Chapter LVIII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (55)

"Behold of Asabón the Head, now hight
MOSANDAM, by the men who plough the Main:
Here lies the Gulf whose long and lake-like Bight,
parts Araby from fertile Persia's plain."

The fact that the poet copies the misprint or mistake of Barros in
_Asaboro_, shows how he made use of that historian.

1673.—"On the one side St. Jaques (see JASK) his Headland, on the other
that of MUSSENDOWN appeared, and afore Sunset we entered the Straights
Mouth."—_Fryer_, 221.

1727.—"The same Chain of rocky Mountains continue as high as Zear, above
Cape MUSENDEN, which Cape and Cape Jaques begin the Gulf of Persia."—_A.
Hamilton_, i. 71; [ed. 1744, i. 73].

1777.—"At the mouth of the Strait of MOCANDON, which leads into the
Persian gulph, lies the island of GOMBROON" (?)—_Raynal_, tr. 1777, i.
86.

[1808.—"MUSSELDOM is a still stronger instance of the perversion of
words. The genuine name of this head-land is _Mama Selemeh_, who was a
female saint of Arabia, and lived on the spot or in its
neighbourhood."—_Morier, Journey through Persia_, p. 6.]

MUSSOOLA, MUSSOOLAH, BOAT, s. The surf boat used on the Coromandel Coast; of capacious size, and formed of planks sewn together with coir-twine; the open joints being made good with a caulking or wadding of twisted coir. The origin of the word is very obscure. Leyden thought it was derived from "_masoula_ ... the Mahratta term for fish" (_Morton's Life of Leyden_, 64). As a matter of fact the Mahr. word for fish is _māsolī_, Konk. _măsūlī_. This etymology is substantially adopted by Bp. Heber (see below); [and by the compiler of the _Madras Gloss._, who gives Tel. _māsūla_, Hind. _machhlī_]. But it may be that the word is some Arabic sea-term not in the dictionaries. Indeed, if the term used by C. Federici (below) be not a clerical error, it suggests a possible etymology from the Ar. _masad_, 'the fibrous bark of the palm-tree, a rope made of it.' Another suggestion is from the Ar. _mauṣūl_, 'joined,' as opposed to 'dug-out,' or canoes; or possibly it may be from _maḥsūl_, 'tax,' if these boats were subject to a tax. Lastly it is possible that the name may be connected with MASULIPATAM (q.v.), where similar boats would seem to have been in use (see _Fryer_, 26). But these are conjectures. The quotation from Gasparo Balbi gives a good account of the handling of these boats, but applies no name to them.

c. 1560.—"Spaventosa cosa'è chi nõ ha più visto, l'imbarcare e sbarcar le
mercantie e le persone a San Tomè ... adoperano certe barchette fatte
aposta molto alte e larghe, ch'essi chiamano MASUDI, e sono fatte con
tauole sottili, e con corde sottili cusite insieme vna tauola con
l'altre," &c. (there follows a very correct description of their
use).—_C. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 391.

c. 1580.—"... where (Negapatam) they cannot land anything but in the
MAÇULES of the same country."—_Primor e Honra_, &c., f. 93.

c. 1582.—"... There is always a heavy sea there (San Thomé), from swell
or storm; so the merchandise and passengers are transported from
shipboard to the town by certain boats which are sewn with fine cords,
and when they approach the beach, where the sea breaks with great
violence, they wait till the perilous wave has past, and then, in the
interval between one wave and the next, those boatmen pull with great
force, and so run ashore; and being there overtaken by the waves they are
carried still further up the beach. And the boats do not break, because
they give to the wave, and because the beach is covered with sand, and
the boats stand upright on their bottoms."—_G. Balbi_, f. 89.

1673.—"I went ashore in a MUSSOOLA, a Boat wherein ten Men paddle, the
two aftermost of whom are Steersmen, using their Paddles instead of a
Rudder. The Boat is not strengthened with Knee-Timbers, as ours are; the
bended Planks are sowed together with Rope-Yarn of the Cocoe, and calked
with _Dammar_ (see DAMMER) (a sort of Resin taken out of the Sea), so
artificially that it yields to every ambitious Surf."—_Fryer_, 37.

[1677.—"MESULLAS." See MUCOA.]

1678.—"Three Englishmen drowned by upsetting of a MUSSOOLA boat. The
fourth on board saved with the help of the _Muckwas_" (see MUCOA).—_Ft.
St. Geo. Consn._, Aug. 13. _Notes and Exts._, No. i. p. 78.

1679.—"A MUSSOOLEE being overturned, although it was very smooth water
and no surf, and one Englishman being drowned, a Dutchman being with
difficulty recovered, the Boatmen were seized and put in prison, one
escaping."—_Ibid._ July 14. In No. ii. p. 16.

[1683.—"This Evening about seven a Clock a MUSSULA coming ashoar ... was
oversett in the Surf and all four drowned."—_Pringle, Diary, Ft. St.
Geo._ 1st ser. ii. 54.]

1685.—"This morning two MUSOOLAS and two _Cattamarans_ came off to ye
Shippe."—_Hedges, Diary_, Feb. 3; [Hak. Soc. i. 182].

1760.—"As soon as the yawls and pinnaces reached the surf they dropped
their graplings, and cast off the MASOOLAS, which immediately rowed
ashore, and landed the troops."—_Orme_, iii. 617.

1762.—"No European boat can land, but the natives make use of a boat of a
particular construction called a MAUSOLO," &c.—_MS. Letter of James
Rennell_, April 1.

[1773.—"... the governor ... sent also four MOSSULAS, or country boats,
to accommodate him...."—_Ives_, 182.]

1783.—"The want of MASSOOLA boats (built expressly for crossing the surf)
will be severely felt."—In _Life of Colebrooke_, 9.

1826.—"The MASULI-boats (which first word is merely a corruption of
'muchli,' fish) have been often described, and except that they are sewed
together with coco-nut twine, instead of being fastened with nails, they
very much resemble the high, deep, charcoal boats ... on the
Ganges."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, ii. 174.

1879.—"Madras has no harbour; nothing but a long open beach, on which the
surf dashes with tremendous violence. Unlucky passengers were not landed
there in the ordinary sense of the term, but were thrown violently on the
shore, from springy and elastic MASULAH boats, and were occasionally
carried off by sharks, if the said boats chanced to be upset in the
rollers."—_Saty. Review_, Sept. 20.

MUSSUCK, s. The leathern water-bag, consisting of the entire skin of a large goat, stript of the hair and dressed, which is carried by a _bhishtī_ (see BHEESTY). Hind. _mashak_, Skt. _maśaka_.

[1610.—"MUSSOCKE." See under RUPEE.

[1751.—"7 hands of MUSUK" (probably meaning _Bhistis_).—In _Yule, Hedges'
Diary_, Hak. Soc. II. xi.]

1842.—"Might it not be worth while to try the experiment of having
'MUSSUCKS' made of waterproof cloth in England?"—_Sir G. Arthur_, in
_Ind. Adm. of Lord Ellenborough_, 220.

MUSSULMAN, adj. and s. Mahommedan. _Muslim_, 'resigning' or 'submitting' (_sc._ oneself to God), is the name given by Mahommed to the Faithful. The Persian plural of this is _Muslimân_, which appears to have been adopted as a singular, and the word _Muslimān_ or _Musalmān_ thus formed. [Others explain it as either from Ar. pl. _Muslimīn_, or from _Muslim-mān_, 'like a Muslim,' the former of which is adopted by Platts as most probable.]

