Chapter XXIII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (20)

"I saluted and left the presence of my superior officer, deeply pondering
as to the possible nature and qualities of a CHILLUMCHEE, but not
venturing to enquire further."—_Lt.-Col. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, p.
3.

There is an Anglo-Indian tradition, which we would not vouch for, that one of the orators on the great Hastings trial depicted the oppressor on some occasion, as "grasping his _chillum_ in one hand and his CHILLUMCHEE in the other."

The latter word is used chiefly by Anglo-Indians of the Bengal Presidency and their servants. In Bombay the article has another name. And it is told of a gallant veteran of the old Bengal Artillery, who was full of "Presidential" prejudices, that on hearing the Bombay army commended by a brother officer, he broke out in just wrath: "The Bombay Army! Don't talk to me of the Bombay Army! They call a CHILLUMCHEE a _gindy_!——THE BEASTS!"

CHILLY, s. The popular Anglo-Indian name of the pod of red pepper (_Capsicum fruticosum_ and _C. annuum_, Nat. Ord. _Solanaceae_). There can be little doubt that the name, as stated by Bontius in the quotation, was taken from _Chili_ in S. America, whence the plant was carried to the Indian Archipelago, and thence to India.

[1604.—"Indian pepper.... In the language of Cusco, it is called Vchu,
and in that of Mexico, CHILI."—_Grimston_, tr. _D'Acosta, H. W. Indies_,
I. Bk. iv. 239 (_Stanf. Dict._)]

1631.—"... eos addere fructum Ricini Americani, quod LADA CHILI Malaii
vocant, quasi dicas Piper e CHILE, Brasiliae contermina regione.'—_Jac.
Bontii_, Dial. V. p. 10.

Again (lib. vi. cap. 40, p. 131) Bontius calls it '_piper Chilensis_,' and also 'Ricinus Braziliensis.' But his commentator, Piso, observes that Ricinus is quite improper; "vera Piperis sive Capsici Braziliensis species apparet." Bontius says it was a common custom of natives, and even of certain Dutchmen, to keep a piece of CHILLY continually chewed, but he found it intolerable.

1848.—"'Try a CHILI with it, Miss Sharp,' said Joseph, really interested.
'A CHILI?' said Rebecca, gasping. 'Oh yes!'.... 'How fresh and green they
look,' she said, and put one into her mouth. It was hotter than the
curry; flesh and blood could bear it no longer."—_Vanity Fair_, ch. iii.

CHIMNEY-GLASS, s. Gardener's name, on the Bombay side of India, for the flower and plant _Allamanda cathartica_ (_Sir G. Birdwood_).

CHINA, n.p. The European knowledge of this name in the forms _Thinae_ and _Sinae_ goes back nearly to the Christian era. The famous mention of the _Sinim_ by the prophet Isaiah would carry us much further back, but we fear the possibility of that referring to the Chinese must be abandoned, as must be likewise, perhaps, the similar application of the name _Chinas_ in ancient Sanskrit works. The most probable origin of the name—which is essentially a name applied by _foreigners_ to the country—as yet suggested, is that put forward by Baron F. von Richthofen, that it comes from _Jih-nan_, an old name of Tongking, seeing that in Jih-nan lay the only port which was open for foreign trade with China at the beginning of our era, and that that province was then included administratively within the limits of China Proper (see _Richthofen, China_, i. 504-510; the same author's papers in the _Trans. of the Berlin Geog. Soc._ for 1876; and a paper by one of the present writers in _Proc. R. Geog. Soc._, November 1882.)

Another theory has been suggested by our friend M. Terrien de la Couperie in an elaborate note, of which we can but state the general gist. Whilst he quite accepts the suggestion that Kiao-chi or Tongking, anciently called _Kiao-ti_, was the _Kattigara_ of Ptolemy's authority, he denies that _Jih-nan_ can have been the origin of Sinae. This he does on two chief grounds: (l) That Jih-nan was not Kiao-chi, but a province a good deal further south, corresponding to the modern province of _An_ (_Nghé Ane_, in the map of M. Dutreuil de Rhins, the capital of which is about 2° 17′ in lat. S. of Hanoi). This is distinctly stated in the Official Geography of Annam. _An_ was one of the twelve provinces of Cochin China proper till 1820-41, when, with two others, it was transferred to Tongking. Also, in the Chinese Historical Atlas, Jih-nan lies in Chen-Ching, _i.e._ Cochin-China. (2) That the ancient pronunciation of Jih-nan, as indicated by the Chinese authorities of the Han period, was _Nit-nam_. It is still pronounced in Sinico-Annamite (the most archaic of the Chinese dialects) _Nhut-nam_, and in Cantonese _Yat-nam_. M. Terrien further points out that the export of Chinese goods, and the traffic with the south and west, was for several centuries B.C. monopolised by the State of _Tsen_ (now pronounced in Sinico-Annamite _Chen_, and in Mandarin _Tien_), which corresponded to the centre and west of modern Yun-nan. The _She-ki_ of Sze-ma Tsien (B.C. 91), and the Annals of the Han Dynasty afford interesting information on this subject. When the Emperor Wu-ti, in consequence of Chang-Kien's information brought back from Bactria, sent envoys to find the route followed by the traders of Shuh (_i.e._ Sze-chuen) to India, these envoys were detained by Tang-Kiang, King of Tsen, who objected to their exploring trade-routes through his territory, saying haughtily: "Has the Han a greater dominion than ours?"

M. Terrien conceives that as the only communication of this Tsen State with the Sea would be by the Song-Koi R., the emporium of sea-trade with that State would be at its mouth, viz. at Kiao-ti or Kattigara. Thus, he considers, the name of _Tsen_, this powerful and arrogant State, the monopoliser of trade-routes, is in all probability that which spread far and wide the name of _Chīn_, _Sīn_, _Sinae_, _Thinae_, and preserved its predominance in the mouths of foreigners, even when, as in the 2nd century of our era, the great Empire of the Han has extended over the Delta of the Song-Koi.

This theory needs more consideration than we can now give it. But it will doubtless have discussion elsewhere, and it does not disturb Richthofen's identification of Kattigara.

