Chapter LXXXV: Act III: of 1873. Under that system the highest rank of native Judge was (4)

TANADAR, THANADAR, s. The chief of a police station (see TANA), Hind. _thānadār_. This word was adopted in a more military sense at an early date by the Portuguese, and is still in habitual use with us in the civil sense.

1516.—In a letter of 4th Feb. 1515 (_i.e._ 1516), the King Don Manoel
constitutes João Machado to be TANADAR and captain of land forces in
Goa.—_Archiv. Port. Orient._ fasc. 5, 1-3.

1519.—"Senhor Duarte Pereira; this is the manner in which you will
exercise your office of TANNADAR of this Isle of Tyçoari (_i.e._ Goa),
which the Senhor Capitão will now encharge you with."—_Ibid._ p. 35.

c. 1548.—"In Aguaci is a great mosque (_mizquita_), which is occupied by
the _tenadars_, but which belongs to His Highness; and certain _petayas_,
(yards?) in which _bate_ (PADDY) is collected, which also belong to His
Highness."—_Tombo_ in _Subsidios_, 216.

1602.—"So all the force went aboard of the light boats, and the Governor
in his bastard-galley entered the river with a grand clangour of music,
and when he was in mid-channel there came to his galley a boat, in which
was the TANADAR of the City (Dabul), and going aboard the galley
presented himself to the Governor with much humility, and begged pardon
of his offences...."—_Couto_, IV. i. 9.

[1813.—"The third in succession was a TANDAR, or petty officer of a
district...."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 5.]

TANGA, s. Mahr. _ṭānk_, Turki _tanga_. A denomination of coin which has been in use over a vast extent of territory, and has varied greatly in application. It is now chiefly used in Turkestan, where it is applied to a silver coin worth about 7½_d._ And Mr. W. Erskine has stated that the word _tanga_ or _tanka_ is of Chagatai Turki origin, being derived from _tang_, which in that language means 'white' (_H. of Baber and Humayun_, i. 546). Though one must hesitate in differing from one usually so accurate, we must do so here. He refers to Josafa Barbaro, who says this, viz. that certain silver coins are called by the Mingrelians _tetari_, by the Greeks _aspri_, by the Turks _akcha_, and by the Zagatais _tengh_, all of which words in the respective languages signify 'white.' We do not however find such a word in the dictionaries of either Vambéry or of Pavet de Courteille;—the latter only having _tangah_, 'fer-blanc.' And the obvious derivation is the Skt. _ṭaṅka_, 'a weight (of silver) equal to 4 _māshas_ ... a stamped coin.' The word in the forms _ṭakā_ (see TUCKA) and _ṭanga_ (for these are apparently identical in origin) is, "in all dialects, laxly used for money in general" (_Wilson_).

In the Lahore coinage of Mahmūd of Ghaznī, A.H. 418-419 (A.D. 1027-28), we find on the Skt. legend of the reverse the word _ṭanka_ in correspondence with the _dirham_ of the Ar. obverse (see _Thomas, Pathan Kings_, p. 49). _Ṭanka_ or _Ṭanga_ seems to have continued to be the popular name of the chief silver coin of the Delhi sovereigns during the 13th and first part of the 14th centuries, a coin which was substantially the same with the RUPEE (q.v.) of later days. In fact this application of the word in the form _ṭakā_ (see TUCKA) is usual in Bengal down to our own day. Ibn Batuta indeed, who was in India in the time of Mahommed Tughlak, 1333-1343 or thereabouts, always calls the gold coin then current a _tanka_ or _dīnār_ of gold. It was, as he repeatedly states, the equivalent of 10 silver _dīnārs_. These silver _dīnārs_ (or rupees) are called by the author of the _Masālik-al-Abṣār_ (c. 1340) the "silver _tanka_ of India." The gold and silver _tanka_ continue to be mentioned repeatedly in the history of Feroz Shāh, the son of Mahommed (1351-1388), and apparently with the same value as before. At a later period under Sikandar Buhlol (1488-1517), we find _black_ (or copper) _tankas_, of which 20 went to the old silver _tanka_.

We cannot say when the coin, or its name rather, first appeared in Turkestan.

But the name was also prevalent on the western coast of India as that of a low denomination of coin, as may be seen in the quotations from Linschoten and Grose. Indeed the name still survives in Goa as that of a copper coin equivalent to 60 _reis_ or about 2_d._ And in the 16th century also 60 _reis_ appears from the papers of Gerson da Cunha to have been the equivalent of the silver _tanga_ of Goa and Bassein, though all the equations that he gives suggest that the _rei_ may have been more valuable then.

The denomination is also found in Russia under the form DENGI. See a quotation under COPECK, and compare PARDAO.

c. 1335.—"According to what I have heard from the Shaikh Mubarak, the red
_lak_ (see LACK) contains 100,000 golden TANKAHS, and the white _lak_
100,000 (silver) TANKAHS. The golden TANKA, called in this country the
red _tanka_, is equivalent to three _mithḳāls_, and the silver TANKA is
equivalent to 8 _hashtkānī dirhams_, this _dirham_ being of the same
weight as the silver _dirham_ current in Egypt and
Syria."—_Masālik-al-abṣār_, in _Not. et Exts._ xiii. 211.

c. 1340.—"Then I returned home after sunset and found the money at my
house. There were 3 bags containing in all 6233 TANKAS, _i.e._ the
equivalent of the 55,000 dīnārs (of silver) which was the amount of my
debts, and of the 12,000 which the sultan had previously ordered to be
paid me, after of course deducting the tenth part according to Indian
custom. The value of the piece called TANKA is 2½ dīnārs in gold of
Barbary."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 426. (Here the gold TANGA is spoken of.)

c. 1370.—"Sultán Fíroz issued several varieties of coins. There was the
gold TANKA, and the silver TANKA," &c.—_Táríkh-i-Fíroz Sháhí_, in
_Elliot_, iii. 357.

1404.—"... vna sua moneda de plata que llaman TANGAES."—_Clavijo_, f.
46_b_.

1516.—"... a round coin like ours, and with Moorish letters on both
sides, and about the size of a _fanon_ (see FANAM) of Calicut, ... and
its worth 55 maravedis; they call these TANGA, and they are of very fine
silver."—_Barbosa_, 45.

[1519.—Rules regulating ferry-dues at Goa: "they may demand for this one
TAMGUA only."—_Archiv. Port. Orient._ fasc. 5, p. 18.]

c. 1541.—"Todar ... fixed first a golden _ashrafi_ (see ASHRAFEE) as the
enormous remuneration for one stone, which induced the _Ghakkars_ to
flock to him in such numbers that afterwards a stone was paid with a
rupee, and this pay gradually fell to 5 TANKAS, till the fortress
(Rōhtās) was completed."—_Táríkh-i-Khán-Jahán Lodí_, in _Elliot_, v. 115.
(These are the Bahlūlī or Sikandarī TANKAS of copper, as are also those
in the next quotation from _Elliot_.)