1246.—"Intravimus terram BISERMINORUM. Isti homines linguam Comanicam
loquebantur, et adhuc loquuntur; sed legem Sarracenorum tenent."—_Plano
Carpini_, in _Rec. de Voyages_, &c. iv. 750.

c. 1540.—"... disse por tres vezes, _Lah, hilah, hilah, lah Muhamed roçol
halah, o_ MASSOLEYMOENS _e homes justos da santa ley de
Mafamede_."—_Pinto_, ch. lix.

1559.—"Although each horde (of Tartars) has its proper name, _e.g._
particularly the horde of the Savolhensians ... and many others, which
are in truth Mahometans; yet do they hold it for a grievous insult and
reproach to be called and styled _Turks_; they wish to be styled
BESERMANI, and by this name the Turks also desire to be
styled."—_Herberstein_, in _Ramusio_, ii. f. 171.

[1568.—"I have noted here before that if any Christian will become a
BUSORMAN, ... and be a Mahumetan of their religion, they give him any
gifts ..."—_A. Edward_, in _Hakl._ i. 442.]

c. 1580.—"Tutti sopradetti Tartari seguitano la fede de' Turchi et alla
Turchesca credono, ma si tẽgono a gran vergogna, e molto si corrociano
l'esser detti Turchi, secondo che all'incontro godono d'esser BESURMANI,
cioè gẽte eletta, chiamati."—_Descrittione della Sarmatia Evropea_ del
magn. caval. _Aless. Gvagnino, in Ramusio_, ii. Pt. ii. f. 72.

1619.—"... i MUSULMANI, cioè i salvati: che cosa pazzamente si chiamano
fra di loro i maomettani."—_P. della Valle_, i. 794.

" "The precepts of the MOSLEMANS are first, circumcision
..."—_Gabriel Sionita_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1504.

1653.—"... son infanterie d'Indistannis MANSULMANS, ou Indiens de la
secte des Sonnis."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, 233.

1673.—"Yet here are a sort of bold, lusty, and most an end, drunken
Beggars of the MUSSLEMEN Cast, that if they see a Christian in good
clothes, mounted on a stately horse ... are presently upon their
Punctilio's with God Almighty, and interrogate him, Why he suffers him to
go a Foot, and in Rags, and this _Coffery_ (see CAFFER) (Unbeliever) to
vaunt it thus?"—_Fryer_, 91.

1788.—"We escape an ambiguous termination by adopting _Moslem_ instead of
MUSULMAN in the plural number."—_Gibbon_, pref. to vol. iv.

MUST, adj. Pers. _mast_, 'drunk.' It is applied in Persia also, and in India specially, to male animals, such as elephants and camels, in a state of periodical excitement.

[1882.—"Fits of MUST differ in duration in different animals (elephants);
in some they last for a few weeks, in others for even four or five
months."—_Sanderson, Thirteen Years_, 3rd ed., 59.]

MUSTEES, MESTIZ, &c., s. A HALF-CASTE. A corruption of the Port. _mestiço_, having the same meaning; "a mixling; applied to human beings and animals born of a father and mother of different species, like a mule" (_Bluteau_); French, _métis_ and _métif_.

1546.—"The Governor in honour of this great action (the victory at Diu)
ordered that all the MESTIÇOS who were in Dio should be inscribed in the
Book, and that pay and subsistence should be assigned to them,—subject to
the King's confirmation. For a regulation had been sent to India that no
MESTIÇO of India should be given pay or subsistence: for, as it was laid
down, it was their duty to serve for nothing, seeing that they had their
houses and heritages in the country, and being on their native soil were
bound to defend it."—_Correa_, iv. 580.

1552.—"... the sight of whom as soon as they came, caused immediately to
gather about them a number of the natives, Moors in belief, and Negroes
with curly hair in appearance, and some of them only swarthy, as being
MISTIÇOS."—_Barros_, I. ii. 1.

1586.—"... che se sono nati qua di donne indiane, gli domandano
MESTIZI."—_Sassetti_, in _De Gubernatis_, 188.

1588.—"... an Interpretour ... which was a MESTIZO, that is halfe an
Indian, and halfe a Portugall."—_Candish_, in _Hakl._ iv. 337.

c. 1610.—"Le Capitaine et les Marchands estoient MESTIFS, les autres
Indiens Christianisez."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 165; [Hak. Soc. i. 78; also
see i. 240]. This author has also MÉTIFS (ii. 10; [Hak. Soc. i. 373]),
and again: "... qu'ils appellent METICES, c'est à dire METIFS, meslez"
(ii. 23; [Hak. Soc. ii. 38]).

" "Ie vy vne moustre generalle de tous les Habitans portans armes,
tant Portugais que METICES et Indiens, et se trouuerent environ
4000."—_Moquet_, 352.

[1615.—"A MESTISO came to demand passage in our junck."—_Cocks's Diary_,
Hak. Soc. i. 216.]

1653.—(At Goa) "Les MESTISSOS sont de plusieurs sortes, mais fort
mesprisez des REINOLS et Castissos (see CASTEES), parce qu'il y a eu vn
peu de sang noir dans la generation de leurs ancestres ... la tache
d'auoir eu pour ancestre une Indienne leur demeure iusques à la centiesme
generation: ils peuuent toutesfois estre soldats et Capitaines de
forteresses ou de vaisseaux, s'ils font profession de suiure les armes,
et s'ils se iettent du costé de l'Eglise ils peuuent estre Lecteurs, mais
non Prouinciaux."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 226.

c. 1665.—"And, in a word, _Bengale_ is a country abounding in all things;
and 'tis for this very reason that so many _Portuguese_, MESTICKS, and
other Christians are fled thither."—_Bernier_, E.T. 140; [ed.
_Constable_, 438].

[1673.—"Beyond the Outworks live a few Portugals MUSTEROES or
MISTERADOES."—_Fryer_, 57.]

1678.—"Noe Roman Catholick or Papist, whether English or of any other
nation shall bear office in this Garrison, and shall have no more pay
than 80 FANAMS per mensem, as private centinalls, and the pay of those of
the Portuguez nation, as Europeans, MUSTEESES, and TOPASEES, is from 70
to 40 FANAMS per mensem."—_Articles and Orders ... of Ft. St. Geo._,
Madraspatam. In _Notes and Exts._, i. 88.

1699.—"Wives of Freemen, MUSTEES."—Census of Company's Servants on the
Coast, in _Wheeler_, i. 356.

1727.—"A poor Seaman had got a pretty MUSTICE Wife."—_A. Hamilton_, ii.
10; [ed. 1744, ii. 8].

1781.—"Eloped from the service of his Mistress a Slave Boy aged 20 years,
or thereabouts, pretty white or colour of MUSTY, tall and
slinder."—_Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, Feb. 24.

1799.—"August 13th.... Visited by appointment ... Mrs. Carey, the last
survivor of those unfortunate persons who were imprisoned in the Black
Hole of Calcutta.... This lady, now fifty-eight years of age, as she
herself told me, is ... of a fair MESTICIA colour.... She confirmed all
which Mr. Holwell has said...."—_Note by_ Thomas Boileau (an attorney in
Calcutta, the father of Major-Generals John Theophilus and A. H. E.
Boileau, R.E. (Bengal)), quoted in _Echoes of Old Calcutta_, 34.

