Chapter XXI: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (18)

CASTEES, s. Obsolete. The Indo-Portuguese formed from _casta_ the word _castiço_, which they used to denote children born in India of Portuguese parents; much as _creole_ was used in the W. Indies.

1599.—"Liberi vero nati in Indiâ, utroque parente Lusitano, CASTISOS
vocantur, in omnibus fere Lusitanis similes, colore tamen modicum
differunt, ut qui ad gilvum non nihil deflectant. Ex CASTISIS deinde nati
magis magisque gilvi fiunt, a parentibus et _mesticis_ magis
deflectentes; porro et _mesticis_ nati per omnia indigenis respondent,
ita ut in tertiâ generatione Lusitani reliquis Indis sunt simillimi."—_De
Bry_, ii. 76; (_Linschoten_ [Hak. Soc. i. 184]).

1638.—"Les habitans sont ou CASTIZES, c'est à dire Portugais naturels, et
nez de pere et de mere Portugais, ou _Mestizes_, c'est à dire, nez d'vn
pere Portugais et d'vne mere Indienne."—_Mandelslo._

1653.—"Les CASTISSOS sont ceux qui sont nays de pere et mere reinols
(REINOL); ce mot vient de Casta, qui signifie Race, ils sont mesprizez
des Reynols...."—_Le Gouz, Voyages_, 26 (ed. 1657).

1661.—"Die Stadt (Negapatam) ist zimlich volksreich, doch mehrentheils
von Mastycen CASTYCEN, und Portugesichen Christen."—_Walter Schulze_,
108.

1699.—"CASTEES wives at Fort St. George."—_Census of English on the
Coast_, in _Wheeler_, i. 356.

1701-2.—In the MS. _Returns of Persons in the Service of the Rt. Honble.
the E. I. Company_, in the India Office, for this year, we find, "4th (in
Council) Matt. Empson, Sea Customer, marry'd CASTEES," and under 1702,
"13. Charles Bugden ... marry'd CASTEEZ."

1726.—"... or the offspring of the same by native women, to wit
_Mistices_ and CASTICES, or blacks ... and Moors."—_Valentijn_, v. 3.

CASUARINA, s. A tree (_Casuarina muricata_, Roxb.—_N. O. Casuarineae_) indigenous on the coast of Chittagong and the Burmese provinces, and southward as far as Queensland. It was introduced into Bengal by Dr. F. Buchanan, and has been largely adopted as an ornamental tree both in Bengal and in Southern India. The tree has a considerable superficial resemblance to a larch or other finely-feathered conifer, making a very acceptable variety in the hot plains, where real pines will not grow. [The name, according to Mr. Scott, appears to be based on a Malayan name associating the tree with the CASSOWARY, as Mr. Skeat suggests from the resemblance of its needles to the quills of the bird.]

1861.—See quotation under PEEPUL.

1867.—"Our road lay chiefly by the sea-coast, along the white sands,
which were fringed for miles by one grand continuous line or border of
CASUARINA trees."—_Lt.-Col. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, 362.

1879.—"It was lovely in the white moonlight, with the curving shadows of
palms on the dewy grass, the grace of the drooping CASUARINAS, the
shining water, and the long drift of surf...."—_Miss Bird, Golden
Chersonese_, 275.

CATAMARÁN, s. Also CUTMURRAM, CUTMURÁL. Tam. _kaṭṭu_, 'binding,' _maram_, 'wood.' A raft formed of three or four logs of wood lashed together. The Anglo-Indian accentuation of the last syllable is not correct.

1583.—"Seven round timbers lashed together for each of the said boats,
and of the said seven timbers five form the bottom; one in the middle
longer than the rest makes a cutwater, and another makes a poop which is
under water, and on which a man sits.... These boats are called
GATAMERONI."—_Balbi, Viaggio_, f. 82.

1673.—"Coasting along some CATTAMARANS (Logs lashed to that advantage
that they waft off all their Goods, only having a Sail in the midst and
Paddles to guide them) made after us...."—_Fryer_, 24.

1698.—"Some time after the CATTAMARAN brought a letter...."—In _Wheeler_,
i. 334.

1700.—"Un pecheur assis sur un CATIMARON, c'est à dire sur quelques
grosses pièces de bois liées ensemble en manière de radeau."—_Lett.
Edif._ x. 58.

c. 1780.—"The wind was high, and the ship had but two anchors, and in the
next forenoon parted from that by which she was riding, before that one
who was coming from the shore on a CATAMARAN could reach her."—_Orme_,
iii. 300.