1559.—"The old Muscovite money is not round but oblong or egg-shaped, and
is called DENGA.... 100 of these coins make a Hungarian gold-piece; 6
DENGAS make an _altin_; 20 a _grifna_; 100 a _poltina_; and 200 a
_ruble_."—_Herberstein_, in _Ramusio_, ii. f. 158_v_.

[1571.—"Gujarati TANKCHAHS at 100 TANKCHAHS to the rupee. At the present
time the rupee is fixed at 40 dams.... As the current value of the
TANKCHAH of Pattan, etc., was less than that of
Gujarat."—_Mirat-i-Ahmadī_, in _Bayley, Gujarat_, pp. 6, 11.

[1591.—"DINGOES." See under RUBLE.]

1592-3.—"At the present time, namely, A.H. 1002, Hindustan contains 3200
towns, and upon each town are dependent 200, 500, 1000, or 1500 villages.
The whole yields a revenue of 640 _krors_ (see CRORE) _murádí_
TANKAS."—_Ṭabaḳāt-i-Akbarī_, in _Elliot_, v. 186.

1598.—"There is also a kinde of reckoning of money which is called
TANGAS, not that there is any such coined, but are so named onely in
telling, five TANGAS is one _Pardaw_ (see PARDAO), or XERAPHIN badde
money, for you must understande that in telling they have two kinds of
money, good and badde, for foure TANGAS good money are as much as five
TANGAS badde money."—_Linschoten_, ch. 35; [Hak. Soc. i. 241].

[c. 1610.—"The silver money of Goa is perdos, larins, TANGUES, the last
named worth 7 sols, 6 deniers a piece."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii.
69.]

1615.—"Their moneyes in Persia of silver, are the ... the rest of copper,
like the TANGAS and Pisos (see PICE) of India."—_Richard Steele_, in
_Purchas_, i. 543.

[c. 1630.—"There he expended fifty thousand Crow (see CRORE) of TACKS ...
sometimes twenty TACK make one Roopee."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed. 1677, p.
64.]

1673.—"TANGO." See under REAS.

[1638.—"Their (at Surat) ordinary way of accompting is by LACS, each of
which is worth 100,000 _ropias_ (see RUPEE), and 100 lacs make a _crou_,
or _carroa_ (see CRORE), and 10 _carroas_ make an _Areb_. A _Theil_ (see
TOLA, TAEL) of silver (? gold) makes 11, 12, or 13 _ropias_ ready money.
A _massa_ (_māshā_) and a half make a _Thiel_ of silver, 10 whereof make
a _Thiel_ of gold. They call their brass and copper-money
TACQUES."—_Mandelslo_, 107.]

c. 1750-60.—"Throughout Malabar and Goa, they use TANGAS, vintins, and
Pardoo (see PARDAO) XERAPHIN."—_Grose_, i. 283. The Goa TANGA was worth
60 _reis_, that of Ormus 62-34/43 to 69-33/43 _reis_.

[1753.—In Khiva "... TONGAS, a small piece of copper, of which 1500 are
equal to a ducat."—_Hanway_, i. 351.]

1815.—"... one TUNGAH ... a coin about the value of fivepence."—_Malcolm,
H. of Persia_, ii. 250.

[1876.—"... it seemed strange to me to find that the Russian word for
money, DENGA or DENGI, in the form TENGA, meant everywhere in Central
Asia a coin of twenty kopeks...."—_Schuyler, Turkistan_, i. 153.]

TANGUN, TANYAN, s. Hind. _ṭānghan_, _ṭāngan_; apparently from Tibetan _rTaṅāṅ_, the vernacular name of this kind of horse (_rTa_, 'horse'). The strong little pony of Bhutān and Tibet.

c. 1590.—"In the confines of Bengal, near Kuch [-Bahár], another kind of
horses occurs, which rank between the _gúṭ_ (see GOONT) and Turkish
horses, and are called TÁNG'HAN: they are strong and powerful."—_Āīn_, i.
133.

1774.—"2d. That for the possession of the Chitchanotta Province, the Deb
Raja shall pay an annual tribute of five TANGAN Horses to the Honorable
Company, which was the acknowledgment paid to the Deb Raja."—_Treaty of
Peace_ between the H.E.I.C. and the _Rajah of Bootan_, in _Aitchison's
Treaties_, i. 144.

" "We were provided with two TANGUN ponies of a mean appearance,
and were prejudiced against them unjustly. On better acquaintance they
turned out patient, sure-footed, and could climb the Monument."—_Bogle's
Narrative_, in _Markham_, 17.

1780.—"... had purchased 35 Jhawah or young elephants, of 8 or 9 years
old, 60 TANKUN, or ponies of Manilla and Pegu."—_H. of Hydur Naik_, 383.

" "... small horses brought from the mountains on the eastern side
of Bengal. These horses are called TANYANS, and are mostly
pyebald."—_Hodges, Travels_, 31.

1782.—"To be sold, a Phaeton, in good condition, with a pair of young
TANYAN Horses, well broke."—_India Gazette_, Oct. 26.

1793.—"As to the TANGUNS or TANYANS, so much esteemed in India for their
hardiness, they come entirely from the Upper Tibet, and notwithstanding
their make, are so sure footed that the people of Nepaul ride them
without fear over very steep mountains, and along the brink of the
deepest precipices."—_Kirkpatrick's Nepaul_, 135.

1854.—"These animals, called TANGHAN, are wonderfully strong and
enduring; they are never shod, and the hoof often cracks.... The Tibetans
give the foals of value messes of pig's blood and raw liver, which they
devour greedily, and it is said to strengthen them wonderfully; the
custom is, I believe, general in Central Asia."—_Hooker, Himalayan
Journals_, 1st ed. ii. 131.

TANJORE, n.p. A city and District of S. India; properly _Tañjāvūr_ ('Low Town'?), so written in the inscription on the great Tanjore Pagoda (11th century). [The _Madras Manual_ gives two derivations: "_Tañjāvūr_, familiarly called _Tañjai_ by the natives. It is more fully given as _Tañjai-mānagaram_, Tañjan's great city, after its founder. _Tañjam_ means 'refuge, shelter'" (ii. 216). The Gloss. gives _Tañjāvūr_, Tam. _tañjam_, 'asylum,' _ūr_, 'village.']

[1816.—"The TANJORE Pill, it is said, is made use of with great success
in India against the bite of mad dogs, and that of the most venemous
serpents."—_Asiatic Journal_, ii. 381.]

TANK, s. A reservoir, an artificial pond or lake, made either by excavation or by damming. This is one of those perplexing words which seem to have a double origin, in this case one Indian, the other European.