1834.—"You don't know these Baboos.... Most of them now-a-days have their
MISTEESA _Beebees_, and their Moosulmaunees, and not a few their _Gora_
Beebees likewise."—_The Baboo_, &c., 167-168.

1868.—"These MESTIZAS, as they are termed, are the native Indians of the
Philippines, whose blood has to a great extent perhaps been mingled with
that of their Spanish rulers. They are a very exclusive people ... and
have their own places of amusement ... and MESTIZA balls, to which no one
is admitted who does not don the costume of the country."—_Collingwood,
Rambles of a Naturalist_, p. 296.

MUSTER, s. A pattern, or a sample. From Port. _mostra_ (Span. _muestra_, Ital. _mostra_). The word is current in China, as well as India. See _Wells Williams's Guide_, 237.

c. 1444.—"Vierão as nossas Galés por commissão sua com algunas AMOSTRAS
de açucar da Madeira, de Sangue de Drago, e de outras
cousas."—_Cadamosta, Navegação primeira_, 6.

1563.—"And they gave me a MOSTRA of _amomum_, which I brought to Goa, and
showed to the apothecaries here; and I compared it with the drawings of
the simples of Dioscorides."—_Garcia_, f. 15.

1601.—"MUSTERS and Shewes of Gold."—_Old Transl. of Galvano_, Hak. Soc.
p. 83.

1612.—"A Moore came aboord with a MUSTER of Cloves."—_Saris_, in
_Purchas_, i. 357.

[1612-13.—"MUSTRAES." See under CORGE.]

1673.—"Merchants bringing and receiving MUSTERS."—_Fryer_, 84.

1702.—"... Packing Stuff, Packing Materials, MUSTERS."—Quinquepartite
Indenture, in _Charters of the E.I. Co._, 325.

1727.—"He advised me to send to the King ... that I designed to trade
with his Subjects ... which I did, and in twelve Days received an Answer
that I might, but desired me to send some person up with MUSTERS of all
my Goods."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 200; [ed. 1744].

c. 1760.—"He (the tailor) never measures you; he only asks _master for_
MUSTER, as he terms it, that is for a pattern."—_Ives_, 52.

1772.—"The Governor and Council of Bombay must be written to, to send
round MUSTERS of such kinds of silk, and silk piece-goods, of the
manufacture of Bengal, as will serve the market of Surat and
Bombay."—_Price's Travels_, i. 39.

[1846.—"The above MUSTER was referred to a party who has lately arrived
from ... England...."—_J. Agri. Hort. Soc._, in _Watt, Econ. Dict._ vi.
pt. ii. 601.]

MUTLUB, s. Hind. from Ar. _maṭlab_. The Ar. from _ṭalab_, 'he asked,' properly means a question, hence intention, wish, object, &c. In Anglo-Indian use it always means 'purpose, gist,' and the like. Illiterate natives by a common form of corruption turn the word into _matbal_. In the Punjab this occurs in printed books; and an adjective is formed, _matbalī_, 'opinionated,' and the like.

MUTT, MUTH, s. Skt. _maṭha_; a sort of convent where a celibate priest (or one making such profession) lives with disciples making the same profession, one of whom becomes his successor. Buildings of this kind are very common all over India, and some are endowed with large estates.

[1856.—"... a Gosaeen's MUT in the neighbourhood ..."—_Rās Mālā_, ed.
1878, p. 527.]

1874.—"The monastic Order is celibate, and in a great degree erratic and
mendicant, but has anchorage places and head-quarters in the
MATHS."—_Calc. Review_, cxvii. 212.

MUTTONGOSHT, s. (_i.e._ 'Mutton-flesh.') Anglo-Indian domestic Hind. for 'Mutton.'

MUTTONGYE, s. Sea-Hind. _matangai_, a (nautical) martingale; a corruption of the Eng. word.

MUTTRA, n.p. A very ancient and holy Hindu city on the Jumna, 30 miles above Agra. The name is _Mathura_, and it appears in _Ptolemy_ as Μόδουρα ἡ τῶν Θεῶν. The sanctity of the name has caused it to be applied in numerous new localities; see under MADURA. [Tavernier (ed. _Ball_, ii. 240) calls it MATURA, and Bernier (ed. _Constable_, 66), MATURAS.]

MUXADABAD, n.p. Ar.—P. _Maḳṣūdābād_, a name that often occurs in books of the 18th century. It pertains to the same city that has latterly been called _Murshidābād_, the capital of the Nawābs of Bengal since the beginning of the 18th century. The town _Maḳṣūdābād_ is stated by Tiefenthaler to have been founded by Akbar. The Governor of Bengal, Murshid Ḳulī Khān (also called in English histories Jafier Khan), moved the seat of Government hither in 1704, and gave the place his own name. It is written _Muxudavad_ in the early English records down to 1760 (_Sir W. W. Hunter_).

[c. 1670.—"MADESOU BAZARKI," in _Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, i. 132.]

1684.—"Dec. 26.—In ye morning I went to give Bulchund a visit according
to his invitation, who rose up and embraced me when I came near him,
enquired of my health and bid me welcome to MUXOODAVAD...."—_Hedges,
Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 59.

1703-4.—"The first act of the Nuwab, on his return to Bengal, was to
change the name of the city of MAKHSOOSABAD to Moorshudabad; and by
establishing in it the mint, and by erecting a palace ... to render it
the capital of the Province."—_Stewart, H. of Bengal_, 309.

1726.—"MOXADABATH."—_Valentijn, Chorom._, &c., 147.

1727.—"MUXADABAUD is but 12 miles from it (Cossimbazar), a Place of much
greater Antiquity, and the Mogul has a Mint there; but the ancient name
of _Muxadabaud_ has been changed for Rajahmal, for above a Century."—_A.
Hamilton_, ii. 20; [ed. 1744]. (There is great confusion in this.)

1751.—"I have heard that Ram Kissen Seat, who lives in Calcutta, has
carried goods to that place without paying the MUXIDAVAD Syre (see SAYER)
Chowkey duties. I am greatly surprised, and send a Chubdar to bring him,
and desire you will be speedy in delivering him over."—Letter from _Nawab
Allyverdi Caun_ to the Prest. of Council, dated MUXIDAVAD, May 20.

1753.—"En omettant quelques lieux de moindre considération, je m'arrête
d'abord à MOCSUDABAD. Ce nom signifie ville de la monnoie. Et en effet
c'est là où se frappe celle du pays; et un grand fauxbourg de cette
ville, appelé _Azingonge_, est la résidence du Nabab, qui gouverne le
Bengale presque souverainement."—_D'Anville_, 63.

1756.—"The Nabob, irritated by the disappointment of his expectations of
immense wealth, ordered Mr. Holwell and the two other prisoners to be
sent to MUXADAVAD."—_Orme_, iii. 79.

1782.—"You demand an account of the East Indies, the Mogul's dominions
and MUXADABAD.... I imagine when you made the above requisition that you
did it with a view rather to try my knowledge than to increase your own,
for your great skill in geography would point out to you that MUXADABAD
is as far from Madras, as Constantinople is from Glasgow."—_T. Munro_ to
his brother William, in _Life_, &c. iii. 41.

1884.—It is alleged in a passage introduced in Mrs. C. Mackenzie's
interesting memoir of her husband, _Storms and Sunshine of a Soldier's
Life_, that "Admiral Watson used to sail up in his ships to
Moorshedabad." But there is no ground for this statement. So far as I can
trace, it does not appear that the Admiral's flag-ship ever went above
Chandernagore, and the largest of the vessels sent to Hoogly even was the
_Bridgewater_ of 20 guns. No vessel of the fleet appears to have gone
higher.

