Chapter IV: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (1)

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS xv
Note A. to do. xxiii
Note B. " xxv

NOTA BENE—IN THE USE OF THE GLOSSARY—
(A) Regarding Dates of Quotations xxvi
(B) Regarding Transliteration xxvi

FULLER TITLES OF BOOKS QUOTED IN THE GLOSSARY xxvii

CORRIGENDA xlviii

GLOSSARY 1

INDEX 987

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

Words of Indian origin have been insinuating themselves into English ever since the end of the reign of Elizabeth and the beginning of that of King James, when such terms as _calico_, _chintz_, and _gingham_ had already effected a lodgment in English warehouses and shops, and were lying in wait for entrance into English literature. Such outlandish guests grew more frequent 120 years ago, when, soon after the middle of last century, the numbers of Englishmen in the Indian services, civil and military, expanded with the great acquisition of dominion then made by the Company; and we meet them in vastly greater abundance now.

Vocabularies of Indian and other foreign words, in use among Europeans in the East, have not unfrequently been printed. Several of the old travellers have attached the like to their narratives; whilst the prolonged excitement created in England, a hundred years since, by the impeachment of Hastings and kindred matters, led to the publication of several glossaries as independent works; and a good many others have been published in later days. At the end of this Introduction will be found a list of those which have come under my notice, and this might no doubt be largely added to.[3]

Of modern Glossaries, such as have been the result of serious labour, all, or nearly all, have been of a kind purely technical, intended to facilitate the comprehension of official documents by the explanation of terms used in the Revenue department, or in other branches of Indian administration. The most notable examples are (of brief and occasional character), the Glossary appended to the famous _Fifth Report_ of the Select Committee of 1812, which was compiled by Sir Charles Wilkins; and (of a far more vast and comprehensive sort), the late Professor Horace Hayman Wilson's _Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms_ (4to, 1855) which leaves far behind every other attempt in that kind.[4]

That kind is, however, not ours, as a momentary comparison of a page or two in each Glossary would suffice to show. Our work indeed, in the long course of its compilation, has gone through some modification and enlargement of scope; but hardly such as in any degree to affect its distinctive character, in which something has been aimed at differing in form from any work known to us. In its original conception it was intended to deal with all that class of words which, not in general pertaining to the technicalities of administration, recur constantly in the daily intercourse of the English in India, either as expressing ideas really not provided for by our mother-tongue, or supposed by the speakers (often quite erroneously) to express something not capable of just denotation by any English term. A certain percentage of such words have been carried to England by the constant reflux to their native shore of Anglo-Indians, who in some degree imbue with their notions and phraseology the circles from which they had gone forth. This effect has been still more promoted by the currency of a vast mass of literature, of all qualities and for all ages, dealing with Indian subjects; as well as by the regular appearance, for many years past, of Indian correspondence in English newspapers, insomuch that a considerable number of the expressions in question have not only become familiar in sound to English ears, but have become naturalised in the English language, and are meeting with ample recognition in the great Dictionary edited by Dr. Murray at Oxford.

Of words that seem to have been admitted to full franchise, we may give examples in _curry_, _toddy_, _veranda_, _cheroot_, _loot_, _nabob_, _teapoy_, _sepoy_, _cowry_; and of others familiar enough to the English ear, though hardly yet received into citizenship, _compound_, _batta_, _pucka_, _chowry_, _baboo_, _mahout_, _aya_, _nautch_,[5] first-_chop_, competition-_wallah_, _griffin_, &c. But beyond these two classes of words, received within the last century or so, and gradually, into half or whole recognition, there are a good many others, long since fully assimilated, which really originated in the adoption of an Indian word, or the modification of an Indian proper name. Such words are the three quoted at the beginning of these remarks, _chintz_, _calico_, _gingham_, also _shawl_, _bamboo_, _pagoda_, _typhoon_, _monsoon_, _mandarin_, _palanquin_,[6] &c., and I may mention among further examples which may perhaps surprise my readers, the names of three of the boats of a man-of-war, viz. the _cutter_, the _jolly-boat_, and the _dingy_, as all (probably) of Indian origin.[7] Even phrases of a different character—slang indeed, but slang generally supposed to be vernacular as well as vulgar—_e.g._ 'that is the _cheese_';[7] or supposed to be vernacular and profane—_e.g._ 'I don't care a _dam_'[7]—are in reality, however vulgar they may be, neither vernacular nor profane, but phrases turning upon innocent Hindustani vocables.

We proposed also, in our Glossary, to deal with a _selection_ of those administrative terms, which are in such familiar and quotidian use as to form part of the common Anglo-Indian stock, and to trace all (so far as possible) to their true origin—a matter on which, in regard to many of the words, those who hourly use them are profoundly ignorant—and to follow them down by quotation from their earliest occurrence in literature.

A particular class of words are those indigenous terms which have been adopted in scientific nomenclature, botanical and zoological. On these Mr. Burnell remarks:—

"The first Indian botanical names were chiefly introduced by Garcia de Orta (_Colloquios_, printed at Goa in 1563), C. d'Acosta (_Tractado_, Burgos, 1578), and Rhede van Drakenstein (_Hortus Malabaricus_, Amsterdam, 1682). The Malay names were chiefly introduced by Rumphius (_Herbarium Amboinense_, completed before 1700, but not published till 1741). The Indian zoological terms were chiefly due to Dr. F. Buchanan, at the beginning of this century. Most of the N. Indian botanical words were introduced by Roxburgh."

It has been already intimated that, as the work proceeded, its scope expanded somewhat, and its authors found it expedient to introduce and trace many words of Asiatic origin which have disappeared from colloquial use, or perhaps never entered it, but which occur in old writers on the East. We also judged that it would add to the interest of the work, were we to investigate and make out the pedigree of a variety of geographical names which are or have been in familiar use in books on the Indies; take as examples _Bombay_, _Madras_, _Guardafui_, _Malabar_, _Moluccas_, _Zanzibar_, _Pegu_, _Sumatra_, _Quilon_, _Seychelles_, _Ceylon_, _Java_, _Ava_, _Japan_, _Doab_, _Punjab_, &c., illustrating these, like every other class of word, by quotations given in chronological series.

Other divagations still from the original project will probably present themselves to those who turn over the pages of the work, in which we have been tempted to introduce sundry subjects which may seem hardly to come within the scope of such a glossary.