As regards what appears to be the Indian word, Shakespear gives: "_Tānk'h_ (in Guzerat), an underground reservoir for water." [And so Platts.] Wilson gives: "_Ṭánkeṇ_ or _ṭákeṇ_, Mahr. ... _Tánkh_ (said to be Guzeráthí). A reservoir of water, an artificial pond, commonly known to Europeans in India as a TANK. _Ṭánki_, Guz. A reservoir of water; a small well." R. Drummond, in his _Illustrations of Guzerattee_, &c., gives: "_Tanka_ (Mah.) and _Tankoo_ (Guz.) Reservoirs, constructed of stone or brick or lime, of larger and lesser size, generally inside houses.... They are almost entirely covered at top, having but a small aperture to let a pot or bucket down."... "In the towns of Bikaner," says Tod, "most families have large cisterns or reservoirs called _Tankas_, filled by the rains" (_Rajputana_, ii. 202). Again, speaking of towns in the desert of Márwár, he says: "they collect the rain water in reservoirs called _Tanka_, which they are obliged to use sparingly, as it is said to produce night blindness" (ii. 300). Again, Dr. Spilsbury (_J.A.S.B._ ix. pt. 2, 891), describing a journey in the Nerbudda Basin, cites the word, and notes: "I first heard this word used by a native in the Betool district; on asking him if at the top of Bowergurh there was any spring, he said No, but there was a _Tanka_ or place made of _pukka_ (stone and cement) for holding water." Once more, in an Appendix to the Report of the Survey of India for 1881-1882, Mr. G. A. MacGill, speaking of the rain cisterns in the driest part of Rajputana, says: "These cisterns or wells are called by the people _tánkás_" (_App._ p. 12). See also quotation below from a Report by Major Strahan. It is not easy to doubt the genuineness of the word, which may possibly be from Skt. _taḍaga_, _taṭāga_, _taṭāka_, 'a pond, pool, or tank.'

Fr. Paolino, on the other hand, says the word _tanque_ used by the Portuguese in India was _Portoghesa corrotta_, which is vague. But in fact _tanque_ is a word which appears in all Portuguese dictionaries, and which is used by authors so early after the opening of communication with India (we do not know if there is an instance actually earlier) that we can hardly conceive it to have been borrowed from an Indian language, nor indeed could it have been borrowed from Guzerat and Rajpūtāna, to which the quotations above ascribe the vernacular word. This Portuguese word best suits, and accounts for that application of _tank_ to large sheets of water which is habitual in India. The indigenous Guzerati and Mahratti word seems to belong rather to what we now call a _tank_ in England; _i.e._ a small reservoir for a house or ship. Indeed the Port. _tanque_ is no doubt a form of the Lat. _stagnum_, which gives It. _stagno_, Fr. old _estang_ and _estan_, mod. _étang_, Sp. _estanque_, a word which we have also in old English and in Lowland Scotch, thus:

1589.—"They had in them STANGES or pondes of water full of fish of
sundrie sortes."—_Parkes's Mendoza_, Hak. Soc. ii. 46.

c. 1785.—

"I never drank the Muses' STANK,
Castalia's burn and a' that;
But there it streams, and richly reams,
My Helicon I ca' that."—
_Burns._

It will be seen that Pyrard de Laval uses _estang_, as if specifically,
for the _tank_ of India.

1498.—"And many other saints were there painted on the walls of the
church, and these wore diadems, and their portraiture was in a divers
kind, for their teeth were so great that they stood an inch beyond the
mouth, and every saint had 4 or 5 arms, and below the church stood a
great TANQUE wrought in cut stone like many others that we had seen by
the way."—_Roteiro de Vasco da Gama_, 57.

" "So the Captain Major ordered Nicolas Coelho to go in an armed
boat, and see where the water was, and he found in the said island
(ANCHEDIVA) a building, a church of great ashlar work which had been
destroyed by the Moors, as the country people said, only the chapel had
been covered with straw, and they used to make their prayers to three
black stones which stood in the midst of the body of the chapel. Moreover
they found just beyond the church a TANQUE of wrought ashlar in which we
took as much water as we wanted; and at the top of the whole island stood
a great TANQUE of the depth of 4 fathoms, and moreover we found in front
of the church a beach where we careened the ship Berrio."—_Ibid._ 95.

1510.—"Early in the morning these Pagans go to wash at a TANK, which TANK
is a pond of still water (—_ad uno_ TANCHO _il qual_ TANCHO _è una fossa
d'acqua morta_)."—_Varthema_, 149.

" "Near to Calicut there is a temple in the midst of a TANK, that
is, in the middle of a pond of water."—_Ibid._ 175.

1553.—"In this place where the King (Bahádur Sháh) established his line
of battle, on one side there was a great river, and on the other a TANK
(_tanque_) of water, such as they are used to make in those parts. For as
there are few streams to collect the winter's waters, they make these
TANKS (which might be more properly called lakes), all lined with stone.
They are so big that many are more than a league in compass."—_Barros_,
IV. vi. 5.

c. 1610.—"Son logis estoit éloigné près d'vne lieuë du palais Royal,
situé sur vn ESTANG, et basty de pierres, ayant bien demy lieuë de tour,
comme rous les autres ESTANGS."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ed. 1679, i. 262;
[Hak. Soc. i. 367].

[1615.—"I rode early ... to the TANCKE to take the ayre."—_Sir T. Roe_,
Hak. Soc. i. 78.]

1616.—"Besides their Rivers ... they have many Ponds, which they call
TANKES."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1470.

1638.—"A very faire TANKE, which is a square pit paved with gray
marble."—_W. Bruton_, in _Hakl._ v. 50.

1648.—"... a standing water or TANCK...."—_Van Twist, Gen. Beschr._ 11.

1672.—"Outside and round about Suratte, there are elegant and delightful
houses for recreation, and stately cemeteries in the usual fashion of the
Moors, and also divers TANKS and reservoirs built of hard and solid
stone."—_Baldaeus_, p. 12.

1673.—"Within a square Court, to which a stately Gate-house makes a
Passage, in the middle whereof a TANK vaulted...."—_Fryer_, 27.

1754.—"The post in which the party intended to halt had formerly been one
of those reservoirs of water called TANKS, which occur so frequently in
the arid plains of this country."—_Orme_, i. 354.

1799.—"One crop under a TANK in Mysore or the Carnatic yields more than
three here."—_T. Munro_, in _Life_, i. 241.

1809.—

"Water so cool and clear,
The peasants drink not from the humble well.
* * * * *
Nor TANKS of costliest masonry dispense
To those in towns who dwell,
The work of kings in their beneficence."
_Kehama_, xiii. 6.

