _Ḳalam Kārī_ work, or hand-painted (apparently the word now
used instead of the _Calmendār_ of Tavernier,—see above, and under
CALAMANDER). This is a work of infinite labour, as the ground has to
be stopped off with wax almost as many times as there are colours
used. At Combaconum SARONGS (q.v.) are printed for the Straits. Very
bold printing is done at Wālājāpet in N. Arcot, for sale to the
Moslem at Hyderabad and Bangalore.

An anecdote is told me by Mr. Clarke which indicates a caution as to
more things than chintz printing. One particular kind of chintz met
with in S. India, he was assured by the vendor, was printed at W——;
but he did not recognize the locality. Shortly afterwards, visiting
for the second time the city of X. (we will call it), where he had
already been assured by the collector's native aids that there was no
such manufacture, and showing the stuff, with the statement of its
being made at W——, 'Why,' said the collector, 'that is where I live!'
Immediately behind his bungalow was a small bazar, and in this the
work was found going on, though on a small scale.

Just so we shall often find persons "who have been in India, and on
the spot"—asseverating that at such and such a place there are no
missions or no converts; whilst those who have cared to know, know
better.—(H. Y.)

[For Indian chintzes, see Forbes Watson, _Textile Manufactures_, 90
_seqq._; Mukharji, _Art Manufactures of India_, 348 _seqq._; S. H.
Hadi, _Mon. on Dyes and Dyeing in the N.W.P. and Oudh_, 44 _seqq._;
Francis, _Mon. on Punjab Cotton Industry_, 6.]

[63] There is no reason to suppose that Linschoten had himself been to
Chittagong. My friend, Dr. Burnell, in his (posthumous) edition of
Linschoten for the Hakluyt Society has confounded _Chātigam_ in this
passage with _Satgaon_—see PORTO PIQUENO (H. Y.).

[64] The _chātak_ which figures in Hindu poetry, is, according to the
dictionaries, _Cuculus melanoleucos_, which must be the pied cuckoo,
_Coccystes melanoleucos_, Gm., in Jerdon; but this surely cannot be
Sir William's "most beautiful little bird he ever saw"?

[65] Thus, in Shakspeare, "This is Monsieur Parolles, the gallant
militarist ... that had the whole theorie of war in the knot of his
scarf, the practice in the _chape_ of his dagger."—_All's Well that
Ends Well_, iv. 3. And, in the Scottish _Rates and Valuatiouns_,
under 1612:

"Lockattis and _Chapes_ for daggers."

[66] "... e quanto á moeda, ser _chapada de sua sica_ (by error printed
_sita_), pois já lhe concedea, que todo o proveyto serya del Rey de
Portuguall, como soya a ser dos Reis dos Guzarates, e ysto nas terras
que nos tiuermos em Canbaya, e a nós quisermos bater."—Treaty (1537)
in _S. Botelho, Tombo_, 226.

[67] H. _Ṭikiyā_ is a little cake of charcoal placed in the bowl of the
hooka, or hubble-bubble.

[68] See _Fergusson & Burgess, Cave Temples_, pp. 168 & 349. See also Mr.
James Campbell's excellent _Bombay Gazetteer_, xiv. 52, where reasons
are stated against the view of Dr. Burgess.

[69] _Stat. and Geog. Rep. of the 24 Pergunnahs District_, Calcutta, 1857,
p. 57.

[70] _Lingue di San Paolo_ is a name given to fossil sharks' teeth, which
are commonly found in Malta, and in parts of Sicily.

[71] I have seen more snakes in a couple of months at the Bagni di Lucca,
than in any two years passed in India.—H. Y.

[72] Duarte Pacheco Pereira, whose defence of the Fort at Cochin (c. 1504)
against a great army of the Zamorin's, was one of the great feats of
the Portuguese in India. [_Comm. Alboquerque_, Hak. Soc. i. 5.]

[73] MS. communication from Prof. Terrien de la Couperie.

