Chapter XXVI: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (23)

CODAVASCAM, n.p. A region with this puzzling name appears in the Map of Blaeu (c. 1650), and as _Ryk van Codavascan_ in the Map of Bengal in Valentijn (vol. v.), to the E. of Chittagong. Wilford has some Wilfordian nonsense about it, connecting it with the Τοκοσάννα R. of Ptolemy, and with a Touascan which he says is mentioned by the "Portuguese writers" (in such case a criminal mode of expression). The name was really that of a Mahommedan chief, "hum Principe Mouro, grande Senhor," and "Vassalo del Rey de Bengála." It was probably "Khodābakhsh Khān." His territory must have been south of Chittagong, for one of his towns was _Chacuriá_, still known as _Chakirīa_ on the Chittagong and Arakan Road, in lat. 21° 45′. (See _Barros_, IV. ii. 8. and IV. ix. 1; and _Couto_, IV. iv. 10; also _Correa_, iii. 264-266, and again as below):—

1533.—"But in the city there was the Rumi whose foist had been seized by
Dimião Bernaldes; being a soldier (_lascarym_) of the King's, and seeing
the present (offered by the Portuguese) he said: My lord, these are
crafty robbers; they get into a country with their wares, and pretend to
buy and sell, and make friendly gifts, whilst they go spying out the land
and the people, and then come with an armed force to seize them, slaying
and burning ... till they become masters of the land.... And this
Captain-Major is the same that was made prisoner and ill-used by
CODAVASCÃO in Chatigão, and he is come to take vengeance for the ill that
was done him."—_Correa_, iii. 479.

COFFEE, s. Arab. _ḳahwa_, a word which appears to have been originally a term for wine.[77] [So in the _Arab. Nights_, ii. 158, where Burton gives the derivation as _akhá_, fastidire fecit, causing disinclination for food. In old days the scrupulous called coffee _ḳihwah_ to distinguish it from _ḳahwah_, wine.] It is probable, therefore, that a somewhat similar word was twisted into this form by the usual propensity to strive after meaning. Indeed, the derivation of the name has been plausibly traced to _Kaffa_, one of those districts of the S. Abyssinian highlands (Enarea and Kaffa) which appear to have been the original habitat of the Coffee plant (_Coffea arabica_, L.); and if this is correct, then _Coffee_ is nearer the original than _Ḳahwa_. On the other hand, _Ḳahwa_, or some form thereof, is in the earliest mentions appropriated to the drink, whilst some form of the word _Bunn_ is that given to the plant, and _Būn_ is the existing name of the plant in Shoa. This name is also that applied in Yemen to the coffee-berry. There is very fair evidence in Arabic literature that the use of coffee was introduced into Aden by a certain Sheikh Shihābuddīn Dhabḥānī, who had made acquaintance with it on the African coast, and who died in the year H. 875, _i.e._ A.D. 1470, so that the introduction may be put about the middle of the 15th century, a time consistent with the other negative and positive data.[78] From Yemen it spread to Mecca (where there arose after some years, in 1511, a crusade against its use as unlawful), to Cairo, to Damascus and Aleppo, and to Constantinople, where the first coffee-house was established in 1554. [It is said to have been introduced into S. India some two centuries ago by a Mahommedan pilgrim, named Bābā Būdan, who brought a few seeds with him from Mecca: see _Grigg, Nilagiri Man._ 483; _Rice, Mysore_, i. 162.] The first European mention of coffee seems to be by Rauwolff, who knew it in Aleppo in 1573. [See 1 ser. _N. & Q._ I. 25 _seqq._] It is singular that in the _Observations_ of Pierre Belon, who was in Egypt, 1546-49, full of intelligence and curious matter as they are, there is no indication of a knowledge of coffee.

1558.—Extrait du Livre intitulé: "Les Preuves le plus fortes en faveur de
la legitimité de l'usage du Café (KAHWA); par le Scheikh Abd-Alkader
Ansari Djézéri Hanbali, fils de Mohammed."—In _De Sacy, Chrest. Arabe_,
2nd ed. i. 412.

1573.—"Among the rest they have a very good Drink, by them called CHAUBE,
that is almost black as Ink, and very good in Illness, chiefly that of
the Stomach; of this they drink in the Morning early in open places
before everybody, without any fear or regard, out of _China_ cups, as hot
as they can; they put it often to their Lips, but drink but little at a
Time, and let it go round as they sit. In the same water they take a
Fruit called _Bunru_, which in its Bigness, Shape, and Colour, is almost
like unto a Bay-berry, with two thin Shells ... they agree in the Virtue,
Figure, Looks, and Name with the _Buncho_ of Avicen,[79] and _Bancha_ of
_Rasis ad Almans._ exactly; therefore I take them to be the
same."—_Rauwolff_, 92.

c. 1580.—"Arborem vidi in viridario Halydei Turcae, cujus tu iconem nunc
spectabis, ex qua semina illa ibi vulgatissima, _Bon_ vel _Ban_
appellata, producuntur; ex his tum Aegyptii tum Arabes parant decoctum
vulgatissimum, quod vini loco ipsi potant, venditurque in publicis
œnopoliis, non secus quod apud nos vinum: illique ipsum vocant CAOVA....
Avicenna de his seminibus meminit."[79]—_Prosper Alpinus_, ii. 36.

1598.—In a note on the use of tea in Japan, Dr. Paludanus says: "The
Turkes holde almost the same mañer of drinking of their _Chaona_ (read
CHAOUA), which they make of a certaine fruit, which is like unto the
_Bakelaer_,[80] and by the Egyptians called _Bon_ or _Ban_; they take of
this fruite one pound and a halfe, and roast them a little in the fire,
and then sieth them in twentie poundes of water, till the half be
consumed away; this drinke they take everie morning fasting in their
chambers, out of an earthen pot, being verie hote, as we doe here drinke
_aqua composita_ in the morning; and they say that it strengtheneth them
and maketh them warm, breaketh wind, and openeth any stopping."—In
_Linschoten_, 46; [Hak. Soc. i. 157].

c. 1610.—"La boisson la plus commune c'est de l'eau, ou bien du vin de
Cocos tiré le mesme iour. On en fait de deux autres sortes plus
delicates; l'vne est chaude, composée de l'eau et de mièl de Cocos, avec
quantité de poivre (dont ils vsent beaucoup en toutes leurs viandes, et
ils le nomment _Pasme_) et d'vne autre graine appellée CAHOA...."—_Pyrard
de Laval_, i. 128; [Hak. Soc. i. 172].

[1611.—"Buy some COHO pots and send me."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 122;
"COFFAO pots."—_Ibid._ i. 124.]

1615.—"They have in steed of it (wine) a certaine drinke called CAAHIETE
as black as Inke, which they make with the barke of a tree(!) and drinke
as hot as they can endure it."—_Monfart_, 28.