The words with which we have to do, taking the most extensive view of the field, are in fact organic remains deposited under the various currents of external influence that have washed the shores of India during twenty centuries and more. Rejecting that derivation of _elephant_[8] which would connect it with the Ophir trade of Solomon, we find no existing Western term traceable to that episode of communication; but the Greek and Roman commerce of the later centuries has left its fossils on both sides, testifying to the intercourse that once subsisted. _Agallochum_, _carbasus_, _camphor_, _sandal_, _musk_, _nard_, _pepper_ (πέπερι, from Skt. _pippali_, 'long pepper'), _ginger_ (ζιγγίβερις, see under _Ginger_), _lac_, _costus_, _opal_, _malabathrum_ or _folium indicum_, _beryl_, _sugar_ (σάκχαρ, from Skt. _sarkara_, Prak. _sakkara_), _rice_ (ὄρυζα, but see s.v.), were products or names, introduced from India to the Greek and Roman world, to which may be added a few terms of a different character, such as Βραχμᾶνες, Σάρμανες (_śramaṇas_, or Buddhist ascetics), ζύλα σαγαλίνα καὶ σασαμίνα (logs of teak and shīsham), the σάγγαρα (rafts) of the Periplus (see _Jangar_ in GLOSS.); whilst _dīnāra_, _dramma_, perhaps _kastīra_ ('tin,' κασσίτερος), _kastūrī_ ('musk,' καστόριον, properly a different, though analogous animal product), and a very few more, have remained in Indian literature as testimony to the same intercourse.[9]

The trade and conquests of the Arabs both brought foreign words to India and picked up and carried westward, in form more or less corrupted, words of Indian origin, some of which have in one way or other become part of the heritage of all succeeding foreigners in the East. Among terms which are familiar items in the Anglo-Indian colloquial, but which had, in some shape or other, found their way at an early date into use on the shores of the Mediterranean, we may instance _bazaar_, _cazee_, _hummaul_, _brinjaul_, _gingely_, _safflower_, _grab_, _maramut_, _dewaun_ (dogana, douane, &c.). Of others which are found in medieval literature, either West-Asiatic or European, and which still have a place in Anglo-Indian or English vocabulary, we may mention _amber_-gris, _chank_, _junk_, _jogy_, _kincob_, _kedgeree_, _fanam_, _calay_, _bankshall_, _mudiliar_, _tindal_, _cranny_.

The conquests and long occupation of the Portuguese, who by the year 1540 had established themselves in all the chief ports of India and the East, have, as might have been expected, bequeathed a large number of expressions to the European nations who have followed, and in great part superseded them. We find instances of missionaries and others at an early date who had acquired a knowledge of Indian languages, but these were exceptional.[10] The natives in contact with the Portuguese learned a bastard variety of the language of the latter, which became the _lingua franca_ of intercourse, not only between European and native, but occasionally between Europeans of different nationalities. This Indo-Portuguese dialect continued to serve such purposes down to a late period in the last century, and has in some localities survived down nearly to our own day.[11] The number of people in India claiming to be of Portuguese descent was, in the 17th century, very large. Bernier, about 1660, says:—

"For he (Sultan Shujā', Aurangzeb's brother) much courted all those _Portugal_ Fathers, Missionaries, that are in that Province.... And they were indeed capable to serve him, it being certain that in the kingdom of _Bengale_ there are to be found not less than eight or nine thousand families of _Franguis_, _Portugals_, and these either Natives or Mesticks." (_Bernier_, E.T. of 1684, p. 27.)

A. Hamilton, whose experience belonged chiefly to the end of the same century, though his book was not published till 1727, states:—

"Along the Sea-coasts the _Portuguese_ have left a Vestige of their Language, tho' much corrupted, yet it is the Language that most _Europeans_ learn first to qualify them for a general Converse with one another, as well as with the different inhabitants of _India_." (_Preface_, p. xii.)

Lockyer, who published 16 years before Hamilton, also says:—

"This they (the _Portugueze_) may justly boast, they have established a kind of _Lingua Franca_ in all the Sea Ports in _India_, of great use to other _Europeans_, who would find it difficult in many places to be well understood without it." (_An Account of the Trade in India_, 1711, p. 286.)

The early Lutheran Missionaries in the South, who went out for the S.P.C.K., all seem to have begun by learning Portuguese, and in their diaries speak of preaching occasionally in Portuguese.[12] The foundation of this _lingua franca_ was the Portuguese of the beginning of the 16th century; but it must have soon degenerated, for by the beginning of the last century it had lost nearly all trace of inflexion.[13]

It may from these remarks be easily understood how a large number of our Anglo-Indian colloquialisms, even if eventually traceable to native sources (and especially to Mahratti, or Dravidian originals) have come to us through a Portuguese medium, and often bear traces of having passed through that alembic. Not a few of these are familiar all over India, but the number current in the South is larger still. Some other Portuguese words also, though they can hardly be said to be recognized elements in the Anglo-Indian colloquial, have been introduced either into Hindustani generally, or into that shade of it which is in use among natives in habitual contact with Europeans. Of words which are essentially Portuguese, among Anglo-Indian colloquialisms, persistent or obsolete, we may quote _goglet_, _gram_, _plantain_, _muster_, _caste_, _peon_, _padre_, _mistry_ or _maistry_, _almyra_, _aya_, _cobra_, _mosquito_, _pomfret_, _cameez_, _palmyra_, still in general use; _picotta_, _rolong_, _pial_, _fogass_, _margosa_, preserved in the South; _batel_, _brab_, _foras_, _oart_, _vellard_ in Bombay; _joss_, _compradore_, _linguist_ in the ports of China; and among more or less obsolete terms, _Moor_, for a Mahommedan, still surviving under the modified form _Moorman_, in Madras and Ceylon; _Gentoo_, still partially kept up, I believe, at Madras in application to the Telugu language, _mustees_, _castees_, _bandeja_ ('a tray'), _Kittysol_ ('an umbrella,' and this survived ten years ago in the Calcutta customs tariff), _cuspadore_ ('a spittoon'), and _covid_ ('a cubit or ell'). Words of native origin which bear the mark of having come to us through the Portuguese may be illustrated by such as _palanquin_, _mandarin_, _mangelin_ (a small weight for pearls, &c.), _monsoon_, _typhoon_, _mango_, _mangosteen_, _jack-fruit_, _batta_, _curry_, _chop_, _congee_, _coir_, _cutch_, _catamaran_, _cassanar_, _nabob_, _avadavat_, _betel_, _areca_, _benzoin_, _corge_, _copra_.[14] A few examples of Hindustani words borrowed from the Portuguese are _chābī_ ('a key'), _bāola_ ('a portmanteau'), _bāltī_ ('a bucket'), _martol_ ('a hammer'), _tauliya_ ('a towel,' Port. _toalha_), _sābūn_ ('soap'), _bāsan_ ('plate' from Port. _bacia_), _līlām_ and _nīlām_ ('an auction'), besides a number of terms used by Lascars on board ship.

The Dutch language has not contributed much to our store. The Dutch and the English arrived in the Indies contemporaneously, and though both inherited from the Portuguese, we have not been the heirs of the Dutch to any great extent, except in Ceylon, and even there Portuguese vocables had already occupied the colloquial ground. _Petersilly_, the word in general use in English families for 'parsley,' appears to be Dutch. An example from Ceylon that occurs to memory is _burgher_. The Dutch admitted people of mixt descent to a kind of citizenship, and these were distinguished from the pure natives by this term, which survives. _Burgher_ in Bengal means 'a rafter,' properly _bargā_. A word spelt and pronounced in the same way had again a curiously different application in Madras, where it was a corruption of _Vaḍagar_, the name given to a tribe in the Nilgherry hills;—to say nothing of Scotland, where Burghers and Antiburghers were Northern tribes (_veluti_ Gog _et_ Magog!) which have long been condensed into elements of the United Presbyterian Church——!

Southern India has contributed to the Anglo-Indian stock words that are in hourly use also from Calcutta to Peshawur (some of them already noted under another cleavage), _e.g._ _betel_, _mango_, _jack_, _cheroot_, _mungoose_, _pariah_, _bandicoot_, _teak_, _patcharee_, _chatty_, _catechu_, _tope_ ('a grove'), _curry_, _mulligatawny_, _congee_. _Mamooty_ (a digging tool) is familiar in certain branches of the service, owing to its having long had a place in the nomenclature of the Ordnance department. It is Tamil, _manvĕtti_, 'earth-cutter.' Of some very familiar words the origin remains either dubious, or matter only for conjecture. Examples are _hackery_ (which arose apparently in Bombay), _florican_, _topaz_.