[Prof. Giles regards the suggestions of Richthofen and T. de la Couperie as mere guesses. From a recent reconsideration of the subject he has come to the conclusion that the name may possibly be derived from the name of a dynasty, _Ch'in_ or _Ts'in_, which flourished B.C. 255-207, and became widely known in India, Persia, and other Asiatic countries, the final _a_ being added by the Portuguese.]

c. A.D. 80-89.—"Behind this country (_Chrysē_) the sea comes to a
termination somewhere in THIN, and in the interior of that country, quite
to the north, there is a very great city called THINAE, from which raw
silk and silk thread and silk stuffs are brought overland through Bactria
to Barygaza, as they are on the other hand by the Ganges River to
Limyricē. It is not easy, however, to get to this THIN, and few and far
between are those who come from it...."—_Periplus Maris Erythraei_; see
Müller, _Geog. Gr. Min._ i. 303.

c. 150—"The inhabited part of our earth is bounded on the east by the
Unknown Land which lies along the region occupied by the easternmost
races of Asia Minor, the SINAE and the natives of Sericē...."—_Claudius
Ptolemy_, Bk. vii. ch. 5.

c. 545.—"The country of silk, I may mention, is the remotest of all the
Indies, lying towards the left when you enter the Indian Sea, but a vast
distance further off than the Persian Gulf or that island which the
Indians call Selediba, and the Greeks Taprobane. TZINITZA (elsewhere
TZINISTA) is the name of the Country, and the Ocean compasses it round to
the left, just as the same Ocean compasses Barbari (_i.e._ the Somāli
Country) round to the right. And the Indian philosophers called Brachmans
tell you that if you were to stretch a straight cord from TZINITZA
through Persia to the Roman territory, you would just divide the world in
halves."—_Cosmas, Topog. Christ._, Bk. II.

c. 641.—"In 641 the King of Magadha (Behar, &c.) sent an ambassador with
a letter to the Chinese Court. The emperor ... in return directed one of
his officers to go to the King ... and to invite his submission. The King
Shiloyto (Siladitya) was all astonishment. 'Since time immemorial,' he
asked his officer, 'did ever an ambassador come from _Mohochintan_?'....
The Chinese author remarks that in the tongue of the barbarians the
Middle Kingdom is called _Moho_CHIN_tan_ (Mahā-CHĪNA-sthāna)."—From
_Cathay_, &c., lxviii.

781.—"Adam Priest and Bishop and Pope of TZINESTHAN.... The preachings of
our Fathers to the King of TZINIA."—_Syriac Part_ of the _Inscription of
Singanfu_.

11th Century.—The "King of China" (SHINA_ttarashan_) appears in the list
of provinces and monarchies in the great Inscription of the Tanjore
Pagoda.

1128.—"CHĪNA and _Mahā_CHĪNA appear in a list of places producing silk
and other cloths, in the _Abhilashitārthachintāmani_ of the Chālukya
King."—_Somesvaradiva_ (_MS._)[61] Bk. III. ch. 6.

1298.—"You must know the Sea in which lie the Islands of those parts is
called the Sea of CHIN.... For, in the language in those Isles, when they
say CHIN, 'tis Manzi they mean."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. III. ch. iv.

c. 1300.—"Large ships, called in the language of CHIN 'junks,' bring
various sorts of choice merchandize and cloths...."—_Rashíduddín_, in
_Elliot_, i. 69.

1516.—"... there is the Kingdom of CHINA, which they say is a very
extensive dominion, both along the coast of the sea, and in the
interior...."—_Barbosa_, 204.

1563.—"_R._ Then Ruelius and Mathiolus of Siena say that the best camphor
is from CHINA, and that the best of all Camphors is that purified by a
certain barbarian King whom they call King (of) CHINA.

"_O._ Then you may tell Ruelius and Mathiolus of Siena that though they
are so well acquainted with Greek and Latin, there's no need to make such
a show of it as to call every body 'barbarians' who is not of their own
race, and that besides this they are quite wrong in the fact ... that the
King of China does not occupy himself with making camphor, and is in fact
one of the greatest Kings known in the world."—_Garcia De Orta_, f.
45_b_.

c. 1590.—"Near to this is Pegu, which former writers called CHEEN,
accounting this to be the capital city."—_Ayeen_, ed. 1800, ii. 4; [tr.
_Jarrett_, ii. 119]. (See MACHEEN.)

CHINA, s. In the sense of porcelain this word (_Chīnī_, &c.) is used in Asiatic languages as well as in English. In English it does not occur in Minshew (2nd ed. 1627), though it does in some earlier publications. [The earliest quotation in _N.E.D._ is from _Cogan's Pinto_, 1653.] The phrase _China-dishes_ as occurring in Drake and in Shakspere, shows how the word took the sense of porcelain in our own and other languages. The phrase _China-dishes_ as first used was analogous to _Turkey-carpets_. But in the latter we have never lost the geographical sense of the adjective. In the word _turquoises_, again, the phrase was no doubt originally _pierres turquoises_, or the like, and here, as in _china dishes_, the specific has superseded the generic sense. The use of _arab_ in India for an Arab horse is analogous to _china_. The word is used in the sense of a _china dish_ in _Lane's Arabian Nights_, iii. 492; [Burton, I. 375].

851.—"There is in China a very fine clay with which they make vases
transparent like bottles; water can be seen inside of them. These vases
are made of clay."—_Reinaud, Relations_, i. 34.

c. 1350.—"CHINA-ware (_al-fakhkhār al-_SĪNĪY) is not made except in the
cities of Zaītūn and of Sīn Kalān...."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 256.

c. 1530.—"I was passing one day along a street in Damascus, when I saw a
slave-boy let fall from his hands a great China dish (_ṣaḥfat min
al-bakhkhār al-_SĪNĪY) which they call in that country _sahn_. It broke,
and a crowd gathered round the little Mameluke."—_Ibn Batuta_, i. 238.

c. 1567.—"Le mercantie ch'andauano ogn'anno da Goa a Bezeneger erano
molti caualli Arabi ... e anche _pezze di_ CHINA, zafaran, e
scarlatti."—_Cesare de' Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 389.

1579.—"... we met with one ship more loaden with linnen, China silke, and
CHINA DISHES...."—_Drake, World Encompassed_, in Hak. Soc. 112.

c. 1580.—"Usum vasorum aureorum et argenteorum Aegyptii rejecerunt, ubi
murrhina vasa adinvenere; quae ex India afferuntur, et ex ea regione quam
SINI vocant, ubi conficiuntur ex variis lapidibus, praecipueque ex
jaspide."—_Prosp. Alpinus_, Pt. I. p. 55.

c. 1590.—"The gold and silver dishes are tied up in red cloths, and those
in Copper and CHINA (_chīnī_) in white ones."—_Āīn_, i. 58.

c. 1603.—"... as it were in a fruit-dish, a dish of some threepence, your
honours have seen such dishes; they are not CHINA dishes, but very good
dishes."—_Measure for Measure_, ii. 1.

1608-9.—"A faire CHINA dish (which cost ninetie Rupias, or forty-five
Reals of eight) was broken."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 220.

1609.—"He has a lodging in the Strand for the purpose, or to watch when
ladies are gone to the CHINA-house, or the Exchange, that he may meet
them by chance and give them presents...."

"Ay, sir: his wife was the rich CHINA-woman, that the courtiers visited
so often."—_Ben Jonson, Silent Woman_, i. 1.

1615.—

"... Oh had I now my Wishes,
Sure you should learn to make their CHINA Dishes."
Doggrel prefixed to _Coryat's Crudities_.

c. 1690.—Kaempfer in his account of the Persian Court mentions that the
department where porcelain and plate dishes, &c., were kept and cleaned
was called CHĪN-KHĀNA, 'the China-closet'; and those servants who carried
in the dishes were called CHĪNĪKASH.—_Amoen. Exot._, p. 125.

1711.—"Purselaine, or CHINA-ware is so tender a Commodity that good
Instructions are as necessary for Package as Purchase."—_Lockyer_, 126.