1883.—"... all through sheets[263] 124, 125, 126, and 131, the only
drinking water is from 'TANKAS,' or from '_tobs_.' The former are
circular pits puddled with clay, and covered in with wattle and daub
domes, in the top of which are small trap doors, which are kept locked;
in these the villages store rain-water; the latter are small and somewhat
deep ponds dug in the valleys where the soil is clayey, and are filled by
the rain; these latter of course do not last long, and then the
inhabitants are entirely dependent on their TANKAS, whilst their cattle
migrate to places where the well-water is fit for use."—_Report_ on Cent.
Ind. and Rajputana Topogr. Survey (Bickaneer and Jeysulmeer). By _Major
C. Strachan_, R.E., in _Report of the Survey in India_, 1882-83, App. p.
4. [The writer in the _Rajputana Gazetteer_ (Bikanir) (i. 182) calls
these covered pits _kund_, and the simple excavations _sār_.]

TANOR, n.p. An ancient town and port about 22 miles south of Calicut. There is a considerable probability that it was the _Tyndis_ of the Periplus. It was a small kingdom at the arrival of the Portuguese, in partial subjection to the Zamorin. [The name is Malayāl. _Tānūr_, _tanni_, the tree _Terminalis belerica_, _ūr_, village.]

1516.—"Further on ... are two places of Moors 5 leagues from one another.
One is called Paravanor, and the other TANOR, and inland from these towns
is a lord to whom they belong; and he has many Nairs, and sometimes he
rebels against the King of Calicut. In these towns there is much shipping
and trade, for these Moors are great merchants."—_Barbosa_, Hak. Soc.
153.

1521.—"Cotate was a great man among the Moors, very rich, and lord of
TANOR, who carried on a great sea-trade with many ships, which trafficked
all about the coast of India with passes from our Governors, for he only
dealt in wares of the country; and thus he was the greatest possible
friend of the Portuguese, and those who went to his dwelling were
entertained with the greatest honour, as if they had been his brothers.
In fact for this purpose he kept houses fitted up, and both cots and
bedsteads furnished in our fashion, with tables and chairs and casks of
wine, with which he regaled our people, giving them entertainments and
banquets, insomuch that it seemed as if he were going to become a
Christian...."—_Correa_, ii. 679.

1528.—"And in the year (A.H.) 935, a ship belonging to the Franks was
wrecked off TANOOR.... Now the Ray of that place affording aid to the
crew, the Zamorin sent a messenger to him demanding of him the surrender
of the Franks who composed it, together with such parts of the cargo of
the ship as had been saved, but that chieftain having refused compliance
with this demand, a treaty of peace was entered into with the Franks by
him; and from this time the subjects of the Ray of TANOOR traded under
the protection of the passes of the Franks."—_Tohfut-ul-Mujahideen_, E.T.
124-125.

1553.—"For Lopo Soares having arrived at Cochin after his victory over
the Çamorin, two days later the King of TANOR, the latter's vassal, sent
(to Lopo) to complain against the Çamorin by ambassadors, begging for
peace and help against him, having fallen out with him for reasons that
touched the service of the King of Portugal."—_Barros_, I. vii. 10.

1727.—"Four leagues more southerly is TANNORE, a Town of small Trade,
inhabited by Mahometans."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 322; [ed. 1744].

TAPPAUL, s. The word used in S. India for 'post,' in all the senses in which DAWK (q.v.) is used in Northern India. Its origin is obscure. C. P. Brown suggests connection with the Fr. _étape_ (which is the same originally as the Eng. _staple_). It is sometimes found in the end of the 18th century written _tappa_ or _tappy_. But this seems to have been derived from Telugu clerks, who sometimes write _tappā_ as a singular of _tappālu_, taking the latter for a plural (_C.P.B._). Wilson appears to give the word a southern origin. But though its use is confined to the South and West, Mr. Beames assigns to it an Aryan origin: "_ṭappā_ 'post-office,' _i.e._ place where letters are stamped, _ṭappāl_ 'letter-post' (_ṭappā_ + _alya_ = 'stamping-house')," connecting it radically with _ṭāpā_ 'a coop,' _ṭāpnā_ 'to tap,' 'flatten,' 'beat down,' _ṭapak_ 'a sledge hammer,' _ṭīpnā_ 'to press,' &c. [with which Platts agrees.]

1799.—"You will perceive that we have but a small chance of establishing
the TAPPAL to Poonah."—_Wellington_, i. 50.

1800.—"The TAPPAL does not go 30 miles a day."—_T. Munro_, in _Life_, i.
244.

1809.—"Requiring only two sets of bearers I knew I might go by TAPPAUL
the whole way to Seringapatam."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 385.

TAPTEE R., n.p. _Tāptī_; also called _Tāpī_, [Skt. _Tāpī_, 'that which is hot']. The river that runs by the city of Surat.

[1538.—"TAPI." See under GODAVERY.]

c. 1630.—"_Surat_ is ... watered with a sweet River named TAPPEE (or
_Tindy_), as broad as the _Thames_ at _Windsor_."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed.
1638, p. 36.

1813.—"The sacred groves of Pulparra are the general resort for all the
Yogees (JOGEE), Senassees (SUNYASEE), and Hindoo pilgrims ... the whole
district is holy, and the TAPPEE in that part has more than common
sanctity."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 286; [2nd ed. i. 184, and compare i.
176].

" "TAPPEE or TAPTY."—_Ibid._ 244; [2nd ed. i. 146].

TARA, TARE, s. The name of a small silver coin current in S. India at the time of the arrival of the Portuguese. It seems to have survived longest in Calicut. The origin we have not traced. It is curious that the commonest silver coin in Sicily down to 1860, and worth about 4½_d._, was a _tarī_, generally considered to be a corruption of _dirhem_. I see Sir Walter Elliot has mooted this very question in his _Coins of S. India_ (p. 138). [The word is certainly Malayāl. _tāram_, defined in the _Madras Gloss._ as "a copper coin, value 1½ pies." Mr. Gray in his note to the passage from Pyrard de Laval quoted below, suggests that it took its name from _tāra_, 'a star.']

1442.—"They cast (at Vijayanagar), in pure silver a coin which is the
sixth of the _fanom_, which they call TAR."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in
the XV. Cent._ 26.

1506.—(The Viceroy, D. Francisco D'Almeida, wintering his fleet in
Cochin). "As the people were numerous they made quite a big town with a
number of houses covered with upper stories of timber, and streets also
where the people of the country set up their stalls in which they sold
plenty of victuals, and cheap. Thus for a vinten of silver you got in
change 20 silver coins that they called TARAS, something like the scale
of a sardine, and for such coin they gave you 12 or 15 figs, or 4 or 5
eggs, and for a single _vintem_ 3 or 4 fowls, and for one TARA fish
enough to fill two men's bellies, or rice enough for a day's victuals,
dinner and supper too. Bread there was none, for there was no wheat
except in the territory of the Moors."—_Correa_, i. 624.

1510.—The King of Narsinga (or Vijayanagar) "coins a silver money called
TARE, and others of gold, twenty of which go to a PARDAO, and are called
fanom. And of these small ones of silver, there go 16 to a
fanom."—_Varthema_, 130.