As to Hindustani words adopted into the Anglo-Indian colloquial the subject is almost too wide and loose for much remark. The habit of introducing these in English conversation and writing seems to prevail more largely in the Bengal Presidency than in any other, and especially more than in Madras, where the variety of different vernaculars in use has tended to make their acquisition by the English less universal than is in the north that of Hindustani, which is so much easier to learn, and also to make the use in former days of Portuguese, and now of English, by natives in contact with foreigners, and of French about the French settlements, very much more common than it is elsewhere. It is this bad habit of interlarding English with Hindustani phrases which has so often excited the just wrath of high English officials, not accustomed to it from their youth, and which (_e.g._) drew forth in orders the humorous indignation of Sir Charles Napier.

One peculiarity in this use we may notice, which doubtless exemplifies some obscure linguistic law. Hindustani _verbs_ which are thus used are habitually adopted into the quasi-English by converting the imperative into an infinitive. Thus to _bunow_, to _lugow_, to _foozilow_, to _puckarow_, to _dumbcow_, to _sumjow_, and so on, almost _ad libitum_, are formed as we have indicated.[15]

It is curious to note that several of our most common adoptions are due to what may be most especially called the Oordoo (_Urdū_) or 'Camp' language, being terms which the hosts of Chinghiz brought from the steppes of North Eastern Asia—_e.g._ "The old _Bukshee_ is an awful _bahadur_, but he keeps a first-rate _bobachee_." That is a sentence which might easily have passed without remark at an Anglo-Indian mess-table thirty years ago—perhaps might be heard still. Each of the outlandish terms embraced in it came from the depths of Mongolia in the thirteenth century. _Chick_ (in the sense of a cane-blind), _daroga_, _oordoo_ itself, are other examples.

With the gradual assumption of administration after the middle of last century, we adopted into partial colloquial use an immense number of terms, very many of them Persian or Arabic, belonging to technicalities of revenue and other departments, and largely borrowed from our Mahommedan predecessors. Malay has contributed some of our most familiar expressions, owing partly to the ceaseless rovings among the Eastern coasts of the Portuguese, through whom a part of these reached us, and partly doubtless to the fact that our early dealings and the sites of our early factories lay much more on the shores of the Eastern Archipelago than on those of Continental India. _Paddy_, _godown_, _compound_, _bankshall_, _rattan_, _durian_, _a-muck_, _prow_, and _cadjan_, _junk_, _crease_, are some of these. It is true that several of them may be traced eventually to Indian originals, but it seems not the less certain that we got them through the Malay, just as we got words already indicated through the Portuguese.

We used to have a very few words in French form, such as _boutique_ and _mort-de-chien_. But these two are really distortions of Portuguese words.

A few words from China have settled on the Indian shores and been adopted by Anglo-India, but most of them are, I think, names of fruits or other products which have been imported, such as _loquot_, _leechee_, _chow-chow_, _cumquat_, _ginseng_, &c. and (recently) _jinrickshaw_. For it must be noted that a considerable proportion of words much used in Chinese ports, and often ascribed to a Chinese origin, such as _mandarin_, _junk_, _chop_, _pagoda_, and (as I believe) _typhoon_ (though this is a word much debated) are not Chinese at all, but words of Indian languages, or of Malay, which have been precipitated in Chinese waters during the flux and reflux of foreign trade.

Within my own earliest memory Spanish dollars were current in England at a specified value if they bore a stamp from the English mint. And similarly there are certain English words, often obsolete in Europe, which have received in India currency with a special stamp of meaning; whilst in other cases our language has formed in India new compounds applicable to new objects or shades of meaning. To one or other of these classes belong _outcry_, _buggy_, _home_, _interloper_, _rogue_ (-elephant), _tiffin_, _furlough_, _elk_, _roundel_ ('an umbrella,' obsolete), _pish-pash_, _earth-oil_, _hog-deer_, _flying-fox_, _garden-house_, _musk-rat_, _nor-wester_, _iron-wood_, _long-drawers_, _barking-deer_, _custard-apple_, _grass-cutter_, &c.

Other terms again are corruptions, more or less violent, of Oriental words and phrases which have put on an English mask. Such are _maund_, _fool's rack_, _bearer_, _cot_, _boy_, _belly-band_, _Penang-lawyer_, _buckshaw_, _goddess_ (in the Malay region, representing Malay _gādīs_, 'a maiden'), _compound_, _college_-pheasant, _chopper_, _summer-head_,[16] _eagle-wood_, _jackass_-copal, _bobbery_, _Upper Roger_ (used in a correspondence given by Dalrymple, for _Yuva Raja_, the 'Young King,' or Caesar, of Indo-Chinese monarchies), _Isle-o'-Bats_ (for Allahābād or _Ilahābāz_ as the natives often call it), _hobson-jobson_ (see Preface), _St. John's_. The last proper name has at least three applications. There is "St. John's" in Guzerat, viz. _Sanjān_, the landing-place of the Parsee immigration in the 8th century; there is another "St. John's" which is a corruption of _Shang-Chuang_, the name of that island off the southern coast of China whence the pure and ardent spirit of Francis Xavier fled to a better world: there is the group of "St. John's Islands" near Singapore, the chief of which is properly Pulo-_Sikajang_.

Yet again we have hybrids and corruptions of English fully accepted and adopted as Hindustani by the natives with whom we have to do, such as _simkin_, _port-shrāb_, _brandy-pānī_, _apīl_, _rasīd_, _tumlet_ (a tumbler), _gilās_ ('glass,' for drinking vessels of sorts), _rail-ghārī_, _lumber-dār_, _jail-khāna_, _bottle-khāna_, _buggy-khāna_, 'et omne quod exit in' _khāna_, including _gymkhāna_, a very modern concoction (q.v.), and many more.

Taking our subject as a whole, however considerable the philological interest attaching to it, there is no disputing the truth of a remark with which Burnell's fragments of intended introduction concludes, and the application of which goes beyond the limit of those words which can be considered to have 'accrued as additions to the English language': "Considering the long intercourse with India, it is noteworthy that the additions which have thus accrued to the English language are, from the intellectual standpoint, of no intrinsic value. Nearly all the borrowed words refer to material facts, or to peculiar customs and stages of society, and, though a few of them furnish allusions to the penny-a-liner, they do not represent new ideas."

It is singular how often, in tracing to their origin words that come within the field of our research, we light upon an absolute dilemma, or bifurcation, _i.e._ on two or more sources of almost equal probability, and in themselves entirely diverse. In such cases it may be that, though the use of the word _originated_ from one of the sources, the existence of the other has invigorated that use, and contributed to its eventual diffusion.

An example of this is _boy_, in its application to a native servant. To this application have contributed both the old English use of _boy_ (analogous to that of _puer_, _garçon_, _Knabe_) for a camp-servant, or for a slave, and the Hindī-Marāṭhī _bhoi_, the name of a caste which has furnished palanquin and umbrella-bearers to many generations of Europeans in India. The habitual use of the word by the Portuguese, for many years before any English influence had touched the shores of India (_e.g._ _bóy de sombrero_, _bóy d'aguoa_, _bóy de palanquy_), shows that the earliest source was the Indian one.