" "... passano tutto il resto della notte con mille feste e
bagordi; e particolarmente in certi luoghi pubblici ... bevendo di quando
in quando a sorsi (per chè è calda che cuoce) più d'uno scodellino di
certa loro acqua nera, che chiamano CAHUE; la quale, nelle conversazioni
serve a loro, appunto come a noi il giuoco dello sbaraglino" (_i.e._
backgammon).—_P. della Valle_ (from Constant.), i. 51. See also pp.
74-76.

[ " "COHU, blake liquor taken as hotte as may be endured."—_Sir T.
Roe_, Hak. Soc. i. 32.]

1616.—"Many of the people there (in India), who are strict in their
Religion, drink no Wine at all; but they use a Liquor more wholesome than
pleasant, they call COFFEE; made by a black Seed boyld in water, which
turnes it almost into the same colour, but doth very little alter the
taste of the water (!): notwithstanding it is very good to help
Digestion, to quicken the Spirits, and to cleanse the Blood."—_Terry_,
ed. of 1665, p. 365.

1623.—"Turcae habent etiam in usu herbae genus quam vocant CAPHE ... quam
dicunt haud parvum praestans illis vigorem, et in animas (_sic_) et in
ingenio; quae tamen largius sumpta mentem movet et turbat...."—_F. Bacon,
Hist. Vitae et Mortis_, 25.

c. 1628.—"They drink (in Persia) ... above all the rest, COHO or COPHA:
by Turk and Arab called CAPHE and CAHUA: a drink imitating that in the
Stigian lake, black, thick, and bitter: destrain'd from Bunchy, Bunnu, or
Bay berries; wholsome they say, if hot, for it expels melancholy ... but
not so much regarded for those good properties, as from a Romance that it
was invented and brew'd by Gabriel ... to restore the decayed radical
Moysture of kind hearted _Mahomet_...."—_Sir T. Herbert, Travels_, ed.
1638, p. 241.

[1631.—"CAVEAH." See quotation under TEA.]

c. 1637.—"There came in my time to the Coll. (Balliol) one Nathaniel
Conopios out of Greece, from Cyril the Patriarch of Constantinople.... He
was the first I ever saw drink COFFEE, which custom came not into England
till 30 years after."—_Evelyn's Diary_, [May 10].

1673.—"Every one pays him their congratulations, and after a dish of COHO
or Tea, mounting, accompany him to the Palace."—_Fryer_, 225.

" "Cependant on l'apporta le CAVÉ, le parfum, et le
sorbet."—_Journal d'Antoine Galland_, ii. 124.

[1677.—"CAVE." See quotation under TEA.]

1690.—"For Tea and COFFEE which are judg'd the privileg'd Liquors of all
the _Mahometans_, as well _Turks_, as those of _Persia_, _India_, and
other parts of _Arabia_, are condemn'd by them (the Arabs of Muscatt) as
unlawful Refreshments, and abominated as Bug-bear Liquors, as well as
Wine."—_Ovington_, 427.

1726.—"A certain gentleman, M. Paschius, maintains in his Latin work
published at Leipzig in 1700, that the parched corn (1 Sam. xxv. 18)
which Abigail presented with other things to David, to appease his wrath,
was nought else but COFFI-beans."—_Valentijn_, v. 192.

COIMBATORE, n.p. Name of a District and town in the Madras Presidency. _Koyammutūru_; [_Kōni_, the local goddess so called, _muttu_, 'pearl,' _ūr_, 'village'].

COIR, s. The fibre of the coco-nut husk, from which rope is made. But properly the word, which is Tam. _kayiru_, Malayāl. _kāyar_, from v. _kāyāṛu,_ 'to be twisted,' means 'cord' itself (see the accurate _Al-Birūnī_ below). The former use among Europeans is very early. And both the fibre and the rope made from it appear to have been exported to Europe in the middle of the 16th century. The word appears in early Arabic writers in the forms _ḳānbar_ and _ḳanbār_, arising probably from some misreading of the diacritical points (for _ḳāiyar_, and _ḳaiyār_). The Portuguese adopted the word in the form _cairo_. The form _coir_ seems to have been introduced by the English in the 18th century. [The _N.E.D._ gives _coire_ in 1697; _coir_ in 1779.] It was less likely to be used by the Portuguese because _coiro_ in their language is 'leather.' And Barros (where quoted below) says allusively of the rope: "_parece feito de coiro_ (leather) encolhendo e estendendo a vontade do mar," contracting and stretching with the movement of the sea.

c. 1030.—"The other islands are called _Dīva Ḳanbār_ from the word ḲANBĀR
signifying the cord plaited from the fibre of the coco-tree with which
they stitch their ships together."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _J. As._, Ser. iv.
tom. viii. 266.

c. 1346.—"They export ... cowries and KANBAR; the latter is the name
which they give to the fibrous husk of the coco-nut.... They make of it
twine to stitch together the planks of their ships, and the cordage is
also exported to China, India, and Yemen. This _ḳanbar_ is better than
hemp."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 121.

1510.—"The Governor (Alboquerque) ... in Cananor devoted much care to the
preparation of cables and rigging for the whole fleet, for what they had
was all rotten from the rains in Goa River; ordering that all should be
made of COIR (_cairo_), of which there was great abundance in Cananor;
because a Moor called Mamalle, a chief trader there, held the whole trade
of the Maldive islands by a contract with the kings of the isles ... so
that this Moor came to be called the Lord of the Maldives, and that all
the COIR that was used throughout India had to be bought from the hands
of this Moor.... The Governor, learning this, sent for the said Moor, and
ordered him to abandon this island trade and to recall his factors....
The Moor, not to lose such a profitable business, ... finally arranged
with the Governor that the Isles should not be taken from him, and that
he in return would furnish for the king 1000 _bahars_ (_barés_) of coarse
COIR, and 1000 more of fine COIR, each _bahar_ weighing 4½ _quintals_;
and this every year, and laid down at his own charges in Cananor and
Cochym, gratis and free of all charge to the King (not being able to
endure that the Portuguese should frequent the Isles at their
pleasure)."—_Correa_, ii. 129-30.

1516.—"These islands make much cordage of palm-trees, which they call
CAYRO."—_Barbosa_, 164.

c. 1530.—"They made ropes of COIR, which is a thread which the people of
the country make of the husks which the coco-nuts have
outside."—_Correa_, by _Stanley_, 133.

1553.—"They make much use of this CAIRO in place of nails; for as it has
this quality of recovering its freshness and swelling in the sea-water,
they stitch with it the planking of a ship's sides, and reckon them then
very secure."—_De Barros_, Dec. III. liv. iii. cap. 7.

1563.—"The first rind is very tough, and from it is made CAIRO, so called
by the Malabars and by us, from which is made the cord for the rigging of
all kinds of vessels."—_Garcia_, f. 67_v_.

1582.—"The Dwellers therein are Moores; which trade to Sofala in great
Ships that have no Decks, nor nailes, but are sowed with
CAYRO."—_Castañeda_ (by N. L.), f. 14_b_.

c. 1610.—"This revenue consists in ... CAIRO, which is the cord made of
the coco-tree."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 172; [Hak. Soc. i. 250].

