Chapter XXXII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (29)

c. 1321.—"Hanc terram (Tana, near Bombay) regunt Sarraceni, nunc
subjacentes dal DILI.... Audiens ipse imperator dol DALI ... misit et
ordinavit ut ipse Lomelic penitus caperetur...."—_Fr. Odoric._ See
_Cathay_, &c., App., pp. v. and x.

c. 1330.—"DILLĪ ... a certain traveller relates that the brick-built
walls of this great city are loftier than the walls of Hamath; it stands
in a plain on a soil of mingled stones and sand. At the distance of a
parasang runs a great river, not so big, however, as
Euphrates."—_Abulfeda_, in _Gildemeister_, 189 _seq._

c. 1334.—"The wall that surrounds DIHLĪ has no equal.... The city of
DIHLĪ has 28 gates ..." &c.—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 147 _seqq._

c. 1375.—The _Carta Catalana_ of the French Library shows _ciutat de_
DILLI and also _Lo Rey Dilli_, with this rubric below it: "_Aci esta un
soldã gran e podaros molt rich. Aquest soldã ha_ DCC _orifans e_ C
_millia homens à cavall sot lo seu imperi. Ha encora paons sens
nombre_...."

1459.—Fra Mauro's great map at Venice shows DELI _cittade grandissima_,
and the rubrick _Questa cittade nobilissima zà dominava tuto el paese
del_ DELI _over India Prima_.

1516.—"This king of DELY confines with Tatars, and has taken many lands
from the King of Cambay; and from the King of Dacan, his servants and
captains with many of his people, took much, and afterwards in time they
revolted, and set themselves up as kings."—_Barbosa_, p. 100.

1533.—"And this kingdom to which the Badur proceeded was called the DELY;
it was very great, but it was all disturbed by wars and the risings of
one party against another, because the King was dead, and the sons were
fighting with each other for the sovereignty."—_Correa_, iii. 506.

" "This Kingdom of DELY is the greatest that is to be seen in those
parts, for one point that it holds is in Persia, and the other is in
contact with the Loochoos (_os Lequios_) beyond China."—_Ibid._ iii. 572.

c. 1568.—"About sixteen yeeres past this King (of Cuttack), with his
Kingdome, were destroyed by the King of Pattane, which was also King of
the greatest part of Bengala ... but this tyrant enioyed his Kingdome but
a small time, but was conquered by another tyrant, which was the great
Mogol King of Agra, DELLY, and of all Cambaia."—_Caesar Frederike_ in
_Hakl._ ii. 358.

1611.—"On the left hand is seene the carkasse of old DELY, called the
nine castles and fiftie-two gates, now inhabited onely by _Googers_....
The city is 2^c betweene Gate and Gate, begirt with a strong wall, but
much ruinate...."—_W. Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 430.

DELING, s. This was a kind of hammock conveyance, suspended from a pole, mentioned by the old travellers in Pegu. The word is not known to Burmese scholars, and is perhaps a Persian word. Meninski gives "_deleng_, adj. _pendulus_, _suspensus_." The _thing_ seems to be the Malayālam _Manchīl_. (See MUNCHEEL and DANDY).

1569.—"Carried in a closet which they call DELING, in the which a man
shall be very well accommodated, with cushions under his head."—_Caesar
Frederike_, in _Hakl._ ii. 367.

1585.—"This DELINGO is a strong cotton cloth doubled, ... as big as an
ordinary rug, and having an iron at each end to attach it by, so that in
the middle it hangs like a pouch or purse. These irons are attached to a
very thick cane, and this is borne by four men.... When you go on a
journey, a cushion is put at the head of this DELINGO, and you get in,
and lay your head on the cushion," &c.—_Gasparo Balbi_, f. 99_b_.

1587.—"From Cirion we went to Macao, which is a pretie towne, where we
left our boats and _Paroes_, and in the morning taking DELINGEGES, which
are a kind of Coches made of cords and cloth quilted, and carried vpon a
stang betweene 3 and 4 men: we came to Pegu the same day."—_R. Fitch_, in
_Hakl._ ii. 391.

DELLY, MOUNT, n.p. Port. _Monte D'Eli_. A mountain on the Malabar coast which forms a remarkable object from seaward, and the name of which occurs sometimes as applied to a State or City adjoining the mountain. It is prominently mentioned in all the old books on India, though strange to say the Map of India in Keith Johnstone's Royal Atlas has neither name nor indication of this famous hill. [It is shown in Constable's Hand Atlas.] It was, according to Correa, the first Indian land seen by Vasco da Gama. The name is Malayāl. _Eli mala_, 'High Mountain.' Several erroneous explanations have however been given. A common one is that it means 'Seven Hills.' This arose with the compiler of the local Skt. _Mahātmya_ or legend, who rendered the name _Saptaṣaila_, 'Seven Hills,' confounding _ēli_ with _ēl̤u_, 'seven,' which has no application. Again we shall find it explained as 'Rat-hill'; but here _ĕli_ is substituted for _ēl̤i_. [The _Madras Gloss._ gives the word as Mal. _ezhimala_, and explains it as 'Rat-hill,' "because infested by rats."] The position of the town and port of Ely or Hili mentioned by the older travellers is a little doubtful, but see _Marco Polo_, notes to Bk. III. ch. xxiv. The _Ely-Maide_ of the Peutingerian Tables is not unlikely to be an indication of Ely.

1298.—"ELI is a Kingdom towards the west, about 300 miles from Comari....
There is no proper harbour in the country, but there are many rivers with
good estuaries, wide and deep."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. III. ch. 24.

c. 1330.—"Three days journey beyond this city (Manjarūr, _i.e._
Mangalore) there is a great hill which projects into the sea, and is
descried by travellers from afar, the promontory called
HĪLĪ."—_Abulfeda_, in _Gildemeister_, 185.

c. 1343.—"At the end of that time we set off for HĪLĪ, where we arrived
two days later. It is a large well-built town on a great bay (or estuary)
which big ships enter."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 81.

c. 1440.—"Proceeding onwards he ... arrived at two cities situated on the
sea shore, one named Pacamuria, and the other HELLY."—_Nicolo Conti_, in
_India in the XVth Cent._ p. 6.

1516.—"After passing this place along the coast is the Mountain DELY, on
the edge of the sea; it is a round mountain, very lofty, in the midst of
low land; all the ships of the Moors and the Gentiles ... sight this
mountain ... and make their reckoning by it."—_Barbosa_, 149.

c. 1562.—"In twenty days they got sight of land, which the pilots
foretold before that they saw it, this was a great mountain which is on
the coast of India, in the Kingdom of Cananor, which the people of the
country in their language call the mountain DELY, _elly_ meaning 'the
rat,'[103] and they call it Mount DELY, because in this mountain there
are so many rats that they could never make a village there."—_Correa,
Three Voyages_, &c., Hak. Soc. 145.

