Chapter XXXIII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (30)

1879.—"The Sub-Himalayan Hills ... as a general rule ... consist of two
ranges, separated by a broad flat valley, for which the name '_dūn_'
(DOON) has been adopted.... When the outer of these ranges is wanting, as
is the case below Naini Tal and Darjiling, the whole geographical feature
might escape notice, the inner range being confounded with the spurs of
the mountains."—_Manual of the Geology of India_, 521.

DHOTY, s. Hind. _dhotī_. The loin-cloth worn by all the respectable Hindu castes of Upper India, wrapt round the body, the end being then passed between the legs and tucked in at the waist, so that a festoon of calico hangs down to either knee. [It is mentioned, not by name, by Arrian (_Indika_, 16) as "an under garment of cotton which reaches below the knee, half way to the ankle"; and the Orissa _dhotī_ of 1200 years ago, as shown on the monuments, does not differ from the mode of the present time, save that men of rank wore a jewelled girdle with a pendant in front. (_Rajendralala Mitra, Indo-Aryans_, i. 187).] The word _duttee_ in old trade lists of cotton goods is possibly the same; [but at the present time a coarse cotton cloth woven by Dhers in Surat is known as _Doti_.]

[1609.—"Here is also a strong sort of cloth called DHOOTIE."—_Danvers,
Letters_, i. 29.

[1614.—"20 corge of strong DUTTIES, such as may be fit for making and
mending sails."—_Forster, Letters_, ii. 219.

[1615.—"200 peeces DUTTS."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 83.]

1622.—"Price of calicoes, DUTTEES fixed."

* * * * *

"List of goods sold, including diamonds, pepper, bastas, (read _baftas_),
DUTTEES, and silks from Persia."—_Court Minutes_, &c., in _Sainsbury_,
iii. 24.

1810.—"... a DOTEE or waist-cloth."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 247.

1872.—"The human figure which was moving with rapid strides had no other
clothing than a DHUTI wrapped round the waist, and descending to the
knee-joints."—_Govinda Samanta_, i. 8.

DHOW, DOW, s. The last seems the more correct, though not perhaps the more common. The term is common in Western India, and on various shores of the Arabian sea, and is used on the E. African coast for craft in general (see _Burton_, in _J.R.G.S._ xxix. 239); but in the mouths of Englishmen on the western seas of India it is applied specially to the old-fashioned vessel of Arab build, with a long GRAB stem, _i.e._ rising at a long slope from the water, and about as long as the keel, usually with one mast and lateen-rig. There are the lines of a _dow_, and a technical description, by Mr. Edie, in _J. R. As. Soc._, vol. i. p. 11. The slaving _dow_ is described and illustrated in Capt. Colomb's _Slave-catching in the Indian Ocean_; see also Capt. W. F. Owen's _Narrative_ (1833), p. 385, [i. 384 _seq._]. Most people suppose the word to be Arabic, and it is in (Johnson's) Richardson (_dāo_) as an Arabic word. But no Arabic scholar whom we have consulted admits it to be genuine Arabic. Can it possibly have been taken from Pers. _dav_, 'running'? [The _N.E.D._ remarks that if _Tava_ (in _Ath. Nikitin_, below) be the same, it would tend to localise the word at Ormus in the Persian Gulf.] Capt. Burton identifies it with the word _zabra_ applied in the _Roteiro_ of Vasco's Voyage (p. 37) to a native vessel at Mombasa. But _zabra_ or _zavra_ was apparently a Basque name for a kind of craft in Biscay (see s.v. _Bluteau_, and the _Dicc. de la Lingua Castel._, vol. vi. 1739). _Dāo_ or _Dāva_ is indeed in Molesworth's _Mahr. Dict._ as a word in that language, but this gives no assurance of origin. Anglo-Indians on the west coast usually employ _dhow_ and _buggalow_ interchangeably. The word is used on Lake V. Nyanza.

c. 1470.—"I shipped my horses in a TAVA, and sailed across the Indian Sea
in ten days to Moshkat."—_Ath. Nikitin_, p. 8, in _India in XVth Cent._

" "So I imbarked in a TAVA, and settled to pay for my passage to
Hormuz two pieces of gold."—_Ibid._ 30.

1785.—"A DOW, the property of Rutn Jee and Jeewun Doss, merchants of
_Muscat_, having in these days been dismasted in a storm, came into Byte
Koal (see BATCUL), a seaport belonging to the Sircar...."—_Tippoo's
Letters_, 181.

1786.—"We want 10 shipwrights acquainted with the construction of DOWS.
Get them together and despatch them hither."—_Tippoo_ to his Agent at
Muskat, _ibid._ 234.

1810.—"Close to Calcutta, it is the busiest scene we can imagine; crowded
with ships and boats of every form,—here a fine English East Indiaman,
there a grab or a DOW from Arabia."—_Maria Graham_, 142.

1814.—"The different names given to these ships (at Jedda), as _Say_,
_Seume_, _Merkeb_, _Sambouk_ [see SAMBOOK], DOW, denote their size; the
latter only, being the largest, perform the voyage to
India."—_Burckhardt, Tr. in Arabia_, 1829, 4to, p. 22.

1837.—"Two young princes ... nephews of the King of Hinzuan or Joanna ...
came in their own DHOW on a visit to the Government."—_Smith, Life of Dr.
J. Wilson_, 253.

1844.—"I left the hospitable village of Takaungu in a small boat, called
a 'DAW' by the Suahilis ... the smallest sea-going vessel."—_Krapf_, p.
117.

1865.—"The goods from Zanzibar (to the Seychelles) were shipped in a
DHOW, which ran across in the month of May; and this was, I believe, the
first native craft that had ever made the passage."—_Pelly_, in
_J.R.G.S._ xxxv. 234.

1873.—"If a pear be sharpened at the thin end, and then cut in half
longitudinally, two models will have been made, resembling in all
essential respects the ordinary slave DHOW."—_Colomb_, 35.

" "DHOW Chasing in Zanzibar Waters and on the Eastern Coast of
Africa ... by Capt. G. L. Sulivan, R.N.," 1873.

1880.—"The third division are the Mozambiques or African slaves, who have
been brought into the country from time immemorial by the Arab
slave-trading DHOWS."—_Sibree's Great African Island_, 182.

1883.—"DHAU is a large vessel which is falling into disuse.... Their
origin is in the Red Sea. The word is used vaguely, and is applied to
baghlas (see BUGGALOW)."—_Bombay Gazetteer_, xiii. 717 _seq._

DHURMSALLA, s. H. and Mahr. _dharm-śālā_, 'pious edifice'; a rest-house for wayfarers, corresponding to the S. Indian CHOULTRY or CHUTTRUM (q.v.).

1826.—"We alighted at a DURHMSALLAH where several horsemen were
assembled."—_Pandurang Hari_, 254; [ed. 1873, ii. 66].