MUZBEE, s. The name of a class of Sikhs originally of low caste, vulg. _mazbī_, apparently _maẓhabī_ from Ar. _maẓhab_, 'religious belief.' Cunningham indeed says that the name was applied to Sikh converts from Mahommedanism (_History_, p. 379). But this is not the usual application now. ["When the sweepers have adopted the Sikh faith they are known as MAZHABIS.... When the _Chuhra_ is circumcised and becomes a Musulman, he is known as a _Musalli_ or a _Kotána_" (_Maclagan, Panjab Census Rep._, 1891, p. 202).] The original corps of MUZBEES, now represented by the 32nd Bengal N.I. (Pioneers) was raised among the men labouring on the Baree Doab Canal.

1858.—"On the 19th June (1857) I advocated, in the search for new
Military classes, the raising of a corps of MUZZUBEES.... The idea was
ultimately carried out, and improved by making them pioneers."—_Letter
from Col. H. B. Edwardes_ to _R. Montgomery, Esq._, March 23.

" "To the same destination (Delhi) was sent a strong corps of
MUZHUBEE (low-caste) Sikhs, numbering 1200 men, to serve as
pioneers."—_Letter from R. Temple, Secretary to Punjab Govt._, dd.
_Lahore_, May 25, 1858.

MYDAN, MEIDAUN, s. Hind. from Pers. _maidān_. An open space, an esplanade, parade-ground or green, in or adjoining a town; a _piazza_ (in the Italian sense); any open plain with grass on it; a _chaugān_ (see CHICANE) ground; a battle-field. In Ar., usually, a hippodrome or race-course.

c. 1330.—"But the brethren were meanwhile brought out to the MEDAN,
_i.e._, the piazza of the City, where an exceeding great fire had been
kindled. And Friar Thomas went forward to cast himself into the fire, but
as he did so a certain Saracen caught him by the hood...."—_Friar
Odoric_, in _Cathay_, 63.

1618.—"When it is the hour of complines, or a little later to speak
exactly, it is the time for the promenade, and every one goes on
horseback to the MEIDAN, which is always kept clean, watered by a number
of men whose business this is, who water it carrying the water in skins
slung over the shoulder, and usually well shaded and very cool."—_P.
della Valle_, i. 707.

c. 1665.—"Celui (Quervansera) des Étrangers est bien plus spacieux que
l'autre et est quarré, et tous deux font face au MEIDAN."—_Thevenot_, v.
214.

1670.—"Before this house is a great square MEIDAN or promenade, planted
on all sides with great trees, standing in rows."—_Andriesz_, 35.

1673.—"The MIDAN, or open Space before the Caun's Palace, is an Oblong
and Stately Piatzo, with real not belied Cloisters."—_Fryer_, 249.

1828.—"All this was done with as much coolness and precision, as if he
had been at exercise upon the MAIDAUN."—_The Kuzzilbash_, i. 223.

[1859.—"A 24-pound howitzer, hoisted on to the maintop of the Shannon,
looked menacingly over the MAIDAN (at Calcutta) ..."—_Oliphant, Narrative
of Ld. Elgin's Mission_, i. 60.

MYNA, MINA, &c. s. Hind. _mainā_. A name applied to several birds of the family of starlings. The common _myna_ is the _Acridotheres tristis_ of Linn.; the southern Hill-Myna is the _Gracula_, also _Eulabes religiosa_ of Linn.; the Northern Hill-Myna, _Eulabes intermedia_ of Hay (see _Jerdon's Birds_, ii. Pt. i. 325, 337, 339). Of both the first and last it may be said that they are among the most teachable of imitative birds, articulating words with great distinctness, and without Polly's nasal tone. We have heard a wild one (probably the first), on a tree in a field, spontaneously echoing the very peculiar call of the black partridge from an adjoining jungle, with unmistakable truth. There is a curious description in Aelian (_De Nat. An._ xvi. 2) of an Indian talking bird which we thought at one time to be the _Myna_; but it seems to be nearer the SHĀMĀ, and under that head the quotation will be found. [Mr. M‘Crindle (_Invasion of India_, 186) is in favour of the _Myna_.]

[1590.—"The MYNAH is twice the size of the _Shárak_, with glossy black
plumage, but with the bill, wattles and tail coverts yellow. It imitates
the human voice and speaks with great distinctness."—_Āīn_, ed.
_Jarrett_, iii. 121.]

1631.—Jac. Bontius describes a kind of MYNA in Java, which he calls
_Pica, seu potius Sturnus Indicus_. "The owner, an old Mussulman woman,
only lent it to the author to be drawn, after great persuasion, and on a
stipulation that the beloved bird should get no swine's flesh to eat. And
when he had promised accordingly, the _avis pessima_ immediately began to
chaunt: _Orang Nasarani catjor macan babi!_ i.e. 'Dog of a Christian,
eater of swine!'"—Lib. v. cap. 14, p. 67.

[1664.—"In the Duke's chamber there is a bird, given him by Mr. Pierce,
the surgeon, comes from the East Indys, black the greatest part, with the
finest collar of white about the neck; but talks many things and neyes
like the horse, and other things, the best almost that ever I heard bird
in my life."—_Pepys, Diary_, April 25. Prof. Newton in Mr. Wheatley's ed.
(iv. 118) is inclined to identify this with the Myna, and notes that one
of the earliest figures of the bird is by Eleazar Albin (_Nat. Hist. of
Birds_, ii. pl. 38) in 1738.

[1703.—"Among singing birds that which in Bengall is called the MINAW is
the only one that comes within my knowledge."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_,
Hak. Soc. ii. cccxxxiv.]

1803.—"During the whole of our stay two MINAHS were talking almost
incessantly, to the great delight of the old lady, who often laughed at
what they said, and praised their talents. Her hookah filled up the
interval."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 227-8.

1813.—"The MYNEH is a very entertaining bird, hopping about the house,
and articulating several words in the manner of the starling."—_Forbes,
Or. Mem._ i. 47; [2nd ed. i. 32.]

1817.—"Of all birds the _chiong_ (MINER) is the most highly
prized."—_Raffles, Java_, i. 260.

1875.—"A talking MINA in a cage, and a rat-trap, completed the adornments
of the veranda."—_The Dilemma_, ch. xii.

1878.—"The MYNA has no wit.... His only way of catching a worm is to lay
hold of its tail and pull it out of its hole,—generally breaking it in
the middle and losing the bigger half."—_Ph. Robinson, In My Indian
Garden_, 28.

1879.—"So the dog went to a MAINÁ, and said: 'What shall I do to hurt
this cat!'"—_Miss Stokes, Indian Fairy Tales_, 18.

"

"... beneath
Striped squirrels raced, the MYNAS perked and picked.
The NINE BROWN SISTERS chattered in the thorn ..."
_E. Arnold, The Light of Asia_, Book i.

See SEVEN SISTERS in Gloss. Mr. Arnold makes too many!

MYROBALAN, s. A name applied to certain dried fruits and kernels of astringent flavour, but of several species, and not even all belonging to the same Natural Order, which were from an early date exported from India, and had a high reputation in the medieval pharmacopoeia. This they appear (some of them) to retain in native Indian medicine; though they seem to have disappeared from English use and have no place in Hanbury and Flückiger's great work, the _Pharmacographia_. They are still, to some extent, imported into England, but for use in tanning and dyeing, not in pharmacy.