[74] It may be noted that Theophrastus describes under the names of κύκας
and κόϊξ a palm of Ethiopia, which was perhaps the _Doom_ palm of
Upper Egypt (_Theoph. H. P._ ii. 6, 10). Schneider, the editor of
Theoph., states that Sprengel identified this with the coco-palm. See
the quotation from Pliny below.

[75] This mythical story of the unique tree producing this nut curiously
shadows the singular fact that _one_ island only (Praslin) of that
secluded group, the Seychelles, bears the _Lodoicea_ as an indigenous
and spontaneous product. (See _Sir L. Pelly_, in _J.R.G.S._, xxxv.
232.)

[76] _Kalāpā_, or _Klāpā_, is the Javanese word for coco-nut palm, and is
that commonly used by the Dutch.

[77] It is curious that Ducange has a L. Latin word _cahua_, 'vinum album
et debile.'

[78] See the extract in De Sacy's _Chrestomathie Arabe_ cited below.
Playfair, in his history of Yemen, says coffee was first introduced
from Abyssinia by Jamāluddīn Ibn Abdalla, Kāḍī of Aden, in the middle
of the 15th century: the person differs, but the time coincides.

[79] There seems no foundation for this.

[80] _i.e._ _Bacca Lauri_; laurel berry.

[81] There is here a doubtful reading. The next paragraph shows that the
word should be κομαρεὶ. [We should also read for βριάριον, φρούριον,
a watch-post, citadel.]

[82] I had this from one of the party, my respected friend Bishop
Caldwell.—H. Y.

[83] On the origin of this word for a long time different opinions were
held by my lamented friend Burnell and by me. And when we printed a
few specimens in the _Indian Antiquary_, our different arguments were
given in brief (see _I. A._, July 1879, pp. 202, 203). But at a later
date he was much disposed to come round to the other view, insomuch
that in a letter of Sept. 21, 1881, he says: "_Compound_ can, I
think, after all, be Malay _Kampong_; take these lines from a Malay
poem"—then giving the lines which I have transcribed on the following
page. I have therefore had no scruple in giving the same unity to
this article that had been unbroken in almost all other cases.—H. Y.

[84] "This elephant is a very pious animal"—a German friend once observed
in India, misled by the double sense of his vernacular _fromm_
('harmless, tame' as well as 'pious or innocent').

[85] _J.R.A.S._, N.S. v. 148. He had said the same in earlier writings,
and was apparently the original author of this suggestion. [But see
above.]

[86] See Bp. Caldwell's _Comp. Gram._, 18, 95, &c.

[87] See _Tennent_, i. 395.

[88] "This coast bears commonly the corrupted name of _Choromandel_, and
is now called only thus; but the right name is _Sjola-mandalam_,
after _Sjola_, a certain kingdom of that name, and _mandalam_, 'a
kingdom,' one that used in the old times to be an independent and
mighty empire."—_Val._ v. 2.

[89] _e.g._ 1675.—"Hence the country ... has become very rich, wherefore
the Portuguese were induced to build a town on the site of the old
Gentoo (_Jentiefze_) city _Chiormandelan_."—Report on the Dutch
Conquests in Ceylon and S. India, by _Rykloof Van Goens_ in
_Valentijn_, v. (Ceylon) 234.

[90] "It is characteristic of this region (central forests of Ceylon) that
in traversing the forest they calculate their march, not by the eye,
or by measures of distance, but by sounds. Thus a '_dog's cry_'
indicates a quarter of a mile; a '_cock's crow_,' something more; and
a '_hoo_' implies the space over which a man can be heard when
shouting that particular monosyllable at the pitch of his
voice."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 582. In S. Canara also to this day
such expressions as "a horn's blow," "a man's call," are used in the
estimation of distances. [See under GOW.]

[91] _Le Nord de la Sibérie_, i. 82.

[92] "... that Royal Alley of Trees planted by the command of
_Jehan-Guire_, and continued by the same order for 150 leagues, with
little Pyramids or Turrets erected every half league."—_Bernier_,
E.T. 91; [ed. _Constable_, 284].

[93] This gloss is a mistake.

[94] Note communicated by Professor Terrien de la Couperie.

[95] _Kāhan_, see above = 1280 cowries.