DHURNA, TO SIT, v. In H. _dharnā denā_ or _baiṭhnā_, Skt. _dhṛi_, 'to hold.' A mode of extorting payment or compliance with a demand, effected by the complainant or creditor sitting at the debtor's door, and there remaining without tasting food till his demand shall be complied with, or (sometimes) by threatening to do himself some mortal violence if it be not complied with. Traces of this custom in some form are found in many parts of the world, and Sir H. Maine (see below) has quoted a remarkable example from the Irish Brehon Laws. There was a curious variety of the practice, in arrest for debt, current in S. India, which is described by Marco Polo and many later travellers (see _M. P._, 2nd ed., ii. 327, 335, [and for N. India, _Crooke, Pop. Rel. and Folklore_, ii. 42, _seq._]). The practice of _dharnā_ is made an offence under the Indian Penal Code. There is a systematic kind of _dharnā_ practised by classes of beggars, _e.g._ in the Punjab by a class called _Tasmīwālās_, or 'strap-riggers,' who twist a leather strap round the neck, and throw themselves on the ground before a shop, until alms are given; [_Dorīwālās_, who threaten to hang themselves; _Dandīwālās_, who rattle sticks, and stand cursing till they get alms; _Urimārs_, who simply stand before a shop all day, and _Gurzmārs_ and _Chharimārs_, who cut themselves with knives and spiked clubs] (see _Ind. Antiq._ i. 162, [_Herklots, Qanoon-e-Islam_, ed. 1863, p. 193 _seq._]). It appears from Elphinstone (below) that the custom sometimes received the Ar. Pers. name of _takāẓa_, 'dunning' or 'importunity.'

c. 1747.—"While Nundi Raj, the Dulwai (see DALAWAY), was encamped at
Sutti Mangul, his troops, for want of pay, placed him in DHURNA....
Hurree Singh, forgetting the ties of salt or gratitude to his master, in
order to obtain his arrears of pay, forbade the sleeping and eating of
the Dulwai, by placing him in DHURNA ... and that in so great a degree as
even to stop the water used in his kitchen. The Dulwai, losing heart from
this rigour, with his clothes and the vessels of silver and gold used in
travelling, and a small sum of money, paid him off and discharged
him."—_H. of Hydur Naik_, 41 _seq._

c. 1794.—"The practice called DHARNA, which may be translated caption, or
arrest."—_Sir J. Shore_, in _As. Res._ iv. 144.

1808.—"A remarkable circumstance took place yesterday. Some Sirdars put
the Maharaja (Sindia) in DHURNA. He was angry, and threatened to put them
to death. Bhugwunt Ras Byse, their head, said, 'Sit still; put us to
death.' Sindia was enraged, and ordered him to be paid and driven from
camp. He refused to go.... The bazaars were shut the whole day; troops
were posted to guard them and defend the tents.... At last the mutineers
marched off, and all was settled."—_Elphinstone's Diary_, in _Life_, i.
179 _seq._

1809.—"Seendhiya (_i.e._ Sindia), who has been lately plagued by repeated
D'HURNAS, seems now resolved to partake also in the active part of the
amusement: he had permitted this same Patunkur, as a signal mark of
favour, to borrow 50,000 rupees from the _Khasgee_, or private
treasury.... The time elapsed without the agreement having been
fulfilled; and Seendhiya immediately dispatched the treasurer to sit
D'HURNA on his behalf at Patunkur's tents."—_Broughton, Letters from a
Mahratta Camp_, 169 _seq._; [ed. 1892, 127].

[1812.—Morier (_Journey through Persia_, 32) describes similar
proceedings by a Dervish at Bushire.]

1819.—"It is this which is called _tukaza_[108] by the Mahrattas.... If a
man have demand from (? upon) his inferior or equal, he places him under
restraint, prevents his leaving his house or eating, and even compels him
to sit in the sun until he comes to some accommodation. If the debtor
were a superior, the creditor had first recourse to supplications and
appeals to the honour and sense of shame of the other party; he laid
himself on his threshold, threw himself in his road, clamoured before his
door, or he employed others to do this for him; he would even sit down
and fast before the debtor's door, during which time the other was
compelled to fast also; or he would appeal to the gods, and invoke their
curses upon the person by whom he was injured."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_,
ii. 87.

1837.[109]—"Whoever voluntarily causes or attempts to cause any person to
do anything which that person is not legally bound to do ... by inducing
... that person to believe that he ... will become ... by some act of the
offender, an object of the divine displeasure if he does not do the thing
... shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term
which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.

_Illustrations._

"(_a_) A. sits DHURNA at Z.'s door with the intention of causing it to be
believed that by so sitting he renders Z. an object of divine
displeasure. A. has committed the offence defined in this section.

"(_b_) A. threatens Z. that unless Z. performs a certain act A. will kill
one of A.'s own children, under such circumstances that the killing would
be believed to render Z. an object of the divine displeasure. A. has
committed the offence described in this section."—_Indian Penal Code_,
508, in Chap. XXII., _Criminal Intimidation, Insult, and Annoyance_.

1875.—"If you have a legal claim against a man of a certain rank and you
are desirous of compelling him to discharge it, the Senchus Mor tells you
'to fast upon him.'... The institution is unquestionably identical with
one widely diffused throughout the East, which is called by the Hindoos
'sitting DHARNA.' It consists in sitting at the debtor's door and
starving yourself till he pays. From the English point of view the
practice has always been considered barbarous and immoral, and the Indian
Penal Code expressly forbids it. It suggests, however, the question—what
would follow if the debtor simply allowed the creditor to starve?
Undoubtedly the Hindoo supposes that some supernatural penalty would
follow; indeed, he generally gives definiteness to it by retaining a
Brahmin to starve himself vicariously, and no Hindoo doubts what would
come of causing a Brahmin's death."—_Maine, Hist. of Early Institutions_,
40. See also 297-304.

1885.—"One of the most curious practices in India is that still followed
in the native states by a Brahman creditor to compel payment of his debt,
and called in Hindi DHARNÁ, and in Sanskrit _ācharita_, 'customary
proceeding,' or _Prāyopaveçana_, 'sitting down to die by hunger.' This
procedure has long since been identified with the practice of 'fasting
upon' (_troscud for_) a debtor to God or man, which is so frequently
mentioned in the Irish so-called Brehon Laws.... In a MS. in the Bodleian
... there is a Middle-Irish legend which tells how St. Patrick 'fasted
upon' Loegaire, the unbelieving over-king of Ireland. Loegaire's pious
queen declares that she will not eat anything while Patrick is fasting.
Her son Enna seeks for food. 'It is not fitting for thee,' says his
mother, 'to eat food while Patrick is fasting upon you.'... It would seem
from this story that in Ireland the wife and children of the debtor, and,
_a fortiori_, the debtor himself, had to fast so long as the creditor
fasted."—_Letter from Mr. Whitley Stokes_, in _Academy_, Sept. 12th.