1673.—"They (the Surat people) have not only the CAIR-yarn made of the
Cocoe for cordage, but good Flax and Hemp."—_Fryer_, 121.

c. 1690.—"Externus nucis cortex putamen ambiens, quum exsiccatus, et
stupae similis ... dicitur ... Malabarice CAIRO, quod nomen ubique
usurpatur ubi lingua Portugallica est in usu...."—_Rumphius_, i. 7.

1727.—"Of the Rind of the Nut they make CAYAR, which are the Fibres of
the Cask that environs the Nut spun fit to make Cordage and Cables for
Shipping."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 296; [ed. 1744, i. 298].

[1773.—"... these they call KIAR Yarns."—_Ives_, 457.]

COJA, s. P. _khojah_ for _khwājah_, a respectful title applied to various classes: as in India especially to eunuchs; in Persia to wealthy merchants; in Turkistan to persons of sacred families.

c. 1343.—"The chief mosque (at Kaulam) is admirable; it was built by the
merchant KHOJAH Muhaddhab."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 100.

[1590.—"HOGGIA." See quotation under TALISMAN.

[1615.—"The Governor of Suratt is displaced, and HOYJA Hassan in his
room."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 16.

[1708.—"This grave is made for HODGES Shaughsware, the chiefest servant
to the King of Persia for twenty years...."—Inscription on the tomb of
"_Coya Shawsware, a Persin in St. Botolph's Churchyard, Bishopsgate_,"
_New View of London_, p. 169.]

1786.—"I also beg to acquaint you I sent for Retafit Ali Khân, the COJAH
who has the charge of (the women of Oudh Zenanah) who informs me it is
well grounded that they have sold everything they had, even the clothes
from their backs, and now have no means to subsist."—Capt. Jaques in
_Articles of Charge_, &c., _Burke_, vii. 27.

1838.—"About a century back Khan KHOJAH, a Mohamedan ruler of Kashghar
and Yarkand, eminent for his sanctity, having been driven from his
dominions by the Chinese, took shelter in Badakhshan."—_Wood's Oxus_, ed.
1872, p. 161.

COLAO, s. Chin. _koh-lao_, 'Council Chamber Elders' (_Bp. Moule_). A title for a Chinese Minister of State, which frequently occurs in the Jesuit writers of the 17th century.

COLEROON, n.p. The chief mouth, or delta-branch, of the Kāveri River (see CAUVERY). It is a Portuguese corruption of the proper name _Kŏḷḷiḍam_, vulg. _Kollaḍam_. This name, from Tam. _kŏl_, 'to receive,' and '_iḍam_,' 'place,' perhaps answers to the fact of this channel having been originally an escape formed at the construction of the great Tanjore irrigation works in the 11th century. In full flood the Coleroon is now, in places, nearly a mile wide, whilst the original stream of the Kāveri disappears before reaching the sea. Besides the etymology and the tradition, the absence of notice of the Coleroon in Ptolemy's Tables is (_quantum valeat_) an indication of its modern origin. As the sudden rise of floods in the rivers of the Coromandel coast often causes fatal accidents, there seems a curious popular tendency to connect the names of the rivers with this fact. Thus _Kŏlliḍam_, with the meaning that has been explained, has been commonly made into _Kolliḍam_, 'Killing-place.' [So the _Madras Gloss._ which connects the name with a tradition of the drowning of workmen when the Srirangam temple was built, but elsewhere (ii. 213) it is derived from Tam. _koḷḷāyī_, 'a breach in a bank.'] Thus also the two rivers _Peṇṇar_ are popularly connected with _piṇam_, 'corpse.' Fra Paolino gives the name as properly _Colárru_, and as meaning 'the River of Wild Boars.' But his etymologies are often wild as the supposed Boars.

1553.—De Barros writes COLORAN, and speaks of it as a place (_lugar_) on
the coast, not as a river.—Dec. I. liv. ix. cap. 1.

1672.—"From _Trangebar_ one passes by _Trinilivaas_ to COLDERON; here a
Sandbank stretches into the sea which is very dangerous."—_Baldaeus_,
150. (He does not speak of it as a _River_ either.)

c. 1713.—"Les deux Princes ... se liguèrent contre l'ennemi commun, à fin
de le contraindre par la force des armes à rompre une digue si
préjudiciable à leurs Etats. Ils faisoient déjà de grands préparatifs,
lorsque le fleuve COLORAN vengea par lui-même (comme on s'exprimoit ici)
l'affront que le Roi faisoit a ses eaux en les retenant
captives."—_Lettres Edifiantes_, ed. 1781, xi. 180.

1753.—"... en doublant le Cap Callamedu, jusqu'à la branche du fleuve
Caveri qui porte le nom de COLH-RAM, et dont l'embouchure est la plus
septentrionale de celles du Caveri."—_D'Anville_, 115.

c. 1760.—"... the same river being written COLLARUM by M. la Croze, and
_Collodham_ by Mr. Ziegenbalg."—_Grose_, i. 281.

1761.—"Clive dislodged a strong body of the Nabob's troops, who had taken
post at Sameavarem, a fort and temple situated on the river
KALDERON."—_Complete H. of the War in India, from_ 1749 to 1761 (Tract),
p. 12.

1780.—"About 3 leagues north from the river Triminious [?
Tirumullavāsel], is that of COLORAN. Mr. Michelson calls this river
_Danecotta_."—_Dunn, N. Directory_, 138.

The same book has "COLORAN or COLDEROON."

1785.—"Sundah Saheb having thrown some of his wretched infantry into a
temple, fortified according to the Indian method, upon the river
KALDARON, Mr. Clive knew there was no danger in investing
it."—_Carraccioli's Life of Clive_, i. 20.

COLLECTOR, s. The chief administrative official of an Indian Zillah or District. The special duty of the office is, as the name intimates, the Collection of Revenue; but in India generally, with the exception of Bengal Proper, the Collector, also holding controlling magisterial powers, has been a small pro-consul, or kind of _préfet_. This is, however, much modified of late years by the greater definition of powers, and subdivision of duties everywhere. The title was originally no doubt a translation of _taḥṣīldār_. It was introduced, with the office, under Warren Hastings, but the Collector's duties were not formally settled till 1793, when these appointments were reserved to members of the covenanted Civil Service.

1772.—"The Company having determined to stand forth as _dewan_, the
Supervisors should now be designated COLLECTORS."—Reg. of 14th May, 1772.

1773.—"Do not laugh at the formality with which we have made a law to
change their name from _supervisors_ to COLLECTORS. You know full well
how much the world's opinion is governed by names."—_W. Hastings to
Josias Dupre_, in _Gleig_, i. 267.

1785.—"The numerous COLLECTORS with their assistants had hitherto enjoyed
very moderate allowances from their employers."—_Letter in Colebrooke's
Life_, p. 16.

1838.—"As soon as three or four of them get together they speak about
nothing but 'employment' and 'promotion' ... and if left to themselves,
they sit and conjugate the verb 'to collect': 'I am a COLLECTOR—He was a
_Collector_—We shall be _Collectors_—You ought to be a _Collector_—They
would have been _Collectors_.'"—_Letters from Madras_, 146.

