Chapter LXIII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (60)

"The matter is of so odious a nature, and of such a description that Your
Majesty should grant their desire in no shape whatever, nor give any
order of the kind, seeing this place is a frontier fortress. The reasons
for this have been written to Your Majesty; let us beg Your Majesty
graciously to make no new rule; and this is the petition of the whole
community to Your Majesty."—_Carta, que a Cidade de Goa escrevea a Sua
Magestade, o anno de 1606._ In _Archiv. Port. Orient._, fasc. i^o. 2^a.
Edição, 2^a. Parte, 186.

1608-9.—"If comming forth of his Pallace, hee (Jahāngīr) get vp on a
Horse, it is a signe that he goeth for the Warres; but if he be vp vpon
an Elephant or PALANKINE, it will bee but an hunting Voyage."—_Hawkins_,
in _Purchas_, i. 219.

1616.—"... _Abdala Chan_, the great governour of _Amadauas_, being sent
for to Court in disgrace, comming in Pilgrim's Clothes with fortie
servants on foote, about sixtie miles in counterfeit humiliation,
finished the rest in his PALLANKEE."—_Sir T. Roe_, in _Purchas_, i. 552;
[Hak. Soc. ii. 278, which reads PALANCKEE, with other minor variances].

In Terry's account, in _Purchas_, ii. 1475, we have a PALLANKEE, and (p.
1481) PALANKA; in a letter of Tom Coryate's (1615) PALANKEEN.

1623.—"In the territories of the Portuguese in India it is forbidden to
men to travel in PALANKIN (_Palanchino_) as in good sooth too effeminate
a proceeding; nevertheless as the Portuguese pay very little attention to
their laws, as soon as the rains begin to fall they commence getting
permission to use the PALANKIN, either by favour or by bribery; and so,
gradually, the thing is relaxed, until at last nearly everybody travels
in that way, and at all seasons."—_P. della Valle_, i. 611; [comp. Hak.
Soc. i. 31].

1659.—"The designing rascal (Sivají) ... conciliated Afzal Khán, who fell
into the snare.... Without arms he mounted the PÁLKÍ, and proceeded to
the place appointed under the fortress. He left all his attendants at the
distance of a long arrow-shot.... Sivají had a weapon, called in the
language of the Dakhin _bichúá_ (_i.e._ 'scorpion') on the fingers of his
hand, hidden under his sleeve...."—_Kháfi Khán_, in _Elliot_, vii. 259.
See also p. 509.

c. 1660.—"... From _Golconda_ to _Maslipatan_ there is no travelling by
waggons.... But instead of Coaches they have the convenience of
PALLEKIES, wherein you are carried with more speed and more ease than in
any part of India."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 70; [ed. _Ball_, i. 175]. This
was quite true up to our own time. In 1840 the present writer was carried
on that road, a stage of 25 miles in little more than 5 hours, by 12
bearers, relieving each other by sixes.

1672. The word occurs several times in Baldaeus as PALLINKIJN. Tavernier
writes PALLEKI and sometimes PALLANQUIN [_Ball_, i. 45, 175, 390, 392];
Bernier has PALEKY [ed. _Constable_, 214, 283, 372].

1673.—"... ambling after these a great pace, the PALANKEEN-Boys support
them, four of them, two at each end of a _Bambo_, which is a long hollow
Cane ... arched in the middle ... where hangs the PALENKEEN, as big as an
ordinary Couch, broad enough to tumble in...."—_Fryer_, 34.

1678.—"The permission you are pleased to give us to buy a PALLAKEE on the
Company's Acct. Shall make use off as Soone as can possiblie meet w^{th}
one y^t may be fitt for y^e purpose...."—MS. Letter from _Factory_ at
_Ballasore_ to the _Council_ (of Fort St. George), March 9, in India
Office.

1682.—Joan Nieuhof has PALAKIJN. _Zee en Lant-Reize_, ii. 78.

[ " "The Agent and Council ... allowed him (Mr. Clarke) 2 pag^{os}
p. mensem more towards the defraying his PALLANQUIN charges, he being
very crazy and much weaken'd by his sicknesse."—_Pringle, Diary Ft. St.
Geo._ 1st ser. i. 34.]

1720.—"I desire that all the free Merchants of my acquaintance do attend
me in their PALENKEENS to the place of burial."—Will of _Charles Davers_,
Merchant, in _Wheeler_, ii. 340.

1726.—"... PALANGKYN dragers" (palankin-bearers).—_Valentijn, Ceylon_,
45.

1736.—"PALANQUIN, a kind of chaise or chair, borne by men on their
shoulders, much used by the Chinese and other Eastern peoples for
travelling from place to place."—_Bailey's Dict._ 2nd ed.

1750-52.—"The greater nobility are carried in a PALEKEE, which looks very
like a hammock fastened to a pole."—_Toreen's Voyage to Suratte, China_,
&c., ii. 201.

1754-58.—In the former year the Court of Directors ordered that Writers
in their Service should "lay aside the expense of either horse, chair, or
PALANKEEN, during their Writership." The Writers of Fort William (4th
Nov. 1756) remonstrated, begging "to be indulged in keeping a PALANKEEN
for such months of the year as the excessive heats and violent rains make
it impossible to go on foot without the utmost hazard of their health."
The Court, however, replied (11 Feb. 1756): "We very well know that the
indulging Writers with PALANKEENS has not a little contributed to the
neglect of business we complain of, by affording them opportunities of
rambling"; and again, with an obduracy and fervour too great for grammar
(March 3, 1758): "We do most positively order and direct (and will admit
of no representation for postponing the execution of) that no Writer
whatsoever be permitted to keep either PALANKEEN, horse, or chaise,
during his Writership, on pain of being immediately dismissed from our
service."—In _Long_, pp. 54, 71, 130.

1780.—"The Nawaub, on seeing his condition, was struck with grief and
compassion; but ... did not even bend his eyebrow at the sight, but
lifting up the curtain of the PALKEE with his own hand, he saw that the
eagle of his (Ali Ruza's) soul, at one flight had winged its way to the
gardens of Paradise."—_H. of Hydur_, p. 429.

1784.—

"The Sun in gaudy PALANQUEEN
Curtain'd with purple, fring'd with gold,
Firing no more heav'n's vault serene,
Retir'd to sup with Ganges old."
_Plassy Plain_, a ballad by _Sir W. Jones_;
in _Life and Works_, ed. 1807, ii. 503.

1804.—"Give orders that a PALANQUIN may be made for me; let it be very
light, with the pannels made of canvas instead of wood, and the poles
fixed as for a dooley. Your Bengally PALANQUINS are so heavy that they
cannot be used out of Calcutta."—_Wellington_ (to Major Shaw), June 20.

The following measures a change in ideas. A palankin is now hardly ever used by a European, even of humble position, much less by the opulent:

1808.—"PALKEE. A litter well known in India, called by the English
PALANKEEN. A Guzerat punster (aware of no other) hazards the Etymology
_Pa-lakhee_ [_pāo-lākhī_] a thing requiring an annual income of a quarter
Lack to support it and corresponding luxuries."—_R. Drummond,
Illustrations_, &c.