A striking story is told in Forbes's _Rās Māla_ (ii. 393 _seq._; [ed. 1878, p. 657]) of a farther proceeding following upon an unsuccessful DHARNĀ, put in practice by a company of Chārans, or bards, in Kathiawāṛ, to enforce payment of a debt by a chief of Jailā to one of their number. After fasting three days in vain, they proceeded from DHARNĀ to the further rite of _trāgā_ (q.v.). Some hacked their own arms; others decapitated three old women of their party, and hung their heads up as a garland at the gate. Certain of the women cut off their own breasts. The bards also pierced the throats of four of the older men with spikes, and took two young girls and dashed their brains out against the town-gate. Finally the Chāran creditor soaked his quilted clothes in oil, and set fire to himself. As he burned to death he cried out, 'I am now dying, but I will become a headless ghost (_Kavīs_) in the Palace, and will take the chief's life, and cut off his posterity!'

DIAMOND HARBOUR, n.p. An anchorage in the Hoogly below Calcutta, 30 m. by road, and 41 by river. It was the usual anchorage of the old Indiamen in the mercantile days of the E. I. Company. In the oldest charts we find the "Diamond Sand," on the western side of what is now called Diamond Harbour, and on some later charts, Diamond Point.

1683.—"We anchored this night on ye head of ye DIAMOND Sand.

"_Jan. 26._ This morning early we weighed anchor ... but got no further
than the Point of Kegaria Island" (see KEDGEREE).—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak.
Soc. i. 64. (See also ROGUE'S RIVER.)

DIDWAN, s. P. _dīdbān_, _dīdwān_, 'a look-out,' 'watchman,' 'guard,' 'messenger.'

[1679.—See under AUMILDAR, TRIPLICANE.

[1680.—See under JUNCAMEER.

[1683-4.—"... three yards of Ordinary Broadcloth and five Pagodas to the
DITHWAN that brought the Phirmaund...."—_Pringle, Diary of Ft. St. Geo._,
1st ser. iii. 4.]

DIGGORY, DIGRĪ, DEGREE, s. Anglo-Hindustani of law-court jargon for 'decree.'

[1866.—"This is grand, thought bold Bhuwanee Singh, DIGGREE _to pāh,
lekin roopyea to morpāss bah_, 'He has got his decree, but I have the
money.'"—_Confessions of an Orderly_, 138.]

DIKK, s. Worry, trouble, botheration; what the Italians call _seccatura_. This is the Anglo-Indian use. But the word is more properly adjective, Ar.-P.-H. _diḳ_, _diḳḳ_, 'vexed, worried,' and so _diḳḳ honā_, 'to be worried.' [The noun _diḳḳ-dārī_, 'worry,' in vulgar usage, has become an adjective.]

1873.—

"And Beaufort learned in the law,
And Atkinson the Sage,
And if his locks are white as snow,
'Tis more from DIKK than age!"
_Wilfrid Heeley, A Lay of Modern Darjeeling._

[1889.—"Were the Company's pumps to be beaten by the vagaries of that
DIKHDARI, Tarachunda nuddee?"—_R. Kipling, In Black and White_, 52.]

DINAPORE, n.p. A well-known cantonment on the right bank of the Ganges, being the station of the great city of Patna. The name is properly _Dānāpur_. Ives (1755) writes _Dunapoor_ (p. 167). The cantonment was established under the government of Warren Hastings about 1772, but we have failed to ascertain the exact date. [Cruso, writing in 1785, speaks of the cantonments having cost the Company 25 lakhs of rupees. (_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 445). There were troops there in 1773 (_Gleig, Life of Warren Hastings_, i. 297).]

DĪNĀR, s. This word is not now in any Indian use. But it is remarkable as a word introduced into Skt. at a comparatively early date. "The names of the Arabic pieces of money ... are all taken from the coins of the Lower Roman Empire. Thus, the copper piece was called _fals_ from _follis_; the silver _dirham_ from _drachma_, and the gold DĪNĀR, from _denarius_, which, though properly a silver coin, was used generally to denote coins of other metals, as the _denarius aeris_, and the _denarius auri_, or _aureus_" (_James Prinsep, in Essays_, &c., ed. by _Thomas_, i. 19). But it was long before the rise of Islām that the knowledge and name of the _denarius_ as applied to a gold coin had reached India. The inscription on the east gate of the great tope at Sanchi is probably the oldest instance preserved, though the date of that is a matter greatly disputed. But in the _Amarakosha_ (c. A.D. 500) we have 'DĪNĀRE _'pi cha nishkah_,' _i.e._ 'a _nishkah_ (or gold coin) is the same as DĪNĀRA.' And in the _Kalpasūtra_ of Bhadrabāhu (of about the same age) § 36, we have 'dīnāra _mālaya_,' 'a necklace of DĪNĀRS,' mentioned (see _Max Müller_ below). The _dīnār_ in modern Persia is a very small imaginary coin, of which 10,000 make a TOMAUN (q.v.). In the Middle Ages we find Arabic writers applying the term _dīnār_ both to the staple gold coin (corresponding to the gold mohr of more modern times) and to the staple silver coin (corresponding to what has been called since the 16th century the rupee). [Also see _Yule, Cathay_, ii. 439 _seqq._ See DEANER.]

A.D. (?) "The son of Amuka ... having made salutation to the eternal gods
and goddesses, has given a piece of ground purchased at the legal rate;
also five temples, and twenty-five (thousand?) DÍNÁRS ... as an act of
grace and benevolence of the great emperor Chandragupta."—_Inscription on
Gateway at Sanchi_ (_Prinsep's Essays_, i. 246).

A.D. (?) "Quelque temps après, à Pataliputra, un autre homme devoué aux
Brahmanes renversa une statue de Bouddha aux pieds d'un mendiant, qui la
mit en pièces. Le roi (Açoka) ... fit proclamer cet ordre: Celui qui
m'apportera la tête d'un mendiant brahmanique, recevra de moi un
DÎNÂRA."—Tr. of _Divya avadâna_, in _Burnouf, Int. à l'Hist. du
Bouddhisme Indien_, p. 422.

c. 1333.—"The _lak_ is a sum of 100,000 DĪNĀRS (_i.e._ of silver); this
sum is equivalent to 10,000 DĪNĀRS of gold, Indian money; and the Indian
(gold) DĪNĀR is worth 2½ DĪNĀRS in money of the West (_Maghrab_)."—_Ibn
Batuta_, iii. 106.

1859.—"Cosmas Indicopleustes remarked that the Roman denarius was
received all over the world;[110] and how the denarius came to mean in
India a gold ornament we may learn from a passage in the 'Life of
Mahâvîra.' There it is said that a lady had around her neck a string of
grains and golden DINARS, and Stevenson adds that the custom of stringing
coins together, and adorning with them children especially, is still very
common in India."—_Max Müller, Hist. of Sanskrit Literature_, 247.

DINGY, DINGHY, s. Beng. _diṇgī_; [H. _dingī_, _dengī_, another form of _dongī_, Skt. _droṇa_, 'a trough.'] A small boat or skiff; sometimes also 'a canoe,' _i.e._ dug out of a single trunk. This word is not merely Anglo-Indian; it has become legitimately incorporated in the vocabulary of the British navy, as the name of the smallest ship's boat; [in this sense, according to the _N.E.D._, first in _Midshipman Easy_ (1836)]. _Dingā_ occurs as the name of some kind of war-boat used by the Portuguese in the defence of Hugli in 1631 ("Sixty-four large DÍNGAS"; _Elliot_, vii. 34). The word _dingī_ is also used for vessels of size in the quotation from Tippoo. Sir J. Campbell, in the _Bombay Gazetteer_, says that _dhangī_ is a large vessel belonging to the Mekrān coast; the word is said to mean 'a log' in Bilūchī. In Guzerat the larger vessel seems to be called _dangā_; and besides this there is _dhangī_, like a canoe, but _built_, not dug out.