_Cooly_, in its application to a carrier of burdens, or performer of inferior labour, is another example. The most probable origin of this is from a _nomen gentile_, that of the _Kolīs_, a hill-people of Guzerat and the Western Ghats (compare the origin of _slave_). But the matter is perplexed by other facts which it is difficult to connect with this. Thus, in S. India, there is a Tamil word _kūli_, in common use, signifying 'daily hire or wages,' which H. H. Wilson regards as the true origin of the word which we call _cooly_. Again, both in Oriental and Osmali Turkish, _kol_ is a word for a slave, and in the latter also there is _kūleh_, 'a male slave, a bondsman.' _Khol_ is, in Tibetan also, a word for a slave or servant.

_Tank_, for a reservoir of water, we are apt to derive without hesitation, from _stagnum_, whence Sp. _estanc_, old Fr. _estang_, old Eng. and Lowland Scotch _stank_, Port. _tanque_, till we find that the word is regarded by the Portuguese themselves as Indian, and that there is excellent testimony to the existence of _tānkā_ in Guzerat and Rajputana as an indigenous word, and with a plausible Sanskrit etymology.

_Veranda_ has been confidently derived by some etymologists (among others by M. Defréméry, a distinguished scholar) from the Pers. _barāmada_, 'a projection,' a balcony; an etymology which is indeed hardly a possible one, but has been treated by Mr. Beames (who was evidently unacquainted with the facts that do make it hardly possible) with inappropriate derison, he giving as the unquestionable original a Sanskrit word _baraṇḍa_, 'a portico.' On this Burnell has observed that the word does not belong to the older Sanskrit, but is only found in comparatively modern works. Be that as it may, it need not be doubted that the word _veranda_, as used in England and France, was imported from India, _i.e._ from the usage of Europeans in India; but it is still more certain that either in the same sense, or in one closely allied, the word existed, quite independent of either Sanskrit or Persian, in Portuguese and Spanish, and the manner in which it occurs in the very earliest narrative of the Portuguese adventure to India (_Roteiro do Viagem de Vasco da Gama_, written by one of the expedition of 1497), confirmed by the Hispano-Arabic vocabulary of Pedro de Alcalà, printed in 1505, preclude the possibility of its having been adopted by the Portuguese from intercourse with India.

_Mangrove_, John Crawfurd tells us, has been adopted from the Malay _manggi-manggi_, applied to trees of the genus _Rhizophora_. But we learn from Oviedo, writing early in the sixteenth century, that the name _mangle_ was applied by the natives of the Spanish Main to trees of the same, or a kindred genus, on the coast of S. America, which same _mangle_ is undoubtedly the parent of the French _manglier_, and not improbably therefore of the English form _mangrove_.[17]

The words _bearer_, _mate_, _cotwal_, partake of this kind of dual or doubtful ancestry, as may be seen by reference to them in the Glossary.

Before concluding, a word should be said as to the orthography used in the Glossary.

My intention has been to give the headings of the articles under the most usual of the popular, or, if you will, vulgar quasi-English spellings, whilst the Oriental words, from which the headings are derived or corrupted, are set forth under precise transliteration, the system of which is given in a following "Nota Bene." When using the words and names in the course of discursive elucidation, I fear I have not been consistent in sticking either always to the popular or always to the scientific spelling, and I can the better understand why a German critic of a book of mine, once upon a time, remarked upon the _etwas schwankende yulische Orthographie_. Indeed it is difficult, it never will for me be possible, in a book for popular use, to adhere to one system in this matter without the assumption of an ill-fitting and repulsive pedantry. Even in regard to Indian proper names, in which I once advocated adhesion, with a small number of exceptions, to scientific precision in transliteration, I feel much more inclined than formerly to sympathise with my friends Sir William Muir and General Maclagan, who have always favoured a large and liberal recognition of popular spelling in such names. And when I see other good and able friends following the scientific Will-o'-the-Wisp into such bogs as the use in English composition of _sipáhí_ and _jangal_, and _verandah_—nay, I have not only heard of _bagí_, but have recently seen it—instead of the good English words 'sepoy,' and 'jungle,' 'veranda,' and 'buggy,' my dread of pedantic usage becomes the greater.[18]

For the spelling of _Mahratta_, _Mahratti_, I suppose I must apologize (though something is to be said for it), _Marāṭhī_ having established itself as orthodox.

NOTE A.—LIST OF GLOSSARIES.

1. Appended to the ROTEIRO DE VASCO DA GAMA (see Book-list, p. xliii.) is a Vocabulary of 138 Portuguese words with their corresponding word in the _Lingua de Calicut_, _i.e._ in Malayālam.

2. Appended to the VOYAGES, &c., du Sieur DE LA BOULLAYE-LE-GOUZ (Book-list, p. xxxii.), is an _Explication de plusieurs mots dont l'intelligence est nécessaire au Lecteur_ (pp. 27).

3. Fryer's New Account (Book-list, p. xxxiv.) has an _Index Explanatory_, including _Proper Names_, _Names of Things_, and _Names of Persons_ (12 pages).

4. "INDIAN VOCABULARY, to which is prefixed the Forms of Impeachment." 12mo. Stockdale, 1788 (pp. 136).

5. "An INDIAN GLOSSARY, consisting of some Thousand Words and Forms commonly used in the East Indies ... extremely serviceable in assisting Strangers to acquire with Ease and Quickness the Language of that Country." By T. T. ROBARTS, Lieut., &c., of the 3rd Regt. Native Infantry, E.I. Printed for Murray & Highley, Fleet Street, 1800. 12mo. (not paged).

6. "A DICTIONARY OF MOHAMMEDAN LAW, Bengal Revenue Terms, Shanscrit, Hindoo, and other words used in the East Indies, with full explanations, the leading word used in each article being printed in a new Nustaluk Type," &c. By S. ROUSSEAU. London, 1802. 12mo. (pp. lxiv—287). Also 2nd ed. 1805.

7. GLOSSARY prepared for the FIFTH REPORT (see Book-list, p. xxxiv.), by Sir CHARLES WILKINS. This is dated in the preface "E. I. House, 1813." The copy used is a Parliamentary reprint, dated 1830.

8. The Folio compilation of the BENGAL REGULATIONS, published in 1828-29, contains in each volume a Glossarial Index, based chiefly upon the Glossary of Sir C. Wilkins.

9. In 1842 a preliminary "GLOSSARY OF INDIAN TERMS," drawn up at the E. I. House by Prof. H. H. Wilson, 4to, unpublished, with a blank column on each page "for Suggestions and Additions," was circulated in India, intended as a basis for a comprehensive official Glossary. In this one the words are entered in the vulgar spelling, as they occur in the documents.

10. The only important result of the circulation of No. 9. was "SUPPLEMENT TO THE GLOSSARY OF INDIAN TERMS, A—J." By H. M. ELLIOT, Esq., Bengal Civil Service. Agra, 1845. 8vo. (pp. 447).

This remarkable work has been revised, re-arranged, and re-edited, with additions from Elliot's notes and other sources, by Mr. JOHN BEAMES, of the Bengal Civil Service, under the title of "MEMOIRS ON THE FOLK-LORE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES of the North-Western Provinces of India, being an amplified edition of" (the above). 2 vols. 8vo. Trübner, 1869.

11. To "MORLEY'S ANALYTICAL DIGEST of all the Reported Cases Decided in the Supreme Courts of Judicature in India," Vol. I., 1850, there is appended a "Glossary of Native Terms used in the Text" (pp. 20).