1579.—"... Malik Ben Habeeb ... proceeded first to Quilon ... and after
erecting a mosque in that town and settling his wife there, he himself
journeyed on to [HĪLĪ Marāwī]...."—Rowlandson's Tr. of
_Tohfut-ul-Mujahideen_, p. 54. (Here and elsewhere in this ill-edited
book _Hīlī Marāwī_ is read and printed _Hubaee Murawee_).

[1623.—"... a high Hill, inland near the seashore, call'd Monte
DELI."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 355].

1638.—"Sur le midy nous passames à la veüe de MONTE-LEONE, qui est vne
haute montagne dont les Malabares descouurent de loin les vaisseaux,
qu'ils peuuent attaquer avec aduantage."—_Mandelslo_, 275.

1727.—"And three leagues south from MOUNT DELLY is a spacious deep River
called Balliapatam, where the English Company had once a Factory for
Pepper."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 291; [ed. 1744, ii. 293].

1759.—"We are further to remark that the late troubles at Tellicherry,
which proved almost fatal to that settlement, took rise from a dispute
with our linguist and the Prince of that Country, relative to lands he,
the linguist, held at MOUNT DILLY."—_Court's Letter_ of March 23. In
_Long_, 198.

DELOLL, s. A broker; H. from Ar. _dallāl_; the literal meaning being one who directs (the buyer and seller to their bargain). In Egypt the word is now also used in particular for a broker of old clothes and the like, as described by Lane below. (See also under NEELÁM.)

[c. 1665.—"He spared also the house of a deceased DELALE or Gentile
broker, of the Dutch."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 188. In the first
English trans. this passage runs: "He has also regard to the House of the
Deceased _De Lale_."]

1684.—"Five DELOLLS, or Brokers, of Decca, after they had been with me
went to Mr. Beard's chamber...."—_Hedges, Diary_, July 25; [Hak. Soc. i.
152].

1754.—"Mr. Baillie at Jugdea, accused by these villains, our DULOLS, who
carried on for a long time their most flagrant rascality. The DULOLS at
Jugdea found to charge the Company 15 per cent. beyond the price of the
goods."—_Fort Wm. Cons._ In _Long_, p. 50.

1824.—"I was about to answer in great wrath, when a DALAL, or broker,
went by, loaded with all sorts of second-hand clothes, which he was
hawking about for sale."—_Hajji Baba_, 2d ed. i. 183; [ed. 1851, p. 81].

1835.—"In many of the sooks in Cairo, auctions are held ... once or twice
a week. They are conducted by 'DELLÁLS' (or brokers).... The 'DELLÁLS'
carry the goods up and down, announcing the sums bidden by the cries of
'ḥarág.'"—_Lane, Mod. Egyptians_, ed. 1860, p. 317; [5th ed. ii. 13].

DEMIJOHN, s. A large glass bottle holding 20 or 30 quarts, or more. The word is not Anglo-Indian, but it is introduced here because it has been supposed to be the corruption of an Oriental word, and suggested to have been taken from the name of _Damaghān_ in Persia. This looks plausible (compare the Persian origin of CARBOY, which is another name for just the same _thing_), but no historical proof has yet been adduced, and it is doubted by Mr. Marsh in his _Notes on Wedgwood's Dictionary_, and by Dozy (_Sup. aux Dict. Arabes_). It may be noticed, as worthy of further enquiry, that Sir T. Herbert (192) speaks of the abundance and cheapness of _wine_ at Damaghān. Niebuhr, however, in a passage quoted below, uses the word as an Oriental one, and in a note on the 5th ed. of Lane's _Mod. Egyptians_, 1860, p. 149, there is a remark quoted from Hammer-Purgstall as to the omission from the detail of domestic vessels of two whose names have been adopted in European languages, viz. the _garra_ or _jarra_, a water 'jar,' and the _demigān_ or _demijān_, '_la dame-jeanne_.' The word is undoubtedly known in modern Arabic. The _Moḥīt_ of B. Bistānī, the chief modern native lexicon, explains _Dāmijāna_ as 'a great glass vessel, big-bellied and narrow-necked, and covered with wicker-work; a Persian word.'[104] The vulgar use the forms _damajāna_ and _damanjāna_. _Dame-jeanne_ appears in _P. Richelet, Dict. de la Langue Franc._ (1759), with this definition: "[_Lagena amplior_] Nom que les matelots donnent à une grande bouteille couverte de natte." It is not in the great Castilian Dict. of 1729, but it is in those of the last century, _e.g._ Dict. of the Span. Academy, ed. 1869. "DAMAJUANA, f. Prov(incia de) And(alucia), CASTAÑA ..."—and _castaña_ is explained as a "great vessel of glass or terra cotta, of the figure of a chestnut, and used to hold liquor." [See _N.E.D._ which believes the word adopted from _dame-jeanne_, on the analogy of 'Bellarmine' and 'Greybeard.']

1762.—"Notre vin étoit dans de grands flacons de verre (DAMASJANES) dont
chacun tenoit près de 20 bouteilles."—_Niebuhr, Voyage_, i. 171.

DENGUE, s. The name applied to a kind of fever. The term is of West Indian, not East Indian, origin, and has only become known and familiar in India within the last 30 years or more. The origin of the name which seems to be generally accepted is, that owing to the stiff unbending carriage which the fever induced in those who suffered from it, the negroes in the W. Indies gave it the name of '_dandy_ fever'; and this name, taken up by the Spaniards, was converted into _dengy_ or _dengue_. [But according to the _N.E.D._ both '_dandy_' and '_dengue_' are corruptions of the Swahili term, _ka dinga pepo_, 'sudden cramp-like seizure by an evil spirit.'] Some of its usual characteristics are the great suddenness of attack; often a red eruption; pain amounting sometimes to anguish in head and back, and shifting pains in the joints; excessive and sudden prostration; afterpains of rheumatic character. Its epidemic occurrences are generally at long intervals.

Omitting such occurrences in America and in Egypt, symptoms attach to an epidemic on the Coromandel coast about 1780 which point to this disease; and in 1824 an epidemic of the kind caused much alarm and suffering in Calcutta, Berhampore, and other places in India. This had no repetition of equal severity in that quarter till 1871-72, though there had been a minor visitation in 1853, and a succession of cases in 1868-69. In 1872 it was so prevalent in Calcutta that among those in the service of the E. I. Railway Company, European and native, prior to August in that year, 70 per cent. had suffered from the disease; and whole households were sometimes attacked at once. It became endemic in Lower Bengal for several seasons. When the present writer (H. Y.) left India (in 1862) the name DENGUE may have been known to medical men, but it was quite unknown to the lay European public.