It is not quite clear how the term _myrobalan_, in this sense, came into use. For the people of India do not seem to have any single name denoting these fruits or drugs as a group; nor do the Arabic dictionaries afford one either (but see further on). Μυροβάλανος is spoken of by some ancient authors, _e.g._ Aristotle, Dioscorides and Pliny, but it was applied by them to one or more fruits[179] entirely unconnected with the subjects of this article. This name had probably been preserved in the laboratories, and was applied by some early translator of the Arabic writers on Materia Medica to these Indian products. Though we have said that (so far as we can discover) the dictionaries afford no word with the comprehensive sense of _Myrobalan_, it is probable that the physicians had such a word, and Garcia de Orta, who is trustworthy, says explicitly that the Arab practitioners whom he had consulted applied to the whole class the name _delegi_, a word which we cannot identify, unless it originated in a clerical error for _alelegi_, i.e. _ihlīlaj_. The last word may perhaps be taken as covering all myrobalans; for according to the Glossary to Rhazes at Leyden (quoted by Dozy, _Suppt._ i. 43) it applies to the _Kābulī_, the _yellow_, and the _black_ (or Indian), whilst the _Emblic_ is also called _Ihlīlaj amlaj_.

In the Kashmīr Customs Tariff (in _Punjab Trade Report_, ccxcvi.) we have entries of

"_Hulela_ (Myrobalan).
_Bulela_ (Bellerick ditto).
_Amla_ (Emblica Phyllanthus)."

The kinds recognised in the Medieval pharmacopoeia were five, viz.:—

(1) The _Emblic myrobalan_; which is the dried astringent fruit of the _Ānwulā_, _ānwlā_ of Hind., the _Emblica officinalis_ of Gaertner (_Phyllanthus Emblica_, L., N. O. _Euphorbiaceae_). The Persian name of this is _āmlah_, but, as the Arabic _amlaj_ suggests, probably in older Persian _amlag_, and hence no doubt _Emblica_. Garcia says it was called by the Arab physicians _embelgi_ (which we should write _ambaljī_).

(2) The _Belleric Myrobalan_; the fruit of _Terminalia Bellerica_, Roxb. (N.O. _Combretaceae_), consisting of a small nut enclosed in a thin exterior rind. The Arabic name given in Ibn Baithar is _balīlij_; in the old Latin version of Avicenna _belilegi_; and in Persian it is called _balīl_ and _balīla_. Garcia says the Arab physicians called it _beleregi_ (_balīrij_, and in old Persian probably _balīrig_) which accounts for _Bellerica_.

(3) The _Chebulic Myrobalan_; the fruit of _Terminalia Chebula_, Roxb. The derivation of this name which we have given under CHEBULI is confirmed by the Persian name, which is _Halīla-i-Kābulī_. It can hardly have been a product of Kabul, but may have been imported into Persia by that route, whence the name, as calicoes got their name from Calicut. Garcia says these myrobalans were called by his Arabs _quebulgi_. Ibn Baithar calls them _halīlaj_, and many of the authorities whom he quotes specify them as _Kābulī_.

(4) and (5). The _Black Myrobalan_, otherwise called '_Indian_,' and the _Yellow_ or _Citrine_. These, according to Royle (_Essay on Antiq. of Hindoo Medicine_, pp. 36-37), were both products of _T. Chebula_ in different states; but this does not seem quite certain. Further varieties were sometimes recognised, and _nine_ are said to be specified in a paper in an early vol. of the _Philos. Transactions_.[180] One kind called _Ṣīnī_ or Chinese, is mentioned by one of the authorities of Ibn Baithar, quoted below, and is referred to by Garcia.

The virtues of Myrobalans are said to be extolled by Charaka, the oldest of the Sanskrit writers on Medicine. Some of the Arabian and Medieval Greek authors, referred to by Royle, also speak of a combination of different kinds of Myrobalan called _Tryphera_ or _Tryphala_; a fact of great interest. For this is the _triphala_ ('Three-fruits') of Hindu medicine, which appears in _Amarakosha_ (c. A.D. 500), as well as in a prescription of Susruta, the disciple of Charaka, and which is still, it would seem, familiar to the native Indian practitioners. It is, according to Royle, a combination of the black, yellow and _Chebulic_; but Garcia, who calls it _tinepala_ (_tīn-phal_ in Hind. = 'Three-fruits'), seems to imply that it consisted of the three kinds known in Goa, viz. _citrine_ (or yellow), the _Indian_ (or black), and the _belleric_. [_Watt, Econ. Dict._ vi. pt. iv. 32 _seqq._] The _emblic_, he says, were not used in medicine there, only in tanning, like sumach. The Myrobalans imported in the Middle Ages seem often to have been preserved (in syrup?).

c. B.C. 340.—"διότι ἡ γέννησις τοῦ καρποῦ ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ ἐστὶ χωρὶς
γλυκύτητος. Τῶν μυραβαλάνων δὲ δένδρων ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ, ὅταν φανῶσιν, οἱ
καρποί εἰσι γλυκεῖς· κοινῶς δὲ εἰσι στρυφνοὶ καὶ ἐν τῇ κράσει αὐτῶν
πικροὶ..."—_Aristoteles, De Plantis_, ii. 10.

c. A.D. 60.—"φοῖνιξ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ γίνεται· τρυγᾶται δε μετοπωρούσης τῆς κατὰ
τὴν ὀπώραν ἀκμῆς, παρεμφέρων τῇ Ἀραβικῇ μυροβαλάνῳ, πόμα δὲ
λέγεται."—_Dioscorides, de Mat. Medica_, i. cxlviii.

c. A.D. 70.—"MYROBALANUM Troglodytis et Thebaidi et Arabiae quae Iudaeam
ab Aegypto disterminat commune est, nascens unguento, ut ipso nomine
apparet, quo item indicatur et glandem esse. Arbor est heliotropio ...
simili folio, fructus magnitudine abellanae nucis," &c.—_Pliny_, xii. 21
(46).

c. 540.—A prescription of Aëtius of Amida, which will be found
transcribed under ZEDOARY, includes MYROBALAN among a large number of
ingredients, chiefly of Oriental origin; and one doubts whether the word
may not here be used in the later sense.

c. 1343.—"Preserved MIRABOLANS (_mirabolani conditi_) should be big and
black, and the envelope over the nut tender to the tooth; and the bigger
and blacker and tenderer to the tooth (like candied walnuts), the better
they are.... Some people say that in India they are candied when unripe
(_acerbe_), just as we candy[181] the unripe tender walnuts, and that
when they are candied in this way they have no nut within, but are all
through tender like our walnut-comfits. But if this is really done,
anyhow none reach us except those with a nut inside, and often very hard
nuts too. They should be kept in brown earthen pots glazed, in a syrop
made of _cassia fistula_[182] and honey or sugar; and they should remain
always in the syrop, for they form a moist preserve and are not fit to
use dry."—_Pegolotti_, p. 377.

c. 1343.—(At Alexandria) "_are sold by the ten_ mans (_mene_, see MAUND),
... amomum, MIROBALANS of every kind, camphor, castor...."—_Ibid._ 57.

1487.—"... Vasi grandi di confectione, MIROBOLANI e gengiovo."—_Letter_
on presents sent by the Sultan to L. de' Medici, in _Roscoe's Lorenzo_,
ed. 1825, ii. 372.