" "The conveyances of the island (Madeira) are of three kinds,
viz.: horses, mules, and a litter, ycleped a PALANQUIN, being a chair in
the shape of a bathing-tub, with a pole across, carried by two men, as
doolees are in the east."—_Welsh, Reminiscences_, i. 282.

1809.—

"Woe! Woe! around their PALANKEEN,
As on a bridal day
With symphony and dance and song,
Their kindred and their friends come on,
The dance of sacrifice! The funeral song!"
_Kehama_, i. 6.

c. 1830.—"Un curieux indiscret reçut un galet dans la tête; on l'emporta
baigné de sang, couché dans un PALANQUIN."—_V. Jacquemont, Corr._ i. 67.

1880.—"It will amaze readers in these days to learn that the
Governor-General sometimes condescended to be carried in a PALANQUIN—a
mode of conveyance which, except for long journeys away from railroads,
has long been abandoned to portly Baboos, and Eurasian clerks."—_Sat.
Rev._, Feb. 14.

1881.—"In the great procession on Corpus Christi Day, when the Pope is
carried in a PALANQUIN round the Piazza of St. Peter, it is generally
believed that the cushions and furniture of the PALANQUIN are so arranged
as to enable him to bear the fatigue of the ceremony by sitting whilst to
the spectator he appears to be kneeling."—_Dean Stanley, Christian
Institutions_, 231.

PALAVERAM, n.p. A town and cantonment 11 miles S.W. from Madras. The name is _Pallāvaram_, probably _Palla-puram_, _Pallavapura_, the 'town of the Pallas'; the latter a caste claiming descent from the Pallavas who reigned at Conjeveram (_Seshagiri Śāstrī_). [The _Madras Gloss._ derives their name from Tam. _pallam_, 'low land,' as they are commonly employed in the cultivation of wet lands.]

PALE ALE. The name formerly given to the beer brewed for Indian use. (See BEER.)

1784.—"London Porter and PALE ALE, light and excellent, Sicca Rupees 150
per hhd."—Advt. in _Seton-Karr_, i. 39.

1793.—"For sale ... PALE ALE (per hhd.) ... Rs. 80."—_Bombay Courier_,
Jan. 19.

[1801.—"1. PALE ALE; 2. strong ale; 3. small beer; 4. brilliant beer; 5.
strong porter; 6. light porter; 7. brown stout."—Advt. in _Carey, Good
Old Days_, i. 147.]

1848.—"Constant dinners, tiffins, PALE ALE, and claret, the prodigious
labour of cutchery, and the refreshment of brandy pawnee, which he was
forced to take there, had this effect upon Waterloo Sedley."—_Vanity
Fair_, ed. 1867, ii. 258.

1853.—"Parmi les cafés, les cabarets, les gargotes, l'on rencontre çà et
là une taverne anglaise placardée de sa pancarte de porter simple et
double, d'old Scotch ale, d'_East India_ PALE BEER."—_Th. Gautier,
Constantinople_, 22.

1867.—

"Pain bis, galette ou panaton,
Fromage à la pie ou Stilton,
Cidre ou PALE-ALE de Burton,
Vin de brie, ou branne-mouton."
_Th. Gautier à Ch. Garnier._

PALEMPORE, s. A kind of chintz bed-cover, sometimes made of beautiful patterns, formerly made at various places in India, especially at Sadras and Masulipatam, the importation of which into Europe has become quite obsolete, but under the greater appreciation of Indian manufactures has recently shown some tendency to revive. The etymology is not quite certain,—we know no place of the name likely to have been the eponymic,—and possibly it is a corruption of a hybrid (Hind. and Pers.) _palang-posh_, 'a bed-cover,' which occurs below, and which may have been perverted through the existence of SALEMPORE as a kind of stuff. The probability that the word originated in a perversion of _palang-posh_, is strengthened by the following entry in Bluteau's _Dict._ (_Suppt._ 1727.)

"CHAUDUS or CHAUDEUS são huns panos grandes, que servem para cobrir camas
e outras cousas. São pintados de cores muy vistosas, e alguns mais finos,
a que chamão PALANGAPUZES. Fabricão-se de algodão em Bengala e
Choromandel,"—_i.e._ "_Chaudus_ ou _Chaudeus_" (this I cannot identify,
perhaps the same as _Choutar_ among PIECE-GOODS) "are a kind of large
cloths serving to cover beds and other things. They are painted with gay
colours, and there are some of a finer description which are called
PALANGPOSHES," &c.

[For the mode of manufacture at Masulipatam, see _Journ. Ind. Art._ iii. 14. Mr. Pringle (_Madras Selections_, 4th ser. p. 71, and _Diary Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser. iii. 173) has questioned this derivation. The word may have been taken from the State and town of _Pālanpur_ in Guzerat, which seems to have been an emporium for the manufactures of N. India, which was long noted for chintz of this kind.]

1648.—"Int Governe van _Raga mandraga_ ... werden veel ... SALAMPORIJ ...
gemaeckt."—_Van den Broecke_, 87.

1673.—"Staple commodities (at Masulipatam) are calicuts white and
painted, PALEMPORES, Carpets."—_Fryer_, 34.

1813.—

"A stain on every bush that bore
A fragment of his PALAMPORE,
His breast with wounds unnumber'd riven,
His back to earth, his face to heaven...."
_Byron, The Giaour._

1814.—"A variety of tortures were inflicted to extort a confession; one
was a sofa, with a platform of tight cordage in network, covered with a
PALAMPORE, which concealed a bed of thorns placed under it: the
collector, a corpulent Banian, was then stripped of his _jama_ (see
JAMMA), or muslin robe, and ordered to lie down."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii.
429; [2nd ed. ii. 54].

1817.—"... these cloths ... serve as coverlids, and are employed as a
substitute for the Indian PALEMPORE."—_Raffles, Java_, 171; [2nd ed. i.
191].

[1855.—

"The jewelled amaun of thy zemzem is bare,
And the folds of thy PALAMPORE wave in the air."
_Bon Gaultier, Eastern Serenade._]

1862.—"Bala posh, or PALANG POSH, quilt or coverlet, 300 to 1000
rupees."—_Punjab Trade Report_, App. p. xxxviii.

1880.—"... and third, the celebrated PALAMPORES, or 'bed-covers,' of
Masulipatam, Fatehgarh, Shikarpur, Hazara, and other places, which in
point of art decoration are simply incomparable."—_Birdwood, The
Industrial Arts of India_, 260.

PALI, s. The name of the sacred language of the Southern Buddhists, in fact, according to their apparently well-founded tradition _Magadhī_, the dialect of what we now call South Bahar, in which Sakya Muni discoursed. It is one of the Prākrits (see PRACRIT) or Aryan vernaculars of India, and has probably been a dead language for nearly 2000 years. _Pāli_ in Skt. means 'a line, row, series'; and by the Buddhists is used for the series of their Sacred Texts. _Pālī-bhāshā_ is then 'the language of the Sacred Texts,' _i.e._ _Magadhī_; and this is called elliptically by the Singhalese PĀLĪ, which we have adopted in like use. It has been carried, as the sacred language, to all the Indo-Chinese countries which have derived their religion from India through Ceylon. _Pālī_ is "a sort of Tuscan among the Prākrits" from its inherent grace and strength (_Childers_). But the analogy to Tuscan is closer still in the parallelism of the modification of Sanskrit words, used in Pālī, to that of Latin words used in Italian.