1810.—Williamson (_V. M._ i. 65) applies the term to the rafts of the
Brazilian fishermen.

1836.—"None can compare to the CATAMARANS and the wonderful people that
manage them ... each CATAMARAN has one, two, or three men ... they sit
crouched upon their heels, throwing their paddles about very dexterously,
but very unlike rowing."—_Letters from Madras_, 34.

1860.—"The CATTAMARAN is common to Ceylon and Coromandel."—_Tennent,
Ceylon_, i. 442.

[During the war with Napoleon, the word came to be applied to a sort of fire-ship. "Great hopes have been formed at the Admiralty (in 1804) of certain vessels which were filled with combustibles and called CATAMARANS."—(_Ld. Stanhope, Life of Pitt_, iv. 218.) This may have introduced the word in English and led to its use as 'old cat' for a shrewish hag.]

CATECHU, also CUTCH and CAUT, s. An astringent extract from the wood of several species of Acacia (_Acacia catechu_, Willd.), the _khair_, and _Acacia suma_, Kurz, _Ac. sundra_, D. C. and probably more. The extract is called in H. _kaṭh_, [Skt. _kvath_, 'to decoct'], but the two first commercial names which we have given are doubtless taken from the southern forms of the word, e.g. Can. _kāchu_, Tam. _kāsu_, Malay _kachu_. De Orta, whose judgments are always worthy of respect, considered it to be the _lycium_ of the ancients, and always applied that name to it; but Dr. Royle has shown that _lycium_ was an extract from certain species of _berberis_, known in the bazars as _rasōt_. Cutch is first mentioned by Barbosa, among the drugs imported into Malacca. But it remained unknown in Europe till brought from Japan about the middle of the 17th century. In the 4th ed. of Schröder's _Pharmacop. Medico-chymica_, Lyons, 1654, it is briefly described as _Catechu_ or _Terra Japonica_, "_genus terrae exoticae_" (_Hanbury and Flückiger_, 214). This misnomer has long survived.

1516.—"... drugs from Cambay; amongst which there is a drug which we do
not possess, and which they call _puchô_ (see PUTCHOCK) and another
called CACHÔ."—_Barbosa_, 191.

1554.—"The bahar of CATE, which here (at Ormuz) they call CACHO, is the
same as that of rice."—_A. Nunes_, 22.

1563.—"Colloquio XXXI. Concerning the wood vulgarly called CATE; and
containing profitable matter on that subject."—_Garcia_, f. 125.

1578.—"The Indians use this CATE mixt with Areca, and with Betel, and by
itself without other mixture."—_Acosta, Tract._ 150.

1585.—Sassetti mentions CATU as derived from the _Khadira_ tree, _i.e._
in modern Hindi the _Khair_ (Skt. _khadira_).

[1616.—"010 bags CATCHA."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 127.]

1617.—"And there was rec. out of the _Adviz,_ viz. ... 7 hhds. drugs
CACHA; 5 hampers pochok" (see PUTCHOCK).—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 294.

1759.—"_Hortal_ [see HURTAUL] and COTCH, Earth-oil, and Wood-oil."—_List
of Burma Products in Dalrymple, Oriental Repert._ i. 109.

c. 1760.—"To these three articles (betel, areca, and chunam) is often
added for luxury what they call CACHOONDA, a Japan-earth, which from
perfumes and other mixtures, chiefly manufactured at Goa, receives such
improvement as to be sold to advantage when re-imported to Japan....
Another addition too they use of what they call CATCHOO, being a blackish
granulated perfumed composition...."—_Grose_, i. 238.

1813.—"... The peasants manufacture CATECHU, or _terra Japonica_, from
the _Keiri_ [_khair_] tree (_Mimosa catechu_) which grows wild on the
hills of Kankana, but in no other part of the Indian Peninsula"
[erroneous].—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 303; [2nd ed. i. 193].

CATHAY, n.p. China; originally Northern China. The origin of the name is given in the quotation below from the Introduction to Marco Polo. In the 16th century, and even later, from a misunderstanding of the medieval travellers, Cathay was supposed to be a country north of China, and is so represented in many maps. Its identity with China was fully recognised by P. Martin Martini in his _Atlas Sinensis_; also by Valentijn, iv. _China_, 2.