[1610.—"I have brought with me the pinnace and her GINGE for better
performance."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 61.]

1705.—"... pour aller à terre on est obligé de se servir d'un petit
Bateau dont les bords sont très hauts, qu'on appelle
DINGUES...."—_Luiller_, 39.

1785.—"Propose to the merchants of _Muscat_ ... to bring hither, on the
DINGIES, such horses as they may have for sale; which, being sold to us,
the owner can carry back the produce in rice."—_Letters of Tippoo_, 6.

1810.—"On these larger pieces of water there are usually canoes, or
DINGIES."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 59.

[1813.—"The Indian pomegranates ... are by no means equal to those
brought from Arabia by the Muscat DINGEYS."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i.
468.]

1878.—"I observed among a crowd of DINGHIES, one contained a number of
native commercial agents."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i. 18.

DIRZEE, s. P. _darzī_, H. _darzī_ and vulgarly _darjī_; [_darz_, 'a rent, seam.'] A tailor.

[1623.—"The street, which they call TERZI Caravanserai, that is the
Tayler's Inn."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 95.]

c. 1804.—"In his place we took other servants, DIRGES and _Dobes_, and a
_Sais_ for Mr. Sherwood, who now got a pony."—_Mrs. Sherwood, Autobiog._
283.

1810.—"The DIRDJEES, or taylors, in Bombay, are Hindoos of respectable
caste."—_Maria Graham_, 30.

DISPATCHADORE, s. This curious word was apparently a name given by the Portuguese to certain officials in Cochin-China. We know it only in the document quoted:

1696.—"The 23 I was sent to the Under-DISPATCHADORE, who I found with my
_Scrutore_ before him. I having the _key_, he desired me to open
it."—_Bowyear's Journal at Cochin China_, in _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 77;
also "was made _Under-Customer_ or DESPATCHADORE" (_ibid._ 81); and
again: "The Chief DISPATCHADORE of the Strangers" (84).

DISSAVE, DISSAVA, &c., s. Singh. _disāva_ (Skt. _deśa_, 'a country,' &c.), 'Governor of a Province,' under the Candyan Government. _Disave_, as used by the English in the gen. case, adopted from the native expression _disave mahatmya_, 'Lord of the Province.' It is now applied by the natives to the Collector or "Government Agent." (See DESSAYE.)

1681.—"Next under the _Adigars_ are the DISSAUVA'S who are Governours
over provinces and counties of the land."—_Knox_, p. 50.

1685.—"... un DISSAVA qui est comme un General Chingulais, ou Gouverneur
des armées d'une province."—_Ribeyro_ (Fr. tr.), 102.

1803.—"... the DISSAUVAS ... are governors of the corles or districts,
and are besides the principal military commanders."—_Percival's Ceylon_,
258.

1860.—"... the DISSAVE of Oovah, who had been sent to tranquillize the
disturbed districts, placed himself at the head of the insurgents" (in
1817).—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 91.

DITCH, DITCHER. Disparaging sobriquets for Calcutta and its European citizens, for the rationale of which see MAHRATTA DITCH.

DIU, n.p. A port at the south end of Peninsular Guzerat. The town stands on an island, whence its name, from Skt. _dvīpa_. The Portuguese were allowed to build a fort here by treaty with Bahādur Shāh of Guzerat, in 1535. It was once very famous for the sieges which the Portuguese successfully withstood (1538 and 1545) against the successors of Bahādur Shāh [see the account in _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 37 _seq._]. It still belongs to Portugal, but is in great decay. [Tavernier (ed. _Ball_, ii. 35) dwells on the advantages of its position.]

c. 700.—Chinese annals of the T'ang dynasty mention TIYU as a port
touched at by vessels bound for the Persian Gulf, about 10 days before
reaching the Indus. See _Deguignes_, in _Mém. de l'Acad. Inscript._
xxxii. 367.

1516.—"... there is a promontory, and joining close to it is a small
island which contains a very large and fine town, which the Malabars call
DIUXA and the Moors of the country call it DIU. It has a very good
harbour," &c.—_Barbosa_, 59.

1572.—

"Succeder-lhe-ha alli Castro, que o estandarte
Portuguez terá sempre levantado,
Conforme successor ao succedido;
Que hum ergue DIO, outro o defende erguido."
_Camões_, x. 67.

By Burton:

"Castro succeeds, who Lusias estandard
shall bear for ever in the front to wave;
Successor the Succeeded's work who endeth;
that buildeth DIU, this builded DIU defendeth."

1648.—"At the extremity of this Kingdom, and on a projecting point
towards the south lies the city DIU, where the Portuguese have 3 strong
castles; this city is called by both Portuguese and Indians DIVE (the
last letter, _e_, being pronounced somewhat softly), a name which
signifies 'Island.'"—_Van Twist_, 13.

1727.—"DIU is the next Port.... It is one of the best built Cities, and
best fortified by Nature and Art, that I ever saw in India, and its
stately Buildings of free Stone and Marble, are sufficient Witnesses of
its ancient Grandeur and Opulency; but at present not above one-fourth of
the City is inhabited."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 137; [ed. 1744, i. 136].

DIUL-SIND, n.p. A name by which Sind is often called in early European narratives, taken up by the authors, no doubt, like so many other prevalent names, from the Arab traders who had preceded them. _Dewal_ or _Daibul_ was a once celebrated city and seaport of Sind, mentioned by all the old Arabian geographers, and believed to have stood at or near the site of modern _Karāchī_. It had the name from a famous temple (_devālya_), probably a Buddhist shrine, which existed there, and which was destroyed by the Mahommedans in 711. The name of _Dewal_ long survived the city itself, and the specific addition of _Sind_ or _Sindī_ being added, probably to distinguish it from some other place of resembling name, the name of _Dewal-Sind_ or _Sindi_ came to be attached to the delta of the Indus.

c. 700.—The earliest mention of Dewal that we are aware of is in a notice
of Chinese Voyages to the Persian Gulf under the T'ang dynasty (7th and
8th centuries) quoted by Deguignes. In this the ships, after leaving
_Tiyu_ (DIU) sailed 10 days further to another TIYU near the great river
_Milan_ or _Sinteu_. This was, no doubt, DEWAL near the great _Mihrān_ or
_Sindhu_, _i.e._ Indus.—_Mém. de l'Acad. des Insc._ xxxii. 367.

c. 880.—"There was at DEBAL a lofty temple (_budd_) surmounted by a long
pole, and on the pole was fixed a red flag, which when the breeze blew
was unfurled over the city.... Muhammad informed Hajjáj of what he had
done, and solicited advice.... One day a reply was received to this
effect:—'Fix the manjaník ... call the manjaník-master, and tell him to
aim at the flagstaff of which you have given a description.' So he
brought down the flagstaff, and it was broken; at which the infidels were
sore afflicted."—_Bilāḍuri_, in _Elliot_, i. 120.

c. 900.—"From Nármasírá to DEBAL is 8 days' journey, and from DEBAL to
the junction of the river Mihrán with the sea, is 2 parasangs."—_Ibn
Khordádbah_, in _Elliot_, i. 15.