[c. 1610.—"Each man receives four TARENTS, which are small silver coins,
each of the value of one-sixteenth of a LARIN."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak.
Soc. i. 344. Later on (i. 412) he says "16 TARENS go to a Phanan"].

1673.—(at Calicut). "Their coin admits no Copper; Silver TARRS, 28 of
which make a _Fanam_, passing instead thereof."—_Fryer_, 55.

" "Calicut.

* * * * *

"TARRS _are the peculiar Coin, the rest are common to_ India."—_Ibid._
207.

1727.—"_Calecut_ ... coins are 10 TAR to a Fanam, 4½ Fanams to a
Rupee."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 316; [ed. 1744].

[1737.—"We are to allow each man 4 measures of rice and 1 TAR per
diem."—_Agreement_ in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 95, and see "TARRS" in iii.
192. Mr. Logan (vol. iii. _Gloss._ s.v.) defines the _tara_ as equal to 2
pies.]

TARE AND TRET. Whence comes this odd firm in the books of arithmetic? Both partners apparently through Italy. The first Fr. _tare_, It. _tara_, from Ar. _ṭaraḥa_, 'to reject,' as pointed out by Dozy. _Tret_ is alleged to be from It. _tritare_, 'to crumble or grind,' perhaps rather from _trito_, 'ground or triturated.' [Prof. Skeat (_Concise Dict._ s.v.) derives it from Fr. _traite_, 'a draught,' and that from Lat. _tractus_, _trahere_, 'to draw.']

TAREGA, s. This represents a word for a broker (or person analogous to the HONG MERCHANTS of Canton in former days) in Pegu, in the days of its prosperity. The word is from S. India. We have in Tel. _taraga_, 'the occupation of a broker'; Tam. _taragari_, 'a broker.'

1568.—"Sono in Pegu otto sensari del Re che si chiamano TAREGE li quali
sono obligati di far vendere tutte le mercantie ... per il prezzo
corrente."—_Ces. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 395.

1583.—"... e se fosse alcuno che a tempo del pagamento per non pagar si
absentasse dalla città, o si ascondesse, il TARRECÀ e obligato pagar per
lui ... i TARRECÀ cosi si demandano i sensari."—_G. Balbi_, f. 107_v_,
108.

1587.—"There are in Pegu eight Brokers, whom they call TAREGHE, which are
bound to sell your goods at the price they be Woorth, and you give them
for their labour two in the hundred: and they be bound to make your debt
good, because you sell your marchandises vpon their word."—_R. Fitch_, in
_Hakl._ ii. 393.

TARIFF, s. This comes from Ar. _ta'rīf_, _ta'rīfa_, 'the making known.' Dozy states that it appears to be comparatively modern in Spanish and Port., and has come into Europe apparently through Italian.

[1591.—"So that helping your memorie with certain Tablei or TARIFFAS made
of purpose to know the numbers of the souldiers that are to enter into
ranke."—_Garrard, Art Warre_, p. 224 (_Stanf. Dict._).

[1617.—"... a brief TAREG of Persia."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_,
462.]

TAROUK, TAROUP, n.p. Burm. _Tarūk_, _Tarūp_. This is the name given by the Burmese to the Chinese. Thus a point a little above the Delta of the Irawadi, where the invading army of Kublai Khan (c. 1285) is said to have turned back, is called _Tarūk-mau_, or Chinese Point. But the use of this name, according to Sir A. Phayre, dates only from the Middle Ages, and the invasion just mentioned. Before that the Chinese, as we understand him, are properly termed _Tsin_; though the coupled names _Tarūk_ and _Taret_, which are applied in the chronicles to early invaders, "may be considered as designations incorrectly applied by later copyists." And Sir A. Phayre thinks _Tarūk_ is a form of _Tūrk_, whilst _Taret_ is now applied to the Manchus. It seems to us probable that _Taruk_ and _Taret_ are probably meant for 'Turk and Tartar' (see _H. of Burma_, pp. 8, 11, 56). [Mr. Scott (_Upper Burma Gazetteer_, i. pt. i. 193) suggests a connection with the _Teru_ or _Tero_ State, which developed about the 11th century, the race having been expelled from China in 778 A.D.]

TASHREEF, s. This is the Ar. _tashrīf_, 'honouring'; and thus "conferring honour upon anyone, as by paying him a visit, presenting a dress of honour, or any complimentary donation" (_Wilson_). In Northern India the general use of the word is as one of ceremonious politeness in speaking of a visit from a superior or from one who is treated in politeness as a superior; when such an one is invited to 'bring his _tashrīf_,' _i.e._ 'to carry the honour of his presence,' 'to condescend to visit '——. The word always implies superiority on the part of him to whom _tashrīf_ is attributed. It is constantly used by polite natives in addressing Europeans. But when the European in return says (as we have heard said, through ignorance of the real meaning of the phrase), 'I will bring my _tashrīf_,' the effect is ludicrous in the extreme, though no native will betray his amusement. In S. India the word seems to be used for the dress of honour conferred, and in the old Madras records, rightly or wrongly, for any complimentary present, in fact a _honorarium_. Thus in Wheeler we find the following:

1674.—"He (Lingapa, naik of Poonamalee) had, he said, carried a TASHERIFF
to the English, and they had refused to take it...."—_Op. cit._ i. 84.

1680.—"It being necessary to appoint one as the Company's Chief Merchant
(Verona being deceased), resolved Bera Pedda Vincatadry, do succeed and
the TASHERIFFS be given to him and the rest of the principal Merchants,
viz., 3 yards Scarlett to Pedda Vincatadry, and 2½ yards each to four
others....

"The Governor being informed that Verona's young daughter was melancholly
and would not eat because her husband had received no TASHERIFF, he also
is TASHERIFD with 2½ yards Scarlet cloth."—_Fort St. Geo. Consns._, April
6. In _Notes and Exts._, Madras, 1873, p. 15.

1685.—"Gopall Pundit having been at great charge in coming hither with
such a numerous retinue ... that we may engage him ... to continue his
friendship, to attain some more and better privileges there (at
Cuddalore) than we have as yet—It is ordered that he with his attendants
be TASHERIFT as followeth" (a list of presents follows).—In _Wheeler_, i.
148. [And see the same phrase in _Pringle, Diary_, &c., i. 1].

TATTOO, and abbreviated, TAT, s. A native-bred pony. Hind. _ṭaṭṭū_, [which Platts connects with Skt. _tara_, 'passing over'].

c. 1324.—"Tughlak sent his son Mahommed to bring Khusrū back. Mahommed
seized the latter and brought him to his father mounted on a TĀTŪ, _i.e._
a pack-horse."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 207.

1784.—"On their arrival at the Choultry they found a miserable dooley and
15 TATTOO horses."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 15.