1885.—THE CONTAGION OF DENGUE FEVER. "In a recent issue (March 14th, p.
551) under the heading 'DENGUE Fever in New Caledonia,' you remark that,
although there had been upwards of nine hundred cases, yet, 'curiously
enough,' there had not been one death. May I venture to say that the
'curiosity' would have been much greater had there been a death? For,
although this disease is one of the most infectious, and as I can testify
from unpleasant personal experience, one of the most painful that there
is, yet death is a very rare occurrence. In an epidemic at Bermuda in
1882, in which about five hundred cases came under my observation, not
one death was recorded. In that epidemic, which attacked both whites and
blacks impartially, inflammation of the cellular tissue, affecting
chiefly the face, neck, and scrotum, was especially prevalent as a
sequela, none but the lightest cases escaping. I am not aware that this
is noted in the text-books as a characteristic of the disease; in fact,
the descriptions in the books then available to me, differed greatly from
the disease as I then found it, and I believe that was the experience of
other medical officers at the time.... During the epidemic of DENGUE
above mentioned, an officer who was confined to his quarters,
convalescing from the disease, wrote a letter home to his father in
England. About three days after the receipt of the letter, that gentleman
complained of being ill, and eventually, from his description, had a
rather severe attack of what, had he been in Bermuda, would have been
called dengue fever. As it was, his medical attendant was puzzled to give
a name to it. The disease did not spread to the other members of the
family, and the patient made a good recovery.—_Henry J. Barnes_, Surgeon,
Medical Staff, Fort Pitt, Chatham." From _British Medical Journal_, April
25.

DEODAR, s. The _Cedrus deodara_, Loud., of the Himālaya, now known as an ornamental tree in England for some seventy-five years past. The finest specimens in the Himālaya are often found in clumps shadowing a small temple. The DEODAR is now regarded by botanists as a variety of _Cedrus Libani_. It is confined to the W. Himālaya from Nepāl to Afghanistan; it reappears as the Cedar of Lebanon in Syria, and on through Cyprus and Asia Minor; and emerges once more in Algeria, and thence westwards to the Riff Mountains in Morocco, under the name of _C. Atlantica_. The word occurs in Avicenna, who speaks of the _Deiudar_ as yielding a kind of turpentine (see below). We may note that an article called _Deodarwood Oil_ appears in Dr. Forbes Watson's "List of Indian Products" (No. 2941) [and see _Watt, Econ. Dict._ ii. 235].

_Deodar_ is by no means the universal name of the great Cedar in the Himālay. It is called so (_Dewdār_, _Diār_, or _Dyār_ [_Drew, Jummoo_, 100]) in Kashmīr, where the _deodār_ pillars of the great mosque of Srinagar date from A.D. 1401. The name, indeed (_deva-dāru_, 'timber of the gods'), is applied in different parts of India to different trees, and even in the Himālaya to more than one. The list just referred to (which however has not been revised critically) gives this name in different modifications as applied also to the pencil Cedar (_Juniperus excelsa_), to _Guatteria_ (or _Uvaria_) _longifolia_, to _Sethia Indica_, to _Erythroxylon areolatum_, and (on the Rāvī and Sutlej) to _Cupressus torulosa_.

The DEODĀR first became known to Europeans in the beginning of the last century, when specimens were sent to Dr. Roxburgh, who called it a _Pinus_. Seeds were sent to Europe by Capt. Gerard in 1819; but the first that grew were those sent by the Hon. W. Leslie Melville in 1822.

c. 1030.—"DEIUDAR (or rather DIUDAR) est ex genere abhel (_i.e._ juniper)
quae dicitur pinus Inda, et _Syr deiudar_ (Milk of Deodar) est ejus lac
(turpentine)."—_Avicenna_, Lat. Transl. p. 297.

c. 1220.—"He sent for two trees, one of which was a ... white poplar, and
the other a DEODÁR, that is a fir. He planted them both on the boundary
of Kashmīr."—_Chach Námah_ in _Elliot_, i. 144.

DERRISHACST, adj. This extraordinary word is given by C. B. P. (MS.) as a corruption of P. _daryā-shikast_, 'destroyed by the river.'

DERVISH, s. P. _darvesh_; a member of a Mahommedan religious order. The word is hardly used now among Anglo-Indians, _fakīr_ [see FAKEER] having taken its place. On the Mahommedan confraternities of this class, see _Herklots_, 179 _seqq._; _Lane_, _Mod. Egyptians_, _Brown's Dervishes_, or _Oriental Spiritualism_; _Capt. E. de Neven, Les Khouan, Ordres Religieux chez les Musulmans_ (Paris, 1846).

c. 1540.—"The dog _Coia Acem_ ... crying out with a loud voyce, that
every one might hear him.... _To them, To them, for as we are assured by
the Book of Flowers, wherein the Prophet Noby doth promise eternal
delights to the_ DAROEZES _of the House of_ Mecqua, _that he will keep
his word both with you and me, provided that we bathe ourselves in the
blood of these dogs without Law_!"—_Pinto_ (cap. lix.), in _Cogan_, 72.

1554.—"Hic multa didicimus à monachis Turcicis, quos DERVIS
vocant."—_Busbeq. Epist._ I. p. 93.

1616.—"Among the _Mahometans_ are many called DERVISES, which relinquish
the World, and spend their days in Solitude."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii.
1477.

[c. 1630.—"DERUISSI." See TALISMAN.]

1653.—"Il estoit DERVISCHE ou Fakir et menoit une vie solitaire dans les
bois."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 182.

1670.—"Aureng-Zebe ... was reserved, crafty, and exceedingly versed in
dissembling, insomuch that for a long time he made profession to be a
_Fakire_, that is, Poor, DERVICH, or Devout, renouncing the
World."—_Bernier_, E.T. 3; [ed. _Constable_, 10].

1673.—"The DERVISES professing Poverty, assume this Garb here (_i.e._ in
Persia), but not with that state they ramble up and down in
India."—_Fryer_, 392.

DESSAYE, s. Mahr. _deśāī_; in W. and S. India a native official in charge of a district, often held hereditarily; a petty chief. (See DISSAVE.)

1590-91.—"... the DESAYES, Mukaddams, and inhabitants of several
parganahs made a complaint at Court."—Order in _Mirat-i-Ahmadi_ (Bird's
Tr.), 408.

[1811.—"DAISEYE."—_Kirkpatrick, Letters of Tippoo_, p. 196.]

1883.—"The DESAI of Sawantwari has arrived at Delhi on a visit. He is
accompanied by a European Assistant Political Officer and a large
following. From Delhi His Highness goes to Agra, and visits Calcutta
before returning to his territory, _viâ_ Madras."—_Pioneer Mail_, Jan.
24.

The regular title of this chief appears to be _Sar-Deśāī_.

DESTOOR, s. A Parsee priest; P. _dastūr_, from the Pahlavi _dastôbar_, 'a prime minister, councillor of State ... a high priest, a bishop of the Parsees; a custom, mode, manner' (_Haug, Old Pahlaví and Pazand Glossary_). [See DUSTOOR.]

1630.—"... their DISTOREE or high priest...."—_Lord's Display_, &c., ch.
viii.