976.—"The City of DEBAL is to the west of the Mihrán, towards the sea. It
is a large mart, and the port not only of this, but of the neighbouring
regions...."—_Ibn Haukal_, in _Elliot_, i. 37.

c. 1150.—"The place is inhabited only because it is a station for the
vessels of Sind and other countries ... ships laden with the productions
of 'Umán, and the vessels of China and India come to DEBAL."—_Idrisi_, in
_Elliot_, i. p. 77.

1228.—"All that country down to the seashore was subdued. Malik
Sinán-ud-dín Habsh, chief of DEWAL and SIND, came and did homage to the
Sultan."—_Ṭabaḳāt-i-Nāsiri_, in _Elliot_, ii. 326.

[1513.—"And thence we had sight of DIULCINDY."—_Albuquerque, Cartas_, p.
239.]

1516.—"Leaving the Kingdom of Ormuz ... the coast goes to the South-east
for 172 leagues as far as DIULCINDE, entering the Kingdom of ULCINDE,
which is between Persia and India."—_Barbosa_, 49.

1553.—"From this Cape Jasque to the famous river Indus are 200 leagues,
in which space are these places Guadel, Calara, Calamente, and DIUL, the
last situated on the most westerly mouth of the Indus."—_De Barros_, Dec.
I. liv. ix. cap. i.

c. 1554.—"If you guess that you may be drifting to Jaked ... you must try
to go to Karaushī, or to enter Khur (the estuary of) DIÚL SIND."—_The
Mohit_, in _J. As. Soc. Ben._ v. 463.

" "He offered me the town of Lahori, _i.e._ DIULI SIND, but as I
did not accept it I begged him for leave to depart."—_Sidi 'Ali Kapudān_,
in _Journ. As._ 1st Ser. tom. ix. 131.

[1557.—Couto says that the Italians who travelled overland before the
Portuguese discovered the sea route 'found on the other side on the west
those people called DIULIS, so called from their chief city named DIUL,
where they settled, and whence they passed to CINDE.']

1572.—

"Olha a terra de ULCINDE fertilissima
E de Jaquete a intima enseada."
_Camões_, x. cvi.

1614.—"At DIULSINDE the _Expedition_ in her former Voyage had deliuered
Sir Robert Sherley the Persian Embassadour."—_Capt. W. Peyton_, in
_Purchas_, i. 530.

[1616.—"The riuer Indus doth not powre himself into the sea by the bay of
Cambaya, but far westward, at SINDU."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. i. 122.]

1638.—"Les Perses et les Arabes donnent au Royaume de _Sindo_ le nom de
DIUL."—_Mandelslo_, 114.

c. 1650.—DIUL is marked in Blaeu's great Atlas on the W. of the most
westerly mouth of the Indus.

c. 1666.—"... la ville la plus Méridionale est DIUL. On la nomme encore
DIUL-SIND, et autrefois on l'a appellée DOBIL.... Il y a des Orientaux
qui donnent le nom de DIUL au Païs de Sinde."—_Thevenot_, v. 158.

1727.—"All that shore from _Jasques_ to _Sindy_, inhabited by uncivilized
People, who admit of no Commerce with Strangers, tho' Guaddel and DIUL,
two Sea-ports, did about a Century ago afford a good Trade."—_A.
Hamilton_, i. 115; [ed. 1744].

1753.—"Celui (le bras du Sind) de la droite, après avoir passé à Fairuz,
distant ce Mansora de trois journées selon Edrisi, se rend à _Debil_ ou
DIVL, au quel nom on ajoûte quelque fois celui de SINDI.... La ville est
située sur une langue de terre en forme de peninsule, d'où je pense que
lui vient son nom actuel de DIUL ou _Divl_, formé du mot Indien _Div_,
qui signifie une île. D'Herbelot ... la confond avec _Diu_, dont la
situation est à l'entrée du Golfe de Cambaye."—_D'Anville_, p. 40.

DOAB, s. and n.p. P.—H. _doāb_, 'two waters,' _i.e._ 'Mesopotamia,' the tract between two confluent rivers. In Upper India, when used absolutely, the term always indicates the tract between the Ganges and Jumna. Each of the like tracts in the Punjab has its distinctive name, several of them compounded of the names of the limiting rivers, _e.g._ _Rīchnā Doāb_, between Rāvī and Chenāb, _Jech Doāb_, between Jelam and Chenāb, &c. These names are said to have been invented by the Emperor Akbar. [_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 311 _seq._] The only _Doāb_ known familiarly by that name in the south of India is the _Raichūr Doāb_ in the Nizam's country, lying between the Kistna and Tungabhadra.

DOAI! DWYE! Interj. Properly H. _dohāī_, or _dūhāī_, Gujarātī _dawāhī_, an exclamation (hitherto of obscure etymology) shouted aloud by a petitioner for redress at a Court of Justice, or as any one passes who is supposed to have it in his power to aid in rendering the justice sought. It has a kind of analogy, as Thevenot pointed out over 200 years ago, to the old Norman _Haro! Haro! viens à mon aide, mon Prince!_[111] but does not now carry the privilege of the Norman cry; though one may conjecture, both from Indian analogies and from the statement of Ibn Batuta quoted below, that it once did. Every Englishman in Upper India has often been saluted by the calls of, 'DOHĀI _Khudāwand kī_! DOHĀI _Mahārāj_! DOHĀI _Kompanī Bahādur_!' 'Justice, my Lord! Justice, O King! Justice, O Company!'—perhaps in consequence of some oppression by his followers, perhaps in reference to some grievance with which he has no power to interfere. "Until 1860 no one dared to ignore the appeal of DOHĀĪ to a native Prince within his territory. I have heard a serious charge made against a person for calling the DOHĀĪ needlessly" (_M.-Gen. Keatinge_).

Wilson derives the exclamation from _do_, 'two' or repeatedly, and _hāi_ 'alas,' illustrating this by the phrase '_dohāī tīhāī karnā_,' 'to make exclamation (or invocation of justice) twice and thrice.' [Platts says, _do-hāy_, Skt. _hrī-hāhā_,' a crying twice "alas!"] This phrase, however, we take to be merely an example of the 'striving after meaning,' usual in cases where the real origin of the phrase is forgotten. We cannot doubt that the word is really a form of the Skt. _droha_, 'injury, wrong.' And this is confirmed by the form in Ibn Batuta, and the Mahr. _durāhi_; "an exclamation or expression used in prohibiting in the name of the Raja ... implying an imprecation of his vengeance in case of disobedience" (_Molesworth's Dict._); also Tel. and Canar. _durāi_, 'protest, prohibition, caveat, or veto in arrest of proceedings' (_Wilson and C. P. B._, _MS._)

c. 1340.—"It is a custom in India that when money is due from any person
who is favoured by the Sultan, and the creditor wants his debt settled,
he lies in wait at the Palace gate for the debtor, and when the latter is
about to enter he assails him with the exclamation DARŌHAI _us-Sultan_!
'O Enemy of the Sultan.—I swear by the head of the King thou shalt not
enter till thou hast paid me what thou owest.' The debtor cannot then
stir from the spot, until he has satisfied the creditor, or has obtained
his consent to the respite."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 412. The signification
assigned to the words by the Moorish traveller probably only shows that
the real meaning was unknown to his Musulman friends at Delhi, whilst its
form strongly corroborates our etymology, and shows that it still kept
close to the Sanskrit.