12. In "WANDERINGS OF A PILGRIM" (Book-list, p. xlvi.), there is a Glossary of some considerable extent (pp. 10 in double columns).

13. "The ZILLAH DICTIONARY in the Roman character, explaining the Various Words used in Business in India." By CHARLES PHILIP BROWN, of the Madras Civil Service, &c. Madras, 1852. Imp. 8vo. (pp. 132).

14. "A GLOSSARY OF JUDICIAL AND REVENUE TERMS, and of Useful Words occurring in Official Documents, relating to the Administration of the Government of British India, from the Arabic, Persian, Hindústání, Sanskrit, Hindí, Bengálí, Uriyá, Maráṭhí, Guzaráthí, Telugu, Karnáta, Támil, Malayálam, and other languages. By H. H. WILSON, M.A., F.R.S., Boden Professor, &c." London, 1855. 4to. (pp. 585, besides copious Index).

15. A useful folio Glossary published by Government at Calcutta between 1860 and 1870, has been used by me and is quoted in the present GLOSS. as "Calcutta Glossary." But I have not been able to trace it again so as to give the proper title.

16. CEYLONESE VOCABULARY. See Book-list, p. xxxi.

17. "KACHAHRI TECHNICALITIES, or A Glossary of Terms, Rural, Official, and General, in Daily Use in the Courts of Law, and in Illustration of the Tenures, Customs, Arts, and Manufactures of Hindustan." By PATRICK CARNEGY, Commissioner of Rai Bareli, Oudh. 8vo. 2nd ed. Allahabad, 1877 (pp. 361).

18. "A GLOSSARY OF INDIAN TERMS, containing many of the most important and Useful Indian Words. Designed for the Use of Officers of Revenue and Judicial Practitioners and Students." Madras, 1877. 8vo. (pp. 255).

19. "A GLOSSARY OF REFERENCE on Subjects connected with the Far East" (China and Japan). By H. A. GILES. Hong-Kong, 1878, 8vo. (pp. 182).

20. "GLOSSARY OF VERNACULAR TERMS used in Official Correspondence in the Province of ASSAM." Shillong, 1879. (Pamphlet).

21. "ANGLO-INDIAN DICTIONARY. A Glossary of such Indian Terms used in English, and such English or other non-Indian terms as have obtained special meanings in India." By GEORGE CLIFFORD WHITWORTH, Bombay Civil Service. London, 8vo, 1885 (pp. xv.—350).

Also the following minor Glossaries contained in Books of Travel or History:—

22. In "CAMBRIDGE'S ACCOUNT of the War in India," 1761 (Book-list, p. xxx.); 23. In "GROSE'S VOYAGE," 1772 (Book-list, p. xxxv.); 24. In CARRACCIOLI'S "LIFE OF CLIVE" (Book-list, p. xxx.); 25. In "BP. HEBER'S NARRATIVE" (Book-list, p. xxxvi.); 26. In HERKLOT'S "QANOON-E-ISLAM" (Book-list, p. xxxv.); [27. In "VERELST'S VIEW OF BENGAL," 1772; 28. "THE MALAYAN WORDS IN ENGLISH," by C. P. G. Scott, reprinted from the Journal of the American Oriental Society: New Haven, 1897; 29. "MANUAL OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY," Vol. III. Glossary, Madras, 1893. The name of the author of this, the most valuable book of the kind recently published in India, does not appear upon the title-page. It is believed to be the work of C. D. Macleane; 30. A useful Glossary of Malayālam words will be found in LOGAN, "MANUAL OF MALABAR."]

NOTE B.—THE INDO-PORTUGUESE PATOIS

(BY A. C. BURNELL.)

The phonetic changes of Indo-Portuguese are few. _F_ is substituted for _p_; whilst the accent varies according to the race of the speaker.[19] The vocabulary varies, as regards the introduction of native Indian terms, from the same cause.

Grammatically, this dialect is very singular:

1. All traces of genders are lost—_e.g._ we find _sua povo_ (Mat. i. 21);
_sua nome_ (Id. i. 23); _sua filho_ (Id. i. 25); _sua filhos_ (Id. ii.
18); _sua olhos_ (Acts, ix. 8); _o dias_ (Mat. ii. 1); _o rey_ (Id. ii.
2); _hum voz tinha ouvido_ (Id. ii. 18).

2. In the plural, _s_ is rarely added; generally, the plural is the same
as the singular.

3. The genitive is expressed by _de_, which is not combined with the
article—_e.g._ _conforme de o tempo_ (Mat. ii. 16); _Depois de o morte_
(Id. ii. 19).

4. The definite article is unchanged in the plural: _como o discipulos_
(Acts, ix. 19).

5. The pronouns still preserve some inflexions: _Eu_, _mi_; _nos_,
_nossotros_; _minha_, _nossos_, &c.; _tu_, _ti_, _vossotros_; _tua_,
_vossos_; _Elle_, _ella_, _ellotros_, _elles_, _sua_, _suas_, _lo_, _la_.

6. The verb substantive is (present) _tem_, (past) _timha_, and
(subjunctive) _seja_.

7. Verbs are conjugated by adding, for the present, _te_ to the only
form, viz., the infinitive, which loses its final _r_. Thus, _te falla_;
_te faze_; _te vi_. The past is formed by adding _ja_—e.g. _ja falla_;
_ja olha_. The future is formed by adding _ser_. To express the
infinitive, _per_ is added to the Portuguese infinitive deprived of its
_r_.

NOTA BENE

IN THE USE OF THE GLOSSARY

(A.) The dates attached to quotations are not always quite consistent. In beginning the compilation, the dates given were those of the _publication_ quoted; but as the date of the _composition_, or of the use of the word in question, is often much earlier than the date of the book or the edition in which it appears, the system was changed, and, where possible, the date given is that of the actual use of the word. But obvious doubts may sometimes rise on this point.

The dates of _publication_ of the works quoted will be found, if required, from the BOOK LIST, following this _Nota bene_.

(B.) The system of transliteration used is substantially the same as that modification of Sir William Jones's which is used in Shakespear's _Hindustani Dictionary_. But—

The first of the three Sanskrit sibilants is expressed by (_ś_), and, as in Wilson's Glossary, no distinction is marked between the Indian aspirated _k_, _g_, and the Arabic gutturals _kh_, _gh_. Also, in words transliterated from Arabic, the sixteenth letter of the Arabic alphabet is expressed by (_ṭ_). This is the same type that is used for the cerebral Indian (_ṭ_). Though it can hardly give rise to any confusion, it would have been better to mark them by distinct types. The fact is, that it was wished at first to make as few demands as possible for distinct types, and, having begun so, change could not be made.

The fourth letter of the Arabic alphabet is in several cases represented by (_th_) when Arabic use is in question. In Hindustani it is pronounced as (_s_).

Also, in some of Mr. Burnell's transliterations from S. Indian languages, he has used (R) for the peculiar Tamil hard (_r_), elsewhere (R), and (_γ_) for the Tamil and Malayālam (_k_) when preceded and followed by a vowel.

LIST OF FULLER TITLES OF BOOKS QUOTED IN THE GLOSSARY

ABDALLATIF. Relation de l'Egypte. _See_ DE SACY, SILVESTRE.

ABEL-RÉMUSAT. Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1829.

ABREU, A. de. DESC. DE MALACA, from the _Parnaso Portuguez_.