1247.—"KITAI autem ... homines sunt pagani, qui habent literam specialem
... homines benigni et humani satis esse videantur. Barbam non habent, et
in dispositione faciei satis concordant cum Mongalis, non tamen sunt in
facie ita lati ... meliores artifices non inveniuntur in toto mundo ...
terra eorum est opulenta valde."—_J. de Plano Carpini, Hist. Mongalorum_,
653-4.

1253.—"Ultra est magna CATAYA, qui antiquitus, ut credo, dicebantur
Seres.... Isti Catai sunt parvi homines, loquendo multum aspirantes per
nares et ... habent parvam aperturam oculorum," &c.—_Itin. Wilhelmi de
Rubruk_, 291-2.

c. 1330.—"CATHAY is a very great Empire, which extendeth over more than
c. days' journey, and it hath only one lord...."—_Friar Jordanus_, p. 54.

1404.—"E lo mas alxofar [see ALJOFAR] que en el mundo se ha, se pesia e
falla en aq̃l mar del CATAY."—_Clavijo_, f. 32.

1555.—"The Yndians called CATHEIES have eche man many wiues."—_Watreman,
Fardle of Faciouns_, M. ii.

1598.—"In the lande lying westward from China, they say there are white
people, and the land called CATHAIA, where (as it is thought) are many
Christians, and that it should confine and border upon
_Persia_."—_Linschoten_, 57; [Hak. Soc. i. 126].

[1602.—"... and arriued at any porte within the dominions of the
kingdomes of CATAYA, China, or Japan."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_, 24.
Here _China_ and _Cataya_ are spoken of as different countries. Comp.
_Birdwood, Rep. on Old Rec._, 168 note.]

Before 1633.—

"I'll wish you in the Indies or CATAIA...."
_Beaum. & Fletch., The Woman's Prize_, iv. 5.

1634.—

"Domadores das terras e dos mares
Não so im Malaca, Indo e Perseu streito
Mas na China, CATAI, Japão estranho
Lei nova introduzindo em sacro banho."
_Malaca Conquistada._

1664.—"'Tis not yet twenty years, that there went caravans every year
from _Kachemire_, which crossed all those mountains of the great _Tibet_,
entred into Tartary, and arrived in about three months at
CATAJA...."—_Bernier_, E. T., 136; [ed. _Constable_, 425].

1842.—

"Better fifty years of Europe
than a cycle of CATHAY."
_Tennyson, Locksley Hall._

1871.—"For about three centuries the Northern Provinces of China had been
detached from native rule, and subject to foreign dynasties; first to the
_Khitan_ ... whose rule subsisted for 200 years, and originated the name
of _Khitai_, Khata, or CATHAY, by which for nearly 1000 years China has
been known to the nations of Inner Asia, and to those whose acquaintance
with it was got by that channel."—_Marco Polo, Introd._ ch. ii.

CAT'S-EYE, s. A stone of value found in Ceylon. It is described by Dana as a form of chalcedony of a greenish grey, with glowing internal reflections, whence the Portuguese call it _Olho de gato_, which our word translates. It appears from the quotation below from Dr. Royle that the _Beli oculus_ of Pliny has been identified with the _cat's-eye_, which may well be the case, though the odd circumstance noticed by Royle may be only a curious coincidence. [The phrase _billī kī ānkh_ does not appear in _Platt's Dict._ The usual name is _lahsaniyā_, 'like garlic.' The Burmese are said to call it _kyoung_, 'a cat.']

c. A.D. 70.—"The stone called _Belus eye_ is white, and hath within it a
black apple, the mids whereof a man shall see to glitter like
gold...."—_Holland's Plinie_, ii. 625.

c. 1340.—"Quaedam regiones monetam non habent, sed pro ea utuntur
lapidibus quos dicimus CATI OCULOS."—_Conti_, in _Poggius, De Var.
Fortunae_, lib. iv.

1516.—"And there are found likewise other stones, such as OLHO DE GATO,
Chrysolites, and amethysts, of which I do not treat because they are of
little value."—_Barbosa_, in _Lisbon Acad._, ii. 390.

1599.—"Lapis insuper alius ibi vulgaris est, quem Lusitani OLHOS DE
GATTO, id est, _oculum felinum_ vocant, propterea quod cum eo et colore
et facie conveniat. Nihil autem aliud quam achates est."—_De Bry_, iv. 84
(after _Linschoten_); [Hak. Soc. i. 61, ii. 141].

1672.—"The CAT'S-EYES, by the Portuguese called _Olhos de Gatos_, occur
in _Zeylon_, _Cambaya_, and _Pegu_; they are more esteemed by the Indians
than by the Portuguese; for some Indians believe that if a man wears this
stone his power and riches will never diminish, but always
increase."—_Baldaeus_, Germ. ed. 160.