1609.—"He is severe enough, but all helpeth not; for his poore Riats or
clownes complaine of Iniustice done them, and cry for justice at the
King's hands."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 223.

c. 1666.—"Quand on y veut arrêter une personne, on crie seulement DOA
_padecha_; cette clameur a autant de force que celle de haro en
Normandie; et si on defend à quelqu'un de sortir, du lieu où il est, en
disant DOA _padecha_, il ne peut partir sans se rendre criminel, et il
est obligé de se presentir à la Justice."—_Thevenot_, v. 61.

1834.—"The servant woman began to make a great outcry, and wanted to
leave the ship, and cried DOHAEE to the Company, for she was murdered and
kidnapped."—_The Baboo_, ii. 242.

DOAR, n.p. A name applied to the strip of moist land, partially cultivated with rice, which extends at the foot of the Himālaya mountains to Bhotan. It corresponds to the TERAI further west; but embraces the conception of the passes or accesses to the hill country from this last verge of the plain, and is apparently the Skt. _dvāra_, a gate or entrance. [The E. DWARS of Goalpara District, and the W. DWARS of Jalpaiguri were annexed in 1864 to stop the raids of the Bhutias.]

DOBUND, s. This word is not in the Hind. Dicts. (nor is it in Wilson), but it appears to be sufficiently elucidated by the quotation:

1787.—"That the power of Mr. Fraser to make DOBUNDS, or new and
additional embankments in aid of the old ones ... was a power very much
to be suspected, and very improper to be entrusted to a contractor who
had already covenanted to keep the old _pools_ in perfect repair,"
&c.—_Articles against W. Hastings_, in _Burke_, vii. 98.

DOLLY, s. Hind. _ḍālī_. A complimentary offering of fruit, flowers, vegetables, sweetmeats and the like, presented usually on one or more trays; also the daily basket of garden produce laid before the owner by the _Mālī_ or gardener ("The _Molly_ with his _dolly_"). The proper meaning of _ḍālī_ is a 'branch' or 'twig' (Skt. _dār_); then a 'basket,' a 'tray,' or a 'pair of trays slung to a yoke,' as used in making the offerings. Twenty years ago the custom of presenting _ḍālīs_ was innocent and merely complimentary; but, if the letter quoted under 1882 is correct, it must have grown into a gross abuse, especially in the Punjab. [The custom has now been in most Provinces regulated by Government orders.]

[1832.—"A DHAULLIE is a flat basket, on which is arranged in neat order
whatever fruit, vegetables, or herbs are at the time in season."—_Mrs.
Meer Hassan Ali, Observations_, i. 333.]

1880.—"Brass dishes filled with pistachio nuts are displayed here and
there; they are the oblations of the would-be visitors. The English call
these offerings _dollies_; the natives _dáli_. They represent in the
profuse East the visiting cards of the meagre West."—_Ali Baba_, 84.

1882.—"I learn that in Madras DALLIES are restricted to a single gilded
orange or lime, or a tiny sugar pagoda, and Madras officers who have seen
the _bushels_ of fruit, nuts, almonds, sugar-candy ... &c., received by
single officials in a single day in the N.W. Provinces, and in addition
the number of bottles of brandy, champagne, liquors, &c., received along
with all the preceding in the Punjab, have been ... astounded that such a
practice should be countenanced by Government."—_Letter in Pioneer Mail_,
March 15.

DOME, DHOME; in S. India commonly DOMBAREE, DOMBAR, s. Hind. _Ḍōm_ or _Ḍōmrā_. The name of a very low caste, representing some old aboriginal race, spread all over India. In many places they perform such offices as carrying dead bodies, removing carrion, &c. They are often musicians; in Oudh sweepers; in Champāran professional thieves (see _Elliot's Races of the N.W.P._, [_Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, s.v.]). It is possible, as has been suggested by some one, that the Gypsy _Romany_ is this word.

c. 1328.—"There be also certain others which be called DUMBRI who eat
carrion and carcases; who have absolutely no object of worship; and who
have to do the drudgeries of other people, and carry loads."—_Friar
Jordanus_, Hak. Soc. p. 21.

1817.—"There is yet another tribe of vagrants, who are also a separate
sect. They are the class of mountebanks, buffoons, posture-masters,
tumblers, dancers, and the like.... The most dissolute body is that of
the DUMBARS or DUMBARU."—_Abbé Dubois_, 468.

DONDERA HEAD, n.p. The southernmost point of Ceylon; called after a magnificent Buddhist shrine there, much frequented as a place of pilgrimage, which was destroyed by the Portuguese in 1587. The name is a corruption of _Dewa-nagara_, in Elu (or old Singalese) _Dewu-nuwara_; in modern Singalese _Dewuṅdara_ (_Ind. Antiq._ i. 329). The place is identified by Tennent with Ptolemy's "Dagana, sacred to the moon." Is this name in any way the origin of the opprobrium 'dunderhead'? [The _N.E.D._ gives no countenance to this, but leaves the derivation doubtful; possibly akin to _dunner_]. The name is so written in _Dunn's Directory_, 5th ed. 1780, p. 59; also in a chart of the Bay of Bengal, without title or date in Dalrymple's Collection.

1344.—"We travelled in two days to the city of DĪNAWAR, which is large,
near the sea, and inhabited by traders. In a vast temple there, one sees
an idol which bears the same name as the city.... The city and its
revenues are the property of the idol."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 184.

[1553.—"TANABARÉ." See under GALLE, POINT DE.]

DONEY, DHONY, s. In S. India, a small native vessel, properly formed (at least the lower part of it) from a single tree. Tamil _tōṉi_. Dr. Gundert suggests as the origin Skt. _droṇa_, 'a wooden vessel.' But it is perhaps connected with the Tamil _tonduga_, 'to scoop out'; and the word would then be exactly analogous to the Anglo-American 'dug-out.' In the _J.R.A.S._ vol. i. is a paper by Mr. Edye, formerly H.M.'s Master Shipwright in Ceylon, on the native vessels of South India, and among others he describes the DONI (p. 13), with a drawing to scale. He calls it "a huge vessel of ark-like form, about 70 feet long, 20 feet broad, and 12 feet deep; with a flat bottom or keel part, which at the broadest place is 7 feet; ... the whole equipment of these rude vessels, as well as their construction, is the most coarse and unseaworthy that I have ever seen." From this it would appear that the _doney_ is no longer a 'dug-out,' as the suggested etymology, and Pyrard de Laval's express statement, indicate it to have been originally.