1848.—"Yet she could not bring herself to suppose that the little
grateful gentle governess would dare to look up to such a magnificent
personage as the COLLECTOR of Boggleywallah."—_Thackeray, Vanity Fair_,
ch. iv.

1871.—"There is no doubt a decay of discretionary administration
throughout India ... it may be taken for granted that in earlier days
COLLECTORS and Commissioners changed their rules far oftener than does
the Legislature at present."—_Maine, Village Communities_, 214.

1876.—"These 'distinguished visitors' are becoming a frightful nuisance;
they think that COLLECTORS and Judges have nothing to do but to act as
their guides, and that Indian officials have so little work, and suffer
so much from _ennui_, that even ordinary thanks for hospitality are
unnecessary; they take it all as their right."—Ext. of a _Letter from
India_.

COLLEGE-PHEASANT, s. An absurd enough corruption of _kālij_; the name in the Himālaya about Simla and Mussooree for the birds of the genus _Gallophasis_ of Hodgson, intermediate between the pheasants and the Jungle-fowls. "The group is composed of at least three species, two being found in the Himalayas, and one in Assam, Chittagong and Arakan." (_Jerdon_).

[1880.—"These, with KALEGE pheasants, afforded me some very fair
sport."—_Ball, Jungle Life_, 538.

[1882.—"Jungle-fowl were plentiful, as well as the black KHALEGE
pheasant."—_Sanderson, Thirteen Years among Wild Beasts_, 147.]

COLLERY, CALLERY, &c. s. Properly Bengali _khālāṛī_, 'a salt-pan, or place for making salt.'

[1767.—"... rents of the COLLARIES, the fifteen Dees, and of Calcutta
town, are none of them included in the estimation I have laid before
you."—_Verelst, View of Bengal_, App. 223.]

1768.—"... the Collector-general be desired to obtain as exact an account
as he possibly can, of the number of COLLERIES in the Calcutta
purgunnehs."—In _Carraccioli's L. of Clive_, iv. 112.

COLLERY, n.p. The name given to a non-Aryan race inhabiting part of the country east of Madura. Tam. _kallaṛ_, 'thieves.' They are called in Nelson's _Madura_, [Pt. ii. 44 _seqq._] _Kallans_; _Kallan_ being the singular, _Kallar_ plural.

1763.—"The Polygar Tondiman ... likewise sent 3000 COLLERIES; these are a
people who, under several petty chiefs, inhabit the woods between
Trichinopoly and Cape Comorin; their name in their own language signifies
Thieves, and justly describes their general character."—_Orme_, i. 208.

c. 1785.—"COLLERIES, inhabitants of the woods under the Government of the
Tondiman."—_Carraccioli, Life of Clive_, iv. 561.

1790.—"The country of the COLLERIES ... extends from the sea coast to the
confines of Madura, in a range of sixty miles by fifty-five."—_Cal.
Monthly Register_ or _India Repository_, i. 7.

COLLERY-HORN, s. This is a long brass horn of hideous sound, which is often used at native funerals in the Peninsula, and has come to be called, absurdly enough, _Cholera-horn_!

[1832.—"_Toorree_ or _Toorrtooree_, commonly designated by Europeans
COLLERY HORN, consists of three pieces fixed into one another, of a
semi-circular shape."—_Herklots, Qanoon-e-Islam_, ed. 1863, p. liv. App.]

1879.—"... an early start being necessary, a happy thought struck the
Chief Commissioner, to have the Amildar's CHOLERA-HORN men out at that
hour to sound the reveillé, making the round of the camp."—_Madras Mail_,
Oct. 7.

COLLERY-STICK, s. This is a kind of throwing-stick or boomerang used by the COLLERIES.

1801.—"It was he first taught me to throw the spear, and hurl the
COLLERY-STICK, a weapon scarcely known elsewhere, but in a skilful hand
capable of being thrown to a certainty to any distance within 100
yards."—_Welsh's Reminiscences_, i. 130.

Nelson calls these weapons "_Vallari Thadis_ or boomerangs."—_Madura_,
Pt. ii. 44. [The proper form seems to be Tam. _valai tādi_, 'curved
stick'; more usually Tam. _kallardādi_, _tādi_, 'stick.'] See also Sir
Walter Elliot in _J. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., i. 112, _seq._

COLOMBO, n.p. Properly _Kol̤umbu_, the modern capital of Ceylon, but a place of considerable antiquity. The derivation is very uncertain; some suppose it to be connected with the adjoining river _Kalani_-gangi. The name _Columbum_, used in several medieval narratives, belongs not to this place but to _Kaulam_ (see QUILON).

c. 1346.—"We started for the city of KALANBŪ, one of the finest and
largest cities of the island of Serendīb. It is the residence of the
Wazīr Lord of the Sea (_Ḥākim-al-Bahr_), Jālastī, who has with him about
500 Habshis."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 185.

1517.—"The next day was Thursday in Passion Week; and they, well
remembering this, and inspired with valour, said to the King that in
fighting the Moors they would be insensible to death, which they greatly
desired rather than be slaves to the Moors.... There were not 40 men in
all, whole and sound for battle. And one brave man made a cross on the
tip of a cane, which he set in front for standard, saying that God was
his Captain, and that was his Flag, under which they should march
deliberately against COLUMBO, where the Moor was with his
forces."—_Correa_, ii. 521.

1553.—"The King, Don Manuel, because ... he knew ... that the King of
COLUMBO, who was the true Lord of the Cinnamon, desired to possess our
peace and friendship, wrote to the said Affonso d'Alboquerque, who was in
the island in person, that if he deemed it well, he should establish a
fortress in the harbour of COLUMBO, so as to make sure the offers of the
King."—_Barros_, Dec. III. liv. ii. cap. 2.

COLUMBO ROOT, CALUMBA ROOT, is stated by Milburn (1813) to be a staple export from Mozambique, being in great esteem as a remedy for dysentery, &c. It is _Jateorhiza palmata_, Miers; and the name _Kalumb_ is of E. African origin (_Hanbury and Flückiger_, 23). [The _N.E.D._ takes it from COLOMBO, 'under a false impression that it was supplied from thence.'] The following quotation is in error as to the name:

c. 1779.—"RADIX COLOMBO ... derives its name from the town of Columbo,
from whence it is sent with the ships to Europe (?); but it is well known
that this root is neither found near Columba, nor upon the whole island
of Ceylon...."—_Thunberg, Travels_, iv. 185.

1782.—"Any person having a quantity of fresh sound COLUMBIA ROOT to
dispose of, will please direct a line...."—_India Gazette_, Aug. 24.

[1809.—"An Account of the Male Plant, which furnishes the Medicine
generally called COLUMBO or COLOMBA Root."—_Asiat. Res._ x. 385 _seqq._]

1850.—"Caoutchouc, or India-rubber, is found in abundance ... (near
Tette) ... and CALUMBA-root is plentiful.... The India-rubber is made
into balls for a game resembling 'fives,' and CALUMBA-root is said to be
used as a mordant for certain colours, but not as a dye
itself."—_Livingstone, Expedition to the Zambezi_, &c., p. 32.