1747.—"The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy; which far Exceeds any
Thing of the Kind yet Published. By a Lady. London. Printed for the
Author, and Sold by Mrs. Asburn a CHINA Shop Woman, Corner of Fleet
Ditch, MDCCXLVII." This the title of the original edition of Mrs. Glass's
Cookery, as given by G. A. Sala, in _Illd. News_, May 12, 1883.

1876.—"Schuyler mentions that the best native earthenware in Turkistan is
called CHĪNĪ, and bears a clumsy imitation of a Chinese mark."—(see
_Turkistan_, i. 187.)

For the following interesting note on the Arabic use we are indebted to Professor Robertson Smith:—

Ṣīnīya is spoken of thus in the Latāifo'l-ma'ārif of al-Th'ālibī, ed. De
Jong, Leyden, 1867, a book written in A.D. 990. "The Arabs were wont to
call all elegant vessels and the like SĪNĪYA (_i.e._ Chinese), whatever
they really were, because of the specialty of the Chinese in objects of
vertu; and this usage remains in the common word _ṣawānā_ (pl. of
_ṣīnīya_) to the present day."

So in the _Tajāribo'l-Omam_ of Ibn Maskowaih (Fr. Hist. Ar. ii. 457), it
is said that at the wedding of Mamūn with Būrān "her grandmother strewed
over her 1000 pearls from a SĪNĪYA of gold." In Egypt the familiar round
brass trays used to dine off, are now called _ṣīnīya_ (vulgo _ṣanīya_),
[the _ṣīnī_, _ṣenī_ of N. India] and so is a European saucer.

The expression _ṣīnīyat al ṣīn_, "A Chinese _ṣīnīya_," is quoted again by
De Goeje from a poem of Abul-shibl Agānī, xiii. 27. [See SNEAKER.]

[CHINA-BEER, s. Some kind of liquor used in China, perhaps a variety of _saké_.

[1615.—"I carid a jarr of CHINA Beare."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 34.]

CHINA-BUCKEER, n.p. One of the chief Delta-mouths of the Irawadi is so called in marine charts. We have not been able to ascertain the origin of the name, further than that Prof. Forchhammer, in his _Notes on the Early Hist. and Geog. of Br. Burma_ (p. 16), states that the country between Rangoon and Bassein, _i.e._ on the west of the Rangoon River, bore the name of _Pokhara_, of which _Buckeer_ is a corruption. This does not explain the _China_.

CHINA-ROOT, s. A once famous drug, known as _Radix Chinae_ and _Tuber Chinae_, being the tuber of various species of _Smilax_ (N. O. _Smilaceae_, the same to which sarsaparilla belongs). It was said to have been used with good effect on Charles V. when suffering from gout, and acquired a great repute. It was also much used in the same way as sarsaparilla. It is now quite obsolete in England, but is still held in esteem in the native pharmacopœias of China and India.

1563.—"_R._ I wish to take to Portugal some of the ROOT or Wood of CHINA,
since it is not a contraband drug....

"_O._ This wood or root grows in China, an immense country, presumed to
be on the confines of Muscovy ... and because in all these regions, both
in China and in Japan, there exists the _morbo napolitano_, the merciful
God hath willed to give them this root for remedy, and with it the good
physicians there know well the treatment."—_Garcia_, f. 177.

c. 1590.—"Sircar Silhet is very mountainous.... CHINA-ROOT (_chob-chīnī_)
is produced here in great plenty, which was but lately discovered by some
Turks."—_Ayeen Akb._, by _Gladwin_, ii. 10; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 124].

1598.—"The ROOTE OF CHINA is commonlie vsed among the Egyptians ...
specially for a consumption, for the which they seeth the roote China in
broth of a henne or cocke, whereby they become whole and faire of
face."—_Dr. Paludanus_, in _Linschoten_, 124, [Hak. Soc. ii. 112].

c. 1610.—"Quant à la verole.... Ils la guerissent sans suer avec du BOIS
D'ESCHINE...."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii. 9 (ed. 1679); [Hak. Soc. ii. 13;
also see i. 182].

[c. 1690.—"The caravans returned with musk, CHINA-WOOD (_bois de
Chine_)."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, p. 425.]

CHINAPATAM, n.p. A name sometimes given by the natives to Madras. The name is now written _Shennai-Shenna-ppatanam_, Tam., in Tel. _Chennapattanamu_, and the following is the origin of that name according to the statement given in W. Hamilton's _Hindostan_.

On "this part of the Coast of Coromandel ... the English ... possessed no
fixed establishment until A.D. 1639, in which year, on the 1st of March,
a grant was received from the descendants of the Hindoo dynasty of
Bijanagur, then reigning at Chandergherry, for the erection of a fort.
This document from Sree Rung Rayeel expressly enjoins, that the town and
fort to be erected at Madras shall be called after his own name, _Sree
Runga Rayapatam_; but the local governor or Naik, Damerla Vencatadri, who
first invited Mr. Francis Day, the chief of Armagon, to remove to Madras,
had previously intimated to him that he would have the new English
establishment founded in the name of his father Chennappa, and the name
of Chenappapatam continues to be universally applied to the town of
Madras by the natives of that division of the south of India named
Dravida."—(Vol. ii. p. 413).

Dr. Burnell doubted this origin of the name, and considered that the actual name could hardly have been formed from that of Chenappa. It is possible that some name similar to Chinapatan was borne by the place previously. It will be seen under MADRAS that Barros curiously connects the Chinese with St. Thomé. To this may be added this passage from the English translation of _Mendoza's China_, the original of which was published in 1585, the translation by R. Parke in 1588:—

"... it is plainely seene that they did come with the shipping vnto the
Indies ... so that at this day there is great memory of them in the
Ilands Philippinas and on the cost of Coromande, which is the cost
against the Kingdome of Norsinga towards the sea of Bengala (misprinted
_Cengala_); _whereas is a town called vnto this day_ the Soile of the
Chinos _for that they did reedifie and make the same_."—(i. 94).

I strongly suspect that this was _Chinapatam_, or Madras. [On the other hand, the popular derivation is accepted in the _Madras Gloss._, p. 163. The gold plate containing the grant of Sri Ranga Rāja is said to have been kept by the English for more than a century, till its loss in 1746 at the capture of Madras by the French.—(_Wheeler, Early Rec._, 49).]

1780.—"The Nawaub sent him to CHEENA PATTUN (Madras) under the escort of
a small party of light Cavalry."—_H. of Hydur Naik_, 395.

CHINCHEW, CHINCHEO, n.p. A port of Fuhkien in China. Some ambiguity exists as to the application of the name. In English charts the name is now attached to the ancient and famous port of Chwan-chau-fu (_Thsiouan-chéou-fou_ of French writers), the Zayton of Marco Polo and other medieval travellers. But the Chincheo of the Spaniards and Portuguese to this day, and the _Chinchew_ of older English books, is, as Mr. G. Phillips pointed out some years ago, not Chwan-chau-fu, but _Chang-chau-fu_, distant from the former some 80 m. in a direct line, and about 140 by navigation. The province of Fuhkien is often called _Chincheo_ by the early Jesuit writers. Changchau and its dependencies seem to have constituted the ports of Fuhkien with which Macao and Manilla communicated, and hence apparently they applied the same name to the port and the province, though Chang-chau was never the official capital of Fukhien (see _Encyc. Britann._, 9th ed. s.v. and references there). CHINCHEOS is used for "people of Fuhkien" in a quotation under COMPOUND.