1689.—"The highest Priest of the _Persies_ is called DESTOOR, their
ordinary Priests _Dároos_, or _Hurboods_ [HERBED]."—_Ovington_, 376.

1809.—"The DUSTOOR is the chief priest of his sect in Bombay."—_Maria
Graham_, 36.

1877.—"... le DESTOUR de nos jours, pas plus que le Mage d'autrefois, ne
soupconne les phases successives que sa religion a
traversées."—_Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman_, 4.

DEUTI, DUTY, s. H. _diuṭī_, _dewṭī_, _deoṭi_, Skt. _dīpa_, 'a lamp'; a lamp-stand, but also a link-bearer.

c. 1526.—(In Hindustan) "instead of a candle or torch, you have a gang of
dirty fellows whom they call DEÛTIS, who hold in their hand a kind of
small tripod, to the side of one leg of which ... they fasten a pliant
wick.... In their right hand they hold a gourd ... and whenever the wick
requires oil, they supply it from this gourd.... If their emperors or
chief nobility at any time have occasion for a light by night, these
filthy DEÛTIS bring in their lamp ... and there stand holding it close by
his side."—_Baber_, 333.

1681.—"Six men for DUTYS, _Rundell_ (see ROUNDEL), and Kittysole (see
KITTYSOLL)."—List of Servants allowed at Madapollam Factory. _Ft. St.
George Cons._, Jan. 8. In _Notes and Exts._ No. ii. p. 72.

DEVA-DĀSĪ, s. H. 'Slave-girl of the gods'; the official name of the poor girls who are devoted to dancing and prostitution in the idol-temples, of Southern India especially. "The like existed at ancient Corinth under the name of ἱερόδουλοι, which is nearly a translation of the Hindi name ... (see _Strabo_, viii. 6)."—_Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. ii. 338. These appendages of Aphrodite worship, borrowed from Phœnicia, were the same thing as the _ḳĕdēshōth_ repeatedly mentioned in the Old Testament, _e.g._ _Deut._ xxiii. 18: "Thou shalt not bring the wages of a _kĕdēsha_ ... into the House of Jehovah." [See _Cheyne_, in _Encycl. Bibl._ ii. 1964 _seq._] Both male and female ἱερόδουλοι are mentioned in the famous inscription of Citium in Cyprus (_Corp. Inscr. Semit._ No. 86); the latter under the name of _'alma_, curiously near that of the modern Egyptian _'ālima_. (See DANCING-GIRL.)

1702.—"Peu de temps après je baptisai une DEVA-DACHI, ou _Esclave
Divine_, c'est ainsi qu'on appelle les femmes dont les Prêtres des idoles
abusent, sous prétexte que leurs dieux les demandent."—_Lettres
Edifiantes_, x. 245.

c. 1790.—"La principale occupation des DEVEDASCHIES, est de danser devant
l'image de la divinité qu'elles servent, et de chanter ses louanges, soit
dans son temple, soit dans les rues, lorsqu'on porte l'idole dans des
processions...."—_Haafner_ ii. 105.

1868.—"The DÂSIS, the dancing girls attached to Pagodas. They are each of
them married to an idol when quite young. Their male children ... have no
difficulty in acquiring a decent position in society. The female children
are generally brought up to the trade of their mothers.... It is
customary with a few castes to present their superfluous daughters to the
Pagodas...."—_Nelson's Madura_, Pt. 2, p. 79.

DEVIL, s. A petty whirlwind, or circular storm, is often so called. (See PISACHEE, SHAITAN, TYPHOON.)

[1608-10.—"Often you see coming from afar great whirlwinds which the
sailors call DRAGONS."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 11.

[1813.—"... we were often surrounded by the little whirlwinds called
_bugulas_, or DEVILS."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 118.]

DEVIL-BIRD, s. This is a name used in Ceylon for a bird believed to be a kind of owl—according to Haeckel, quoted below, the _Syrnium Indrani_ of Sykes, or Brown Wood Owl of Jerdon. Mr. Mitford, quoted below, however, believes it to be a _Podargus_, or Night-hawk.

c. 1328.—"Quid dicam? DIABOLUS ibi etiam loquitur, saepe et saepius,
hominibus, nocturnis temporibus, sicut ego audivi."—_Jordani Mirabilia_,
in _Rec. de Voyages_, iv. 53.

1681.—"This for certain I can affirm, That oftentimes the DEVIL doth cry
with an audible Voice in the Night; 'tis very shrill, almost like the
barking of a Dog. This I have often heard myself; but never heard that he
did anybody any harm.... To believe that this is the Voice of the Devil
these reasons urge, because there is no Creature known to the
Inhabitants, that cry like it, and because it will on a sudden depart
from one place, and make a noise in another, quicker than any fowl could
fly; and because the very Dogs will tremble and shake when they hear
it."—_Knox's Ceylon_, 78.

1849.—"DEVIL'S BIRD (Strix Gaulama or Ulama, _Singh._). A species of owl.
The wild and wailing cry of this bird is considered a sure presage of
death and misfortune, unless measures be taken to avert its infernal
threats, and refuse its warning. Though often heard even on the tops of
their houses, the natives maintain that it has never been caught or
distinctly seen, and they consider it to be one of the most annoying of
the evil spirits which haunt their country."—_Pridham's Ceylon_, p.
737-8.

1860.—"The DEVIL-BIRD, is not an owl ... its ordinary note is a
magnificent clear shout like that of a human being, and which can be
heard at a great distance. It has another cry like that of a hen just
caught, but the sounds which have earned for it its bad name ... are
indescribable, the most appalling that can be imagined, and scarcely to
be heard without shuddering; I can only compare it to a boy in torture,
whose screams are being stopped by being strangled."—_Mr. Mitford's Note_
in _Tennent's Ceylon_, i. 167.

1881.—"The uncanny cry of the DEVIL-BIRD, _Syrnium
Indrani_...."—_Haeckel's Visit to Ceylon_, 235.

DEVIL'S REACH, n.p. This was the old name of a reach on the Hoogly R. a little above Pulta (and about 15 miles above Calcutta). On that reach are several groups of DEWALS, or idol-temples, which probably gave the name.

1684.—"August 28.—I borrowed the late Dutch Fiscall's Budgero (see
BUDGEROW), and went in Company with Mr. Beard, Mr. Littleton" (etc.) "as
far as y^e DEVILL'S REACH, where I caused y^e tents to be pitched in
expectation of y^e President's arrivall and lay here all night."—_Hedges,
Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 156.

1711.—"From the lower Point of DEVIL'S REACH you must keep mid-channel,
or nearest the Starboard Shore, for the Larboard is shoal until you come
into the beginning of _Pulta_ or _Poutto_ Reach, and there abreast of a
single great Tree, you must edge over to the East Shore below
Pulta."—_The English Pilot_, 54.