COMAR, n.p. This name (Ar. _al-Ḳumār_), which appears often in the old Arab geographers, has been the subject of much confusion among modern commentators, and probably also among the Arabs themselves; some of the former (_e.g._ the late M. Reinaud) confounding it with C. Comorin, others with Kāmrūp (or Assam). The various indications, _e.g._ that it was on the continent, and facing the direction of Arabia, _i.e._ the west; that it produced most valuable aloes-wood; that it lay a day's voyage, or three days' voyage, west of Ṣanf or CHAMPA (q.v.), and from ten to twenty days' sail from Zābaj (or Java), together with the name, identify it with CAMBOJA, or _Khmer_, as the native name is (see _Reinaud, Rel. des Arabes_, i. 97, ii. 48, 49; _Gildemeister_, 156 _seqq._; _Ibn Batuta_, iv. 240; _Abulfeda, Cathay and the Way Thither_, 519, 569). Even the sagacious De Orta is misled by the Arabs, and confounds _alcomari_ with a product of Cape Comorin (see _Colloquios_, f. 120_v_.).

CÓMATY, s. Telug. and Canar. _kōmati_, 'a trader,' [said to be derived from Skt. _go_, 'eye,' _mushṭi_, 'fist,' from their vigilant habits]. This is a term used chiefly in the north of the Madras Presidency, and corresponding to CHETTY, [which the males assume as an affix].

1627.—"The next Tribe is there termed COMMITTY, and these are generally
the Merchants of the Place who by themselves or their servants, travell
into the Countrey, gathering up Callicoes from the weavers, and other
commodities, which they sell againe in greater parcels."—_Purchas,
Pilgrimage_, 997.

[1679.—"There came to us the Factory this day a Dworfe an Indian of the
COMITTE Cast, he was he said 30 years old ... we measured him by the rule
46 inches high, all his limbs and his body streight and equall
proportioned, of comely face, his speech small equalling his
stature...."—_Streynsham Master_, in _Kistna Man._ 142.

[1869.—"KOMATIS." See quotation under CHUCKLER.]

COMBACONUM, n.p., written _Kumbakoṇam_. Formerly the seat of the Chola dynasty. Col. Branfill gives, as the usual derivation, Skt. _Kumbhakoṇa_, 'brim of a water-pot'; [the _Madras Gloss._ Skt. _kumbha_, _kona_, 'lane'] and this form is given in _Williams's Skt. Dict._ as 'name of a town.' The fact that an idol in the Saiva temple at Combaconam is called _Kumbheśvaram_ ('Lord of the water-pot') may possibly be a justification of this etymology. But see general remarks on S. Indian names in the Introduction.

COMBOY. A sort of skirt or kilt of white calico, worn by Singhalese of both sexes, much in the same way as the Malay SARONG. The derivation which Sir E. Tennent (_Ceylon_, i. 612, ii. 107) gives of the word is quite inadmissible. He finds that a Chinese author describes the people of Ceylon as wearing a cloth made of _koo-pei_, _i.e._ of cotton; and he assumes therefore that those people call their own dress by a Chinese name for cotton! The word, however, is not real Singhalese; and we can have no doubt that it is the proper name CAMBAY. _Paños de Cãbaya_ are mentioned early as used in Ceylon (_Castanheda_, ii. 78), and _Cambays_ by Forrest (_Voyage to Mergui_, 79). In the _Government List of Native Words_ (Ceylon, 1869) the form used in the Island is actually _Kambāya_. A picture of the dress is given by Tennent (_Ceylon_, i. 612). It is now usually of white, but in mourning black is used.

1615.—"Tansho Samme, the Kinges kinsman, brought two pec. CAMBAIA
cloth."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 15.

[1674-5.—"CAMBAJA Brawles."—_Invoice_ in _Birdwood, Report on Old Recs._,
p. 42.]

1726.—In list of cloths purchased at Porto Novo are
"CAMBAYEN."—_Valentijn, Chorom._ 10.

[1727.—"CAMBAYA Lungies." See quotation under LOONGHEE.]

COMMERCOLLY, n.p. A small but well-known town of Lower Bengal in the Nadiya District; properly _Kumār-khālī_ ['Prince's Creek']. The name is familiar in connection with the feather trade (see ADJUTANT).

COMMISSIONER, s. In the Bengal and Bombay Presidencies this is a grade in the ordinary administrative hierarchy; it does not exist in Madras, but is found in the Punjab, Central Provinces, &c. The Commissioner is over a _Division_ embracing several Districts or Zillahs, and stands between the Collectors and Magistrates of these Districts on the one side, and the Revenue Board (if there is one) and the Local Government on the other. In the Regulation Provinces he is always a member of the Covenanted Civil Service; in Non-Regulation Provinces he may be a military officer; and in these the District officers immediately under him are termed 'Deputy Commissioners.'

COMMISSIONER, CHIEF. A high official, governing a Province inferior to a Lieutenant-Governorship, in direct subordination to the Governor-General in Council. Thus the Punjab till 1859 was under a Chief Commissioner, as was Oudh till 1877 (and indeed, though the offices are united, the Lieut.-Governor of the N.W. Provinces holds also the title of Chief Commissioner of Oudh). The Central Provinces, Assam, and Burma are other examples of Provinces under Chief Commissioners.

COMORIN, CAPE, n.p. The extreme southern point of the Peninsula of India; a name of great antiquity. No doubt Wilson's explanation is perfectly correct; and the quotation from the Periplus corroborates it. He says: "_Kumārī_, ... a young girl, a princess; a name of the goddess Durgā, to whom a temple dedicated at the extremity of the Peninsula has long given to the adjacent cape and coast the name of _Kumārī_, corrupted to Comorin...." The Tamil pronunciation is _Kumări_.

c. 80-90.—"Another place follows called Κομὰρ, at which place is (* * *)
and a port;[81] and here those who wish to consecrate the remainder of
their life come and bathe, and there remain in celibacy. The same do
women likewise. For it is related that the goddess there tarried a while
and bathed."—_Periplus_, in Müller's _Geog. Gr. Min._ i. 300.

c. 150.—"Κομαρία ἄκρον καὶ πόλις."—_Ptol._ [viii. 1 § 9].

1298.—"COMARI is a country belonging to India, and there you may see
something of the North Star, which we had not been able to see from the
Lesser Java thus far."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. III. ch. 23.

c. 1330.—"The country called Ma'bar is said to commence at the Cape
KUMHARI, a name applied both to a town and a mountain."—_Abulfeda_, in
_Gildemeister_, 185.

[1514.—"COMEDIS." See quotation under MALABAR.]

1572.—

"Ves corre a costa celebre Indiana
Para o Sul até o cabo COMORI
Ja chamado Cori, que Taprobana
(Que ora he Ceilão) de fronte tem de si."
_Camões_, v. 107.