1517.—"... in another place called CHINCHEO, where the people were much
richer than in Canton (_Cantão_). From that city used every year, before
our people came to Malaca, to come to Malaca 4 junks loaded with gold,
silver, and silk, returning laden with wares from India."—_Correa_, ii.
529.

CHIN-CHIN. In the "pigeon English" of Chinese ports this signifies 'salutation, compliments,' or 'to salute,' and is much used by Englishmen as slang in such senses. It is a corruption of the Chinese phrase _ts'ing-ts'ing_, Pekingese _ch'ing-ch'ing_, a term of salutation answering to 'thank-you,' 'adieu.' In the same vulgar dialect _chin-chin joss_ means religious worship of any kind (see JOSS). It is curious that the phrase occurs in a quaint story told to William of Rubruck by a Chinese priest whom he met at the Court of the Great Kaan (see below). And it is equally remarkable to find the same story related with singular closeness of correspondence out of "the Chinese books of Geography" by Francesco Carletti, 350 years later (in 1600). He calls the creatures ZINZIN (_Ragionamenti di F. C._, pp. 138-9).

1253.—"One day there sate by me a certain priest of Cathay, dressed in a
red cloth of exquisite colour, and when I asked him whence they got such
a dye, he told me how in the eastern parts of Cathay there were lofty
cliffs on which dwelt certain creatures in all things partaking of human
form, except that their knees did not bend.... The huntsmen go thither,
taking very strong beer with them, and make holes in the rocks which they
fill with this beer.... Then they hide themselves and these creatures
come out of their holes and taste the liquor, and call out 'CHIN
CHIN.'"—_Itinerarium_, in _Rec. de Voyages_, &c., iv. 328.

Probably some form of this phrase is intended in the word used by Pinto in the following passage, which Cogan leaves untranslated:—

c. 1540.—"So after we had saluted one another after the manner of the
Country, they went and anchored by the shore" (in orig. "_despois de se
fazerem as suas e as nossas salvas a_ CHARACHINA _como entre este gente
se custuma_.")—In _Cogan_, p. 56; in orig. ch. xlvii.

1795.—"The two junior members of the Chinese deputation came at the
appointed hour.... On entering the door of the marquee they both made an
abrupt stop, and resisted all solicitation to advance to chairs that had
been prepared for them, until I should first be seated; in this dilemma,
Dr. Buchanan, who had visited China, advised me what was to be done; I
immediately seized on the foremost, whilst the Doctor himself grappled
with the second; thus we soon fixed them in their seats, both parties
during the struggle, repeating _Chin Chin, Chin Chin_, the Chinese term
of salutation."—_Symes, Embassy to Ava_, 295.

1829.—"One of the Chinese servants came to me and said, 'Mr. Talbot
CHIN-CHIN you come down.'"—_The Fankwae at Canton_, p. 20.

1880.—"But far from thinking it any shame to deface our beautiful
language, the English seem to glory in its distortion, and will often ask
one another to come to 'chow-chow' instead of dinner; and send their
'CHIN-CHIN,' even in letters, rather than their compliments; most of them
ignorant of the fact that '_chow-chow_' is no more Chinese than it is
Hebrew; that '_chin-chin_,' though an expression used by the Chinese,
does not in its true meaning come near to the 'good-bye, old fellow,' for
which it is often used, or the compliments for which it is frequently
substituted."—_W. Gill, River of Golden Sand_, i. 156; [ed. 1883, p. 41].

CHINSURA, n.p. A town on the Hoogly River, 26 miles above Calcutta, on the west bank, which was the seat of a Dutch settlement and factory down to 1824, when it was ceded to us by the Treaty of London, under which the Dutch gave up Malacca and their settlements in continental India, whilst we withdrew from Sumatra. [The place gave its name to a kind of cloth, _Chinechuras_ (see PIECE-GOODS).]

1684.—"This day between 3 and 6 o'clock in the Afternoon, Capt.
Richardson and his Sergeant, came to my house in ye CHINCHERA, and
brought me this following message from ye President...."—_Hedges, Diary_,
Hak. Soc. i. 166.

1705.—"La Loge appellée Chamdernagor est une très-belle Maison située sur
le bord d'un des bras du fleuve de Gange.... À une lieue de la Loge il y
a une grande Ville appellée CHINCHURAT...."—_Luillier_, 64-65.

1726.—"The place where our Lodge (or Factory) is is properly called
SINTERNU [_i.e._ Chinsura] and not Hoogli (which is the name of the
village)."—_Valentijn_, v. 162.

1727.—"CHINCHURA, where the Dutch Emporium stands ... the Factors have a
great many good Houses standing pleasantly on the River-Side; and all of
them have pretty Gardens."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 20; ed. 1744, ii. 18.

[1753.—"SHINSHURA." See quotation under CALCUTTA.]

CHINTS, CHINCH, s. A bug. This word is now quite obsolete both in India and in England. It is a corruption of the Portuguese _chinche_, which again is from _cimex_. Mrs. Trollope, in her once famous book on the Domestic Manners of the Americans, made much of a supposed instance of affected squeamishness in American ladies, who used the word _chintses_ instead of _bugs_. But she was ignorant of the fact that _chints_ was an old and proper name for the objectionable exotic insect, 'bug' being originally but a figurative (and perhaps a polite) term, 'an object of disgust and horror' (_Wedgwood_). Thus the case was exactly the opposite of what she chose to imagine; _chints_ was the real name, _bug_ the more or less affected euphonism.

1616.—"In the night we were likewise very much disquieted with another
sort, called _Musqueetoes_, like our Gnats, but some-what less; and in
that season we were very much troubled with CHINCHES, another sort of
little troublesome and offensive creatures, like little _Tikes_: and
these annoyed us two wayes; as first by their biting and stinging, and
then by their stink."—_Terry_, ed. 1665, p. 372; [ed. 1777, p. 117].

1645.—"... for the most part the bedsteads in Italy are of forged iron
gilded, since it is impossible to keepe the wooden ones from the
CHIMICES."—_Evelyn's Diary_, Sept. 29.

1673.—"... Our Bodies broke out into small fiery Pimples ... augmented by
Muskeetoe-Bites, and CHINCES raising Blisters on us."—_Fryer_, 35.

" "CHINTS are venomous, and if squeezed leave a most Poysonous
Stench."—_Ibid._ 189.