DEVIL WORSHIP. This phrase is a literal translation of _bhūta-pūjā_, _i.e._ worship of _bhūtas_ [see BHOOT], a word which appears in slightly differing forms in various languages of India, including the Tamil country. A _bhūta_, or as in Tamil more usually, _pēy_, is a malignant being which is conceived to arise from the person of anyone who has come to a violent death. This superstition, in one form or another, seems to have formed the religion of the Dravidian tribes of S. India before the introduction of Brahmanism, and is still the real religion of nearly all the low castes in that region, whilst it is often patronized also by the higher castes. These superstitions, and especially the demonolatrous rites called 'devil-dancing,' are identical in character with those commonly known as _Shamanism_ [see SHAMAN], and which are spread all over Northern Asia, among the red races of America, and among a vast variety of tribes in Ceylon and in Indo-China, not excluding the Burmese. A full account of the demon-worship of Tinnevelly was given by Bp. Caldwell in a small pamphlet on the "Tinnevelly Shanars" (Madras, 1849), and interesting evidence of its identity with the Shamanism of other regions will be found in his _Comparative Grammar_ (2nd ed. 579 _seqq._); see also _Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. ii. 79 _seq._; [Oppert, _Orig. Inhabit. of Bharatavarśa_, 554 _seqq._]

DÉWAL, DÉWÁLÉ, s. H. _dewal_, Skt. _deva-ālaya_; a Temple or pagoda. This, or _Dewalgarh_, is the phrase commonly used in the Bombay territory for a Christian church. In Ceylon DÉWÁLÉ is a temple dedicated to a Hindu god.

1681.—"The second order of Priests are those called _Koppuhs_, who are
the Priests that belong to the Temples of the other Gods (_i.e._ other
than _Boddou_, or Buddha). Their Temples are called DEWALS."—_Knox,
Ceylon_, 79.

[1797.—"The Company will settle ... the DEWAL or temple charge."—Treaty,
in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 285.

[1813.—"They plant it (the nayna tree) near the DEWALS or Hindoo temples,
improperly called Pagodas."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 15].

DEWALEEA, s. H. _diwāliyā_, 'a bankrupt,' from _diwālā_, 'bankruptcy,' and that, though the etymology is disputed, is alleged to be connected with _dīpa_, 'a lamp'; because "it is the custom ... when a merchant finds himself failing, or failed, to set up a blazing lamp in his house, shop, or office, and abscond therefrom for some time until his creditors are satisfied by a disclosure of his accounts or dividend of assets."—_Drummond's Illustrations_ (s.v.).

DEWALLY, s. H. _diwālī_, from Skt. _dīpa-ālikā_, 'a row of lamps,' _i.e._ an illumination. An autumnal feast attributed to the celebration of various divinities, as of Lakshmī and of Bhavānī, and also in honour of Krishna's slaying of the demon Naraka, and the release of 16,000 maidens, his prisoners. It is held on the last two days of the dark half of the month _Aśvina_ or _Aśan_, and on the new moon and four following days of _Karttika_, _i.e._ usually some time in October. But there are variations of Calendar in different parts of India, and feasts will not always coincide, _e.g._ at the three Presidency towns, nor will any curt expression define the dates. In Bengal the name _Diwālī_ is not used; it is _Kālī Pūjā_, the feast of that grim goddess, a midnight festival on the most moonless nights of the month, celebrated by illuminations and fireworks, on land and river, by feasting, carousing, gambling, and sacrifice of goats, sheep, and buffaloes.

1613.—"... no equinoctio da entrada de libra, dià chamado DIVÂLY, tem tal
privilegio e vertude que obriga falar as arvores, plantas e
ervas...."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 38_v_.

[1623.—"October the four and twentieth was the DAVÀLI, or Feast of the
Indian Gentiles."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 206.]

1651.—"In the month of _October_, eight days after the full moon, there
is a feast held in honour of Vistnou, which is called DIPÁWALI."—_A.
Rogerius, De Open-Deure._

[1671.—"In October they begin their yeare with great feasting, Jollity,
Sending Presents to all they have any busynes with, which time is called
DUALLY."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cccxiv.]

1673.—"The first New Moon in October is the Banyan's DUALLY."—_Fryer_,
110.

1690.—"... their Grand Festival Season, called the DUALLY
Time."—_Ovington_, 401.

1820.—"The DEWALEE, DEEPAULLEE, or Time of Lights, takes place 20 days
after the DUSSERA, and lasts three days; during which there is feasting,
illumination, and fireworks."—_T. Coats_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bo._, ii.
211.

1843.—"Nov. 5. The DĪWĀLĪ, happening to fall on this day, the whole river
was bright with lamps.... Ever and anon some votary would offer up his
prayers to Lakshmi the _Fortuna_, and launch a tiny raft bearing a
cluster of lamps into the water,—then watch it with fixed and anxious
gaze. If it floats on till the far distance hides it, thrice happy he ...
but if, caught in some wild eddy of the stream, it disappears at once, so
will the bark of his fortunes be engulphed in the whirlpool of
adversity."—_Dry Leaves from Young Egypt_, 84.

1883.—"The DĪVĀLĪ is celebrated with splendid effect at Benares.... At
the approach of night small earthen lamps, fed with oil, are prepared by
millions, and placed quite close together, so as to mark out every line
of mansion, palace, temple, minaret, and dome in streaks of
fire."—_Monier Williams, Religious Thought and Life in India_, 432.

DEWAUN, s. The chief meanings of this word in Anglo-Indian usage are:

(1) Under the Mahommedan Governments which preceded us, "the head financial minister, whether of the state or a province ... charged, in the latter, with the collection of the revenue, the remittance of it to the imperial treasury, and invested with extensive judicial powers in all civil and financial causes" (_Wilson_). It was in this sense that the grant of the DEWAUNY (q.v.) to the E. I. Company in 1765 became the foundation of the British Empire in India. (2) The prime minister of a native State. (3) The chief native officer of certain Government establishments, such as the Mint; or the native manager of a Zemindary. (4) (In Bengal) a native servant in confidential charge of the dealings of a house of business with natives, or of the affairs of a large domestic establishment. These meanings are perhaps all reducible to one conception, of which 'Steward' would be an appropriate expression. But the word has had many other ramifications of meaning, and has travelled far.

The Arabian _dīwān_ is, according to Lane, an Arabicized word of Persian origin (though some hold it for pure Arabic), and is in original meaning nearly equivalent to Persian _daftar_ (see DUFTER), _i.e._ a collection of written leaves or sheets (forming a book for registration); hence 'a register of accounts'; a 'register of soldiers or pensioners'; a 'register of the rights or dues of the State, or relating to the acts of government, the finances and the administration'; also any book, and especially a collection of the poems of some particular poet. It was also applied to signify 'an account'; then a 'writer of accounts'; a 'place of such writers of accounts'; also a 'council, court, or tribunal'; and in the present day, a 'long seat formed of a mattress laid along the wall of a room, with cushions, raised or on the floor'; or 'two or more of such seats.' Thus far (in this paragraph) we abstract from Lane.