[96] A _Kāg_ would seem here to be equivalent to ¼ of a cowry. Wilson,
with (?) as to its origin [perhaps P. _kāk_, 'minute'], explains it
as "a small division of money of account, less than a _ganḍa_ of
Kauris." _Til_ is properly the sesamum seed, applied in Bengal,
Wilson says, "in account to 1/80 of a kauri." The Table would
probably thus run: 20 _til_ = 1 _kāg_, 4 _kāg_ = 1 _kauri_, and so
forth. And 1 rupee = 409,600 til!

[97] See _Madras Journal_, xiii. 127.

[98] _Ind. Ant._ iii. 309.

[99] _Camalli_ (= _facchini_) survives from the Arabic in some parts of
Sicily.

[100] Sir Joseph Hooker observes that the use of the terms Custard-apple,
Bullock's heart, and Sweet-sop has been so indiscriminate or
uncertain that it is hardly possible to use them with unquestionable
accuracy.

[101] _Mysore_ is nonsense. As suggested by Sir J. Campbell in the _Bombay
Gazetteer_, _Misr_ (Egypt) is probably the word.

[102] _Kumbha_ means an earthen pot, and also the "frontal globe on the
upper part of the forehead of the elephant." The latter meaning was,
according to Prof. Forchhammer, that intended, being applied to the
hillocks on which the town stood, because of their form. But the
Burmese applied it to 'alms-bowls,' and invented a legend of Buddha
and his two disciples having buried their alms-bowls at this spot.

[103] A correction is made here on Lord Stanley's translation.

[104] Probably not much stress can be laid on this last statement. [The
_N.E.D._ thinks that the Arabic word came from the West].

[105] We owe this quotation, as well as that below from Ibn Jubair, to the
kindness of Prof. Robertson Smith. On the proceedings of 'Omar see
also Sir Wm. Muir's _Annals of the Early Caliphate_ in the chapter
quoted below.

[106] At p. 6 there is an Arabic letter, dated A.D. 1200, from Abdurrahmān
ibn 'Ali Tāhir, '_al-nazir ba-dīwān Ifriḳiya_,' inspector of the
dogana of Africa. But in the Latin version this appears as _Rector
omnium Christianorum qui veniunt in totam provinciam de Africa_ (p.
276). In another letter, without date, from Yusuf ibn Mahommed _Sāhib
diwān Tunis wal-Mahdia_, Amari renders 'preposto della dogana di
Tunis,' &c. (p. 311).

[107] The present generation in England can have no conception how closely
this description applies to what took place at many an English port
before Sir Robert Peel's great changes in the import tariff. The
present writer, in landing from a P. & O. steamer at Portsmouth in
1843, after four or five days' quarantine in the Solent, had to go
through _five to six hours_ of such treatment as Ibn Jubair
describes, and his feelings were very much the same as the
Moor's.—[H. Y.]

[108] Ar. _takāẓā_, dunning or importunity.

[109] This is the date of the Penal Code, as originally submitted to Lord
Auckland, by T. B. Macaulay and his colleagues; and in that original
form this passage is found as § 283, and in chap. xv. of _Offences
relating to Religion and Caste_.

[110] The passage referred to is probably that where Cosmas relates an
adventure of his friend Sopatrus, a trader in Taprobane, or Ceylon,
at the king's court. A Persian present brags of the power and wealth
of his own monarch. Sopatrus says nothing till the king calls on him
for an answer. He appeals to the king to compare the Roman gold
denarius (called by Cosmas νόμισμα), and the Persian silver drachma,
both of which were at hand, and to judge for himself which suggested
the greater monarch. "Now the _nomisma_ was a coin of right good ring
and fine ruddy gold, bright in metal and elegant in execution, for
such coins are picked on purpose to take thither, whilst the
_miliaresion_ (or drachma), to say it in one word, was of silver, and
of course bore no comparison with the gold coin," &c. In another
passage he says that elephants in Taprobane were sold at from 50 to
100 _nomismata_ and more, which seems to imply that the gold
_denarii_ were actually current in Ceylon. See the passages at length
in _Cathay_, &c., pp. clxxix-clxxx.