CHINTZ, s. A printed or spotted cotton cloth; Port. _chita_; Mahr. _chīt_, and H. _chīṇt_. The word in this last form occurs (c. 1590) in the _Āīn-i-Akbarī_ (i. 95). It comes apparently from the Skt. _chitra_, 'variegated, speckled.' The best _chintzes_ were bought on the Madras coast, at Masulipatam and Sadras. The French form of the word is _chite_, which has suggested the possibility of our _sheet_ being of the same origin. But _chite_ is apparently of Indian origin, through the Portuguese, whilst _sheet_ is much older than the Portuguese communication with India. Thus (1450) in Sir T. Cumberworth's will he directs his "wreched body to be beryd in a _chitte_ with owte any kyste" (_Academy_, Sept. 27, 1879, p. 230). The resemblance to the Indian forms in this is very curious.

1614.—"... CHINTZ and chadors...."—_Peyton_, in _Purchas_, i. 530.

[1616.—"3 per CHINT bramport."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 171.

[1623.—"Linnen stamp'd with works of sundry colours (which they call
CIT)."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 45.]

1653.—"CHITES en Indou signifie des toilles imprimeés."—_De la
Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1647, p. 536.

c. 1666.—"Le principal trafic des Hollandois à Amedabad, est de CHITES,
qui sont de toiles peintes."—_Thevenot_, v. 35. In the English version
(1687) this is written SCHITES (iv. ch. v.).

1676.—"CHITES or Painted Calicuts, which they call _Calmendar_, that is
done with a pencil, are made in the Kingdom of Golconda, and particularly
about _Masulipatam_."—_Tavernier_, E.T., p. 126; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 4].

1725.—"The returns that are injurious to our manufactures, or growth of
our own country, are printed calicoes, CHINTZ, wrought silks, stuffs, of
herba, and barks."—_Defoe_, _New Voyage round the World_. _Works_,
Oxford, 1840, p. 161.

1726.—"The Warehouse Keeper reported to the Board, that the CHINTZES,
being brought from painting, had been examined at the sorting godown, and
that it was the general opinion that both the cloth and the paintings
were worse than the musters."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 407.

c. 1733.—

"No, let a charming CHINTZ and Brussels lace
Wrap my cold limbs, and shade my lifeless face."
_Pope, Moral Essays_, i. 248.

"And, when she sees her friend in deep despair,
Observes how much a CHINTZ exceeds Mohair...."
_Ibid._ ii. 170.

1817.—"Blue cloths, and CHINTZES in particular, have always formed an
extensive article of import from Western India."—_Raffles, H. of Java_,
i. 86; [2nd ed. i. 95, and comp. i. 190].

In the earlier books about India some kind of _chintz_ is often termed PINTADO (q.v.). See the phraseology in the quotation from Wheeler above.

This export from India to Europe has long ceased. When one of the present writers was Sub-Collector of the Madras District (1866-67), chintzes were still figured by an old man at Sadras, who had been taught by the Dutch, the cambric being furnished to him by a Madras CHETTY (q.v.). He is now dead, and the business has ceased; in fact the colours for the process are no longer to be had.[62] The former _chintz_ manufactures of Pulicat are mentioned by _Correa, Lendas_, ii. 2, p. 567. Havart (1693) mentions the manufacture at Sadras (i. 92), and gives a good description of the process of painting these cloths, which he calls CHITSEN (iii. 13). There is also a very complete account in the _Lettres Édifiantes_, xiv. 116 _seqq._

In Java and Sumatra _chintzes_ of a very peculiar kind of marbled pattern are still manufactured by women, under the name of _bātik_.

CHIPE, s. In Portuguese use, from Tamil _shippi_, 'an oyster.' The pearl-oysters taken in the pearl-fisheries of Tuticorin and Manār.

[1602.—"And the fishers on that coast gave him as tribute one day's
oysters (_hum dia de_ CHIPO), that is the result of one day's pearl
fishing."—_Couto_, Dec. 7, Bk. VIII. ch. ii.]

1685.—"The CHIPE, for so they call those oysters which their boats are
wont to fish."—_Ribeiro_, f. 63.

1710.—"Some of these oysters or CHEPÎS, as the natives call them, produce
pearls, but such are rare, the greater part producing only seed pearls
(_aljofres_) [see ALJOFAR]."—_Sousa, Oriente Conquist._ ii. 243.

CHIRETTA, s. H. _chirāītā_, Mahr. _kirāītā_. A Himalayan herbaceous plant of the order _Gentianaceae_ (_Swertia Chirata_, Ham.; _Ophelia Chirata_, Griesbach; _Gentiana Chirayita_, Roxb.; _Agathetes chirayta_, Don.), the dried twigs of which, infused, afford a pure bitter tonic and febrifuge. Its Skt. name _kirāta-tikta_, 'the bitter plant of the _Kirātas_,' refers its discovery to that people, an extensively-diffused forest tribe, east and north-east of Bengal, the Κιῤῥάδαι of the Periplus, and the people of the Κιῤῥάδια of Ptolemy. There is no indication of its having been known to G. de Orta.

[1773.—"_Kol Meg_ in Bengal; CREAT in Bombay.... It is excessively
bitter, and given as a stomachic and vermifuge."—_Ives_, 471.]

1820.—"They also give a bitter decoction of the neem (_Melia
azadirachta_) and CHEREETA."—_Acc. of the Township of Luny_, in _Trans.
Lit. Soc. of Bombay_, ii. 232.

1874.—"CHIRETTA has long been held in esteem by the Hindus.... In England
it began to attract some attention about 1829; and in 1839 was introduced
into the Edinburgh Pharmacopœia. The plant was first described by
Roxburgh in 1814."—_Hanbury and Flückiger_, 392.

CHIT, CHITTY, s. A letter or note; also a certificate given to a servant, or the like; a pass. H. _chiṭṭhī_; Mahr. _chiṭṭī_. [Skt. _chitra_, 'marked.'] The Indian Portuguese also use _chito_ for _escrito_ (_Bluteau_, Supplement). The Tamil people use _shīt_ for a ticket, or for a playing-card.

1673.—"I sent one of our Guides, with his Master's CHITTY, or Pass, to
the Governnor, who received it kindly."—_Fryer_, 126.

[1757.—"If Mr. Ives is not too busie to honour this CHITT which nothing
but the greatest uneasiness could draw from me."—_Ives_, 134.]

1785.—".... Those Ladies and Gentlemen who wish to be taught that polite
Art (drawing) by Mr. Hone, may know his terms by sending a CHIT...."—In
_Seton-Karr_, i. 114.

1786.—"You are to sell rice, &c., to every merchant from Muscat who
brings you a CHITTY from Meer Kâzim."—_Tippoo's Letters_, 284.

1787.—"Mrs. Arend ... will wait upon any Lady at her own house on the
shortest notice, by addressing a CHIT to her in Chattawala Gully,
opposite Mr. Motte's old house, Tiretta's bazar."—Advt. in _Seton-Karr_,
i. 226.

1794.—"The petty but constant and universal manufacture of CHITS which
prevails here."—_Hugh Boyd_, 147.

1829.—"He wanted a CHITHEE or note, for this is the most note-writing
country under heaven; the very Drum-major writes me a note to tell me
about the mails."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 2nd ed., 80.

1839.—"A thorough Madras lady ... receives a number of morning visitors,
takes up a little worsted work; goes to tiffin with Mrs. C., unless Mrs.
D. comes to tiffin with her, and writes some dozens of CHITS.... These
incessant CHITS are an immense trouble and interruption, but the ladies
seem to like them."—_Letters from Madras_, 284.