Robert Knox does not apparently know by that name the Pālī language in Ceylon. He only speaks of the Books of Religion as "being in an eloquent style which the Vulgar people do not understand" (p. 75); and in another passage says: "They have a language something differing from the vulgar tongue (like _Latin_ to us) which their books are writ in" (p. 109).

1689.—"Les uns font valoir le style de leur Alcoran, les autres de leur
BÁLI."—_Lettres Edif._ xxv. 61.

1690.—"... this Doubt proceeds from the _Siameses_ understanding two
Languages, _viz._, the Vulgar, which is a simple Tongue, consisting
almost wholly of Monosyllables, without Conjugation or Declension; and
another Language, which I have already spoken of, which to them is a dead
Tongue, known only by the Learned, which is called the BALIE Tongue, and
which is enricht with the inflexions of words, like the Languages we have
in Europe. The terms of Religion and Justice, the names of Offices, and
all the Ornaments of the Vulgar Tongue are borrow'd from the BALIE."—_De
la Loubère's Siam_, E.T. 1693, p. 9.

1795.—"Of the ancient PÁLLIS, whose language constitutes at the present
day the sacred text of Ava, Pegue, and Siam, as well as of several other
countries eastward of the Ganges: and of their migration from India to
the banks of the Cali, the Nile of Ethiopia, we have but very imperfect
information.[202] ... It has been the opinion of some of the most
enlightened writers on the languages of the East, that the PALI, the
sacred language of the priests of Boodh, is nearly allied to the
Shanscrit of the Bramins: and there certainly is much of that holy idiom
engrafted on the vulgar language of Ava, by the introduction of the
Hindoo religion."—_Symes_, 337-8.

1818.—"The TALAPOINS ... do apply themselves in some degree to study,
since according to their rules they are obliged to learn the Sadà, which
is the grammar of the PALÌ language or Magatà, to read the Vini, the
Padimot ... and the sermons of Godama.... All these books are written in
the PALÌ tongue, but the text is accompanied by a Burmese translation.
They were all brought into the kingdom by a certain Brahmin from the
island of Ceylon."—_Sangermano's Burmese Empire_, p. 141.

[1822.—"... the sacred books of the Buddhists are composed in the BALLI
tongue...."—_Wallace, Fifteen Years in India_, 187.]

1837.—"Buddhists are impressed with the conviction that their sacred and
classical language, the Mágadhi or PÁLI, is of greater antiquity than the
Sanscrit; and that it had attained also a higher state of refinement than
its rival tongue had acquired. In support of this belief they adduce
various arguments, which, in their judgment, are quite conclusive. They
observe that the very word PÁLI signifies original, text, regularity; and
there is scarcely a Buddhist scholar in Ceylon, who, in the discussion of
this question, will not quote, with an air of triumph, their favourite
verse,—

_Sá Mágadhi; múla bhásá_ (&c.).

'There is a language which is the root; ... men and bráhmans at the
commencement of the creation, who never before heard nor uttered a human
accent, and even the Supreme Buddhos, spoke it: it is Mágadhi.'

"This verse is a quotation from Kachcháyanó's grammar, the oldest
referred to in the Páli literature of Ceylon.... Let me ... at once avow,
that, exclusive of all philological considerations, I am inclined, on
primâ facie evidence—external as well as internal—to entertain an opinion
adverse to the claims of the Buddhists on this particular point."—_George
Turnour, Introd. to Maháwanso_, p. xxii.

1874.—"The spoken language of Italy was to be found in a number of
provincial dialects, each with its own characteristics, the Piedmontese
harsh, the Neapolitan nasal, the Tuscan soft and flowing. These dialects
had been rising in importance as Latin declined; the birth-time of a new
literary language was imminent. Then came Dante, and choosing for his
immortal Commedia the finest and most cultivated of the vernaculars,
raised it at once to the position of dignity which it still retains. Read
Sanskrit for Latin, Magadhese for Tuscan, and the Three Baskets for the
Divina Commedia, and the parallel is complete.... Like Italian PALI is at
once flowing and sonorous; it is a characteristic of both languages that
nearly every word ends in a vowel, and that all harsh conjunctions are
softened down by assimilation, elision, or crasis, while on the other
hand both lend themselves easily to the expression of sublime and
vigorous thought."—_Childers, Preface to Pali Dict._ pp. xiii-xiv.

PALKEE-GARRY, s. A 'palankin-coach,' as it is termed in India; _i.e._ a carriage shaped somewhat like a palankin on wheels; Hind. _pālkī-gāṛī_. The word is however one formed under European influences. ["The system of conveying passengers by palkee carriages and trucks was first established between Cawnpore and Allahabad in May 1843, and extended to Allyghur in November of the same year; Delhi was included in June 1845, Agra and Meerut about the same time; the now-going line not being, however, ready till January 1846" (_Carey, Good Old Days_, ii. 91).]

1878.—"The Governor-General's carriage ... may be jostled by the hired
'PALKI-GHARRY,' with its two wretched ponies, rope harness, nearly naked
driver, and wheels whose sinuous motions impress one with the idea that
they must come off at the next revolution."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i.
38.

This description applies rather to the CRANCHEE (q.v.) than to the
palkee-garry, which is (or used to be) seldom so sordidly equipt. [Mr.
Kipling's account of the Calcutta _palki gari_ (_Beast and Man_, 192) is
equally uncomplimentary.]

PALMYRA, s. The fan-palm (_Borassus flabelliformis_), which is very commonly cultivated in S. India and Ceylon (as it is also indeed in the Ganges valley from Farrukhābād down to the head of the Delta), and hence was called by the Portuguese _par excellence_, _palmeira_ or 'the palm-tree.' Sir J. Hooker writes: "I believe this palm is nowhere wild in India; and have always suspected that it, like the tamarind, was introduced from Africa." [So _Watt, Econ. Dict._ i. 504.] It is an important tree in the economy of S. India, Ceylon, and parts of the Archipelago as producing JAGGERY (q.v.) or 'palm-sugar'; whilst the wood affords rafters and laths, and the leaf gives a material for thatch, mats, umbrellas, fans, and a substitute for paper. Its minor uses are many: indeed it is supposed to supply nearly all the wants of man, and a Tamil proverb ascribes to it 801 uses (see Ferguson's _Palmyra-Palm of Ceylon_, and _Tennent's Ceylon_, i. 111, ii. 519 _seqq._; also see BRAB).

1563.—"... A ilha de Ceilão ... ha muitas PALMEIRAS."—_Garcia_, ff.
65_v_-66.

1673.—"Their Buildings suit with the Country and State of the
inhabitants, being mostly contrived for Conveniency: the Poorer are made
of Boughs and _ollas_ of the PALMEROES."—_Fryer_, 199.