[111] It will be seen that the Indian cry also appeals to the Prince
expressly. It was the good fortune of one of the present writers (A.
B.) to have witnessed the call of Haro! brought into serious
operation at Jersey.

[112] _Tagādāgīr_, under the Mahrattas, was an officer who enforced the
State demands against defaulting cultivators (_Wilson_); and no doubt
it was here an officer similarly employed to enforce the execution of
contracts by weavers and others who had received advances. It is a
corruption of Pers. _takāẓagīr_, from Ar. _takāẓā_, importunity (see
quotation of 1819, under DHURNA).

[113] [Mr. F. Brandt suggests that this word may be Telegu _Thumiar_,
_túmu_ being a measure of grain, and possibly the "Dumiers" may have
been those entitled to receive the _dustooree_ in grain.]

[114] Royle says "_Malayan agila_," but this is apparently a misprint for
_Malayālam_.

[115] We do not find information as to which tree produces the eagle-wood
sold in the Tenasserim bazars. [It seems to be _A. agallocha_: see
_Watt, Econ. Dict._ i. 279 _seq._].

[116] This _lign aloes_, "genuine, black, heavy, very choice," is
presumably the fine kind from Champa: the _aguila_ the inferior
product.

[117] _Pīlu_, for elephant, occurs in certain Sanskrit books, but it is
regarded as a foreign word.

[118] See _Lassen_, i. 313; _Max Müller's Lectures on Sc. of Language_, 1st
S. p. 189.

[119] "As regards the interpretation of _habbim_, a ἅπαξ λεγ., in the
passage where the state of the text, as shown by comparison with the
LXX, is very unsatisfactory, it seems impossible to say anything that
can be of the least use in clearing up the origin of _elephant_. The
O. T. speaks so often of ivory, and never again by this name, that
_habbim_ must be either a corruption or some trade-name, presumably
for some special kind of ivory. Personally, I believe it far more
likely that _habbim_ is at bottom the same as _hobnim_ (ebony?)
associated with _shen_ in Ezekiel xxvii. 15, and that the passage
once ran 'ivory and ebony'"—(_W. Robertson Smith_); [also see
_Encycl. Bibl._ ii. 2297 _seq._].

[120] See _Zeitschr. für die Kie Kunde des Morgs._ iv. 12 _seqq._; also
_Ebehr. Schrader_ in _Zeitsch. d. M. Gesellsch._ xxvii. 706 _seqq._;
[_Encycl. Bibl._ ii. 1262].

[121] In _Journ. As._, ser. iv. tom. ii.

[122] In _Kuhn's Zeitschr. für Vergleichende Sprachkunst_, iv. 128-131.

[123] Detmold, pp. 950-952.

[124] See _Topography of Thebes, with a General View of Egypt_, 1835, p.
153.

[125] See _e.g._ _Brugsch's Hist. of the Pharaohs_, 2d ed. i. 396-400; and
_Canon Rawlinson's Egypt_, ii. 235-6.

[126] In _Z. für Aegypt. Spr. und Aetferth._ 1873, pp. 1-9, 63, 64; also
tr. by Dr. Birch in _Records of the Past_, vol. ii. p. 59 (_no date_,
more shame to S. Bagster & Sons); and again by Ebers, revised in
Z.D.M.G., 1876, pp. 391 _seqq._

[127] See Canon Rawlinson's _Egypt_, u.s.

[128] For the painting see _Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians_, edited by
Birch, vol. i. pl. 11 b, which shows the Rutennu bringing a chariot
and horses, a bear, an elephant, and ivory tusks, as tribute to
Thotmes III. For other records see _Brugsch_, E.T., 2nd ed. i. 381,
384, 404.

[129] _Die Inschriften Tighlathpileser's I., ... mit Übersetzung und
Kommentar von Dr. Wilhelm Lotz_, Leipzig, 1880, p. 53; [and see
Maspero, _op. cit._ 661 _seq._].

[130] _Lotz_, _loc. cit._ p. 197.