The Arabian historian Bilāḍurī (c. 860) relates as to the first introduction of the _dīwān_ that, when 'Omar was discussing with the people how to divide the enormous wealth derived from the conquests in his time, Walīd bin Hishām bin Moghaira said to the caliph, 'I have been in Syria, and saw that its kings make a DĪWĀN; do thou the like.' So 'Omar accepted his advice, and sent for two men of the Persian tongue, and said to them: 'Write down the people according to their rank' (and corresponding pensions).[105]

We must observe that in the Mahommedan States of the Mediterranean the word _dīwān_ became especially applied to the Custom-house, and thus passed into the Romance languages as _aduana_, _douane_, _dogana_, &c. Littré indeed avoids any decision as to the etymology of _douane_, &c. And Hyde (Note on Abr. Peritsol, in _Syntagma Dissertt._ i. 101) derives _dogana_ from _docân_ (_i.e._ P. _dukān_, '_officina_, a shop'). But such passages as that below from Ibn Jubair, and the fact that, in the medieval Florentine treaties with the Mahommedan powers of Barbary and Egypt, the word _dīwān_ in the Arabic texts constantly represents the _dogana_ of the Italian, seem sufficient to settle the question (see _Amari, Diplomi Arabi del Real Archivio_, &c.; _e.g._ p. 104, and (Latin) p. 305, and in many other places).[106] The Spanish Dict. of Cobarruvias (1611) quotes Urrea as saying that "from the Arabic noun DIUANUM, which signifies the house where the duties are collected, we form _diuana_, and thence _adiuana_, and lastly _aduana_."

At a later date the word was re-imported into Europe in the sense of a hall furnished with Turkish couches and cushions, as well as of a couch of this kind. Hence we get _cigar_-DIVANS, _et hoc genus omne_. The application to certain collections of poems is noticed above. It seems to be especially applied to assemblages of short poems of homogeneous character. Thus the _Odes_ of Horace, the _Sonnets_ of Petrarch, the _In Memoriam_ of Tennyson, answer to the character of DĪWĀN so used. Hence also Goethe took the title of his _West-Östliche Diwan_.

c. A.D. 636.—"... in the Caliphate of Omar the spoil of Syria and Persia
began in ever-increasing volume to pour into the treasury of Medina,
where it was distributed almost as soon as received. What was easy in
small beginnings by equal sharing or discretionary preference, became now
a heavy task.... At length, in the 2nd or 3rd year of his Caliphate, Omar
determined that the distribution should be regulated on a fixed and
systematic scale.... To carry out this vast design, a Register had to be
drawn and kept up of every man, woman, and child, entitled to a stipend
from the State.... The Register itself, as well as the office for its
maintenance and for pensionary account, was called the DEWÂN or
Department of the Exchequer."—_Muir's Annals_, &c., pp. 225-9.

As Minister, &c.

[1610.—"We propose to send you the copy hereof by the old scrivano of the
ADUANO."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 51.

[1616.—"Sheak Isuph DYVON of Amadavaz."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 311.]

1690.—"Fearing miscarriage of y^e Originall _ffarcuttee_
[_fārigh-khaṭṭī_, Ar. 'a deed of release,' variously corrupted in Indian
technical use] we have herewi^{th} Sent you a Coppy Attested by Hugly
Cazee, hoping y^e DUAN may be Sattisfied therewi^{th}."—MS. Letter in
India Office, from _Job Charnock_ and others at Chuttanutte to Mr. Ch.
Eyre at Ballasore.

c. 1718.—"Even the DIVAN of the Qhalissah Office, who is, properly
speaking, the Minister of the finances, or at least the accomptant
general, was become a mere cypher, or a body without a soul."—_Seir
Mutaqherin_, i. 110.

1762.—"A letter from Dacca states that the Hon'ble Company's DEWAN
(Manikchand) died on the morning of this letter.... As they apprehend he
has died worth a large sum of money which the Government's people (_i.e._
of the Nawāb) may be desirous to possess to the injury of his lawful
heirs, they request the protection of the flag ... to the family of a man
who has served the Company for upwards of 30 years with care and
fidelity."—_Ft. Wm. Cons._, Nov. 29. In _Long_, 283.

1766.—"There then resided at his Court a _Gentoo_ named _Allum Chund_,
who had been many years DEWAN to Soujah Khan, by whom he was much revered
for his great age, wisdom, and faithful services."—_Holwell, Hist.
Events_, i. 74.

1771.—"By our general address you will be informed that we have to be
dissatisfied with the administration of Mahomet Reza Cawn, and will
perceive the expediency of our divesting him of the rank and influence he
holds as Naib DUAN of the Kingdom of Bengal."—_Court of Directors to W.
Hastings_, in _Gleig_, i. 121.

1783.—"The Committee, with the best intentions, best abilities, and
steadiest of application, must after all be a tool in the hands of their
DUAN."—_Teignmouth, Mem._ i. 74.

1834.—"His (Raja of Ulwar's) DEWANJEE, Balmochun, who chanced to be in
the neighbourhood, with 6 Risalas of horse ... was further ordered to go
out and meet me."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 132.

[1861.—See quotation under AMEEN.]

In the following quotations the identity of _dīwān_ and _douane_ or _dogana_ is shown more or less clearly.

A.D. 1178.—"The Moslem were ordered to disembark their goods (at
Alexandria), and what remained of their stock of provisions; and on the
shore were officers who took them in charge, and carried all that was
landed to the DĪWĀN. They were called forward one by one; the property of
each was brought out, and the DĪWĀN was straitened with the crowd. The
search fell on every article, small or great; one thing got mixt up with
another, and hands were thrust into the midst of the packages to discover
if anything were concealed in them. Then, after this, an oath was
administered to the owners that they had nothing more than had been
found. Amid all this, in the confusion of hands and the greatness of the
crowd many things went amissing. At length the passengers were dismissed
after a scene of humiliation and great ignominy, for which we pray God to
grant an ample recompense. But this, past doubt, is one of the things
kept hidden from the great Sultan Salāh-ud-dīn, whose well-known justice
and benevolence are such that, if he knew it, he would certainly abolish
the practice" [_viz._ as regards Mecca pilgrims].[107]—_Ibn Jubair_,
orig. in _Wright's_ ed., p. 36.

c. 1340.—"DOANA _in all the cities of the Saracens_, in Sicily, in
Naples, and throughout the Kingdom of Apulia ... _Dazio_ at Venice;
_Gabella_ throughout Tuscany; ... _Costuma_ throughout the Island of
England.... All these names mean _duties_ which have to be paid for goods
and wares and other things, imported to, or exported from, or passed
through the countries and places detailed."—_Francesco Balducci
Pegolotti_, see _Cathay_, &c., ii. 285-6.

c. 1348.—"They then order the skipper to state in detail all the goods
that the vessel contains.... Then everybody lands, and the keepers of the
custom-house (_al_-DĪWĀN) sit and pass in review whatever one has."—_Ibn
Batuta_, iv. 265.