1718.—"... Leaves of a Tree called PALMEIRA."—_Prop. of the Gospel in the
East_, iii. 85.

1756.—"The interval was planted with rows of PALMIRA, and coco-nut
trees."—_Orme_, ii. 90, ed. 1803.

1860.—"Here, too, the beautiful PALMYRA palm, which abounds over the
north of the Island, begins to appear."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 54.

PALMYRA POINT, n.p. Otherwise called Pt. Pedro, [a corruption of the Port. _Punta das Pedras_, 'the rocky cape,' a name descriptive of the natural features of the coast (_Tennent_, ii. 535)]. This is the N.E. point of Ceylon, the high palmyra trees on which are conspicuous.

PALMYRAS, POINT, n.p. This is a headland on the Orissa coast, quite low, but from its prominence at the most projecting part of the combined Mahānadī and Brāhmaṇī delta an important landmark, especially in former days, for ships bound from the south for the mouth of the Hoogly, all the more for the dangerous shoal off it. A point of the Mahānadī delta, 24 miles to the south-west, is called _False Point_, from its liability to be mistaken for P. Palmyras.

1553.—"... o CABO Segógora, a que os nossos chamam DAS PALMEIRAS por
humas que alli estam, as quaes os navigantes notam por lhes dar
conhecimento da terra. E deste cabo ... fazemos fim do Reyno
Orixá."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1598.—"... 2 miles (Dutch) before you come to the POINT OF PALMERIAS, you
shall see certaine blacke houels standing vppon a land that is higher
than all the land thereabouts, and from thence to the Point it beginneth
againe to be low ground and ... you shall see some small (but not ouer
white) sandie Downes ... you shall finde being right against the POINT DE
PALMERIAS ... that vpon the point there is neyther tree nor bush, and
although it hath the name of the Point of Palm-trees, it hath
notwithstanding right forth, but one Palme tree."—_Linschoten_, 3d Book,
ch. 12.

[c. 1665.—"Even the _Portuguese_ of _Ogouli_ (see HOOGLY), in _Bengale_,
purchased without scruple these wretched captives, and the horrid traffic
was transacted in the vicinity of the island of _Galles_, near CAPE DAS
PALMAS."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 176.]

1823.—"It is a large delta, formed by the mouths of the Maha-Nuddee and
other rivers, the northernmost of which insulates CAPE
PALMIRAS."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 88.

[PAMBRE, s. An article of dress which seems to have been used for various purposes, as a scarf, and perhaps as a turban. Mr. Yusuf Ali (_Monograph on Silk Fabrics_, 81) classes it among 'fabrics which are simply wrapped over the head and shoulders by men and women'; and he adds: "The PAMRI is used by women and children, generally amongst Hindus." His specimens are some 3 yards long by 1 broad, and are made of pure silk or silk and cotton, with an ornamental border. The word does not appear in the Hind. dictionaries, but Molesworth has Mahr. _pāmarī_, 'a sort of silk cloth.'

[1616.—"He covered my head with his PAMBRE."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 344.]

For some of the following quotations and notes I am indebted to Mr. W. Foster.

[1617.—"Antelopes and ramshelles,[203] which bear the finest wool in the
world, with which they make very delicate mantles, called
PAWMMERYS."—_Joseph Salbank to the E. India Co._, Agra, Nov. 22, 1617;
India Office Records, O. C., No. 568.

[1627.—"L'on y [Kashmír] travaille aussi plusieurs VOMERIS [misprint for
POMERIS, which he elsewhere mentions as a stuff from Kashmir and Lahore],
qui sont des pieces d'estoffes longues de trois aulnes, et largers de
deux, faite de laine de moutons, qui croit au derriere de ces bestes, et
qui est aussi fine que de la soye: on tient ces estoffes exposées au
froid pendant l'hyver: elles ont un beau lustre, semblables aux tabis de
nos cartiers."—_François Pelsart_, in _Thevenot's Rélations de divers
Voyages_, vol. i. pt. 2.

[1634.—A letter in the India Office of Dec. 29 mentions that the Governor
of Surat presented to the two chief Factors a horse and "a coat and
PAMORINE" apiece.

[ " O. C., No. 1543A (I. O. Records) mentions the presentation to
the President of Surat of a "coat and PAMORINE."

[1673.—"A couple of PAMERINS, which are fine mantles."—_Fryer's New
Account_, p. 79; also see 177; in 112 RAMERIN.

[1766.—"... a lungee (see LOONGHEE) or clout, barely to cover their
nakedness, and a PAMREE or loose mantle to throw over their shoulders, or
to lye on upon the ground."—_Grose_, 2nd ed. ii. 81.]

PANCHĀÑGAM, s. Skt. = 'quinque-partite.' A native almanac in S. India is called so, because it contains information on five subjects, viz. Solar Days, Lunar Days, Asterisms, Yogas, and _karaṇas_ (certain astrological divisions of the days of a month). _Panchanga_ is used also, at least by Buchanan below, for the Brahman who keeps and interprets the almanac for the villagers. [This should be Skt. _pañchāngī_.]

1612.—"Every year they make new almanacs for the eclipses of the Sun and
of the Moon, and they have a perpetual one which serves to pronounce
their auguries, and this they call PANCHAGÃO."—_Couto_, V. vi. 4.

1651.—"The Bramins, in order to know the good and bad days, have made
certain writings after the fashion of our Almanacks, and these they call
PANJANGAM."—_Rogerius_, 55. This author gives a specimen (pp. 63-69).

1800.—"No one without consulting the PANCHANGA, or almanac-keeper, knows
when he is to perform the ceremonies of religion."—_Buchanan's Mysore_,
&c., i. 234.

PANDAL, PENDAUL, s. A shed. Tamil _pandal_, [Skt. _bandh_, 'to bind'].

1651.—"... it is the custom in this country when there is a Bride in the
house to set up before the door certain stakes somewhat taller than a
man, and these are covered with lighter sticks on which foliage is put to
make a shade.... This arrangement is called a PANDAEL in the country
speech."—_Rogerius_, 12.

1717.—"Water-BANDELS, which are little sheds for the Conveniency of
drinking Water."—_Phillips's Account_, 19.

1745.—"Je suivis la procession d'un peu loin, et arrivé aux sepultures,
j'y vis un PANDEL ou tente dressée, sur la fosse du defunt; elle était
ornée de branches de figuier, de toiles peintes, &c. L'intérieur était
garnie de petites lampes allumées."—_Norbert, Mémoires_, iii. 32.

1781.—"Les gens riches font construir devant leur porte un autre
PENDAL."—_Sonnerat_, ed. 1782, i. 134.

1800.—"I told the farmer that, as I meant to make him pay his full rent,
I could not take his fowl and milk without paying for them; and that I
would not enter his PUNDULL, because he had not paid the labourers who
made it."—Letter of _Sir T. Munro_, in _Life_, i. 283.

1814.—"There I beheld, assembled in the same PANDAUL, or reposing under
the friendly banian-tree, the _Gosannee_ (see GOSAIN) in a state of
nudity, the _Yogee_ (see JOGEE) with a lark or paroquet his sole
companion for a thousand miles."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 465; [2nd ed. ii.
72. In ii. 109 he writes PENDALL].