1552.—Castanheda already uses the word as Portuguese: "foy logo cõtra ho
TÔNE."—iii. 22.

1553.—"Vasco da Gama having started ... on the following day they were
becalmed rather more than a league and a half from Calicut, when there
came towards them more than 60 TONÉS, which are small vessels, crowded
with people."—_Barros_, I. iv., xi.

1561.—The word constantly occurs in this form (TONÉ) in _Correa_, _e.g._
vol. i. pt. 1, 403, 502, &c.

[1598.—"... certaine scutes or Skiffes called TONES."—_Linschoten_, Hak.
Soc. ii. 56.]

1606.—There is a good description of the vessel in _Gouvea_, f. 29.

c. 1610.—"Le basteau s'appelloit DONNY, c'est à dire oiseau, pource qu'il
estoit proviste de voiles."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 65; [Hak. Soc. i. 86].

" "La plupart de leurs vaisseaux sont d'une seule piece, qu'ils
appellent TONNY, et les Portugais Almediés (ALMADIA)."—_Ibid._ i. 278;
[Hak. Soc. i. 389].

1644.—"They have in this city of Cochin certain boats which they call
TONES, in which they navigate the shallow rivers, which have 5 or 6 palms
of depth, 15 or 20 cubits in length, and with a broad _parana_ of 5 or 6
palms, so that they build above an upper story called _Bayleu_, like a
little house, thatched with _Ola_ (OLLAH), and closed at the sides. This
contains many passengers, who go to amuse themselves on the rivers, and
there are spent in this way many thousands of cruzados."—_Bocarro, MS._

1666.—"... with 110 _paraos_, and 100 _catures_ (see PROW, CATUR) and 80
TONEES of broad beam, full of people ... the enemy displayed himself on
the water to our caravels."—_Faria y Sousa, Asia Portug._ i. 66.

1672.—"... four fishermen from the town came over to us in a
TONY."—_Baldaeus, Ceylon_ (Dutch ed.), 89.

[1821.—In _Travels on Foot through the Island of Ceylon_, by J. Haafner,
translated from the Dutch (_Phillip's New Voyages and Travels_, v. 6,
79), the words "_thonij_," "_thony's_" of the original are translated
FUNNY, FUNNIES; this is possibly a misprint for TUNNIES, which appears on
p. 66 as the rendering of "_thonij's_." See _Notes and Queries_, 9th ser.
iv. 183.]

1860.—"Amongst the vessels at anchor (at Galle) lie the dows of the
Arabs, the Patamars of Malabar, the DHONEYS of Coromandel."—_Tennent's
Ceylon_, ii. 103.

DOOB, s. H. _dūb_, from Skt. _dūrvā_. A very nutritious creeping grass (_Cynodon dactylon_, Pers.), spread very generally in India. In the hot weather of Upper India, when its growth is scanty, it is eagerly sought for horses by the 'grass-cutters.' The natives, according to Roxburgh, quoted by Drury, cut the young leaves and make a cooling drink from the roots. The popular etymology, from _dhūp_, 'sunshine,' has no foundation. Its merits, its lowly gesture, its spreading quality, give it a frequent place in native poetry.

1810.—"The _doob_ is not to be found everywhere; but in the low countries
about Dacca ... this grass abounds; attaining to a prodigious
luxuriance."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 259.

DOOCAUN, s. Ar. _dukkān_, Pers. and H. _dukān_, 'a shop'; _dukāndār_, 'a shopkeeper.'

1554.—"And when you buy in the _dukāns_ (_nos_ DUCÕES), they don't give
picotaa (see PICOTA), and so the Dukándárs (_os_ DUCAMDARES)
gain...."—_A. Nunes_, 22.

1810.—"L'estrade elevée sur laquelle le marchand est assis, et d'où il
montre sa marchandise aux acheteurs, est proprement ce qu'on appelle
DUKĀN; mot qui signifie, suivant son étymologie, une _estrade_ ou
_plateforme, sur laquelle on se peut tenir assis_, et que nous traduisons
improprement par boutique."—Note by _Silvestre de Sacy_, in _Relation de
l'Egypte_, 304.

[1832.—"The DUKHAUNS (shops) small, with the whole front open towards the
street."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Observations_, ii. 36.]

1835.—"The shop (DOOKKÁN) is a square recess, or cell, generally about 6
or 7 feet high.... Its floor is even with the top of a _muśtabah_, or
raised seat of stone or brick, built against the front."—_Lane's Mod.
Egyptians_, ed. 1836, ii. 9.

DOOMBUR, s. The name commonly given in India to the fat-tailed sheep, breeds of which are spread over West Asia and East Africa. The word is properly Pers. _dunba_, _dumba_; _dumb_, 'tail,' or especially this fat tail. The old story of little carts being attached to the quarters of these sheep to bear their tails is found in many books, but it is difficult to trace any modern evidence of the fact. We quote some passages bearing on it:

c. A.D. 250.—"The tails of the sheep (of India) reach to their feet....
The shepherds ... cut open the tails and take out the tallow, and then
sew it up Ìgain...."—_Aelian, De Nat. Animal._ iv. 32.

1298.—"Then there are sheep here as big as asses; and their tails are so
large and fat, that one tail shall weigh some 30 lbs. They are fine fat
beasts, and afford capital mutton."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. 18.

1436.—"Their iiijth kinde of beasts are sheepe, which be unreasonable
great, longe legged, longe woll, and great tayles, that waie about
xij_l._ a piece. And some such I have seene as have drawen a wheele aftre
them, their tailes being holden vp."—_Jos. Barbaro_, Hak. Soc. 21.

c. 1520.—"These sheep are not different from others, except as regards
the tail, which is very large, and the fatter the sheep is the bigger is
his tail. Some of them have tails weighing 10 and 20 pounds, and that
will happen when they get fat of their own accord. But in Egypt many
persons make a business of fattening sheep, and feed them on bran and
wheat, and then the tail gets so big that the sheep can't stir. But those
who keep them tie the tail on a kind of little cart, and in this way they
move about. I saw one sheep's tail of this kind at Asiot, a city of Egypt
150 miles from Cairo, on the Nile, which weighed 80 lbs., and many people
asserted that they have seen such tails that weighed 150 lbs."—_Leo
Africanus_, in _Ramusio_, i. f. 92_v_.

[c. 1610.—"The tails of rams and ewes are wondrous big and heavy; one we
weighed (in the Island of St. Lawrence) turned 28 pounds."—_Pyrard de
Laval_, i. 36.

[1612.—"Goodly Barbary sheep with great rumps."—_Danvers, Letters_, i.
178.]

1828.—"We had a DOOMBA ram at Prag. The _Doomba_ sheep are difficult to
keep alive in this climate."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, i. 28.