1785.—"We also direct that strict injunctions be given to the baggage
department, for sending all the lean TATOOS, bullocks, &c., to grass, the
rainy season being now at hand."—_Tippoo's Letters_, 105.

1804.—"They can be got for 25 rupees each horseman upon an average; but,
I believe, when they receive only this sum they muster TATTOOS.... From
30 to 35 rupees each horse is the sum paid to the best
horsemen."—_Wellington_, iii. 174.

1808.—"These TUT,HOOS are a breed of small ponies, and are the most
useful and hardy little animals in India."—_Broughton's Letters_, 156;
[ed. 1892, 117].

1810.—"Every servant ... goes share in some TATTOO ... which conveys his
luggage."—_Williamson, V.M._ i. 311.

1824.—"TATTOOS. These are a kind of small, cat-hammed, and ill-looking
ponies; but they are hardy and walk faster than oxen."—_Seely, Wonders of
Ellora_, ch. ii.

1826.—"... when I mounted on my TATTOO, or pony, I could at any time have
commanded the attendance of a dozen grooms, so many pressed forward to
offer me their services."—_Pandurang Hari_, 21; [ed. 1873, i. 28].

[1830.—"Mounting our TATS, we were on the point of proceeding
homewards...."—_Oriental Sport. Mag._, ed. 1873, i. 437.]

c. 1831.—"... mon TATTOU est fort au dessous de la taille d'un
arabe...."—_Jacquemont, Corresp._ i. 347.

c. 1840.

"With its bright brass patent axles, and its little hog-maned TATTS,
And its ever jetty harness, which was always made by Watts...."
_A few lines in honour of the late Mr. Simms_,
in _Parker's Bole Ponjis_, 1851, ii. 215.

1853.—"... Smith's plucky proposal to run his notable TAT,
Pickles."—_Oakfield_, i. 94.

1875.—"You young Gentlemen rode over on your TATS, I suppose? The
Subaltern's TAT—that is the name, you know, they give to a pony in this
country—is the most useful animal you can imagine."—_The Dilemma_, ch.
ii.

TATTY, s. Hind. _ṭaṭṭī_ and _ṭaṭi_, [which Platts connects with Skt. _tantra_, 'a thread, the warp in a loom']. A screen or mat made of the roots of fragrant grass (see CUSCUS) with which door or window openings are filled up in the season of hot winds. The screens being kept wet, their fragrant evaporation as the dry winds blow upon them cools and refreshes the house greatly, but they are only efficient when such winds are blowing. See also THERMANTIDOTE. The principle of the _tatty_ is involved in the quotation from Dr. Fryer, though he does not mention the grass-mats.

c. 1665.—"... or having in lieu of Cellarage certain _Kas-Kanays_, that
is, little Houses of Straw, or rather of odoriferous Roots, that are very
neatly made, and commonly placed in the midst of a Parterre ... that so
the Servants may easily with their Pompion-bottles, water them from
without."—_Bernier_, E.T. 79; [ed. _Constable_, 247].

1673.—"They keep close all day for 3 or 4 Months together ... repelling
the Heat by a coarse wet Cloath, continually hanging before the
chamber-windows."—_Fryer_, 47.

[1789.—The introduction of TATTIES into Calcutta is mentioned in a letter
from Dr. Campbell, dated May 10, 1789:—"We have had very hot winds and
delightful cool houses. Everybody uses TATTIES now.... Tatties are
however dangerous when you are obliged to leave them and go abroad, the
heat acts so powerfully on the body that you are commonly affected with a
severe catarrh."—In _Carey, Good Old Days_, i. 80.]

1808.—"... now, when the hot winds have set in, and we are obliged to
make use of TATTEES, a kind of screens made of the roots of a coarse
grass called Kus."—_Broughton's Letters_, 110; [ed. 1892, p. 83].

1809.—"Our style of architecture is by no means adapted to the climate,
and the large windows would be insufferable, were it not for the TATTYES
which are easily applied to a house one story high."—_Ld. Valentia_, i.
104.

1810.—"During the hot winds TATS (a kind of mat), made of the root of the
koosa grass, which has an agreeable smell, are placed against the doors
and windows."—_Maria Graham_, 125.

1814.—"Under the roof, throughout all the apartments, are iron rings,
from which the TATTEES or screens of sweet scented grass, were
suspended."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iv. 6; [2nd ed. ii. 392].

1828.—"An early breakfast was over; the well watered TATTIES were applied
to the windows, and diffused through the apartment a cool and refreshing
atmosphere which was most comfortably contrasted with the white heat and
roar of the fierce wind without."—_The Kuzzilbash_, I. ii.

TAUT, s. Hind. _ṭāṭ_, [Skt. _trātra_, 'defence,' or _tantrī_, 'made of threads']. Sackcloth.

[c. 1810.—"In this district (Dinajpoor) large quantities of this cloth
(TAT or Choti) are made...."—_Buchanan, Eastern India_, ii. 851.]

1820.—"... made into coarse cloth TAUT, by the Brinjaries and people who
use pack bullocks for making bags (gonies, see GUNNY) for holding grain,
&c."—_Tr. Bo. Lit. Soc._ iii. 244.

TAVOY, n.p. A town and district of what we call the Tenasserim Province of B. Burma. The Burmese call it _Dha-wé_; but our name is probably adopted from a Malay form. The original name is supposed to be Siamese. [The _Burmah Gazetteer_ (ii. 681) gives the choice of three etymologies: 'landing place of bamboos'; from its arms (_dha_, 'a sword,' _way_, 'to buy'); from _Hta-way_, taken from a cross-legged Buddha.]

1553.—"The greater part of this tract is mountainous, and inhabited by
the nation of _Brammás_ and _Jangomas_, who interpose on the east of this
kingdom (Pegu) between it and the great kingdom of Siam; which kingdom of
Siam borders the sea from the city of TAVAY downwards."—_Barros_, III.
iii. 4.

1583.—"Also some of the rich people in a place subject to the Kingdom of
Pegu, called TAVAE, where is produced a quantity of what they call in
their language _Calain_, but which in our language is called _Calaia_
(see CALAY), in summer leave their houses and go into the country, where
they make some sheds to cover them, and there they stop three months,
leaving their usual dwellings with food in them for the devil, and this
they do in order that in the other nine months he may give them no
trouble, but rather be propitious and favourable to them."—_G. Balbi_, f.
125.

1587.—"... Iland of TAVI, from which cometh great store of Tinne which
serveth all India."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 395.

1695.—"10th. That your _Majesty_, of your wonted favour and charity to
all distresses, would be pleased to look with Eyes of Pity, upon the poor
_English Captive, Thomas Browne_, who is the only _one surviving_ of four
that were accidentally drove into TAUWY by _Storm_, as they were going
for _Atcheen_ about 10 years ago, in the _service_ of the _English
Company_."—_Petition to the King of Burma_, presented at Ava by _Edward
Fleetwood_, in _Dalrymple, Or. Repert._ ii. 374.