1815.—"PANDAULS were erected opposite the two principal fords on the
river, where under my medical superintendence skilful natives provided
with eau-de-luce and other remedies were constantly stationed."—_Dr.
M‘Kenzie_, in _Asiatic Researches_, xiii. 329.

PANDÁRAM, s. A Hindu ascetic mendicant of the (so-called) Śūdra, or even of a lower caste. A priest of the lower Hindu castes of S. India and Ceylon. Tamil, _paṇḍāram_. C. P. Brown says the _Paṇḍāram_ is properly a Vaishnava, but other authors apply the name to Śaiva priests. [The _Madras Gloss._ derives the word from Skt. _pāṇḍu-ranga_, 'white-coloured.' Messrs. Cox and Stuart (_Man. of N. Arcot._ i. 199) derive it from Skt. _bhāṇḍagāra_, 'a temple-treasury,' wherein were employed those who had renounced the world. "The Pandārams seem to receive numerous recruits from the Śaivite Śúdra castes, who choose to make a profession of piety and wander about begging. They are, in reality, very lax in their modes of life, often drinking liquor and eating animal food furnished by any respectable Śúdra. They often serve in Śiva temples, where they make up garlands of flowers to decorate the lingam, and blow brass trumpets when offerings are made or processions take place" (_ibid._).]

1711.—"... But the destruction of 50 or 60,000 pagodas worth of grain ...
and killing the PANDARRUM; these are things which make his demands really
carry too much justice with them."—Letter in _Wheeler_, ii. 163.

1717.—"... Bramans, PANTARONGAL, and other holy men."—_Phillips's
Account_, 18. The word is here in the Tamil plural.

1718.—"Abundance of Bramanes, PANTARES, and Poets ... flocked
together."—_Propn. of the Gospel_, ii. 18.

1745.—"On voit ici quelquefois les PANDARAMS ou Penitens qui ont été en
pélérinage à Bengale; quand ils retournent ils apportent ici avec grand
soin de l'eau du _Gange_ dans des pots ou vases bien formés."—_Norbert,
Mém._ iii. 28.

c. 1760.—"The PANDARAMS, the Mahometan priests, and the Bramins
thomselves yield to the force of truth."—_Grose_, i. 252.

1781.—"Les PANDARONS ne sont pas moins révérés que les _Saniasis_. Ils
sont de la secte de Chiven, se barbouillent toute la figure, la poitrine,
et les bras avec des cendres de bouze de vache," &c.—_Sonnerat_, 8vo.
ed., ii. 113-114.

1798.—"The other figure is of a PANDARAM or Senassey, of the class of
pilgrims to the various pagodas."—_Pennant's View of Hindostan_, preface.

1800.—"In Chera the _Pújáris_ (see POOJAREE) or priests in these temples
are all PANDARUMS, who are the _Súdras_ dedicated to the service of
Siva's temples...."—_Buchanan's Mysore_, &c., ii. 338.

1809.—"The chief of the pagoda (Rameswaram), or PANDARAM, waiting on the
beach."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 338.

1860.—"In the island of Nainativoe, to the south-west of Jafna, there was
till recently a little temple, dedicated to the goddess Naga Tambiran, in
which consecrated serpents were tenderly reared by the PANDARAMS, and
daily fed at the expense of the worshippers."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, i. 373.

PANDARĀNI, n.p. The name of a port of Malabar of great reputation in the Middle Ages, a name which has gone through many curious corruptions. Its position is clear enough from Varthema's statement that an uninhabited island stood opposite at three leagues distance, which must be the "Sacrifice Rock" of our charts. [The _Madras Gloss._ identifies it with Collam.] The name appears upon no modern map, but it still attaches to a miserable fishing village on the site, in the form PANTALĀNĪ (approx. lat. 11° 26′), a little way north of Koilandi. It is seen below in Ibn Batuta's notice that Pandarāni afforded an exceptional shelter to shipping during the S.W. monsoon. This is referred to in an interesting letter to one of the present writers from his friend Col. (now Lt.-Gen.) R. H. Sankey, C.B., R.E., dated Madras, 13th Feby., 1881: "One very extraordinary feature on the coast is the occurrence of mud-banks in from 1 to 6 fathoms of water, which have the effect of breaking both surf and swell to such an extent that ships can run into the patches of water so sheltered at the very height of the monsoon, when the elements are raging, and not only find a perfectly still sea, but are able to land their cargoes.... Possibly the snugness of some of the harbours frequented by the Chinese junks, such as PANDARANI, may have been mostly due to banks of this kind? By the way, I suspect your 'Pandarani' was nothing but the roadstead of Coulete (Coulandi or Quelande of our Atlas). The Master Attendant who accompanied me, appears to have a good opinion of it as an anchorage, and as well sheltered." [See _Logan, Malabar_, i. 72.]

c. 1150.—"FANDARINA is a town built at the mouth of a river which comes
from _Manibár_ (see MALABAR), where vessels from India and Sind cast
anchor. The inhabitants are rich, the markets well supplied, and trade
flourishing."—_Edrisi_, in _Elliot_, i. 90.

1296.—"In the year (1296) it was prohibited to merchants who traded in
fine or costly products with Maparh (Ma'bar or Coromandel), Peï-nan (?)
and FANTALAINA, three foreign kingdoms, to export any one of them more
than the value of 50,000 _ting_ in paper money."—_Chinese Annals of the
Mongol Dynasty_, quoted by _Pauthier, Marc Pol_, 532.

c. 1300.—"Of the cities on the shore the first is Sindábúr, then Faknúr,
then the country of Manjarúr, then the country of Hílí, then the country
of (FANDARAINA[204])."—_Rashíduddín_, in _Elliot_, i. 68.

c. 1321.—"And the forest in which the pepper groweth extendeth for a good
18 days' journey, and in that forest there be two cities, the one whereof
is called FLANDRINA, and the other _Cyngilin_" (see SHINKALI).—_Friar
Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c., 75.

c. 1343.—"From Boddfattan we proceeded to FANDARAINA, a great and fine
town with gardens and bazars. The Musulmans there occupy three quarters,
each having its mosque.... It is at this town that the ships of China
pass the winter" (_i.e._ the S.W. monsoon).—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 88.
(Compare _Roteiro_ below.)

c. 1442.—"The humble author of this narrative having received his order
of dismissal departed from Calicut by sea, after having passed the port
of BENDINANEH (read BANDARĀNAH, and see MANGALORE, A) situated on the
coast of Melabar, (he) reached the port of Mangalor...."—_Abdurrazzāk_,
in _India in XVth Cent._, 20.

1498.—"... hum lugar que se chama PANDARANY ... por que alii estava bom
porto, e que alii nos amarassemos ... e que era costume que os navios que
vinham a esta terra pousasem alii por estarem seguros...."—_Roteiro de
Vasco da Gama_, 53.