1505.—(In Calicut) "li nasce MIRABOLANI, emblici e chebali, li quali
valeno ducati do' el _baar_ (see BAHAR.)"—_Lionardo Ca' Masser_, p. 27.

1552.—"La campagne de Iericho est entournée de mõtaignes de tous costez:
poignant laquelle, et du costé de midy est la mer morte.... Les arbres
qui portent le Licion, naissent en ceste plaine, et aussi les arbres qui
portent les MYROBALANS _Citrins_, du noyau desquels les habitants font de
l'huille."[183]—_P. Belon, Observations_, ed. 1554, f. 144.

1560.—"Mais pource que le Ben, que les Grecz appellent Balanus Myrepsica,
m'a fait souvenir des MYRABOLANS des Arabes, dont y en a cinq especes: et
que d'ailleurs, on en vse ordinairement en Medecine, encores que les
anciens Grecz n'en ayent fait aucune mention: il m'a semblé bon d'en
toucher mot: car i'eusse fait grand tort à ces Commentaires de les priuer
d'vn fruict si requis en Medecine. Il y a donques cinq especes de
MYRABOLANS."—_Matthioli, Com. on Dioscorides_, old Fr. Tr. p. 394.

1610.—

"_Kastril._ How know you?

_Subtle._ By inspection on her forehead;
And subtlety of lips, which must be tasted
Often, to make a judgment.

[_Kisses her again._]

'Slight, she melts
Like a MYRABOLANE."—_The Alchemist_, iv. 1.

[c. 1665.—"Among other fruits, they preserve (in Bengal) large citrons
... small MIROBOLANS, which are excellent...."—_Bernier_, ed.
_Constable_, 438.]

1672.—"Speaking of the _Glans Unguentaria_, otherwise call'd _Balanus
Mirepsica_ or _Ben Arabum_, a very rare Tree, yielding a most fragrant
and highly esteem'd Oyl; he is very particular in describing the
extraordinary care he used in cultivating such as were sent to him in
Holland."—_Notice of a Work by Abraham Munting, M.D._, in _Philosoph.
Trans._ ix. 249.

MYSORE, n.p. Tam. _Maisūr_, Can. _Maisūru_. The city which was the capital of the Hindu kingdom, taking its name, and which last was founded in 1610 by a local chief on the decay of the Vijayanagar (see BISNAGAR, NARSINGA) dynasty. C. P. Brown gives the etym. as _Maisi-ūr_, _Maisi_ being the name of a local goddess like Pomona or Flora; _ūr_, 'town, village.' It is however usually said to be a corruption of _Mahish-āsura_, the buffalo demon slain by the goddess Durga or Kali. [Rice (_Mysore_, i. 1) gives Can. _Maisa_, from Skt. _Mahisha_, and _ūru_, 'town.']

[1696.—"Nabob Zulphecar Cawn is gone into the MIZORE country after the
Mahratta army...."—Letter in _Wilks, Hist. Sketches_, Madras reprint, i.
60.]

MYSORE THORN. The _Caesalpinia sepiaria_, Roxb. It is armed with short, sharp, recurved prickles; and is much used as a fence in the Deccan. Hyder Ali planted it round his strongholds in Mysore, and hence it is often called "Hyder's Thorn," _Haidar kā jhār_.

[1857.—"What may be termed the underwood consisted of MILK BUSHES,
PRICKLY PEARS, MYSORE THORN, intermingled in wild confusion...."—_Lady
Falkland, Chow-chow_, 2nd ed. i. 300.]

N

NABÓB, s. Port. _Nabâbo_, and Fr. _Nabab_, from Hind. _Nawāb_, which is the Ar. pl. of sing. _Nāyab_ (see NAIB), 'a deputy,' and was applied in a singular sense[184] to a delegate of the supreme chief, viz. to a Viceroy or chief Governor under the Great Mogul, _e.g._ the _Nawāb_ of Surat, the _Nawāb_ of Oudh, the _Nawāb_ of Arcot, the _Nawāb Nāzim_ of Bengal. From this use it became a title of rank without necessarily having any office attached. It is now a title occasionally conferred, like a peerage, on Mahommedan gentlemen of distinction and good service, as _Rāī_ and _Rājā_ are upon Hindus.

_Nabob_ is used in two ways: (A) simply as a corruption and representative of _Nawāb_. We get it direct from the Port. _nabâbo_, see quotation from Bluteau below. (B) It began to be applied in the 18th century, when the transactions of Clive made the epithet familiar in England, to Anglo-Indians who returned with fortunes from the East; and Foote's play of 'The NABOB' (_Nábob_) (1768) aided in giving general currency to the word in this sense.

A.—

1604.—"... delante del NAUABO que es justicia mayor."—_Guerrero,
Relacion_, 70.

1615.—"There was as NABABO in Surat a certain Persian Mahommedan (_Mouro
Parsio_) called Mocarre Bethião, who had come to Goa in the time of the
Viceroy Ruy Lourenço de Tavora, and who being treated with much
familiarity and kindness by the Portuguese ... came to confess that it
could not but be that truth was with their Law...."—_Bocarro_, p. 354.

1616.—"Catechumeni ergo parentes viros aliquot inducunt honestos et
assessores NAUABI, id est, judicis supremi, cui consiliarii erant, uti et
Proregi, ut libellum famosum adversus Pinnerum spargerent."—_Jarric,
Thesaurus_, iii. 378.

1652.—"The NAHAB[185] was sitting, according to the custom of the
Country, barefoot, like one of our Taylors, with a great number of Papers
sticking between his Toes, and others between the Fingers of his left
hand, which Papers he drew sometimes from between his Toes, sometimes
from between his Fingers, and order'd what answers should be given to
every one."—_Tavernier_, E. T. ii. 99; [ed. _Ball_, i. 291].

1653.—"... il prend la qualité de NABAB qui vault autant à dire que
monseigneur."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_ (ed. 1657), 142.

1666.—"The ill-dealing of the NAHAB proceeded from a scurvy trick that
was play'd me by three Canary-birds at the Great Mogul's Court. The story
whereof was thus in short ..."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 57; [ed. _Ball_, i.
134].

1673.—"Gaining by these steps a nearer intimacy with the NABOB, he cut
the new Business out every day."—_Fryer_, 183.

1675.—"But when we were purposing next day to depart, there came letters
out of the Moorish Camp from the NABAB, the field-marshal of the Great
Mogul...."—_Heiden Vervaarlijke Schíp-Breuk_, 52.

1682.—"... Ray Nundelall ye NÁBABS _Duan_, who gave me a most courteous
reception, rising up and taking of me by ye hands, and ye like at my
departure, which I am informed is a greater favour than he has ever shown
to any _Franke_...."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct. 27; [Hak. Soc. i. 42]. Hedges
writes _Nabob_, _Nabab_, _Navab_, _Navob_.

1716.—"NABÂBO. Termo do Mogol. He o Titolo do Ministro que he
Cabeca."—_Bluteau_, s.v.

1727.—"A few years ago, the NABOB or Vice-Roy of _Chormondel_, who
resides at _Chickakal_, and who superintends that Country for the Mogul,
for some Disgust he had received from the Inhabitants of Diu Islands,
would have made a Present of them to the Colony of Fort St. George."—_A.
Hamilton_, i. 374; [ed. 1744].