[TAWEEZ, s. Ar. _ta'wīẓ_, lit. 'praying for protection by invoking God, or by uttering a charm'; then 'an amulet or phylactery'; and, as in the quotation from Herklots, 'a structure of brick or stone-work over a tomb.'

[1819.—"The Jemidar ... as he is very superstitious, all his stud have
TURVEEZ or charms...."—_Lt.-Col. Fitzclarence, Journal of a Route across
India_, 144.

[1826.—

"Let her who doth this TAWEEY wear,
Guard against the Gossein's snare."
_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 148.

[1832.—"The generality of people have tombs made of mud or stone ...
forming first three square TAWEEZES or platforms...."—_Herklots,
Qanoon-e-Islam_, 2nd ed. 284.]

[TAZEE, s. Pers. _tāzī_, 'invading, invader,' from _tāz_, 'running.' A favourite variety of horse, usually of Indian breed. The word is also used of a variety of greyhound.

[c. 1590.—"Horses have been divided into seven classes.... Arabs, Persian
horses, Mujannas, Turki horses, Yabus (see YABOO) and Janglah horses....
The last two classes are also mostly Indian breed. The best kind is
called TÁZÍ...."—_Āīn_, i. 234-5.

[1839.—"A good breed of the Indian kind, called TAUZEE, is also found in
Bunnoo and Damaun...."—_Elphinstone, Caubul_, ed. 1842, i. 189.

[1883.—"The 'TAZZIES,' or greyhounds are not looked upon as
unclean...."—_Wills, Modern Persia_, ed. 1891, p. 306.]

TAZEEA, n. A.—P.—H. _ta'ziya_, 'mourning for the dead.' In India the word is applied to the TABOOT, or representations, in flimsy material, of the tombs of Hussein and Hassan which are carried about in the Muḥarram (see MOHURRUM) processions. In Persia it seems to be applied to the whole of the mystery-play which is presented at that season. At the close of the procession the _ta'ziyas_ must be thrown into water; if there be no sufficient mass of water they should be buried. [See Sir L. Pelly, _The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain_.] The word has been carried to the W. Indies by the coolies, whose great festival (whether they be Mahommedans or Hindus) the Muḥarram has become. And the attempt to carry the _Tazeeas_ through one of the towns of Trinidad, in spite of orders to the contrary, led in the end of 1884 to a sad catastrophe. [Mahommedan Lascars have an annual celebration at the London Docks.]

1809.—"There were more than a hundred TAZIYUS, each followed by a long
train of Fuqueers, dressed in the most extravagant manner, beating their
breasts ... such of the Mahratta Surdars as are not Brahmuns frequently
construct TAZIYUS at their own tents, and expend large sums of money upon
them."—_Broughton, Letters_, 72; [ed. 1892, 53].

1869.—"En lisant la description ... de ces fêtes on croira souvent qu'il
s'agit de fêtes hindous. Telle est par exemple la solennité du TA'ZIA ou
_deuil_, établie en commemoration du martyre de Huçaïn, laquelle est
semblable en bien de points à celle du _Durga-pujâ_.... Le TA'ZIYA dure
dix jours comme le _Durga-pujâ_. Le dixième jour, les Hindous précipitent
dans la rivière la statue de la déesse au milieu d'une foule immense,
avec un grand appareil et au son de mille instruments de musique; la même
chose a lieu pour les représentations du tombeau de Huçaïn."—_Garcin de
Tassy, Rel. Musulm._ p. 11.

TEA, s. Crawfurd alleges that we got this word in its various European forms from the Malay _Te_, the Chinese name being _Chhâ_. The latter is indeed the pronunciation attached, when reading in the 'mandarin dialect,' to the character representing the tea-plant, and is the form which has accompanied the knowledge of tea to India, Persia, Portugal, Greece (τσάι) and Russia. But though it may be probable that _Te_, like several other names of articles of trade, may have come to us through the Malay, the word is, not the less, originally Chinese, _Tê_ (or _Tay_ as Medhurst writes it) being the utterance attached to the character in the Fuh-kien dialect. The original pronunciation, whether direct from Fuh-kien or through the Malay, accompanied the introduction of tea to England as well as other countries of Western Europe. This is shown by several couplets in Pope, _e.g._

1711.—

"... There stands a structure of majestic frame
Which from the neighbouring Hampton takes its name.
* * * * *
Here thou, great ANNA, whom three Realms obey,
Dost sometimes counsel take, and sometimes TEA."
_Rape of the Lock_, iii.

Here _tay_ was evidently the pronunciation, as in Fuh-kien. The _Rape of the Lock_ was published in 1711. In Gray's _Trivia_, published in 1720, we find _tea_ rhyme to _pay_, in a passage needless to quote (ii. 296). Fifty years later there seems no room for doubt that the pronunciation had changed to that now in use, as is shown by Johnson's extemporised verses (c. 1770):

"I therefore pray thee, Renny, dear,
That thou wilt give to me
With cream and sugar soften'd well,
Another dish of TEA"—and so on.
_Johnsoniana_, ed. _Boswell_, 1835, ix. 194.

The change must have taken place between 1720 and 1750, for about the latter date we find in the verses of Edward Moore:

"One day in July last at TEA,
And in the house of Mrs. P."
_The Trial of Sarah_, &c.

[But the two forms of pronunciation seem to have been in use earlier, as appears from the following advertisement in _The Gazette_ of Sept. 9, 1658 (quoted in 8 ser. _N. & Q._ vi. 266): "That excellent, and by all Physitians approved, China Drink, called by the Chineans Toha, by other nations Tay, alias Tee, is sold at the Sultaness Head, a coffee house in Sweetings Rents by the Royal Exchange, London."] And in _Zedler's Lexicon_ (1745) it is stated that the English write the word either _Tee_ or _Tea_, but pronounce it _Tiy_, which seems to represent our modern pronunciation. ["Strange to say, the Italians, however, have two names for tea, _cia_ and _te_, the latter, of course, is from the Chinese word _te_, noticed above, while the former is derived from the word _ch'a_. It is curious to note in this connection that an early mention, if not the first notice, of the word in English is under the form _cha_ (in an English Glossary of A.D. 1671); we are also told that it was once spelt _tcha_—both evidently derived from the Cantonese form of the word: but 13 years later we have the word derived from the Fokienese _te_, but borrowed through the French and spelt as in the latter language _the_; the next change in the word is early in the following century when it drops the French spelling and adopts the present form of _tea_, though the Fokienese pronunciation, which the French still retain, is not dropped for the modern pronunciation of the now wholly Anglicised word _tea_ till comparatively lately. It will thus be seen that we, like the Italians, might have had two forms of the word, had we not discarded the first, which seemed to have made but little lodgement with us, for the second" (_Ball, Things Chinese_, 3rd ed. 583 _seq._).]