1503.—"Da poi feceno vela et in vn porto de dicto Re chiamato FUNDARANE
amazorno molta gẽte cõ artelaria et deliberorno andare verso il regno de
Cuchin...."—_Letter of King Emanuel_, p. 5.

c. 1506.—"Questo capitanio si trovò nave 17 de mercadanti Mori in uno
porto se chima PANIDARAMI, e combattè con queste le quali se messeno in
terra; per modo che questo capitanio mandò tutti li soi copani ben armadi
con un baril de polvere per cadaun copano, e mise fuoco dentro dette navi
de Mori; e tutte quelle brasolle, con tutte quelle spezierie che erano
carghe per la Mecha, e s'intende ch'erano molto ricche...."—_Leonardo Ca'
Masser_, 20-21.

1510.—"Here we remained two days, and then departed, and went to a place
which is called PANDARANI, distant from this one day's journey, and which
is subject to the King of Calicut. This place is a wretched affair, and
has no port."—_Varthema_, 153.

1516.—"Further on, south south-east, is another Moorish place which is
called PANDARANI, in which also there are many ships."—_Barbosa_, 152.

In Rowlandson's Translation of the _Tohfat-ul-Majāhidīn_ (_Or. Transl.
Fund_, 1833), the name is habitually misread _Fundreeah_ for FUNDARAINA.

1536.—"Martim Afonso ... ran along the coast in search of the _paraos_,
the galleys and caravels keeping the sea, and the foists hugging the
shore. And one morning they came suddenly on Cunhalemarcar with 25
_paraos_, which the others had sent to collect rice; and on catching
sight of them as they came along the coast towards the Isles of
PANDARANE, Diogo de Reynoso, who was in advance of our foists, he and his
brother ... and Diogo Corvo ... set off to engage the Moors, who were
numerous and well armed. And Cunhale, when he knew it was Martim Afonso,
laid all pressure on his oars to double the Point of
Tiracole...."—_Correa_, iii. 775.

PANDY, s. The most current colloquial name for the Sepoy mutineer during 1857-58. The surname _Pāṇḍē_ [Skt. _Paṇḍita_] was a very common one among the high-caste Sepoys of the Bengal army, being the title of a _Jōt_ [_got_, _gotra_] or subdivisional branch of the Brahmins of the Upper Provinces, which furnished many men to the ranks. "The first two men hung" (for mutiny) "at Barrackpore were PANDIES by caste, hence all sepoys were PANDIES, and ever will be so called" (_Bourchier_, as below). "In the Bengal army before the Mutiny, there was a person employed in the quarter-guard to strike the gong, who was known as the _gunta_ PANDY" (_M.-G. Keatinge_). _Ghanṭā_, 'a gong or bell.'

1857.—"As long as I feel the entire confidence I do, that we shall
triumph over this iniquitous combination, I cannot feel gloom. I leave
this feeling to the PANDIES, who have sacrificed honour and existence to
the ghost of a delusion."—_H. Greathed, Letters during the Siege of
Delhi_, 99.

" "We had not long to wait before the line of guns, howitzers, and
mortar carts, chiefly drawn by elephants, soon hove in sight.... Poor
PANDY, what a pounding was in store for you!..."—_Bourchier, Eight
Months' Campaign against the Bengal Sepoy Army_, 47.

PANGARA, PANGAIA, s. From the quotations, a kind of boat used on the E. coast of Africa. [Pyrard de Laval (i. 53, Hak. Soc.) speaks of a "kind of raft called a PANGUAYE," on which Mr. Gray comments: "As Rivara points out, Pyrard mistakes the use of the word _panguaye_, or, as the Portuguese write it, _pangaio_, which was a small sailing canoe.... Rivara says the word is still used in Portuguese India and Africa for a two-masted barge with lateen sails. It is mentioned in Lancaster's _Voyages_ (Hak. Soc. pp. 5, 6, and 26), where it is described as being like a barge with one mat sail of coco-nut leaves. 'The barge is sowed together with the rindes of trees and pinned with wooden pinnes.' See also _Alb. Comm._ Hak. Soc. iii. p. 60, note; and Dr. Burnell's note to Linschoten, Hak. Soc. i. p. 32, where it appears that the word is used as early as 1505, in Dom Manoel's letter."]

[1513.—PANDEJADA and PANGUAGADA are used for a sort of boat near Malacca
in D'Andrade's Letter to Alboquerque of 22 Feby.; and we have "a
PANDEJADA laden with supplies and arms" in India Office MS., _Corpo
Chronologico_, vol. i.]

1591.—"... divers PANGARAS or boates, which are pinned with wooden
pinnes, and sowed together with Palmito cordes."—_Barker_, in _Hakluyt_,
ii. 588.

1598.—"In this fortresse of Sofala the Captaine of _Mossambique_ hath a
Factor, and twice or thrice every yere he sendeth certaine boats called
PANGAIOS, which saile along the shore to fetch gold, and bring it to
_Mossambique_. These PANGAIOS are made of light planks, and sowed
together with cords, without any nailes."—_Linschoten_, ch. 4; [Hak. Soc.
i. 32].

1616.—"Each of these bars, of Quilimane, Cumama, and Luabo, allows of the
entrance of vessels of 100 tons, viz., galeots and PANGAIOS, loaded with
cloth and provisions; and when they enter the river they discharge cargo
into other light and very long boats called ALMADIAS...."—_Bocarro,
Decada_, 534.

[1766.—"Their larger boats, called PANGUAYS, are raised some feet from
the sides with reeds and branches of trees, well bound together with
small-cord, and afterwards made water-proof, with a kind of bitumen, or
resinous substance."—_Grose_, 2nd ed. ii. 13.]

PANGOLIN, s. This book-name for the _Manis_ is Malay _Pangūlang_, 'the creature that rolls itself up.' [Scott says: "The Malay word is _peng-goling_, transcribed also _peng-guling_; Katingan _pengiling_. It means 'roller,' or, more literally, 'roll up.' The word is formed from _goling_, 'roll, wrap,' with the denominative prefix _pe-_, which takes before _g_ the form _peng_." Mr. Skeat remarks that the modern Malay form is _teng-giling_ or _senggiling_, but the latter seems to be used, not for the _Manis_, but for a kind of centipede which rolls itself up. "The word PANGOLIN, to judge by its form, should be derived from _guling_, which means to 'roll over and over.' The word _pangguling_ or _pengguling_ in the required sense of _Manis_, does not exist in standard Malay. The word was either derived from some out-of-the-way dialect, or was due to some misunderstanding on the part of the Europeans who first adopted it." Its use in English begins with Pennant (_Synopsis of Quadrupeds_, 1771, p. 329). Adam Burt gives a dissection of the animal in _Asiat. Res._ ii. 353 _seqq._] It is the _Manis pentedactyla_ of Linn.; called in Hind. _bajrkīt_ (_i.e._ Skt. _vajra-kiṭa_ 'adamant reptile'). We have sometimes thought that the Manis might have been the creature which was shown as a gold-digging ant (see _Busbeck_ below); was not this also the creature that Bertrandon de la Brocquière met with in the desert of Gaza? When pursued, "it began to cry like a cat at the approach of a dog. Pierre de la Vaudrei struck it on the back with the point of his sword, but it did no harm, from being covered with scales like a sturgeon." A.D. 1432. (_T. Wright's Early Travels in Palestine_, p. 290) (Bohn). It is remarkable to find the statement that these ants were found in the possession of the King of Persia recurring in Herodotus and in Busbeck, with an interval of nearly 2000 years! We see that the suggestion of the Manis being the gold-digging ant has been anticipated by Mr. Blakesley in his _Herodotus_. ["It is now understood that the gold-digging ants were neither, as ancients supposed, an extraordinary kind of real ants, nor, as many learned men have since supposed, large animals mistaken for ants, but Tibetan miners who, like their descendants of the present day, preferred working their mines in winter when the frozen soil stands well and is not likely to trouble them by falling in. The Sanskrit word _pipilika_ denotes both an ant and a particular kind of gold" (_McCrindle, Ancient India, its Invasion by Alexander the Great_, p. 341 _seq._]