Here Camões identifies the ancient Κῶρυ or Κῶλις with Comorin. These are
in Ptolemy distinct, and his _Kory_ appears to be the point of the Island
of Rāmeśvaram from which the passage to Ceylon was shortest. This, as
_Kōlis_, appears in various forms in other geographers as the extreme
seaward point of India, and in the geographical poem of Dionysius it is
described as towering to a stupendous height above the waves. Mela
regards _Colis_ as the turning point of the Indian coast, and even in
Ptolemy's Tables his _Kōry_ is further south than _Komaria_, and is the
point of departure from which he discusses distances to the further East
(see _Ptolemy_, Bk. I. capp. 13, 14; also see Bishop Caldwell's _Comp.
Grammar, Introd._, p. 103). It is thus intelligible how comparative
geographers of the 16th century identified _Kōry_ with C. Comorin.

In 1864 the late venerated Bishop Cotton visited C. Comorin in company
with two of his clergy (both now missionary bishops). He said that having
bathed at Hardwār, one of the most northerly of Hindu sacred places, he
should like to bathe at this, the most southerly. Each of the chaplains
took one of the bishop's hands as they entered the surf, which was heavy;
so heavy that his right-hand aid was torn from him, and had not the other
been able to hold fast, Bishop Cotton could hardly have escaped.[82]

[1609.—"... very strong cloth and is called _Cacha de_
COMOREE."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 29.

[1767.—"The pagoda of the CUNNACOMARY belonging to Tinnevelly."—Treaty,
in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 117.]

1817.—

"... Lightly latticed in
With odoriferous woods of COMORIN."
_Lalla Rookh, Mokanna._

This probably is derived from D'Herbelot, and involves a confusion often
made between _Comorin_ and COMAR—the land of aloes-wood.

COMOTAY, COMATY, n.p. This name appears prominently in some of the old maps of Bengal, _e.g._ that embraced in the _Magni Mogolis Imperium_ of Blaeu's great Atlas (1645-50). It represents _Kāmata_, a State, and _Kāmatapur_, a city, of which most extensive remains exist in the territory of Koch Bihār in Eastern Bengal (see COOCH BEHAR). These are described by Dr. Francis Buchanan, in the book published by Montgomery Martin under the name of _Eastern India_ (vol. iii. 426 _seqq._). The city stood on the west bank of the River Darlā, which formed the defence on the east side, about 5 miles in extent. The whole circumference of the enclosure is estimated by Buchanan at 19 miles, the remainder being formed by a rampart which was (c. 1809) "in general about 130 feet in width at the base, and from 20 to 30 feet in perpendicular height."

1553.—"Within the limits in which we comprehend the kingdom of Bengala
are those kingdoms subject to it ... lower down towards the sea the
kingdom of COMOTAIJ."—_Barros_, IV. ix. 1.

[c. 1596.—"KAMTAH." See quotation under COOCH BEHAR.]

1873.—"During the 15th century, the tract north of Rangpúr was in the
hands of the Rájahs of KÁMATA.... KÁMATA was invaded, about 1498 A.D., by
Husain Sháh."—_Blochmann_, in _J. As. Soc. Bengal_, xiii. pt. i. 240.

COMPETITION-WALLAH, s. A hybrid of English and Hindustani, applied in modern Anglo-Indian colloquial to members of the Civil Service who have entered it by the competitive system first introduced in 1856. The phrase was probably the invention of one of the older or Haileybury members of the same service. These latter, whose nominations were due to interest, and who were bound together by the intimacies and _esprit de corps_ of a common college, looked with some disfavour upon the children of Innovation. The name was readily taken up in India, but its familiarity in England is probably due in great part to the "Letters of a COMPETITION-WALA," written by one who had no real claim to the title, Sir G. O. Trevelyan, who was later on member for Hawick Burghs, Chief Secretary for Ireland, and author of the excellent _Life_ of his uncle, Lord Macaulay.

The second portion of the word, _wālā_, is properly a Hindi adjectival affix, corresponding in a general way to the Latin _-arius_. Its usual employment as affix to a substantive makes it frequently denote "agent, doer, keeper, man, inhabitant, master, lord, possessor, owner," as Shakespear vainly tries to define it, and as in Anglo-Indian usage is popularly assumed to be its meaning. But this kind of denotation is incidental; there is no real limitation to such meaning. This is demonstrable from such phrases as _Kābul-wālā ghoṛā_, 'the Kabulian horse,' and from the common form of village nomenclature in the Panjāb, _e.g._ _Mīr-Khān-wālā_, _Ganda-Singh-wālā_, and so forth, implying the village established by Mir-Khan or Ganda-Singh. In the three immediately following quotations, the second and third exhibit a strictly idiomatic use of _wālā_, the first an incorrect English use of it.

1785.—

"Tho' then the Bostonians made such a fuss,
Their example ought not to be followed by us,
But I wish that a band of good Patriot-WALLAHS ..."—In _Seton-Karr_, i.
93.

" In this year Tippoo Sahib addresses a rude letter to the Nawāb of
Shānūr (or Savanūr) as "The ShahnoorWÂLAH."—_Select Letters of Tippoo_,
184.

1814.—"Gungadhur Shastree is a person of great shrewdness and talent....
Though a very learned shastree, he affects to be quite an Englishman,
walks fast, talks fast, interrupts and contradicts, and calls the Peshwa
and his ministers 'old fools' and ... 'dam rascals.' He mixes English
words with everything he says, and will say of some one (Holkar for
instance): _Bhot tricks_WALLA _tha, laiken barra akulkund_, Kukhye _tha_,
('He was very tricky, but very sagacious; he was
cock-eyed')."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i. 276.

1853.—"'No, I'm a Suffolk-WALLA.'"—_Oakfield_, i. 66.

1864.—"The stories against the COMPETITION-WALLAHS, which are told and
fondly believed by the Haileybury men, are all founded more or less on
the want of _savoir faire_. A collection of these stories would be a
curious proof of the credulity of the human mind on a question of class
against class."—_Trevelyan_, p. 9.

1867.—"From a deficiency of civil servants ... it became necessary to
seek reinforcements, not alone from Haileybury, ... but from new
recruiting fields whence volunteers might be obtained ... under the
pressure of necessity, such an exceptional measure was sanctioned by
Parliament. Mr. Elliot, having been nominated as a candidate by Campbell
Marjoribanks, was the first of the since celebrated list of the
COMPETITION-WALLAHS."—Biog. Notice prefixed to vol. i. of _Dowson's Ed.
of Elliot's Historians of India_, p. xxviii.

The exceptional arrangement alluded to in the preceding quotation was
authorised by 7 Geo. IV. cap. 56. But it did not involve competition; it
only authorised a system by which writerships could be given to young men
who had not been at Haileybury College, on their passing certain test
examinations, and they were ranked according to their merit in passing
such examinations, but below the writers who had left Haileybury at the
preceding half-yearly examination. The first examination under this
system was held 29th March, 1827, and Sir H. M. Elliot headed the list.
The system continued in force for five years, the last examination being
held in April, 1832. In all 83 civilians were nominated in this way, and,
among other well-known names, the list included H. Torrens, Sir H. B.
Harington, Sir R. Montgomery, Sir J. Cracroft Wilson, Sir T. Pycroft, W.
Tayler, the Hon. E. Drummond.