1846.—"I was informed by a person who possessed large flocks, and who had
no reason to deceive me, that sometimes the tail of the Tymunnee DOOMBAS
increased to such a size, that a cart or small truck on wheels was
necessary to support the weight, and that without it the animal could not
wander about; he declared also that he had produced tails in his flock
which weighed 12 _Tabreezi munds_, or 48 _seers puckah_, equal to about
96 _lbs._"—_Captain Hutton_, in _Jour. As. Soc. Beng._ xv. 160.

DOOPUTTY, s. Hind. _do-paṭṭah_, _dupaṭṭā_, &c. A piece of stuff of 'two breadths,' a sheet. "The principal or only garment of women of the lower orders" (in Bengal—_Wilson_). ["Formerly these pieces were woven narrow, and joined alongside of one another to produce the proper width; now, however, the _dupatta_ is all woven in one piece. This is a piece of cloth worn entire as it comes from the loom. It is worn either round the head or over the shoulders, and is used by both men and women, Hindu and Muhammadan" (_Yusuf Ali, Mon. on Silk_, 71).] Applied in S. India by native servants, when speaking their own language, to European bed-sheets.

[1615.—"... DUBETIES gouzerams."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 156.]

DOORGA POOJA, s. Skt. _Durgā-pūjā_, 'Worship of Durga.' The chief Hindu festival in Bengal, lasting for 10 days in September-October, and forming the principal holiday-time of all the Calcutta offices. (See DUSSERA.) [The common term for these holidays nowadays is 'the POOJAHS.']

c. 1835.—

"And every DOORGA POOJA would good Mr. Simms explore
The famous river Hoogly up as high as Barrackpore."
_Lines in honour of the late Mr. Simms_,
_Bole Ponjis_, 1857, ii. 220.

[1900.—"Calcutta has been in the throes of the PUJAHS since
yesterday."—_Pioneer Mail_, Oct. 5.]

DOORSUMMUND, n.p. _Dūrsamand_; a corrupt form of _Dvāra-Samudra_ (Gate of the Sea), the name of the capital of the Balālās, a medieval dynasty in S. India, who ruled a country generally corresponding with Mysore. [See _Rice, Mysore_, ii. 353.] The city itself is identified with the fine ruins at Halabīdu [Haḷe-bīḍu, 'old capital'], in the Hassan district of Mysore.

c. 1300.—"There is another country called Deogir. Its capital is called
DÚRÚ SAMUNDÚR."—_Rashīduddīn_, in _Elliot_, i. 73. (There is confusion in
this.)

1309.—"The royal army marched from this place towards the country of DÚR
SAMUN."—_Wassāf_, in _Elliot_, iii. 49.

1310.—"On Sunday, the 23rd ... he took a select body of cavalry with him,
and on the 5th Shawwúl reached the fort of DHÚR SAMUND, after a difficult
march of 12 days."—_Amīr Khusrū, ibid._ 88. See also _Notices et
Extraits_, xiii. 171.

DORADO, s. Port. A kind of fish; apparently a dolphin (not the cetaceous animal so called). The _Coryphaena hippurus_ of Day's _Fishes_ is called by Cuvier and Valenciennes _C. dorado_. See also quotation from Drake. One might doubt, because of the praise of its flavour in Bontius, whilst Day only says of the _C. hippurus_ that "these dolphins are eaten by natives." Fryer, however, uses an expression like that of Bontius:—"The Dolphin is extolled beyond these,"—_i.e._ Bonito and Albicore (p. 12).

1578.—"When he is chased of the _Bonito_, or great mackrel (whom the
AURATA or Dolphin also pursueth)."—_Drake, World Encompassed_, Hak. Soc.
32.

1631.—"Pisces DORADOS dicti a Portugalensibus, ab aureo quem ferunt in
cute colore ... hic piscis est longe optimi saporis, _Bonitas_ bonitate
excellens."—_Jac. Bontii_, Lib. V. cap. xix. 73.

DORAY, DURAI, s. This is a South Indian equivalent of ṢĀHIB (q.v.); Tel. _dora_, Tam. _turai_, 'Master.' _Sinna-turai_, 'small gentleman' is the equivalent of _Chhoṭa Sāhib_, a junior officer; and Tel. _dorasāni_, Tam. _turaisāni_ (corruptly _doresáni_) of 'Lady' or 'Madam.'

1680.—"The delivery of three Iron guns to the DEURA of Ramacole at the
rate of 15 _Pagodas_ per _candy_ is ordered ... which is much more than
what they cost."—_Fort St. Geo. Cons._, Aug. 5. In _Notes and Extracts_,
No. iii. p. 31.

1837.—"The Vakeels stand behind their masters during all the visit, and
discuss with them all that A— says. Sometimes they tell him some
barefaced lie, and when they find he does not believe it, they turn to me
grinning, and say, 'Ma'am, the DOORY plenty cunning gentlyman.'"—_Letters
from Madras_, 86.

1882.—"The appellation by which Sir T. Munro was most commonly known in
the Ceded Districts was that of 'Colonel DORA.' And to this day it is
considered a sufficient answer to inquiries regarding the reason for any
Revenue Rule, that it was laid down by the Colonel DORA."—_Arbuthnot's
Memoir of Sir T. M._, p. xcviii.

"A village up the Godavery, on the left bank, is inhabited by a race of
people known as DORAYLU, or 'gentlemen.' That this is the understood
meaning is shown by the fact that their women are called DORESANDLU,
_i.e._ 'ladies.' These people rifle their arrow feathers, _i.e._ give
them a spiral." (Reference lost.) [These are perhaps the Kois, who are
called by the Telingas _Koidhoras_, "the word _dhora_ meaning 'gentleman'
or Sahib."—(_Central Prov. Gaz._ 500; also see _Ind. Ant._ viii. 34)].

DORIA, s. H. _ḍoriyā_, from _ḍor_, _ḍorī_, 'a cord or leash'; a dog-keeper.

1781.—"Stolen.... The Dog was taken out of Capt. Law's Baggage Boat ...
by the DURREER that brought him to Calcutta."—_India Gazette_, March 17.

[DORIYA is also used for a kind of cloth. "As the characteristic pattern of the _chārkhāna_ is a check, so that of the DORIYA is stripes running along the length of the _thān_, _i.e._ in warp threads. The DORIYA was originally a cotton fabric, but it is now manufactured in silk, silk-and-cotton, _tasar_, and other combinations" (_Yusuf Ali, Mon. on Silk_, 94).

[c. 1590.—In a list of cotton cloths, we have "DORIYAH, per piece, 6R. to
2M."—_Āīn_, i. 95.

[1683.—"... 3 pieces DOOREAS."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 94.]

DOSOOTY, s. H. _do-sūtī_, _do-sūtā_, 'double thread,' a kind of cheap cotton stuff woven with threads doubled.

[1843.—"The other pair (of travelling baskets) is simply covered with
DOSOOTEE (a coarse double-threaded cotton)."—_Davidson, Diary in Upper
India_, i. 10.]

DOUBLE-GRILL, s. Domestic H. of the kitchen for 'a devil' in the culinary sense.

DOUR, s. A foray, or a hasty expedition of any kind. H. _dauṛ_, 'a run.' Also to DOUR, 'to run,' or 'to make such an expedition.'