[131] See _J. R. As. Soc._ vol. xviii.

"Inde _boves Lucas_ turrito corpore tetros,
Anguimanos, belli docuerunt volnera Pœnei
Sufferre, et magnas Martis turbare catervas."
_Lucretius_, v. 1301-3.

Here is the origin of Tennyson's 'serpent-hands' quoted under HATTY.
The title _bos Luca_ is explained by St. Isidore:

"Hos _boves Lucanos_ vocabant antiqui Romani: _boves_ quia nullum
animal grandius videbant: _Lucanos_ quia in Lucania illos primus
Pyrrhus in prœlio objecit Romanis."—_Isid. Hispal._ lib. xii.
_Originum_, cap. 2.

[133] It is not easy to understand the bearing of the drawing in question.

[134] This use of _campo_ is more like the sense of COMPOUND (q.v.) than in
any instance we had found when completing that article.

[135] _Galeon_ is here the galliot of later days. See above.

[136] "A kind of boat," is all that Crawfurd tells.—_Malay Dict._ s.v.
["_Banting_, a native sailing-vessel with two masts"—Williamson,
_Malay Dict._: "_Bantieng_, soort van boot met twee masten"—Van
Eysinga, _Malay-Dutch Dict._]

[137] There is no justification for this word in the Latin.

[138] "Rheede says: 'Etiam in sylvis et desertis reperitur' (_Hort. Mal._
xi. 10). But I am not aware of any botanist having found it wild. I
suspect that no one has looked for it."—_Sir J. D. Hooker._

[139] _Gebeli_, Ar. "of the hills." _Neli_ is also read _dely_, probably
for _d'Ely_ (see DELY, MOUNT). The Ely ginger is mentioned by Barbosa
(p. 220).

[140] From Amari's Italian version.

[141] The two companies which escaladed were led by Captain Bruce, a
brother of the Abyssinian traveller. "It is said that the spot was
pointed out to Popham by a cowherd, and that the whole of the
attacking party were supplied with grass shoes to prevent them from
slipping on the ledges of rock. There is a story also that the cost
of these grass-shoes was deducted from Popham's pay, when he was
about to leave India as a major-general, nearly a quarter of a
century afterwards."—_Cunningham, Arch. Surv._ ii. 340.

[142] I.e. _ḥamāmī_, a bath attendant. Compare the _Hummums_ in _Covent
Garden_.

[143] _Hemāchal_ and _Hemakūt_ also occur in the Āīn (see _Gladwin_, ii.
342, 343; [ed. _Jarrett_, iii. 30, 31]). _Karāchal_ is the name used
by Ibn Batuta in the 14th century, and by Al-Birūni 300 years
earlier. 17th century writers often call the Himālaya the "Mountains
of NUGGUR-COTE" (q.v.). [Mr. Tawney writes: "We have in Ṛig Veda (x.
121) _ime himavanto parvatāḥ_, 'these snowy mountains,' spoken of as
abiding by the might of Prajāpati. In the Bhagavadgītā, an episode of
the Mahābhārata, Kṛishṇa says that he is 'the _Himālaya_ among stable
things,' and the word _Himālaya_ is found in the Kumāra Sambhava of
Kālidāsa, about the date of which opinions differ. Perhaps the Greek
Ιμαος is _himavat_; Ἠμωδὸς, _himādri_."]

[144] In most of the important Asiatic languages the same word indicates
the Sea or a River of the first class; _e.g._ _Sindhu_ as here; in
Western Tibet _Gyamtso_ and _Samandrang_ (corr. of Skt. _samundra_)
'the Sea,' which are applied to the Indus and Sutlej (see _J. R.
Geog. Soc._ xxiii. 34-35); Hebrew _yam_, applied both to the sea and
to the Nile; Ar. _baḥr_; Pers. _daryā_; Mongol. _dalai_, &c. Compare
the Homeric Ὠκεανός.

[145] The Teutonic word _Corn_ affords a handy instance of the varying
application of the name of a cereal to that which is, or has been,
the staple grain of each country. _Corn_ in England familiarly means
'wheat'; in Scotland 'oats'; in Germany 'rye'; in America 'maize.'