ABULGHAZI. H. des Mogols et des Tatares, par Aboul Ghazi, with French
transl. by Baron Desmaisons. 2 vols. 8vo. St. Petersb., 1871.

ACADEMY, The. A Weekly Review, &c. London.

ACOSTA, Christ. Tractado de las Drogas y Medecinas de las Indias
Orientales. 4to. Burgos, 1578.

—— E. Hist. Rerum a Soc. Jesu in Oriente gestarum. Paris, 1572.

—— Joseph de. Natural and Moral History of the Indies, E.T. of Edward
Grimstone, 1604. Edited for HAK. SOC. by C. Markham. 2 vols. 1880.

ADAMS, Francis. Names of all Minerals, Plants, and Animals described by
the Greek authors, &c. (Being a Suppl. to Dunbar's Greek Lexicon.)

AELIAN. Claudii Aeliani, De Natura Animalium, Libri XVII.

ĀĪN. ĀĪN-I-AKBARĪ, The, by Abul Fazl 'Allami, tr. from the orig. Persian
by H. Blochmann, M.A. Calcutta. 1873. Vol. i.; [vols. ii. and iii.
translated by Col. H. S. Jarrett; Calcutta, 1891-94].

The MS. of the remainder disappeared at Mr. Blochmann's lamented death
in 1878; a deplorable loss to Oriental literature.

—— (Orig.). The same. Edited in the ORIGINAL Persian by H. Blochmann,
M.A. 2 vols. 4to. Calcutta, 1872. Both these were printed by the Asiatic
Society of Bengal.

AITCHISON, C. U. Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sunnuds
relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, 8 vols. 8vo. Revised ed.,
Calcutta, 1876-78.

AJAIB-al-Hind. _See_ MERVEILLES.

ALBIRÛNÎ. Chronology of Ancient Nations E.T. by Dr. C. E. Sachau (Or.
Transl. Fund). 4to. 1879.

ALCALÀ, Fray Pedro de. Vocabulista Arauigo en letra Castellana.
Salamanca, 1505.

ALI BABA, Sir. Twenty-one Days in India, being the Tour of (by G. Aberigh
Mackay). London, 1880.

[ALI, Mrs Meer Hassan, Observations on the Mussulmauns of India. 2 vols.
London, 1832.

[ALLARDYCE, A. The City of Sunshine. Edinburgh. 3 vols. 1877.

[ALLEN, B. C. Monograph on the Silk Cloths of Assam. Shillong, 1899.]

AMARI. I Diplomi Arabi del R. Archivio Fiorentino. 4to. Firenze, 1863.

ANDERSON, Philip, A.M. The English in Western India, &c. 2nd ed. Revised.
1856.

ANDRIESZ, G. Beschrijving der Reyzen. 4to. Amsterdam, 1670.

ANGRIA TULAGEE. Authentic and Faithful History of that Arch-Pyrate.
London, 1756.

ANNAES MARITIMOS. 4 vols. 8vo. Lisbon, 1840-44.

ANQUETIL DU PERRON. Le Zendavesta. 3 vols. Discours Preliminaire, &c. (in
first vol.). 1771.

ARAGON, CHRONICLE OF KING JAMES OF. E.T. by the late John Forster, M.P. 2
vols. imp. 8vo. [London, 1883.]

ARBUTHNOT, Sir A. Memoir of Sir T. Munro, prefixed to ed. of his Minutes.
2 vols. 1881.

ARCH. PORT. OR. Archivo Portuguez Oriental. A valuable and interesting
collection published at Nova Goa, 1857 _seqq._

ARCHIVIO STORICO ITALIANO.

The quotations are from two articles in the _Appendice_ to the early
volumes, viz.:

(1) Relazione di Leonardo da Ca' Masser sopra il Commercio dei
Portoghesi nell' India (1506). App. Tom. II. 1845.

(2) Lettere di Giov. da Empoli, e la Vita di Esso, scritta da suo zio
(1530). App. Tom. III. 1846.

ARNOLD, Edwin. The Light of Asia (as told in Verse by an Indian
Buddhist). 1879.

ASSEMANI, Joseph Simonius, Syrus Maronita. Bibliotheca Orientalis
Clementino-Vaticana. 3 vols. in 4, folio. Romae, 1719-1728.

AYEEN AKBERY. By this spelling are distinguished quotations from the tr.
of Francis Gladwin, first published at Calcutta in 1783. Most of the
quotations are from the London edition, 2 vols. 4to. 1800.

BABER. Memoirs of Zehir-ed-din Muhammed Baber, Emperor of Hindustan....
Translated partly by the late John Leyden, Esq., M.D., partly by William
Erskine, Esq., &c. London and Edinb., 4to. 1826.

BABOO and other Tales, descriptive of Society in India. Smith & Elder.
London, 1834. (By Augustus Prinsep, B.C.S., a brother of James and H.
Thoby Prinsep.)

BACON, T. First Impressions of Hindustan. 2 vols. 1837.

BADEN POWELL. PUNJAB HANDBOOK, vol. ii. Manufactures and Arts. Lahore,
1872.

BAILEY, Nathan. _Diction. Britannicum_, or a more Compleat Universal
Etymol. English Dict. &c. The whole Revis'd and Improv'd by N. B.,
Φιλόλογος. Folio. 1730.

BAILLIE, N. B. E. Digest of Moohummudan Law applied by British Courts in
India. 2 vols. 1865-69.

BAKER, Mem. of Gen. Sir W. E., R.E., K.C.B. Privately printed. 1882.

BALBI, Gasparo. Viaggio dell' Indie Orientali. 12mo. Venetia, 1590.

BALDAEUS, P. Of this writer Burnell used the Dutch ed., Naauwkeurige
Beschryvinge van Malabar en Choromandel, folio, 1672, and —— Ceylon,
folio, 1672.

I have used the German ed., containing in one volume seriatim,
Wahrhaftige Ausführliche Beschreibung der beruhmten Ost-Indischen
Kusten Malabar und Coromandel, als auch der Insel Zeylon ... benebst
einer ... Entdeckung der Abgöterey der Ost-Indischen Heyden.... Folio.
Amsterdam, 1672.

BALDELLI-BONI. Storia del Milione. 2 vols. Firenze, 1827.

BALDWIN, Capt. J. H. Large and Small Game of Bengal and the N.W.
Provinces of India. 1876.

BALFOUR, Dr. E. CYCLOPAEDIA OF INDIA. [3rd ed. London, 1885.]

[BALL, J. D. Things Chinese, being Notes on various Subjects connected
with China. 3rd ed. London, 1900.

BALL, V. Jungle Life in India, or the Journeys and Journals of an Indian
Geologist. London, 1880.]

BANARUS, Narrative of Insurrection at, in 1781. 4to. Calcutta, 1782.
Reprinted at Roorkee, 1853.

BÁNYAN TREE, THE. A Poem. Printed for private circulation. Calcutta,
1856.

(The author was Lt.-Col. R. A. Yule, 9th Lancers, who fell before
Delhi, June 19, 1857.)

BARBARO, Iosafa. Viaggio alla Tana, &c. In _Ramusio_, tom. ii. Also E.T.
by W. Thomas, Clerk of Council to King Edward VI., embraced in Travels to
Tana and Persia, HAK. SOC., 1873.

N.B.—It is impossible to discover from Lord Stanley of Alderley's
Preface whether this was a reprint, or printed from an unpublished MS.