CHITCHKY, s. A curried vegetable mixture, often served and eaten with meat curry. Properly Beng. _chhechkī_.

1875.—"... CHHENCHKI, usually called _tarkāri_ in the Vardhamāna
District, a sort of hodge-podge consisting of potatoes, brinjals, and
tender stalks...."—_Govinda Samanta_, i. 59.

CHITTAGONG, n.p. A town, port, and district of Eastern Bengal, properly written _Chatgānw_ (see PORTO PIQUENO). Chittagong appears to be the _City of Bengala_ of Varthema and some of the early Portuguese. (See BANDEL, BENGAL).

c. 1346.—"The first city of Bengal that we entered was SUDKĀWĀN, a great
place situated on the shore of the great Sea."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 212.

1552.—"In the mouths of the two arms of the Ganges enter two notable
rivers, one on the east, and one on the west side, both bounding this
kingdom (of Bengal); the one of these our people call the River of
CHATIGAM, because it enters the Eastern estuary of the Ganges at a city
of that name, which is the most famous and wealthy of that Kingdom, by
reason of its Port, at which meets the traffic of all that Eastern
region."—_De Barros_, Dec. IV. liv. ix. cap. i.

[1586.—"SATAGAM." See quotation under HING.]

1591.—"So also they inform me that Antonio de Sousa Goudinho has served
me well in _Bemgualla_, and that he has made tributary to this state the
Isle of Sundiva, and has taken the fortress of CHATAGUÃO by force of
arms."—_King's Letter_, in _Archivio Port. Orient._, fasc. iii. 257.

1598.—"From this River Eastward 50 miles lyeth the towne of CHATIGAN,
which is the chief towne of Bengala."—_Linschoten_, ch. xvi.; [Hak. Soc.
i. 94].[63]

c. 1610.—Pyrard de la Val has CHARTICAN, i. 234; [Hak. Soc. i. 326].

1727.—"CHITTAGOUNG, or, as the Portuguese call it, XATIGAM, about 50
Leagues below Dacca."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 24; ed. 1744, ii. 22.

17—.—"CHITTIGAN" in Orme (reprint), ii. 14.

1786.—"The province of CHATIGAN (vulgarly CHITTAGONG) is a noble field
for a naturalist. It is so called, I believe, from the _chatag_,[64]
which is the most beautiful little bird I ever saw."—_Sir W. Jones_, ii.
101.

Elsewhere (p. 81) he calls it a "Montpelier." The derivation given by this illustrious scholar is more than questionable. The name seems to be really a form of the Sanskrit _Chaturgrāma_ (= _Tetrapolis_), [or according to others of _Saptagrāma_, 'seven villages'], and it is curious that near this position Ptolemy has a _Pentapolis_, very probably the same place. _Chaturgrāma_ is still the name of a town in Ceylon, lat. 6°, long. 81°.

CHITTLEDROOG, n.p. A fort S.W. of Bellary; properly _Chitra Durgam_, Red Hill (or Hill-Fort, or 'picturesque fort']) called by the Mahommedans _Chītaldurg_ (C. P. B.).

CHITTORE, n.p. _Chītor_, or _Chītorgaṛh_, a very ancient and famous rock fortress in the Rajput State of Mewār. It is almost certainly the Τιάτουρα of Ptolemy (vii. 1).

1533.—"Badour (_i.e._ Bahādur Shāh) ... in Champanel ... sent to carry
off a quantity of powder and shot and stores for the attack on CHITOR,
which occasioned some delay because the distance was so great."—_Correa_,
iii. 506.

1615.—"The two and twentieth (Dec.), Master Edwards met me, accompanied
with Thomas Coryat, who had passed into India on foote, fiue _course_ to
CYTOR, an ancient Citie ruined on a hill, but so that it appeares a Tombe
(Towne?) of wonderfull magnificence...."—_Sir Thomas Roe_, in _Purchas_,
i. 540; [Hak. Soc. i. 102; "CETOR" in i. 111, "CHYTOR" in ii. 540].

[1813.—"... a tribute ... imposed by Muhadajee Seendhiya for the
restitution of CHUETOHRGURH, which he had conquered from the
Rana."—_Broughton, Letters_, ed. 1892, p. 175.]

CHOBDAR, s. H. from P. _chobdār_, 'a stick-bearer.' A frequent attendant of Indian nobles, and in former days of Anglo-Indian officials of rank. They are still a part of the state of the Viceroy, Governors, and Judges of the High Courts. The _chobdārs_ carry a staff overlaid with silver.

1442.—"At the end of the hall stand TCHOBDARS ... drawn up in
line."—_Abdur-Razzāk_, in _India in the XV. Cent._ 25.

1673.—"If he (the President) move out of his Chamber, the _Silver Staves_
wait on him."—_Fryer_, 68.

1701.—"... Yesterday, of his own accord, he told our Linguists that he
had sent four CHOBDARS and 25 men, as a safeguard."—In _Wheeler_, i. 371.

1788.—"CHUBDÁR.... Among the Nabobs he proclaims their praises aloud, as
he runs before their palankeens."—_Indian Vocabulary_ (Stockdale's).

1793.—"They said a CHUBDAR, with a silverstick, one of the Sultan's
messengers of justice, had taken them from the place, where they were
confined, to the public Bazar, where their hands were cut off."—_Dirom,
Narrative_, 235.

1798.—"The chief's CHOBEDAR ... also endeavoured to impress me with an
ill opinion of these messengers."—_G. Forster's Travels_, i. 222.

1810.—"While we were seated at breakfast, we were surprised by the
entrance of a CHOABDAR, that is, a servant who attends on persons of
consequence, runs before them with a silver stick, and keeps silence at
the doors of their apartments, from which last office he derives his
name."—_Maria Graham_, 57.

This usually accurate lady has been here misled, as if the word were
_chup-dār_, 'silence-keeper,' a hardly possible hybrid.

CHOBWA, s. Burmese _Tsaubwa_, Siamese _Chao_, 'prince, king,' also _Chaohpa_ (compounded with _hpa_, 'heaven'), and in Cushing's Shan Dicty. and cacography, _sow_, 'lord, master,' _sowhpa_, a 'hereditary prince.' The word _chu-hu_, for 'chief,' is found applied among tribes of Kwang-si, akin to the Shans, in A.D. 1150 (_Prof. T. de la Couperie_). The designation of the princes of the Shan States on the east of Burma, many of whom are (or were till lately) tributary to Ava.

1795.—"After them came the CHOBWAAS, or petty tributary princes: these
are personages who, before the Birmans had extended their conquests over
the vast territories which they now possess, had held small independent
sovereignties which they were able to maintain so long as the balance of
power continued doubtful between the Birmans, Peguers, and
Siamese."—_Symes_, 366.

1819.—"All that tract of land ... is inhabited by a numerous nation
called Sciam, who are the same as the Laos. Their kingdom is divided into
small districts under different chiefs called ZABOÀ, or petty
princes."—_Sangermano_, 34.