1878.—"The COMPETITION-WALLAH, at home on leave or retirement, dins
perpetually into our ears the greatness of India.... We are asked to feel
awestruck and humbled at the fact that Bengal alone has 66 millions of
inhabitants. We are invited to experience an awful thrill of sublimity
when we learn that the area of Madras far exceeds that of the United
Kingdom."—_Sat. Rev._, June 15, p. 750.

COMPOUND, s. The enclosed ground, whether garden or waste, which surrounds an Anglo-Indian house. Various derivations have been suggested for this word, but its history is very obscure. The following are the principal suggestions that have been made:—[83]

(_a._) That it is a corruption of some supposed Portuguese word.

(_b._) That it is a corruption of the French _campagne_.

(_c._) That it is a corruption of the Malay word _kampung_, as first (we
believe) indicated by Mr. John Crawfurd.

(A.) The Portuguese origin is assumed by Bishop Heber in passages quoted below. In one he derives it from _campaña_ (for which, in modern Portuguese at least, we should read _campanha_); but _campanha_ is not used in such a sense. It seems to be used only for 'a campaign,' or for the Roman _Campagna_. In the other passage he derives it from _campao_ (_sic_), but there is no such word.

It is also alleged by Sir Emerson Tennent (_infra_), who suggests _campinho_; but this, meaning 'a small plain,' is not used for compound. Neither is the latter word, nor any word suggestive of it, used among the Indo-Portuguese.

In the early Portuguese histories of India (_e.g._ _Castanheda_, iii. 436, 442; vi. 3) the words used for what we term _compound_, are _jardim_, _patio_, _horta_. An examination of all the passages of the Indo-Portuguese Bible, where the word might be expected to occur, affords only _horta_.

There is a use of _campo_ by the Italian Capuchin P. Vincenzo Maria (Roma, 1672), which we thought at first to be analogous: "Gionti alla porta della città (Aleppo) ... arrivati al _Campo_ de' Francesi; doue è la Dogana...." (p. 475). We find also in Rauwolff's _Travels_ (c. 1573), as published in English by the famous John Ray: "Each of these nations (at Aleppo) have their peculiar _Champ_ to themselves, commonly named after the Master that built it...."; and again: "When ... the _Turks_ have washed and cleansed themselves, they go into their Chappells, which are in the Middle of their great _Camps_ or _Carvatschars_...." (p. 84 and p. 259 of Ray's 2nd edition). This use of _Campo_, and _Champ_, has a curious kind of analogy to _compound_, but it is probably only a translation of _Maidān_ or some such Oriental word.

(B.) As regards _campagne_, which once commended itself as probable, it must be observed that nothing like the required sense is found among the seven or eight classes of meaning assigned to the word in _Littré_.

The word _campo_ again in the Portuguese of the 16th century seems to mean always, or nearly always, a _camp_. We have found only one instance in those writers of its use with a meaning in the least suggestive of _compound_, but in this its real meaning is 'site': "queymou a cidade toda ate não ficar mais que ho _campo_ em que estevera." ("They burned the whole city till nothing remained but the site on which it stood"—_Castanheda_, vi. 130). There is a special use of _campo_ by the Portuguese in the Further East, alluded to in the quotation from Pallegoix's _Siam_, but that we shall see to be only a representation of the Malay _Kampung_. We shall come back upon it. [See quotation from _Correa_, with note, under FACTORY.]

(C.) The objection raised to _kampung_ as the origin of _compound_ is chiefly that the former word is not so used in Java by either Dutch or natives, and the author of _Max Havelaar_ expresses doubt if _compound_ is a Malay or Javanese word at all (pp. 360-361). _Erf_ is the usual word among the Dutch. In Java _kampung_ seems to be used only for a native village, or for a particular ward or quarter of a town.

But it is impossible to doubt that among the English in our Malay settlements COMPOUND is used in this sense in speaking English, and _kampung_ in speaking Malay. _Kampung_ is also used by the Malays themselves, in our settlements, in this sense. All the modern dictionaries that we have consulted give this sense among others. The old _Dictionarium Malaico-Latinum_ of David Haex (Romae, 1631) is a little vague:

"CAMPON, coniunctio, vel conuentus. Hinc viciniae et parua loca, _campon_ etiam appellantur."

_Crawfurd_ (1852): "KAMPUNG ... an enclosure, a space fenced in; a village; a quarter or subdivision of a town."

_Favre_ (1875): "Maison avec un terrain qui l'entoure."

_Pijnappel_ (1875), _Maleisch-Hollandisch Woordenboek_: "KAMPOENG—Omheind Erf, Wijk, Buurt, Kamp," _i.e._ "Ground hedged round, village, hamlet, _camp_."

And also, let it be noted, the Javanese Dict. of _P. Jansz_ (_Javaansch-Nederlandsch Woordenboek_, Samarang, 1876): "KAMPOENG—Omheind erf van Woningen; wijk die onder een hoofd staat," _i.e._ "Enclosed ground of dwellings; village which is under one Headman."

_Marre_, in his _Kata-Kata Malayou_ (Paris, 1875), gives the following expanded definition: "Village palissadé, ou, dans une ville, quartier séparé et généralement clos, occupé par des gens de même nation, Malays, Siamois, Chinois, Bouguis, &c. Ce mot signifie proprement un enclos, une enciente, et par extension quartier clos, faubourg, ou village palissadé. Le mot _Kampong_ désigne parfois aussi une maison d'une certaine importance avec le terrain clos qui en dépend, et qui l'entoure" (p. 95).

We take Marsden last (_Malay Dictionary_, 1812) because he gives an illustration: "KAMPONG, an enclosure, a place surrounded with a paling; a fenced or fortified village; a quarter, district, or suburb of a city; a collection of buildings. _Mem-bûat_ [to make] _rumah_ [house] _serta dañgan_ [together with] KAMPONG-_nia_ [compound thereof], to erect a house with its enclosure ... _Ber-Kampong_, to assemble, come together; _meñgampong_, to collect, to bring together." The Reverse Dictionary gives: "YARD, _alaman_, KAMPONG." [See also many further references much to the same effect in Scott, _Malayan Words_, p. 123 _seqq._]

In a Malay poem given in the _Journal of the Ind. Archipelago_, vol i. p. 44, we have these words:—

"_Trúsláh ka_ KAMPONG _s'orange Saudágar_."

["Passed to the _kampong_ of a Merchant."]

and

"_Titáh bágindú rajá sultání_
KÁMPONG _śiápá garángun íní_."

["Thus said the Prince, the Raja Sultani,
Whose _kampong_ may this be?"]