BARBIER DE MÉYNARD, DICTIONNAIRE Géogr. Hist. et Littér. de la Perse, &c.
Extrait ... de Yaqout. Par C. B. de M. Large 8vo. Paris, 1861.

BARBOSA. A Description of the Coasts of E. Africa and Malabar in the
beginning of the 16th century. By Duarte Barbosa. Transl. &c., by Hon. H.
E. J. Stanley. HAK. SOC., 1866.

—— LISBON ED. Livro de Duarte Barbosa. Being No. VII. in Collecção de
Noticias para a Historia e Geografia, &c. Publ. pela Academia Real das
Sciencias, tomo ii. Lisboa, 1812.

—— Also in tom. ii. of Ramusio.

BARRETTO. Relation de la Province de Malabar. Fr. tr. 8vo. Paris, 1646.

Originally pub. in Italian. Roma, 1645.

BARROS, João de. Decadas de Asia, Dos feitos que os Portuguezes fizeram
na Conquista e Descubrimento das Terras e Mares do Oriente.

Most of the quotations are taken from the edition in 12mo., Lisboa,
1778, issued along with Couto in 24 vols.

The first Decad was originally printed in 1552, the 2nd in 1553, the
3rd in 1563, the 4th as completed by Lavanha in 1613 (Barbosa-Machado,
Bibl. Lusit. ii. pp. 606-607, as corrected by Figanière, _Bibliogr.
Hist. Port._ p. 169). A. B.

In some of Burnell's quotations he uses the 2nd ed. of Decs. i. to iii.
(1628), and the 1st ed. of Dec. iv. (1613). In these there is
apparently no division into chapters, and I have transferred the
references to the edition of 1778, from which all my own quotations are
made, whenever I could identify the passages, having myself no
convenient access to the older editions.

BARTH, A. Les Religions de l'Inde. Paris, 1879.

Also English translation by Rev. T. Wood. Trübner's Or. Series. 1882.

BASTIAN, Adolf, Dr. Die Völker des Oestlichen Asien, Studien und Reisen.
8vo. Leipzig, 1866—Jena, 1871.

BEALE, Rev. Samuel. Travels of FAH-HIAN and Sung-yun, Buddhist Pilgrims
from China to India. Sm. 8vo. 1869.

BEAMES, John. COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR of the Modern Aryan Languages of India,
&c. 3 vols. 8vo. 1872-79.

—— See also in _List of Glossaries_.

BEATSON, Lt.-Col. A. View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with
Tippoo Sultaun. 4to. London, 1800.

[BELCHER, Capt. Sir E. Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang, during
the years 1843-46, employed surveying the Islands of the Eastern
Archipelago. 2 vols. London, 1846.]

BELLEW, H. W. Journal of a Political Mission to Afghanistan in 1857 under
Major Lumsden. 8vo. 1862.

—— [The Races of Afghanistan, being A Brief Account of the Principal
Nations inhabiting that Country. Calcutta and London, 1880.]

BELON, Pierre, du Mans. Les OBSERVATIONS de Plvsievrs Singularités et
Choses memorables, trouuées en Grece, Asie, Iudée, Egypte, Arabie, &c.
Sm. 4to. Paris, 1554.

BENGAL, DESCRIPTIVE ETHNOLOGY OF, by Col. E. T. Dalton. Folio. Calcutta,
1872.

BENGAL ANNUAL, or Literary Keepsake, 1831-32.

BENGAL OBITUARY. Calcutta, 1848. This was I believe an extended edition
of De Rozario's 'Complete Monumental Register,' Calcutta, 1815. But I
have not been able to recover trace of the book.

BENZONI, Girolamo. The Travels of, (1542-56), orig. Venice, 1572. Tr. and
ed. by Admiral W. H. Smyth, HAK. SOC. 1857.

[BERNCASTLE, J. Voyage to China, including a Visit to the Bombay
Presidency. 2 vols. London, 1850.]

BESCHI, Padre. _See_ GOOROO PARAMARTTAN.

[BEVERIDGE, H. The District of Bakarganj, its History and Statistics.
London, 1876.]

BHOTAN and the History of the Dooar War. By Surgeon RENNIE, M.D. 1866.

BIRD'S GUZERAT. The Political and Statistical History of Guzerat, transl.
from the Persian of Ali Mohammed Khan. Or. Tr. Fund. 8vo. 1835.

BIRD, Isabella (now Mrs. Bishop). The GOLDEN CHERSONESE, and the Way
Thither. 1883.

BIRD'S JAPAN. Unbeaten Tracks in J. by Isabella B. 2 vols. 1880.

BIRDWOOD (Sir) George, C.S.I., M.D. The Industrial Arts of India. 1880.

[—— Report on The Old Records of the India Office, with Supplementary
Note and Appendices. Second Reprint. London, 1891.

[—— and Foster, W. The First Letter Book of the East India Company,
1600-19. London, 1893.]

[BLACKER, Lt.-Col. V. Memoir of the British Army in India in 1817-19. 2
vols. London, 1821.

[BLANFORD, W. T. The Fauna of British India: Mammalia. London, 1888-91.

BLUMENTRITT, Ferd. VOCABULAR einzelner Ausdrücke und Redensarten, welche
dem Spanischen der Philippinschen Inseln eigenthümlich sind. Druck von
Dr. Karl Pickert in Leitmeritz. 1882.

BLUTEAU, Padre D. Raphael. Vocabulario Portuguez Latino, Aulico,
Anatomico, Architectonico, (and so on to Zoologico) ... Lisboa, 1712-21.
8 vols. folio, with 2 vols. of Supplemento, 1727-28.

BOCARRO. DECADA 13 da Historia da India, composta por Antonio B.
(Published by the Royal Academy of Lisbon). 1876.

BOCARRO. Detailed Report (Portuguese) upon the Portuguese Forts and
Settlements in India, MS. transcript in India Office. Geog. Dept. from
B.M. Sloane MSS. No. 197, fol. 172 _seqq._ Date 1644.

BOCHARTI HIEROZOICON. In vol. i. of Opera Omnia, 3 vols. folio. Lugd.
Bat. 1712.

BOCK, Carl. Temples and Elephants. 1884.

BOGLE. _See_ MARKHAM'S TIBET.

BOILEAU, A. H. E. (Bengal Engineers). TOUR THROUGH the Western States of
RAJWARA in 1835. 4to. Calcutta, 1837.

BOLDENSELE, Gulielmus de. ITINERARIUM in the _Thesaurus of Canisius_,
1604. v. pt. ii. p. 95, also in ed. of same by _Basnage_, 1725, iv. 337;
and by C. L. Grotefend in _Zeitschrift_ des Histor. Vereins für Nieder
Sachsen, Jahrgang 1852. Hannover, 1855.

BOLE PONGIS, by H. M. Parker. 2 vols. 8vo. 1851.

BOMBAY. A Description of the Port and Island of, and Hist. Account of the
Transactions between the English and Portuguese concerning it, from the
year 1661 to the present time. 12mo. Printed in the year 1724.

[BOND, E. A. Speeches of the Manager and Counsel in the Trial of Warren
Hastings. 4 vols. London, 1859-61.]

BONGARSII, GESTA DEI DER FRANCOS. Folio. Hanoviae, 1611.

BONTIUS, Jacobi B. Hist. Natural et Medic. Indiae Orientalis Libri Sex.
Printed with PISO, q.v.