[146] Afterwards M.-Gen. G. Hutchinson, C.B., C.S.I., Sec. to the Ch.
Missy. Society.

[147] "Ce sont des Maures qui exigent de l'argent sur les grands chemins,
de ceux qui passent avec quelques merchandises; souvent ils en
demandent à ceux mêmes qui n'en portent point. On regarde ces gens-là
à peu pres comme des voleurs."

[148] This remark is from a letter of Dr. Burnell's dd. Tanjore, March 16,
1880.

[149] _Paṭṭi_ is used here in the Mahratti sense of a 'contribution' or
extra cess. It is the regular Mahratti equivalent of the _abwāb_ of
Bengal, on which see Wilson, s.v.

[150] The same breed of elephants perhaps that is mentioned on this part of
the coast by the author of the _Periplus_, by whom it is called ἡ
Δησαρήνη χώρα φέρουσα ἐλέφαντα τὸν λεγόμενον Βωσαρή.

[151] It is possible that the island called Shaikh Shu'aib, which is off
the coast of Lār, and not far from Sirāf, may be meant. Barbosa also
mentions _Lār_ among the islands in the Gulf subject to the K. of
Ormuz (p. 37).

[152] Reg. I. of 1810 had empowered the Executive Government, by an
official communication from its Secretary in the Judicial Department,
to dispense with the attendance and FUTWA of the LAW OFFICERS of the
courts of circuit, when it seemed advisable. But in such case the
judge of the court passed no sentence, but referred the proceedings
with an opinion to the _Nizamut Adawlut_.

[153] See an interesting paper in the _Saturday Review_ of Sept. 29, 1883,
on _Le Mascaret_.

[154] Other names for the bore in India are: Hind. _hummā_, and in Bengal
_bān_.

[155] It is given in No. II. of _Selections from the Records of S. Arcot
District_, p. 107.

[156] In a letter from poor Arthur Burnell, on which this paragraph is
founded, he adds: "It is sad that the most Philistine town (in the
German sense) in all the East should have such a name."

[157] This _perhaps_ implies an earlier spread of northern influence than
we are justified in assuming.

[158] "The Portuguese ... sailing from Malabar on voyages of exploration
... made their acquaintance with various places on the eastern or
Coromandel Coast ... and finding the language spoken by the fishing
and sea-faring classes on the eastern coast similar to that spoken on
the western, they came to the conclusion that it was identical with
it, and called it in consequence by the same name—viz. MALABAR.... A
circumstance which naturally confirmed the Portuguese in their notion
of the identity of the people and language of the Coromandel Coast
with those of Malabar was that when they arrived at Cael, in
Tinnevelly, on the Coromandel Coast ... they found the King of Quilon
(one of the most important places on the Malabar Coast) residing
there."—_Bp. Caldwell_, u.s.

[159] This Port was immediately outside the Straits, as appears from the
description of Dom João de Castro (1541): "Now turning to the 'Gates'
of the Strait, which are the chief object of our description, we
remark that here the land of Arabia juts out into the sea, forming a
prominent Point, and very prolonged.... This is the point or
promontory which Ptolemy calls _Possidium_.... In front of it, a
little more than a gunshot off, is an islet called the _Ilheo dos
Roboeens_; because _Roboão_ in Arabic means a pilot; and the pilots
living here go aboard the ships which come from outside, and conduct
them," &c.—_Roteiro do Mar Roxo_, &c., 35.

The Island retains its name, and is mentioned as _Pilot Island_ by
Capt. Haines in _J. R. Geog. Soc._ ix. 126. It lies about 1½ m. due
east of Perim.

[160] See _Erdkunde_, v. 647. The Index to Ritter gives a reference to _A.
W. Schott, Mag. für die Literat. des Ausl._, 1837, No. 123. This we
have not been able to see.

[161] The excellence of the Goa Mangoes is stated to be due to the care and
skill of the Jesuits (_Annaes Maritimos_, ii. 270). In S. India all
good kinds have Portuguese or Mahommedan names. The author of _Tribes
on My Frontier_, 1883, p. 148, mentions the luscious _peirie_ and the
delicate _afoos_ as two fine varieties, supposed to bear the names of
a certain _Peres_ and a certain _Affonso_.