These explanations and illustrations render it almost unnecessary to add in corroboration that a friend who held office in the Straits for twenty years assures us that the word KAMPUNG is habitually used, in the Malay there spoken, as the equivalent of the Indian COMPOUND. If this was the case 150 years ago in the English settlements at Bencoolen and elsewhere (and we know from Marsden that it _was_ so 100 years ago), it does not matter whether such a use of _kampung_ was correct or not, _compound_ will have been a natural corruption of it. Mr. E. C. Baber, who lately spent some time in our Malay settlements on his way from China, tells me (H. Y.) that the frequency with which he heard _kampung_ applied to the 'compound,' convinced him of this etymology, which he had before doubted greatly.

It is not difficult to suppose that the word, if its use originated in our Malay factories and settlements, should have spread to the continental Presidencies, and so over India.

Our factories in the Archipelago were older than any of our settlements in India Proper. The factors and writers were frequently moved about, and it is conceivable that a word so much wanted (for no English word now in use _does_ express the idea satisfactorily) should have found ready acceptance. In fact the word, from like causes, _has_ spread to the ports of China and to the missionary and mercantile stations in tropical Africa, East and West, and in Madagascar.

But it may be observed that it was possible that the word _kampung_ was itself originally a corruption of the Port. _campo_, taking the meaning first of _camp_, and thence of an enclosed area, or rather that in some less definable way the two words reacted on each other. The Chinese quarter at Batavia—_Kampong Tzina_—is commonly called in Dutch '_het Chinesche_ Kamp' or '_het_ Kamp _der Chinezen_.' _Kampung_ was used at Portuguese Malacca in this way at least 270 years ago, as the quotation from Godinho de Eredia shows. The earliest Anglo-Indian example of the word COMPOUND is that of 1679 (below). In a quotation from Dampier (1688) under COT, where _compound_ would come in naturally, he says '_yard_.'

1613.—(At Malacca). "And this settlement is divided into 2 parishes, S.
Thomé and S. Stephen, and that part of S. Thomé called CAMPON _Chelim_
extends from the shore of the _Jaos_ bazar to N.W., terminating at the
Stone Bastion; and in this dwell the _Chelis_ of Coromandel.... And the
other part of S. Stephen's, called CAMPON _China_, extends from the said
shore of the _Jaos_ Bazar, and mouth of the river to the N.E., ... and in
this part, called CAMPON _China_, dwell the _Chincheos_ ... and foreign
traders, and native fishermen."—_Godinho de Eredia_, i. 6. In the plans
given by this writer, we find different parts of the city marked
accordingly, as CAMPON _Chelim_, CAMPON _China_, CAMPON _Bendara_ (the
quarter where the native magistrate, the BENDĀRA lived). [See also
CHELING and CAMPOO.]

1679.—(At Pollicull near Madapollam), "There the Dutch have a Factory of
a large COMPOUNDE, where they dye much blew cloth, having above 300 jars
set in the ground for that work; also they make many of their best
paintings there."—_Fort St. Geo. Consns._ (on Tour), April 14. In _Notes
and Extracts_, Madras, 1871.

1696.—"The 27th we began to unlade, and come to their custom-houses, of
which there are _three_, in a _square_ COMPOUND of about 100 paces over
each way.... The goods being brought and set in _two Rows_ in the middle
of the _square_ are one by one opened before the _Mandareens_."—_Mr.
Bowyear's Journal at Cochin China_, dated Foy-Foe, April 30. _Dalrymple,
Or. Rep._ i. 79.

1772.—"YARD (before or behind a house), Aungâun. Commonly called a
COMPOUND."—Vocabulary in _Hadley's Grammar_, 129. (See under MOORS.)

1781.—

"In common usage here a _chit_
Serves for our business or our wit.
_Bankshal's_ a place to lodge our ropes,
And Mango orchards all are _Topes_.
_Godown_ usurps the ware-house place,
COMPOUND denotes each walled space.
To _Dufterkhanna_, _Ottor_, _Tanks_,
The English language owes no thanks;
Since Office, Essence, Fish-pond shew
We need not words so harsh and new.
Much more I could such words expose,
But _Ghauts_ and _Dawks_ the list shall close;
Which in plain English is no more
Than Wharf and Post expressed before."
_India Gazette_, March 3.

" "... will be sold by Public Auction ... all that Brick
Dwelling-house, Godowns, and COMPOUND."—_Ibid._, April 21.

1788.—"COMPOUND—The court-yard belonging to a house. A corrupt word."—The
_Indian Vocabulary_, London, Stockdale.

1793.—"To be sold by Public Outcry ... the House, Out Houses, and
COMPOUND," &c.—_Bombay Courier_, Nov. 2.

1810.—"The houses (at Madras) are usually surrounded by a field or
COMPOUND, with a few trees or shrubs, but it is with incredible pains
that flowers or fruit are raised."—_Maria Graham_, 124.

" "When I entered the great gates, and looked around for my
palankeen ... and when I beheld the beauty and extent of the COMPOUND ...
I thought that I was no longer in the world that I had left in the
East."—_An Account of Bengal, and of a Visit to Government House_ (at
Calcutta) _by Ibrahim the son of Candu the Merchant_, _ibid._ p. 198.
This is a Malay narrative translated by Dr. Leyden. Very probably the
word translated COMPOUND was _kampung_, but that cannot be ascertained.

1811.—"Major Yule's attack was equally spirited, but after routing the
enemy's force at CAMPONG Malayo, and killing many of them, he found the
bridge on fire, and was unable to penetrate further."—_Sir S. Auchmuty's
Report of the Capture of Fort Cornelis._

c. 1817.—"When they got into the COMPOUND, they saw all the ladies and
gentlemen in the verandah waiting."—_Mrs. Sherwood's Stories_, ed. 1863,
p. 6.

1824.—"He then proceeded to the rear COMPOUND of the house, returned, and
said, 'It is a tiger, sir.'"—_Seely, Wonders of Ellora_, ch. i.

" "... The large and handsome edifices of Garden Reach, each
standing by itself in a little woody lawn (a 'COMPOUND' they call it
here, by an easy corruption from the Portuguese word _campaña_
...)."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 28.

1848.—"Lady O'Dowd, too, had gone to her bed in the nuptial chamber, on
the ground floor, and had tucked her mosquito curtains round her fair
form, when the guard at the gates of the commanding officer's COMPOUND
beheld Major Dobbin, in the moonlight, rushing towards the house with a
swift step."—_Vanity Fair_, ed. 1867, ii. 93.

1860.—"Even amongst the English, the number of Portuguese terms in daily
use is remarkable. The grounds attached to a house are its 'COMPOUND,'
_campinho_."—_Emerson Tennent, Ceylon_, ii. 70.

[1869.—"I obtained the use of a good-sized house in the CAMPONG Sirani
(or Christian village)."—_Wallace, Malay Archip._, ed. 1890, p. 256.]

We have found this word singularly transformed in a passage extracted from a modern novel:

1877.—"When the Rebellion broke out at other stations in India, I left
our own COMPOST."—_Sat. Review_, Feb. 3, p. 148.

A little learning is a dangerous thing!

The following shows the adoption of the word in West Africa.