1742.—"We have had a great man called the NABOB (who is the next person
in dignity to the Great Mogul) to visit the Governor.... His lady, with
all her women attendance, came the night before him. All the guns fired
round the fort upon her arrival, as well as upon his; _he_ and _she_ are
MOORS, whose women are never seen by any man upon earth except their
husbands."—Letter from Madras in _Mrs. Delany's Life_, ii. 169.

1743.—"Every governor of a fort, and every commander of a district had
assumed the title of NABOB ... one day after having received the homage
of several of these little lords, Nizam ul muluck said that he had that
day seen no less than eighteen NABOBS in the Carnatic."—_Orme_, Reprint,
Bk. i. 51.

1752.—"Agreed ... that a present should be made the NOBAB that might
prove satisfactory."—In _Long_, 33.

1773.—

"And though my years have passed in this hard duty,
No Benefit acquired—no NABOB'S booty."
Epilogue at Fort Marlborough, by _W. Marsden_, in _Mem._ 9.

1787.—

"Of armaments by flood and field;
Of NABOBS you have made to yield."
_Ritson_, in _Life and Letters_, i. 124.

1807.—"Some say that he is a Tailor who brought out a long bill against
some of Lord Wellesley's staff, and was in consequence provided for;
others say he was an adventurer, and sold knicknacks to the NABOB of
Oude."—_Sir T. Munro_, in _Life_, i. 371.

1809.—"I was surprised that I had heard nothing from the NAWAUB of the
Carnatic."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 381.

c. 1858.—

"Le vieux NABAB et la Begum d'Arkate."
_Leconte de Lisle_, ed. 1872, p. 156.

B.—

[1764.—"Mogul Pitt and NABOB Bute."—_Horace Walpole, Letters_, ed. 1857,
iv. 222 (_Stanf. Dict._).]

1773.—"I regretted the decay of respect for men of family, and that a
NABOB would not carry an election from them.

"JOHNSON: Why, sir, the NABOB will carry it by means of his wealth, in a
country where money is highly valued, as it must be where nothing can be
had without money; but if it comes to personal preference, the man of
family will always carry it."—_Boswell, Journal of a Tour to the
Hebrides_, under Aug. 25.

1777.—"In such a revolution ... it was impossible but that a number of
individuals should have acquired large property. They did acquire it; and
with it they seem to have obtained the detestation of their countrymen,
and the appellation of NABOBS as a term of reproach."—_Price's Tracts_,
i. 13.

1780.—"The Intrigues of a NABOB, or Bengal the Fittest Soil for the
Growth of Lust, Injustice, and Dishonesty. Dedicated to the Hon. the
Court of Directors of the East India Company. By Henry Fred. Thompson.
Printed for the Author." (A base book).

1783.—"The office given to a young man going to India is of trifling
consequence. But he that goes out an insignificant boy, in a few years
returns a great NABOB. Mr. Hastings says he has two hundred and fifty of
that kind of raw material, who expect to be speedily manufactured into
the merchantlike quality I mention."—_Burke, Speech on Fox's E.I. Bill_,
in _Works and Corr._, ed. 1852, iii. 506.

1787.—"The speakers for him (Hastings) were Burgess, who has completely
done for himself in one day; Nichols, a lawyer; Mr. Vansittart, a NABOB;
Alderman Le Mesurier, a smuggler from Jersey; ... and Dempster, who is
one of the good-natured candid men who connect themselves with every bad
man they can find."—_Ld. Minto_, in _Life_, &c., i. 126.

1848.—"'Isn't he very rich?' said Rebecca.

"'They say all Indian NABOBS are enormously rich.'"—_Vanity Fair_, ed.
1867, i. 17.

1872.—"Ce train de vie facile ... suffit à me faire décerner ... le
surnom de NABOB par les bourgeois et les visiteurs de la petite
ville."—_Rev. des Deux Mondes_, xcviii. 938.

1874.—"At that time (c. 1830) the Royal Society was very differently
composed from what it is now. Any wealthy or well-known person, any M.P.
... or East Indian NABOB, who wished to have F.R.S. added to his name,
was sure to obtain admittance."—_Geikie, Life of Murchison_, i. 197.

1878.—"... A Tunis?—interrompit le duc.... Alors pourquoi ce nom de
NABAB?—Bah! les Parisiens n'y regardent pas de si près. Pour eux tout
riche étranger est un NABAB, n'importe d'où il vienne."—_Le_ NABAB, par
_Alph. Daudet_, ch. i.

It is purism quite erroneously applied when we find NABOB in this sense miswritten _Nawab_; thus:

1878.—"These were days when India, little known still in the land that
rules it, was less known than it had been in the previous generation,
which had seen Warren Hastings impeached, and burghs[186] bought and sold
by Anglo-Indian NAWABS."—_Smith's Life of Dr John Wilson_, 30.

But there is no question of purism in the following delicious passage:

1878.—"If ... the spirited proprietor of the Daily Telegraph had been
informed that our aid of their friends the Turks would have taken the
form of a tax upon paper, and a concession of the Levis to act as
Commanders of Regiments of Bashi-Bozouks, with a request to the
Generalissimo to place them in as forward a position as NABOB was given
in the host of King David, the harp in Peterborough Court would not have
twanged long to the tune of a crusade in behalf of the Sultan of
Turkey."—_Truth_, April 11, p. 470. In this passage in which the wit is
equalled only by the scriptural knowledge, observe that _Nabob_ = Naboth,
and _Naboth_ = Uriah.

NACODA, NACODER, &c., s. Pers. _nā-khudā_ (_navis dominus_) 'a skipper'; the master of a native vessel. (Perhaps the original sense is rather the owner of the ship, going with it as his own supercargo.) It is hard to understand why Reinaud (_Relation_, ii. 42) calls this a "Malay word ... derived from the Persian," especially considering that he is dealing with a book of the 9th and 10th centuries. [Mr. Skeat notes that the word is sometimes, after the manner of _Hobson-Jobson_, corrupted by the Malays into _Anak kuda_, 'son of a horse.']

c. 916.—"Bientôt l'on ne garda pas même de ménagements pour les patrons
de navires (_nawākhuda_, pl. of NĀKHUDĀ) Arabes, et les maîtres de
batiments marchands furent en butte à des pretensions
injustes."—_Relation_, &c., i. 68.

c. 1348.—"The second day after our arrival at the port of Kailūkarī, this
princess invited the NĀKHODHA, or owner of the ship (_ṣāḥib-al-markab_),
the _karānī_ (see CRANNY) or clerk, the merchants, the chief people, the
_tandail_ (see TINDAL) or commander of the crew, the _sipasalār_ (see
SIPAHSELAR) or commander of the fighting men."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 250.

1502.—"But having been seen by our fleet, the caravels made for them, and
the Moors being laden could no longer escape. So they brought them to the
Captain General, and all struck sail, and from six of the _Zambucos_ (see
SAMBOOK) the NACODAS came to the Captain General."—_Correa_, i. 302.

1540.—"Whereupon he desired us that the three NECODAS of the Junks, so
are the commanders of them called in that country...."—_Pinto_, (orig.
cap. xxxv.) in _Cogan_, p. 42.

[c. 1590.—"In large ships there are twelve classes. 1. The NAKHUDA, or
owner of the ship. This word is evidently a short form of _Nāvkhudā_. He
fixes the course of the ship."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 280.]

1610.—"The sixth NOHUDA Melech Ambor, Captaine of a great ship of
_Dabull_ (see DABUL), came ashore with a great many of Merchants with
him, he with the rest were carried about the Towne in pompe."—_Sir H.
Middleton_, in _Purchas_, i. 260.