The following medieval passage in one of our note-books remains a fragment without date or source:

(?).—"Multi quoque Saracenorum, qui vel in apothecis suis mercibus
vendendis praeerunt, vel in DUANIS fiscales...."

1440.—The Handbook of Giovanni da Uzzano, published along with Pegolotti
by Pagnini (1765-66) has for custom-house DOVANA, which corroborates the
identity of _Dogana_ with _Dīwān_.

A Council Hall:

1367.—"Hussyn, fearing for his life, came down and hid himself under the
tower, but his enemies ... surrounded the mosque, and having found him,
brought him to the (DYVAN-_Khane_) Council Chamber."—_Mem. of Timūr_, tr.
by _Stewart_, p. 130.

1554.—"Utcunque sit, cum mane in DIVANUM (is concilii vt alias dixi locus
est) imprudens omnium venisset...."—_Busbequii Epistolae_, ii. p. 138.

A place, fitted with mattresses, &c., to sit in:

1676.—"On the side that looks towards the River, there is a DIVAN, or a
kind of out-jutting Balcony, where the King sits."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii.
49; [ed. _Ball_, i. 108].

[1785.—"It seems to have been intended for a DUAN KONNA, or eating
room."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 393.]

A Collection of Poems:

1783.—"One (writer) died a few years ago at Benares, of the name of
Souda, who composed a DEWAN in Moors."—_Teignmouth, Mem._ i. 105.

DEWAUNY, DEWANNY, &c., s. Properly, _dīwānī_; popularly, _dewānī_. The office of _dīwān_ (DEWAUN); and especially the right of receiving as _dīwān_ the revenue of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa, conferred upon the E. I. Company by the Great Mogul Shāh 'Ālam in 1765. Also used sometimes for the territory which was the subject of that grant.

1765.—(Lord Clive) "visited the Vezir, and having exchanged with him some
sumptuous entertainments and curious and magnificent presents, he
explained the project he had in his mind, and asked that the Company
should be invested with the _Divanship_ (no doubt in orig. DĪWĀNĪ) of the
three provinces...."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, ii. 384.

1783.—(The opium monopoly) "is stated to have begun at Patna so early as
the year 1761, but it received no considerable degree of strength until
the year 1765; when the acquisition of the DUANNE opened a wide field for
all projects of this nature."—_Report of a Committee on Affairs of
India_, in _Burke's Life and Works_, vi. 447.

DEWAUNY, DEWANNY, adj. Civil, as distinguished from Criminal; _e.g._ _Dīwānī 'Adālat_ as opposite to _Faujdāri Adālat_. (See ADAWLUT). The use of _Diwāni_ for civil as opposed to criminal is probably modern and Indian. For Kaempfer in his account of the Persian administration at the end of the 17th century, has: "DIWAEN _begì_, id est, _Supremus_ criminalis _Judicii Dominus_ ... de latrociniis et homicidiis non modo in hâc Regiâ metropoli, verùm etiam in toto Regno disponendi facultatem habet."—_Amoenit. Exot._ 80.

DHALL, DOLL, s. Hind. _dāl_, a kind of pulse much used in India, both by natives as a kind of porridge, and by Europeans as an ingredient in KEDGEREE (q.v.), or to mix with rice as a breakfast dish. It is best represented in England by what are called 'split pease.' The proper _dāl_, which Wilson derives from the Skt. root _dal_, 'to divide' (and which thus corresponds in meaning also to 'split pease'), is, according to the same authority, _Phaseolus aureus_: but, be that as it may, the _dāls_ most commonly in use are varieties of the shrubby plant _Cajanus Indicus_, Spreng., called in Hind. _arhar_, _rahar_, &c. It is not known where this is indigenous; [De Candolle thinks it probably a native of tropical Africa, introduced perhaps 3,000 years ago into India;] it is cultivated throughout India. The term is also applied occasionally to other pulses, such as _mūng_, _urd_, &c. (See MOONG, OORD.) It should also be noted that in its original sense _dāl_ is not the name of a particular pea, but the generic name of pulses prepared for use by being broken in a hand-mill; though the peas named are those commonly used in Upper India in this way.

1673.—"At their coming up out of the Water they bestow the largess of
Rice or DOLL (an Indian Bean)."—_Fryer_, 101.

1690.—"_Kitcheree_ ... made of DOL, that is, a small round Pea, and Rice
boiled together, and is very strengthening, tho' not very
savoury."—_Ovington_, 310.

1727.—"They have several species of Legumen, but those of DOLL are most
in use, for some DOLL and Rice being mingled together and boiled, make
_Kitcheree_."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 162; [ed. 1744].

1776.—"If a person hath bought the seeds of ... DOLL ... or such kinds of
Grain, without Inspection, and in ten Days discovers any Defect in that
Grain, he may return such Grain."—_Halhed, Code_, 178.

1778.—"... the essential articles of a Sepoy's diet, rice, DOLL (a
species of pea), ghee (an indifferent kind of butter), &c., were not to
be purchased."—_Acc. of the Gallant Defence made at Mangalore._

1809.—"... DOL, split country peas."—_Maria Graham_, 25.

[1813.—"Tuar (_cytisus cajan_, Lin.) ... is called DOHLL...."—_Forbes,
Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 35.]

DHAWK, s. Hind. _dhāk_; also called _palās_. A small bushy tree, _Butea frondosa_ (N. O. _Leguminosae_), which forms large tracts of jungle in the Punjab, and in many dry parts of India. Its deep orange flowers give a brilliant aspect to the jungle in the early part of the hot weather, and have suggested the occasional name of 'Flame of the Forest.' They are used for dyeing _basanto_, _basantī_, a fleeting yellow; and in preparing _Holī_ (see HOOLY) powder. The second of the two Hindī words for this tree gave a name to the famous village of _Plassy_ (_Palāśī_), and also to ancient Magadha or Behār as _Palāśa_ or _Parāśa_, whence _Parāśiya_, a man of that region, which, if Gen. Cunningham's suggestion be accepted, was the name represented by the _Prasii_ of Strabo, Pliny, and Arrian, and the _Pharrasii_ of Curtius (_Anc. Geog. of India_, p. 454). [The derivation of the word from Skt. _Prāchyās_ 'Inhabitants of the east country,' is supported by McCrindle, _Ancient India_, 365 _seq._ So the _dhāk_ tree possibly gave its name to DACCA].

1761.—"The pioneers, agreeably to orders, dug a ditch according to
custom, and placed along the brink of it an abattis of DHÁK trees, or
whatever else they could find."—_Saiyid Ghulām 'Ali_, in _Elliot_, viii.
400.