c. B.C. 445.—"Here in this desert, there live amid the sand great ants,
in size somewhat less than dogs, but bigger than foxes. The Persian King
has a number of them, which have been caught by the hunters in the land
whereof we are speaking...."—_Herod._ iii. 102 (_Rawlinson's_ tr.).

1562.—Among presents to the G. Turk from the King of Persia: "in his
inusitati generis animantes, qualem memini dictum fuisse allatam
_formicam Indicam_ mediocris canis magnitudine, mordacem admodum et
saevam."—_Busbequii Opera, Elzev._, 1633, p. 343.

PANICALE, s. This is mentioned by Bluteau (vi. 223) as an Indian disease, a swelling of the feet. _Câle_ is here probably the Tamil _kāl_, 'leg.' [_Ānaikkāl_ is the Tamil name for what is commonly called COCHIN LEG.]

PANIKAR, PANYCA, &c., s. Malayāl. _paṇikan_, 'a fencing-master, a teacher' [Mal. _paṇi_, 'work,' _karan_, 'doer']; but at present it more usually means 'an astrologer.'

1518.—"And there are very skilful men who teach this art (fencing), and
they are called PANICARS."—_Barbosa_, 128.

1553.—"And when (the Naire) comes to the age of 7 years he is obliged to
go to the fencing-school, the master of which (whom they call PANICAL)
they regard as a father, on account of the instruction he gives
them."—_Barros_, I. ix. 3.

1554.—"To the PANICAL (in the Factory at Cochin) 300 _reis_ a month,
which are for the year 3600 _reis_."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 24.

1556.—"... aho Rei arma caualleiro ho PANICA q̃ ho ensinou."—_D. de Goes,
Chron._ 51.

1583.—"The maisters which teach them, be graduats in the weapons which
they teach, and they bee called in their language PANYCAES."—_Castañeda_
(by N. L.), f. 36_v_.

1599.—"L'Archidiacre pour assurer sa personne fit appeller quelques-uns
des principaux Maitres d'Armes de sa Nation. On appelle ces Gens-là
PANICALS.... Ils sont extremement redoutez."—_La Croze_, 101.

1604.—"The deceased PANICAL had engaged in his pay many Nayres, with
obligation to die for him."—_Guerrero, Relacion_, 90.

1606.—"PANIQUAIS is the name by which the same Malauares call their
masters of fence."—_Gouvea_, f. 28.

1644.—"To the cost of a PENICAL and 4 Nayres who serve the factory in the
conveyance of the pepper on rafts for the year 12,960 res."—_Bocarro,
MS._ 316.

PANTHAY, PANTHÉ, s. This is the name applied of late years in Burma, and in intelligence coming from the side of Burma, to the Mahommedans of Yunnan, who established a brief independence at Talifu, between 1867 and 1873. The origin of the name is exceedingly obscure. It is not, as Mr. Baber assures us, used or known in Yunnan itself (_i.e._ by the _Chinese_). It must be remarked that the usual Burmese name for a Mahommedan is _Pathí_, and one would have been inclined to suppose _Panthé_ to be a form of the same; as indeed we see that Gen. Fytche has stated it to be (_Burma, Past and Present_, ii. 297-8). But Sir Arthur Phayre, a high authority, in a note with which he has favoured us, observes: "PANTHÉ, I believe, comes from a Chinese word signifying 'native or indigenous.' It is quite a modern name in Burma, and is applied exclusively to the Chinese Mahommedans who come with caravans from Yunnan. I am not aware that they can be distinguished from other Chinese caravan traders, except that they _do not bring hams for sale_ as the others do. In dress and appearance, as well as in drinking samshu (see SAMSHOO) and gambling, they are like the others. The word _Pa-thi_ again is the old Burmese word for 'Mahommedan.' It is applied to all Mahommedans other than the Chinese _Panthé_. It is in no way connected with the latter word, but is, I believe, a corruption of _Pārsī_ or _Fārsī_, _i.e._ Persian." He adds:—"The Burmese call their own indigenous Mahommedans '_Pathi-Kulà_,' and Hindus '_Hindu-Kulà_,' when they wish to distinguish between the two" (see KULA). The last suggestion is highly probable, and greatly to be preferred to that of M. Jacquet, who supposed that the word might be taken from _Pasei_ in Sumatra, which was during part of the later Middle Ages a kind of metropolis of Islam, in the Eastern Seas.[205]

We may mention two possible origins for _Panthé_, as indicating lines for enquiry:—

A. The title _Pathí_ (or _Passí_, for the former is only the Burmese lisping utterance) is very old. In the remarkable Chinese Account of Camboja, dating from the year 1296, which has been translated by Abel-Rémusat, there is a notice of a sect in Camboja called _Pa-sse_. The author identifies them in a passing way, with the _Tao-sse_, but that is a term which Fah-hian also in India uses in a vague way, apparently quite inapplicable to the Chinese sect properly so called. These _Pa-sse_, the Chinese writer says, "wear a red or white cloth on their heads, like the head-dress of Tartar women, but not so high. They have edifices or towers, monasteries, and temples, but not to be compared for magnitude with those of the Buddhists.... In their temples there are no images ... they are allowed to cover their towers and their buildings with tiles. The _Pa-sse_ never eat with a stranger to their sect, and do not allow themselves to be seen eating; they drink no wine," &c. (_Rémusat, Nouv. Mél. As._, i. 112). We cannot be quite sure that this applies to Mahommedans, but it is on the whole probable that the name is the same as the _Pathi_ of the Burmese, and has the same application. Now the people from whom the Burmese were likely to adopt a name for the Yunnan Mahommedans are the Shans, belonging to the great Siamese race, who occupy the intermediate country. The question occurs:—Is _Panthé_ a _Shan_ term for Mahommedan? If so, is it not probably only a dialectic variation of the _Passe_ of Camboja, the _Pathí_ of Burma, but entering Burma from a new quarter, and with its identity thus disguised? (Cushing, in his _Shan Dict._ gives _Pasī_ for Mahommedan. We do not find _Panthé_). There would be many analogies to such a course of things.