[BOSE, S. C. The Hindoos as they are: A Description of the Manners,
Customs, and Inner Life of Hindoo Society in Bengal. Calcutta, 1881.

BOSQUEJO das Possessões, &c. See p. 809_b_.

[BOSWELL, J. A. C. Manual of the Nellore District. Madras, 1887.]

BOTELHO, Simão. Tombo do Estado da India. 1554. Forming a part of the
SUBSIDIOS, q.v.

BOURCHIER, Col. (Sir George). Eight Months' Campaign against the Bengal
Sepoy Army. 8vo. London, 1858.

BOWRING, Sir John. The Kingdom and People of SIAM. 2 vols. 8vo. 1857.

BOYD, Hugh. The Indian Observer, with Life, Letters, &c. By L. D.
Campbell. London, 1798.

BRIGGS, H. Cities of Gujarashtra; their Topography and History
Illustrated. 4to. Bombay, 1849.

BRIGG'S FIRISHTA. H. of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India.
Translated from the Orig. Persian of Mahomed Kasim Firishta. By John
Briggs, Lieut.-Col. Madras Army. 4 vols. 8vo. 1829.

[BRINCKMAN, A. The Rifle in Cashmere: A Narrative of Shooting
Expeditions. London, 1862.]

BROOKS, T. Weights, Measures, Exchanges, &c., in East India. Small 4to.
1752.

BROOME, Capt. Arthur. Hist. of the Rise and Progress of the BENGAL ARMY.
8vo. 1850. Only vol. i. published.

BROUGHTON, T. D. Letters written in a Mahratta Camp during the year 1809.
4to. 1813. [New ed. London, 1892.]

BRUCE'S ANNALS. Annals of the Honourable E. India Company. (1600-1707-8.)
By John Bruce, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. 3 vols. 4to. 1810.

BRUGSCH Bey (Dr. Henry). Hist. of Egypt under the Pharaohs from the
Monuments. E.T. 2nd ed. 2 vols. 1881.

BUCHANAN, Claudius, D.D. CHRISTIAN RESEARCHES in Asia. 11th ed. 1819.
Originally pubd. 1811.

BUCHANAN HAMILTON, Fr. The Fishes of the Ganges River and its Branches.
Oblong folio. Edinburgh, 1822.

[—— Also see EASTERN INDIA.

[BUCHANAN, Dr. Francis (afterwards Hamilton). A Journey ... through ...
Mysore, Canara and Malabar ... &c. 3 vols. 4to. 1807.]

BURCKHARDT, J. L. See p. 315_a_.

BURKE, The WRITINGS and Correspondence of the Rt. Hon. Edmund. 8 vols.
8vo. London, 1852.

BURMAN, THE: His Life and Notions. By Shway Yoe. 2 vols. 1882.

BURNES, Alexander. Travels into Bokhara. 3 vols. 2nd ed. 1835.

[BURNES, J. A Visit to the Court of Scinde. London, 1831.]

BURNOUF, Eugène. Introduction à l'Histoire du BOUDDHISME INDIEN. (Vol. i.
alone published.) 4to. 1844.

BURTON, Capt. R. F. PILGRIMAGE to El Medina and Mecca. 3 vols. 1855-56.

[—— Memorial Edition. 2 vols. London, 1893.]

—— SCINDE, or the Unhappy Valley. 2 vols. 1851.

—— SIND REVISITED. 2 vols. 1877.

—— CAMOENS. _Os Lusiadas_, Englished by R. F. Burton. 2 vols. 1880. And 2
vols. of Life and Commentary, 1881.

—— GOA and the Blue Mountains. 1851.

[—— The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, translated from the
Arabic by Capt. Sir R. F. Burton, edited by L. C. Smithers. 12 vols.
London, 1894.]

BUSBEQUII, A. Gislenii. Omnia quae extant. Amstelod. Elzevir. 1660.

[BUSTEED, H. E. Echoes of Old Calcutta. 3rd ed. Calcutta, 1857.

[BUYERS, Rev. W. Recollections of Northern India. London, 1848.]

CADAMOSTO, Luiz de. NAVEGAÇÃO PRIMEIRA. In Collecção de Noticias of the
Academia Real das Sciencias. Tomo II. Lisboa, 1812.

CALDWELL, Rev. Dr. (afterwards Bishop). A COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR of the
Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages. 2nd ed. Revd. and
Enlarged, 1875.

CALDWELL, Right Rev. Bishop. Pol. and Gen. History of the District of
TINNEVELLY. Madras, 1881.

——, Dr. R. (now Bishop). Lectures on TINNEVELLY MISSIONS. 12mo. London,
1857.

CA' MASSER. Relazione di Lionardo in ARCHIVIO STORICO ITALIANO, q.v.

CAMBRIDGE, R. Owen. An Account of the WAR IN INDIA between the English
and French, on the Coast of Coromandel (1750-1760). 4to. 1761.

CAMERON, J. Our Tropical Possessions in Malayan India. 1865.

CAMÕES, Luiz de. OS LUSIADAS. Folio ed. of 1720, and Paris ed., 8vo., of
1847 are those used.

[CAMPBELL, Maj.-Gen. John. A Personal Narrative of Thirteen Years'
Service among the Wild Tribes of Khondistan. London, 1864.

[CAMPBELL, Col. W. The Old Forest Ranger. London, 1853.]

CAPMANY, ANT. MEMORIAS HIST. sobre la Marina, Comercio, y Artes de
Barcelona. 4 vols. 4to. Madrid, 1779.

CARDIM, T. Relation de la Province du JAPON, du Malabar, &c. (trad. du
Portug.). Tournay, 1645.

[CAREY, W. H. The Good Old Days of Honble. John Company. 2 vols. Simla,
1882.]

CARLETTI, FRANCESCO. RAGIONAMENTI di—Fiorentino, sopra le cose da lui
vedute ne' suoi Viaggi, &c. (1594-1606). First published in Firenze,
1701. 2 vols. in 12mo.

CARNEGY, Patrick. See _List of Glossaries_.

CARPINI, Joannes de Plano. Hist. Mongalorum, ed. by D'Avezac, in Recueil
de Voyages et de Mémoires de la Soc. de Géographie, tom. iv. 1837.

CARRACCIOLI, C. Life of Lord Clive. 4 vols. 8vo. No date (c. 1785).

It is not certain who wrote this ignoble book, but the author must have
been in India.

CASTANHEDA, Fernão Lopez de. Historia do descobrimento e conquista da
India.

The original edition appeared at Coimbra, 1551-1561 (in 8 vols. 4to and
folio), and was reprinted at Lisbon in 1833 (8 vols. sm. 4to). This
last ed. is used in quotations of the Port. text.

Castanheda was the first writer on Indian affairs (_Barbosa Machado_,
_Bibl. Lusit._, ii. p. 30. See also _Figanière_, _Bibliographia Hist.
Port._, pp. 165-167).

He went to Goa in 1528, and died in Portugal in 1559.

CASTAÑEDA. The First Booke of the Historie of the Discouerie and Conquest
of the East Indias.... Transld. into English by N. L.(itchfield),
Gentleman. 4to. London, 1582.

The translator has often altered the spelling of the Indian words, and
his version is very loose, comparing it with the printed text of the
Port. in the ed. of 1833. It is possible, however, that Litchfield had
the first ed. of the first book (1551) before him, whereas the ed. of
1833 is a reprint of 1554. (A.B.).