DHOBY, DOBIE, s. A washerman; H. _dhobī_, [from _dhonā_, Skt. _dhāv_, 'to wash.'] In colloquial Anglo-Indian use all over India. A common H. proverb runs: _Dhobī kā kuttā kā sā, na ghar kā na ghāṭ kā_, _i.e._ "Like a DHOBY'S dog belonging neither to the house nor to the river side." [DHOBY'S itch is a troublesome cutaneous disease supposed to be communicated by clothes from the wash, and DHOBY'S earth is a whitish-grey sandy efflorescence, found in many places, from which by boiling and the addition of quicklime an alkali of considerable strength is obtained.

[c. 1804.—"DOBES." See under DIRZEE].

DHOOLY, DOOLIE, s. A covered litter; Hind. _ḍolī_. It consists of a cot or frame, suspended by the four corners from a bamboo pole, and is carried by two or four men (see figure in _Herklots, Qanoon-e-Islam_, pl. vii. fig. 4). _Ḍoli_ is from _ḍolnā_, 'to swing.' The word is also applied to the meat- (or milk-) safe, which is usually slung to a tree, or to a hook in the verandah. As it is lighter and cheaper than a palankin it costs less both to buy or hire and to carry, and is used by the poorer classes. It also forms the usual ambulance of the Indian army. Hence the familiar story of the orator in Parliament who, in celebrating a battle in India, spoke of the "ferocious _Doolies_ rushing down from the mountain and carrying off the wounded"; a story which, to our regret, we have not been able to verify. [According to one account the words were used by Burke: "After a sanguinary engagement, the said Warren Hastings had actually ordered ferocious _Doolys_ to seize upon the wounded" (2nd ser. _Notes & Queries_, iv. 367).

[But Burke knew too much of India to make this mistake. In the _Calcutta Review_ (Dec. 1846, p. 286, footnote) Herbert Edwardes, writing on the first Sikh War, says: "It is not long since a member of the British Legislature, recounting the incidents of one of our Indian fights, informed his countrymen that 'the ferocious _Dūlī_' rushed from the hills and carried off the wounded soldiers."] _Dūla_ occurs in _Ibn Batuta_, but the translators render '_palankin_,' and do not notice the word.

c. 1343.—"The principal vehicle of the people (of Malabar) is a DŪLA,
carried on the shoulders of slaves and hired men. Those who do not ride
in a _dūla_, whoever they may be, go on foot."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 73.

c. 1590.—"The _Kahárs_ or _Pálkí-bearers_. They form a class of foot
servants peculiar to India. With their _pálkís_ ... and DÚLÍS, they walk
so evenly that the man inside is not inconvenienced by any
jolting."—_Āīn_, i. 254; [and see the account of the _sukhāsan_, _ibid._
ii. 122].

1609.—"He turned _Moore_, and bereaved his elder Brother of this holde by
this stratageme. He invited him and his women to a Banket, which his
Brother requiting with like inuitation of him and his, in steed of women
he sends choice Souldiers well appointed, and close couered, two and two
in a DOWLE."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 435.

1662.—"The Rájah and the Phúkans travel in singhásans, and chiefs and
rich people in DÚLÍS, made in a most ridiculous way."—_Mir Jumlah's
Invasion of Asam_, tr. by _Blochmann_, in _J. As. Soc. Ben._, xli., pt.
I. 80.

1702.—"... un DOULI, c'est une voiture moins honorable que le
palanquin."—_Lettres Edif._ xi. 143.

c. 1760.—"DOOLIES are much of the same material as the _andolas_ [see
ANDOR]; but made of the meanest materials."—_Grose_, i. 155.

c. 1768.—"... leaving all his wounded ... on the field of battle, telling
them to be of good cheer, for that he would send DOOLIES for them from
Astara...."—_H. of Hydur Naik_, 226.

1774.—"If by a DOOLEY, chairs, or any other contrivance they can be
secured from the fatigues and hazards of the way, the expense is to be no
objection."—_Letter of W. Hastings_, in _Markham's Tibet_, 18.

1785.—"You must despatch DOOLIES to Dhârwâr to bring back the wounded
men."—_Letters of Tippoo_, 133.

1789.—"... DOOLIES, or sick beds, which are a mean representation of a
palanquin: the number attached to a corps is in the proportion of one to
every ten men, with four bearers to each."—_Munro, Narrative_, 184.

1845.—"Head Qrs., Kurrachee, 27 Decr., 1845.

"The Governor desires that it may be made known to the DOOLEE-_wallas_
and Camel-men, that no increase of wages shall be given to them. They are
very highly paid. If any man deserts, the Governor will have him pursued
by the police, and if caught he shall be hanged."—_G. O. by Sir Charles
Napier_, 113.

1872.—"At last ... a woman arrived from Dargánagar with a DÚLÍ and two
bearers, for carrying Máláti."—_Govinda Samanta_, ii. 7.

1880.—"The consequence of holding that this would be a Trust enforceable
in a Court of Law would be so monstrous that persons would be probably
startled ... if it be a Trust, then every one of those persons in England
or in India—from persons of the highest rank down to the lowest
DHOOLIE-_bearer_, might file a bill for the administration of the
Trust."—_Ld. Justice James_, Judgment on the Kirwee and Banda Prize
Appeal, 13th April.

1883.—"I have great pleasure here in bearing my testimony to the courage
and devotion of the Indian DHOOLY-bearers. I ... never knew them shrink
from the dangers of the battle-field, or neglect or forsake a wounded
European. I have several times seen one of these bearers killed and many
of them disabled while carrying a wounded soldier out of
action."—_Surgeon-General Munro, C.B., Reminiscences of Mil. Service with
the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders_, p. 193.

DHOON, s. Hind. _dūn_. A word in N. India specially applied to the flat valleys, parallel to the base of the Himālaya, and lying between the rise of that mountain mass and the low tertiary ranges known as the sub-Himālayan or SIWĀLIK Hills (q.v.), or rather between the interior and exterior of these ranges. The best known of these valleys is the _Dūn_ of Dehra, below Mussooree, often known as "the DHOON"; a form of expression which we see by the second quotation to be old.

1526.—"In the language of Hindustân they call a _Jûlga_ (or dale) DÛN.
The finest running water in Hindustân is that in this DÛN."—_Baber_, 299.

1654-55.—"Khalilu-lla Khan ... having reached the DÚN, which is a strip
of country lying outside of Srínagar, 20 _kos_ long and 5 broad, one
extremity of its length being bounded by the river Jumna, and the other
by the Ganges."—_Sháh-Jahán-Náma_, in _Elliot_, vii. 106.

1814.—"_Me voici_ in the far-famed DHOON, the _Tempe_ of Asia.... The
fort stands on the summit of an almost inaccessible mountain ... it will
be a tough job to take it; but by the 1st proximo I think I shall have
it, _auspice Deo_."—In _Asiatic Journal_, ii. 151; ext. of letter from
Sir Rollo Gillespie before Kalanga, dated 29th Oct. He fell next day.