["The name Panthay is a purely Burmese word, and has been adopted by us
from them. The Shan word Pang-hse is identical, and gives us no help to
the origin of the term. Among themselves and to the Chinese they are
known as Hui-hui or Hui-tzu (Mahomedans)."—_J. G. Scott, Gazetteer Upper
Burma_, I. i. 606.]

B. We find it stated in Lieut. Garnier's narrative of his great expedition to Yunnan that there is a hybrid Chinese race occupying part of the plain of Tali-fu, who are called _Pen-ti_ (see _Garnier, Voy. d'Expl._ i. 518). This name again, it has been suggested, may possibly have to do with _Panthé_. But we find that _Pen-ti_ ('root-soil') is a generic expression used in various parts of S. China for 'aborigines'; it could hardly then have been applied to the Mahommedans.

PANWELL, n.p. This town on the mainland opposite Bombay was in pre-railway times a usual landing-place on the way to Poona, and the English form of the name must have struck many besides ourselves. [Hamilton (_Descr._ ii. 151) says it stands on the river _Pan_, whence perhaps the name]. We do not know the correct form; but this one has substantially come down to us from the Portuguese: _e.g._

1644.—"This Island of Caranja is quite near, almost frontier-place, to
six cities of the Moors of the Kingdom of the Melique, viz. _Carnallî_,
_Drugo_, _Pene_, _Sabayo_, _Abitta_, and PANOEL."—_Bocarro, MS._ f. 227.

1804.—"_P.S._ Tell Mrs. Waring that notwithstanding the debate at dinner,
and her recommendation, we propose to go to Bombay, by PANWELL, and in
the balloon!"—_Wellington_, from "Candolla," March 8.

PAPAYA, PAPAW, s. This word seems to be from America like the insipid, not to say nasty, fruit which it denotes (_Carica papaya_, L.). A quotation below indicates that it came by way of the Philippines and Malacca. [The Malay name, according to Mr. Skeat, is _betik_, which comes from the same Ar. form as PATECA, though _papaya_ and _kapaya_ have been introduced by Europeans.] Though of little esteem, and though the tree's peculiar quality of rendering fresh meat tender which is familiar in the W. Indies, is little known or taken advantage of, the tree is found in gardens and compounds all over India, as far north as Delhi. In the N.W. Provinces it is called by the native gardeners _aranḍ-kharbūza_, 'castor-oil-tree-melon,' no doubt from the superficial resemblance of its foliage to that of the _Palma Christi_. According to Moodeen Sheriff it has a Perso-Arabic name _'anbah-i-Hindī_; in Canarese it is called _P'arangi-haṇṇu_ or _-mara_ ('Frank or Portuguese fruit, tree'). The name _papaya_ according to Oviedo as quoted by Littré ("_Oviedo_, t. l. p. 333, Madrid, 1851,"—we cannot find it in _Ramusio_) was that used in Cuba, whilst the Carib name was _ababai_.[206] [Mr. J. Platt, referring to his article in 9th Ser. _Notes & Queries_, iv. 515, writes: "Malay _papaya_, like the Accra term _kpakpa_, is a European loan word. The evidence for Carib origin is, firstly, Oviedo's _Historia_, 1535 (in the ed. of 1851, vol. i. 323): 'Del arbol que en esta isla Española llaman _papaya_, y en la tierra firme los llaman los Españoles los higos del mastuerço, y en la provincia de Nicaragua llaman a tal arbol _olocoton_.' Secondly, Breton, _Dictionnaire Caraibe_, has: '_Ababai_, papayer.' Gilij, _Saggio_, 1782, iii. 146 (quoted in _N. & Q._, _u.s._), says the Otamic word is _pappai_."] Strange liberties are taken with the spelling. Mr. Robinson (below) calls it _popeya_; Sir L. Pelly (_J.R.G.S._ xxxv. 232), _poppoi_ (ὦ πόποι!). PAPAYA is applied in the Philippines to Europeans who, by long residence, have fallen into native ways and ideas.

c. 1550.—"There is also a sort of fruit resembling figs, called by the
natives PAPAIE ... peculiar to this kingdom" (Peru).—_Girol. Benzoni_,
242.

1598.—"There is also a fruite that came out of the Spanish Indies,
brought from beyond ye _Philipinas_ or _Lusons_ to _Malacca_, and frõ
thence to _India_, it is called PAPAIOS, and is very like a _Mellon_ ...
and will not grow, but alwaies two together, that is male and female ...
and when they are diuided and set apart one from the other, then they
yield no fruite at all.... This fruite at the first for the strangeness
thereof was much esteemed, but now they account not of it."—_Linschoten_,
97; [Hak. Soc. ii. 35].

c. 1630.—"... PAPPAES, Cocoes, and Plantains, all sweet and
delicious...."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed. 1665, p. 350.

c. 1635.—

"The Palma Christi and the fair PAPAW
Now but a seed (preventing Nature's Law)
In half the circle of the hasty year,
Project a shade, and lovely fruits do wear."
_Waller, Battle of the Summer Islands._

1658.—"Utraque Pinoguaçu (mas. et fœmina), Mamoeira Lusitanis dicta,
vulgò PAPAY, cujus fructum _Mamam_ vocant a figura, quia mammae instar
pendet in arbore ... carne lutea instar melonum, sed sapore
ignobiliori...."—_Gul. Pisonis ... de Indiae utriusque Re Naturali et
Medicâ_, Libri xiv. 159-160.

1673.—"Here the flourishing PAPAW (in Taste like our Melons, and as big,
but growing on a Tree leaf'd like our Fig-tree...."—_Fryer_, 19.

1705.—"Il y a aussi des ananas, des PAPÉES...."—_Luillier_, 33.

1764.—

"Thy temples shaded by the tremulous palm,
Or quick PAPAW, whose top is necklaced round
With numerous rows of particoloured fruit."
_Grainger, Sugar Cane_, iv.

[1773.—"PAW PAW. This tree rises to 20 feet, sometimes single, at other
times it is divided into several bodies."—_Ives_, 480.]

1878.—"... the rank POPEYAS clustering beneath their coronal of stately
leaves."—_Ph. Robinson, In My Indian Garden_, 50.

PAPUA, n.p. This name, which is now applied generically to the chief race of the island of New Guinea and resembling tribes, and sometimes (improperly) to the great island itself, is a Malay word _papuwah_, or sometimes _puwah-puwah_, meaning 'frizzle-haired,' and was applied by the Malays to the people in question.

1528.—"And as the wind fell at night the vessel was carried in among the
islands, where there are strong currents, and got into the Sea of the
Strait of Magalhães,[207] where he encountered a great storm, so that but
for God's mercy they had all been lost, and so they were driven on till
they made the land of the PAPUAS, and then the east winds began to blow
so that they could not sail to the Moluccas till May 1527. And with their
stay in these lands much people got ill and many died, so that they came
to Molucca much shattered."—_Correa_, iii. 173-174.

1553.—(Referring to the same history.) "Thence he went off to make the
islands of a certain people called PAPUAS, whom many on account of this
visit of Don Jorge (de Menezes) call the Islands of Don Jorge, which lie
east of the Moluccas some 200 leagues...."—_Barros_, IV. i. 6.