[162] See _Sayce, Principles of Comparative Philology_, 2nd ed. 208-211.

[163] "_Maund_, a kind of great Basket or Hamper, containing eight Bales,
or two Fats. It is commonly a quantity of 8 bales of unbound Books,
each Bale having 1000 lbs. weight."—_Giles Jacob, New Law Dict._, 7th
ed., 1756, s.v.

[164] This passage is also referred to under NACODA. The French translation
runs as follows:—"Cette princesse invita ... le _tendîl_ ou 'général
des piétons,' et le _sipāhsālār_ ou 'général des archers.'" In answer
to a query, our friend, Prof. Robertson Smith, writes: "The word is
_rijāl_, and this may be used either as the plural of _rajul_, 'man,'
or as the pl. of _rājil_, 'piéton.' But foreman, or 'praepositus' of
the 'men' (_muḳaddam_ is not well rendered 'général'), is just as
possible." And, if possible, much more reasonable. Dulaurier (_J.
As._ ser. iv. tom. ix.) renders _rijāl_ here "sailors." See the
article TINDAL; and see the quotation under the present article from
Bocarro MS.

[165] See _Cathay_, &c., pp. ccxlvii.-ccl.; and Mr. E. Thomas, _Pathán
Kings of Delhi_, _passim._

[166] The average was taken as follows:—(1). We took the whole of the
weight of gold in the list at p. 43 ("Table of the Gold Coins of
India") with the omission of four pieces which are exceptionally
debased; and (2), the first twenty-four pieces in the list at p. 50
("Supplementary Table"), omitting two exceptional cases, and divided
by the whole number of coins so taken. See the tables at end of
Thomas's ed. of _Prinsep's Essays_.

[167] Was this ignorance, or slang? Though slave-boys are occasionally
mentioned, there is no indication that slaves were at all the usual
substitute for domestic servants at this time in European families.

[168] Moodeen Sheriff (_Supplt. to the Pharmacopoeia of India_) says that
the _Mahwā_ in question is _Bassia longifolia_ and the wild Mahwā
_Bassia latifolia_.

[169] "Don Ricardo began to fret and fidget most awfully—'Beginning of the
_seasons_'—why, we may not get away for a week, and all the ships
will be kept back in their loading."—Ed. 1863, p. 309.

[170] Equal to 863 lbs. 12 oz. 12 drs.

[171] Hadley, however, mentions in his preface that a small pamphlet had
been received by Mr. George Bogle in 1770, which he found to be the
mutilated embryo of his own grammatical scheme. This was circulating
in Bengal "at his expence."

[172] The husband of the existing Princess of Tanjore is habitually styled
by the natives "_Mapillai Sāhib_" ("il Signor Genero"), as the
son-in-law of the late Raja.

[173] According to Pyrard _mesquite_ is the word used in the Maldive
Islands. It is difficult to suppose the people would adopt such a
word from the Portuguese. And probably the form both in east and west
is to be accounted for by a hard pronunciation of the Arabic _j_, as
in Egypt now; the older and probably the most widely diffused. [See
Mr. Gray's note in Hak. Soc. ii. 417.]

[174] Sir George Yule notes: "I can distinctly call to mind 6 mucknas that
I had (I may have had more) out of 30 or 40 elephants that passed
through my hands." This would give 15 or 20 per cent. of _mucknas_,
but as the stud included females, the result would rather consist
with Mr. Sanderson's 5 out of 51 males.

[175] Here the Kyendwen R. is regarded as a branch of the Brahmaputra. See
further on.

[176] "_Stupiva_ d'vdire tanta fragranza." The Scotchman is laughed at for
"feeling" a smell, but here the Italian _hears_ one!

[177] We have seen, however, somewhere an ingenious suggestion that the
word really came from _Maisolia_ (the country about Masulipatam,
according to Ptolemy), which even in ancient times was famous for
fine cotton textures.