[1616.—"NOHODY Chinhonne's voyage for Syam was given over."—_Foster,
Letters_, iv. 187.]

1623.—"The China NOCHEDA hath too long deluded you through your owne
simplicitie to give creditt unto him."—_Council at Batavia, to Rich.
Cocks_, in his _Diary_, ii. 341.

1625.—Purchas has the word in many forms; NOKAYDAY, NAHODA, NOHUDA, &c.

1638.—"Their NOCKADO or India Pilot was stab'd in the Groyne twice."—In
_Hakl._ iv. 48.

1649.—"In addition to this a receipt must be exacted from the
NACHODAS."—Secret Instructions in _Baldaeus_ (Germ.), p. 6.

1758.—"Our _Chocarda_[187] (?) assured us they were rogues; but our
KNOCKATY or pilot told us he knew them."—_Ives_, 248. This word looks
like confusion, in the manner of the poet of the "Snark," between
_nākhuda_ and (Hind.) _arkātī_, "a pilot," [so called because many came
from ARCOT.]

[1822.—"The KNOCKADA was very attentive to Thoughtless and his
family...."—_Wallace, Fifteen Years in India_, 241.

[1831.—"The Roban (Ar. _rubbān_, 'the master of a ship') and NOCKADER
being afraid to keep at sea all night ..."—_Life and Adventures of
Nathaniel Pearce, written by himself_, ii. 303.]

1880.—"That a pamphlet should be printed, illustrated by diagrams, and
widely circulated, commends itself to the Government of India ... copies
being supplied to NAKHUDAS and tindals of native craft at small
cost."—_Resn. of Govt. of India_ as to Lights for Shipping, 28 Jan.

NAGA, n.p. The name applied to an extensive group of uncivilised clans of warlike and vindictive character in the eastern part of the hill country which divides Assam Proper (or the valley of the Brahmaputra) from Kachār and the basin of the Surma. A part of these hills was formed into a British district, now under Assam, in 1867, but a great body of the Nāga clans is still independent. The etymology of the name is disputed; some identifying it with the _Nāga_ or Snake Aborigines, who are so prominent in the legends and sculptures of the Buddhists. But it is, perhaps, more probable that the word is used in the sense of 'naked' (Skt. _nagna_, Hind. _nangā_, Beng. _nengṭā_, &c.), which, curiously enough, is that which Ptolemy attributes to the name, and which the spelling of Shihābuddīn also indicates. [The word is also used for a class of ascetics of the Dādupanthī sect, whose head-quarters are at Jaypur.]

c. A.D. 50.—"Καὶ μέχρι τοῦ Μαιάνδρου, ... Ναγγα λόγαι ὃ σημαίνει γυμνῶν
κόσμος."—_Ptol._ VII. ii. 18.

c. 1662.—"The Rájah had first intended to fly to the NÁGÁ Hills, but from
fear of our army the NÁGÁS[188] would not afford him an asylum. 'The
Nágás live in the southern mountains of Asám, have a light brown
complexion, are well built, but treacherous. In number they equal the
helpers of Yagog and Magog, and resemble in hardiness and physical
strength the 'Ádis (an ancient Arabian tribe). They go about naked like
beasts.... Some of their chiefs came to see the Nawáb. They wore dark
hip-clothes (_lung_), ornamented with cowries, and round about their
heads they wore a belt of boar's tusks, allowing their black hair to hang
down their neck.'"—_Shihábuddín Tálísh_, tr. by _Prof. Blochmann_, in _J.
As. Soc. Beng._, xli. Pt. i. p. 84. [See Plate xvi. of _Dalton's
Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal; Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xxvi. 161
_seqq._]

1883.—A correspondent of the "Indian Agriculturist" (Calcutta), of Sept.
1, dates from the Naga Hills, which he calls "NOGA, from _Nok_, not
_Naga_, ..." an assertion which one is not bound to accept. "One on the
Spot" is not bound to know the etymology of a name several thousand years
old.

[Of the ascetic class:

[1879.—"The NÁGÁS of Jaipur are a sect of militant devotees belonging to
the Dádú Panthi sect, who are enrolled in regiments to serve the State;
they are vowed to celibacy and to arms, and constitute a sort of military
order in the sect."—_Rajputana Gazetteer_, ii. 147.]

NAGAREE, s. Hind. from Skt. _nāgarī_. The proper Sanskrit character, meaning literally 'of the city'; and often called _deva-nāgarī_, 'the divine city character.'

[1623.—"An antique character ... us'd by the Brachmans, who in
distinction from other vulgar Characters ... call it NAGHERI."—_P. della
Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 75.

[1781.—"The Shanskrit alphabet ... is now called DIEWNĀGAR, or the
Language of Angels...."—_Halhed, Code_, Intro. xxiii.]

[c. 1805.—"As you sometimes see Mr. Wilkins, who was the inventor of
printing with Bengal and NAGREE types...."—Letter of _Colebrooke_, in
_Life_, 227.]

NAIB, s. Hind. from Ar. _nāyab_, a deputy; (see also under NABOB).

[c. 1610.—In the Maldives, "Of these are constituted thirteen provinces,
over each of which is a chief called a NAYBE."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak.
Soc. i. 198.]

1682.—"Before the expiration of this time we were overtaken by ye
_Caddie's_ NEIP, ye _Meerbar's_ (see MEARBAR) deputy, and ye Dutch
Director's _Vakill_ (see VAKEEL) (by the way it is observable ye Dutch
omit no opportunity to do us all the prejudice that lyes in their
power)."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct. 11; [Hak. Soc. i. 35].

1765.—"... this person was appointed NIAB, or deputy governor of
Orissa."—_Holwell, Hist. Events_, i. 53.

[1856.—"The NAIB gave me letters to the chiefs of several encampments,
charging them to provide me with horses."—_Ferrier, Caravan Journeys_,
237.]

NAIK, NAIQUE, &c. s. Hind. _nāyak_. A term which occurs in nearly all the vernacular languages; from Skt. _nāyaka_, 'a leader, chief, general.' The word is used in several applications among older writers (Portuguese) referring to the south and west of India, as meaning a native captain or headman of some sort (A). It is also a title of honour among Hindus in the Deccan (B). It is again the name of a Telugu caste, whence the general name of the Kings of Vijayanagara (A.D. 1325-1674), and of the Lords of Madura (1559-1741) and other places (C). But its common Anglo-Indian application is to the non-commissioned officer of Sepoys who corresponds to a corporal, and wears the double chevron of that rank (D).

(A)—

c. 1538.—"Mandou tambem hũ NAYQUE com vinti Abescins, que nos veio
guardando dos ladrões."—_Pinto_, ch. iv.

1548.—"With these four captains there are 12 NAIQUES, who receive as
follows—to wit, for 7 NAIQUES who have 37 pardaos and 1 tanga a year ...
11,160 reis. For Cidi NAIQUE, who has 30 pardaos, 4 tangas ... and
Madguar NAIQUE the same ... and Salgy NAIQUE 24 pardaos a year, and two
_nafares_ [Ar. _nafar_, 'servant'] who have 8 vintens a month, equal to
12 pardaos 4 tangas a year."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 215.

1553.—"To guard against these he established some people of the same
island of the Canarese Gentoos with their NAIQUES, who are the captains
of the footmen and of the horsemen."—_Barros_, Dec. II. Liv. v. cap. 4.