Dr. Bretschneider states that the Tea-shrub is mentioned in the ancient Dictionary _Rh-ya_, which is believed to date long before our era, under the names _Kia_ and _K'u-tu_ (_K'u_ = 'bitter'), and a commentator on this work who wrote in the 4th century A.D. describes it, adding "From the leaves can be made by boiling a hot beverage" (_On Chinese Botanical Works_, &c., p. 13). But the first distinct mention of tea-cultivation in Chinese history is said to be a record in the annals of the T'ang Dynasty under A.D. 793, which mentions the imposition in that year of a duty upon tea. And the first western mention of it occurs in the next century, in the notes of the Arab traders, which speak not only of tea, but of this fact of its being subject to a royal impost. Tea does not appear to be mentioned by the medieval Arab writers upon Materia Medica, nor (strange to say) do any of the European travellers to Cathay in the 13th and 14th centuries make mention of it. Nor is there any mention of it in the curious and interesting narrative of the Embassy sent by Shāh Rukh, the son of the great Timur, to China (1419-21).[264] The first European work, so far as we are aware, in which _tea_ is named, is Ramusio's (posthumous) Introduction to Marco Polo, in the second volume of his great collection of _Navigationi e Viaggi_. In this he repeats the account of Cathay which he had heard from Hajji Mahommed, a Persian merchant who visited Venice. Among other matters the Hajji detailed the excellent properties of _Chiai-Catai_ (_i.e._ Pers. _Chā-i-Khitāī_, 'Tea of China'), concluding with an assurance that if these were known in Persia and in Europe, traders would cease to purchase rhubarb, and would purchase this herb instead, a prophecy which has been very substantially verified. We find no mention of tea in the elaborate work of Mendoça on China. The earliest notices of which we are aware will be found below. Milburn gives some curious extracts from the E.I. Co.'s records as to the early importation of tea into England. Thus, 1666, June 30, among certain "raretys," chiefly the production of China, provided by the Secretary of the Company for His Majesty, appear:

"22¾ _lbs._ of THEA at 50_s._ per _lb._ = £56 17 6
For the two cheefe persons
that attended his Majesty, THEA 6 15 6"

In 1667 the E.I. Co.'s first order for the importation of tea was issued to their agent at Bantam: "to send home by these ships 100lb. weight of the best TEY that you can get." The first importation actually made for the Co. was in 1669, when two canisters were received from Bantam, weighing 143½ lbs. (_Milburn_, ii. 531.) [The earliest mention of tea in the Old Records of the India Office is in a letter from Mr. R. Wickham, the Company's Agent at Firando, in Japan, who, writing, June 27, 1615, to Mr. Eaton at Miaco, asks for "a pt. of the best sort of CHAW" (see _Birdwood, Report on Old Records_, 26, where the early references are collected).]

A.D. 851.—"The King (of China) reserves to himself ... a duty on salt,
and also on a certain herb which is drunk infused in hot water. This herb
is sold in all the towns at high prices; it is called SĀKH. It has more
leaves than the _ratb'ah_ (Medicago sativa recens) and something more of
aroma, but its taste is bitter. Water is boiled and poured upon this
herb. The drink so made is serviceable under all
circumstances."—_Relation_, &c., trad. par _Reinaud_, i. 40.

c. 1545.—"Moreover, seeing the great delight that I above the rest of the
party took in this discourse of his, he (Chaggi Memet, _i.e._ Hajji
Mahommed) told me that all over the country of Cathay they make use of
another plant, that is of its leaves, which is called by those people
CHIAI _Catai_: it is produced in that district of Cathay which is called
Cachan-fu. It is a thing generally used and highly esteemed in all those
regions. They take this plant whether dry or fresh, and boil it well in
water, and of this decoction they take one or two cups on an empty
stomach; it removes fever, headache, stomach-ache, pain in the side or
joints; taking care to drink it as hot as you can bear; it is good also
for many other ailments which I can't now remember, but I know gout was
one of them. And if any one chance to feel his stomach oppressed by
overmuch food, if he will take a little of this decoction he will in a
short time have digested it. And thus it is so precious and highly
esteemed that every one going on a journey takes it with him, and judging
from what he said these people would at any time gladly swap a sack of
rhubarb for an ounce of _Chiai Catai_. These people of Cathay say (he
told us) that if in our country, and in Persia, and the land of the
Franks, it was known, merchants would no longer invest their money in
_Rauend Chini_ as they call rhubarb."—_Ramusio, Dichiaratione_, in ii. f.
15.

c. 1560.—"Whatsoever person or persones come to any mans house of
qualitee, hee hath a custome to offer him in a fine basket one Porcelane
... with a kinde of drinke which they call CHA, which is somewhat bitter,
red, and medicinall, which they are wont to make with a certayne
concoction of herbes."—_Da Cruz_, in _Purchas_, iii. 180.

1565.—"Ritus est Japoniorum ... benevolentiae causâ praebere spectanda,
quae apud se pretiosissima sunt, id est, omne instrumentum necessarium ad
potionem herbae cujusdam in pulverem redactae, suavem gustu, nomine CHIA.
Est autem modus potionis ejusmodi: pulveris ejus, quantum uno juglandis
putamine continetur, conjiciunt in fictile vas ex eorum genere, quae
procellana (PORCELAIN) vulgus appellat. Inde calenti admodum aquâ dilutum
ebibunt. Habent autem in eos usus ollam antiquissimi operis ferream,
figlinum poculum, cochlearia, infundibulum eluendo figlino, tripodem,
foculum denique potioni caleficiendae."—Letter from Japan, of _L.
Almeida_, in _Maffei, Litt. Select. ex India_, Lib. iv.

1588.—"Caeterum (apud Chinenses) ex herba quadam expressus liquor admodum
salutaris, nomine CHIA, calidus hauritur, ut apud Iaponios."—_Maffei,
Hist. Ind._ vi.

" "Usum vitis ignorant (Japonii): oryzâ exprimunt vinum: Sed ipsi
quoque ante omnia delectantur haustibus aquae poene ferventis, insperso
quem supra diximus pulvere CHIA. Circa eam potionem diligentissimi sunt,
ac principes interdum viri suis ipsi manibus eidem temperandae ac
miscendae, amicorum honoris causae, dant operam."—_Ibid._ Lib. xii.

1598.—"... the aforesaid warme water is made with the powder of a
certaine hearbe called CHAA."—_Linschoten_, 46; [Hak. Soc. i. 157].

1611.—"Of the same fashion is the CHA of China, and taken in the same
manner; except that the _Cha_ is the small leaf of a herb, from a certain
plant brought from Tartary, which was shown me when I was at
Malaca."—_Teixeira_, i. 19.

1616.—"I bought 3 CHAW cups covered with silver plates...."—_Cocks,
Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 202, [and see ii. 11].