1855.—"The TSAUBWAS of all these principalities, even where most
absolutely under Ava, retain all the forms and appurtenances of
royalty."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, 303.

[1890.—"The succession to the throne primarily depends upon the person
chosen by the court and people being of princely descent—all such are
called CHOW or prince."—_Hallet, A Thousand Miles on an Elephant_, p.
32.]

CHOGA, s. Turki _choghā_. A long sleeved garment, like a dressing-gown (a purpose for which Europeans often make use of it). It is properly an Afghan form of dress, and is generally made of some soft woollen material, and embroidered on the sleeves and shoulders. In Bokhara the word is used for a furred robe. ["In Tibetan _ch'uba_; in Turki _juba_. It is variously pronounced _chuba_, _juba_ or _chogha_ in Asia, and _shuba_ or _shubka_ in Russia" (_J.R.A.S._, N.S. XXIII. 122)].

1883.—"We do not hear of 'shirt-sleeves' in connection with Henry
(Lawrence), so often as in John's case; we believe _his_ favourite
dishabille was an Afghan CHOGA, which like charity covered a multitude of
sins."—_Qu. Review_, No. 310, on _Life of Lord Lawrence_, p. 303.

CHOKIDAR, s. A watchman. Derivative in Persian form from CHOKY. The word is usually applied to a private watchman; in some parts of India he is generally of a thieving tribe, and his employment may be regarded as a sort of blackmail to ensure one's property. [In N. India the village _Chaukīdār_ is the rural policeman, and he is also employed for watch and ward in the smaller towns.]

1689.—"And the Day following the CHOCADARS, or Souldiers were remov'd
from before our Gates."—_Ovington_, 416.

1810.—"The CHOKEY-DAR attends during the day, often performing many
little offices, ... at night parading about with his spear, shield, and
sword, and assuming a most terrific aspect, until all the family are
asleep; when HE GOES TO SLEEP TOO."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 295.

c. 1817.—"The birds were scarcely beginning to move in the branches of
the trees, and there was not a servant excepting the CHOCKEDAURS,
stirring about any house in the neighbourhood, it was so early."—_Mrs.
Sherwood's Stories_, &c. (ed. 1873), 243.

1837.—"Every village is under a _potail_, and there is a _pursau_ or
priest, and CHOUKEEDNOP (sic!) or watchman."—_Phillips, Million of
Facts_, 320.

1864.—The church book at Peshawar records the death there of "The Revd.
I—— L——l, who on the night of the —th ——, 1864, when walking in his
veranda was shot by his own CHOKIDAR"—to which record the hand of an
injudicious friend has added: "Well done, thou good and faithful
servant!" (The exact words will now be found in the late Mr. E. B.
Eastwick's _Panjáb Handbook_, p. 279).

CHOKRA, s. Hind. _chhokrā_, 'a boy, a youngster'; and hence, more specifically, a boy employed about a household, or a regiment. Its chief use in S. India is with the latter. (See CHUCKAROO.)

[1875.—"He was dubbed 'the CHOKRA,' or simply 'boy.'"—_Wilson, Abode of
Snow_, 136.]

CHOKY, s. H. _chaukī_, which in all its senses is probably connected with Skt. _chatur_, 'four'; whence _chatushka_, 'of four,' 'four-sided,' &c.

A. (Perhaps first a shed resting on four posts); a station of police; a lock-up; also a station of palankin bearers, horses, &c., when a post is laid; a customs or toll-station, and hence, as in the first quotation, the dues levied at such a place; the act of watching or guarding.

[1535.—"They only pay the CHOQUEIS coming in ships from the Moluccas to
Malacca, which amounts to 3 parts in 10 for the owner of the ship for
_choque_, which is freight; that which belongs to His Highness pays
nothing when it comes in ships. This _choque_ is as far as Malacca, from
thence to India is another freight as arranged between the parties. Thus
when cloves are brought in His Highness's ships, paying the third and the
_choquies_, there goes from every 30 bahars 16 to the King, our
Lord."—_Arrangement made by Nuno da Cunha_, quoted in _Botelho, Tombo_,
p. 113. On this Mr. Whiteway remarks: "By this arrangement the King of
Portugal did not ship any cloves of his own at the Moluccas, but he took
one-third of every shipment free, and on the balance he took one-third as
CHOKY, which is, I imagine, in lieu of customs."]

c. 1590.—"Mounting guard is called in Hindi CHAUKI."—_Āīn_, i. 257.

1608.—"The Kings Custome called CHUKEY, is eight bagges upon the hundred
bagges."—_Saris_, in _Purchas_, i. 391.

1664.—"Near this Tent there is another great one, which is called
TCHAUKYKANE, because it is the place where the Omrahs keep guard, every
one in his turn, once a week twenty-four hours together."—_Bernier_,
E.T., 117; [ed. _Constable_, 363].

1673.—"We went out of the Walls by Broach Gate ... where, as at every
gate, stands a CHOCKY, or Watch to receive Toll for the
Emperor...."—_Fryer_, 100.

" "And when they must rest, if they have no Tents, they must
shelter themselves under Trees ... unless they happen on a CHOWKIE,
_i.e._, a Shed where the Customer keeps a Watch to take Custom."—_Ibid._
410.

1682.—"About 12 o'clock Noon we got to ye CHOWKEE, where after we had
shown our _Dustick_ and given our present, we were dismissed
immediately."—_Hedges, Diary_, Dec. 17; [Hak. Soc. i. 58].

1774.—"Il più difficile per viaggiare nell' Indostan sono certi posti di
guardie chiamate CIOKI ... questi CIOKI sono insolentissimi."—_Della
Tomba_, 33.

1810.—"... CHOKIES, or patrol stations."—_Williamson, V. M._, i. 297.

This word has passed into the English slang vocabulary in the sense of 'prison.'

B. A chair. This use is almost peculiar to the Bengal Presidency. Dr. John Muir [_Orig. Skt. Texts_, ii. 5] cites it in this sense, as a Hindi word which has no resemblance to any Skt. vocable. Mr. Growse, however, connects it with _chatur_, 'four' (_Ind. Antiq._, i. 105). See also beginning of this article. _Chau_ is the common form of 'four' in composition, _e.g._ _chaubandi_, (_i.e._ 'four fastening') the complete shoeing of a horse; _chaupahra_ ('four watches') all night long; _chaupār_, 'a quadruped'; _chaukaṭ_ and _chaukhaṭ_ ('four timber'), a frame (of a door, &c.). So _chaukī_ seems to have been used for a square-framed stool, and thence a chair.

1772.—"Don't throw yourself back in your _burra_ CHOKEY, and tell me it
won't do...."—_W. Hastings to G. Vansittart_, in _Gleig_, i. 238.

c. 1782.—"As soon as morning appeared he (Haidar) sat down on his chair
(CHAUKĪ) and washed his face."—_H. of Hydur Naik_, 505.

CHOLERA, and CHOLERA MORBUS, s. The Disease. The term 'cholera,' though employed by the old medical writers, no doubt came, as regards its familiar use, from India. Littré alleges that it is a mistake to suppose that the word _cholera_ (χολέρα) is a derivative from χολή 'bile,' and that it really means 'a gutter,' the disease being so called from the symptoms. This should, however, rather be ἀπὸ τῶν χολάδων, the latter word being anciently used for the intestines (the etym. given by the medical writer, Alex. Trallianus). But there is a discussion on the subject in the modern ed. of _Stephani Thesaurus_, which indicates a conclusion that the derivation from χολὴ is probably right; it is that of Celsus (see below). [The _N.E.D._ takes the same view, but admits that there is some doubt.] For quotations and some particulars in reference to the history of this terrible disease, see under MORT-DE-CHIEN.

c. A.D. 20.—"Primoque facienda mentio est CHOLERAE; quia commune id
stomachi atque intestinorum vitium videri potest ... intestina
torquentur, bilis supra infraque erumpit, primum aquae similis: deinde ut
in eâ recens caro tota esse videatur, interdum alba, nonnunquam nigra vel
varia. Ergo eo nomine morbum hunc χολέραν Graeci nominârunt...." &c.—_A.
C. Celsi Med. Libri_ VIII. iv. xi.

c. A.D. 100.—"ΠΕΡῚ ΧΟΛΈΡΗΣ ... θάνατος ἐπῶδυνος καὶ οἴκτιστος σπασμῷ καὶ
πνιγὶ καὶ ἐμέσῳ κενῷ."—_Aretaeus, De Causis et signis acutorum morborum_,
ii. 5.

Also Θεραπεία Χολερῆς, _in De Curatione Morb._ Ac. ii. 4.

1563.—"_R._ Is this disease the one which kills so quickly, and from
which so few recover? Tell me how it is called among us, and among them,
and its symptoms, and the treatment of it in use?

"_O._ Among us it is called COLLERICA PASSIO...."—_Garcia_, f. 74_v_.

[1611.—"As those ill of COLERA."—_Couto, Dialogo de Soldado Pratico_, p.
5.]

1673.—"The Diseases reign according to the Seasons.... In the extreme
Heats, CHOLERA MORBUS."—_Fryer_, 113-114.

1832.—"Le CHOLÉRA MORBUS, dont vous me parlez, n'est pas inconnu à
Cachemire."—_Jacquemont, Corresp._ ii. 109.

CHOLERA HORN. See COLLERY.

CHOOLA, s. H. _chūlhā_, _chūlhī_, _chūlā_, fr. Skt. _chulli_. The extemporized cooking-place of clay which a native of India makes on the ground to prepare his own food; or to cook that of his master.

1814.—"A marble corridor filled up with CHOOLAS, or cooking-places,
composed of mud, cowdung, and unburnt bricks."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii.
120; [2nd ed. ii. 193].

CHOOLIA, s. _Chūliā_ is a name given in Ceylon and in Malabar to a particular class of Mahommedans, and sometimes to Mahommedans generally. There is much obscurity about the origin and proper application of the term. [The word is by some derived from Skt. _chūḍa_, the top-knot which every Hindu must wear, and which is cut off on conversion to Islam. In the same way in the Punjab, _choṭīkaṭ_, 'he that has had his top-knot cut off,' is a common form of abuse used by Hindus to Musulman converts; see _Ibbetson, Panjab Ethnog._ p. 240.] According to Sonnerat (i. 109), the Chulias are of Arab descent and of Shīa profession. [The _Madras Gloss._ takes the word to be from the kingdom of _Chola_ and to mean a person of S. India.]

c. 1345.—"... the city of Kaulam, which is one of the finest of Malibār.
Its bazars are splendid, and its merchants are known by the name of ṢŪLIA
(_i.e._ _Chūlia_)."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 99.

1754.—"CHOWLIES are esteemed learned men, and in general are
merchants."—_Ives_, 25.

1782.—"We had found ... less of that foolish timidity, and much more
disposition to intercourse in the CHOLIARS of the country, who are
Mahommedans and quite distinct in their manners...."—_Hugh Boyd, Journal
of a Journey of an Embassy to Candy_, in _Misc. Works_ (1800), i. 155.

1783.—"During Mr. Saunders's government I have known CHULIA (Moors)
vessels carry coco-nuts from the Nicobar Islands to Madras."—_Forrest,
Voyage to Mergui_, p. v.

" "CHULIAS and Malabars (the appellations are I believe
synonymous)."—_Ibid._ 24.

1836.—"Mr. Boyd ... describes the Moors under the name of CHOLIAS, and
Sir Alexander Johnston designates them by the appellation _Lubbies_ (see
LUBBYE). These epithets are, however, not admissible, for the former is
only confined to a particular sect among them, who are rather of an
inferior grade; and the latter to the priests who officiate."—_Casie
Chitty_, in _J. R. A. Soc._ iii. 338.

1879.—"There are over 15,000 Klings, CHULIAHS, and other natives of
India."—_Miss Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 254.

CHOP, s. Properly a seal-impression, stamp, or brand; H. _chhāp_; the verb (_chhāpnā_) being that which is now used in Hindustani to express the art of printing (books).

The word _chhāp_ seems not to have been traced back with any accuracy beyond the modern vernaculars. It has been thought possible (at least till the history should be more accurately traced) that it might be of Portuguese origin. For there is a Port. word _chapa_, 'a thin plate of metal,' which is no doubt the original of the Old English _chape_ for the metal plate on the sheath of a sword or dagger.[65] The word in this sense is not in the Portuguese Dictionaries; but we find 'homem _chapado_,' explained as 'a man of notable worth or excellence,' and Bluteau considers this a metaphor 'taken from the _chapas_ or plates of metal on which the kings of India caused their letters patent to be engraven.' Thus he would seem to have regarded, though perhaps erroneously, the _chhāpā_ and the Portuguese _chapa_ as identical. On the other hand, Mr. Beames entertains no doubt that the word is genuine Hindi, and connects it with a variety of other words signifying _striking_, or _pressing_. And Thompson in his _Hindi Dictionary_ says that _chhāppā_ is a technical term used by the Vaishnavas to denote the sectarial marks (lotus, trident, &c.), which they delineate on their bodies. Fallon gives the same meaning, and quotes a Hindi verse, using it in this sense. We may add that while _chhāpā_ is used all over the N.W.P. and Punjab for printed cloths, Drummond (1808) gives _chhāpānīya_, _chhapārā_, as words for 'Stampers or Printers of Cloth' in Guzerati, and that the passage quoted below from a Treaty made with an ambassador from Guzerat by the Portuguese in 1537, uses the word _chapada_ for struck or coined, exactly as the modern Hindi verb _chhāpnā_ might be used.[66] _Chop_, in writers prior to the last century, is often used for the seal itself. "Owen Cambridge says the _Mohr_ was the great seal, but the small or privy seal was called a 'CHOP' or 'stamp.'" (_C. P. Brown_).

The word _chop_ is hardly used now among Anglo-Indians in the sense of seal or stamp. But it got a permanent footing in the 'Pigeon English' of the Chinese ports, and thence has come back to England and India, in the phrase "_first_-CHOP," _i.e._ of the first _brand_ or quality.