1837.—"Beli oculus, mentioned by Pliny, xxxvii. c. 55, is considered by
Hardouin to be equivalent to ŒIL DE CHAT—named in India _billi ke
ankh_."—_Royle's Hindu Medicine_, p. 103.

CATTY, s.

A. A weight used in China, and by the Chinese introduced into the Archipelago. The Chinese name is _kin_ or _chin_. The word _kātī_ or _katī_ is Malayo-Javanese. It is equal to 16 taels, _i.e._ 1⅓ lb. avoird. or 625 grammes. This is the weight fixed by treaty; but in Chinese trade it varies from 4 oz. to 28 oz.; the lowest value being used by tea-vendors at Peking, the highest by coal-merchants in Honan.

[1554.—"CATE." See quotation under PECUL.]

1598.—"Everie CATTE is as much as 20 Portingall ounces."—_Linschoten_,
34; [Hak. Soc. i. 113].

1604.—"Their pound they call a CATE, which is one and twentie of our
ounces."—_Capt. John Davis_, in _Purchas_, i. 123.

1609.—"Offering to enact among them the penaltie of death to such as
would sel one CATTIE of spice to the Hollanders."—_Keeling, ibid._ i.
199.

1610.—"And (I prayse God) I have aboord one hundred thirtie nine Tunnes,
six CATHAYES, one quarterne two pound of nutmegs and sixe hundred two and
twenty suckettes of Mace, which maketh thirtie sixe Tunnes, fifteene
CATHAYES one quarterne, one and twentie pound."—_David Midleton, ibid._
i. 247. In this passage, however, _Cathayes_ seems to be a strange
blunder of Purchas or his copyist for _Cwt. Suckette_ is probably Malay
_sukat_, "a measure, a stated quantity." [The word appears as _suckell_
in a letter of 1615 (_Foster_, iii. 175). Mr. Skeat suggests that it is a
misreading for PECUL. _Sukat_, he says, means 'to measure anything'
(indefinitely), but is never used for a definite measure.]

B. The word CATTY occurs in another sense in the following passage. A note says that "_Catty_ or more literally _Kuttoo_ is a Tamil word signifying BATTA" (q.v.). But may it not rather be a clerical error for _batty_?

1659.—"If we should detain them longer we are to give them CATTY."—Letter
in _Wheeler_, i. 162.

CATUR, s. A light rowing vessel used on the coast of Malabar in the early days of the Portuguese. We have not been able to trace the name to any Indian source, [unless possibly Skt. _chatura_, 'swift']. Is it not probably the origin of our '_cutter_'? We see that Sir R. Burton in his Commentary on Camoens (vol. iv. 391) says: "_Catur_ is the Arab. _katīreh_, a small craft, our 'cutter.'" [This view is rejected by the _N.E.D._, which regards it as an English word from 'to cut.'] We cannot say when _cutter_ was introduced in marine use. We cannot find it in Dampier, nor in _Robinson Crusoe_; the first instance we have found is that quoted below from _Anson's Voyage_. [The _N.E.D._ has nothing earlier than 1745.]

Bluteau gives _catur_ as an Indian term indicating a small war vessel, which in a calm can be aided by oars. Jal (_Archéologie Navale_, ii. 259) quotes Witsen as saying that the _Caturi_ or ALMADIAS were Calicut vessels, having a length of 12 to 13 paces (60 to 65 feet), sharp at both ends, and curving back, using both sails and oars. But there was a larger kind, 80 feet long, with only 7 or 8 feet beam.

1510.—"There is also another kind of vessel.... These are all made of one
piece ... sharp at both ends. These ships are called CHATURI, and go
either with a sail or oars more swiftly than any galley, _fusta_, or
brigantine."—_Varthema_, 154.

1544.—"... navigium majus quod vocant CATUREM."—_Scti. Franc. Xav.
Epistolae_, 121.

1549.—"Naves item duas (quas Indi CATURES vocant) summâ celeritate armari
jussit, vt oram maritimam legentes, hostes commeatu prohiberent."—_Goës,
de Bello Cambaico_, 1331.

1552.—"And this winter the Governor sent to have built in Cochin thirty
CATURES, which are vessels with oars, but smaller than
brigantines."—_Castanheda_, iii. 271.

1588.—"Cambaicam oram Jacobus Lacteus duobos CATURIBUS tueri
jussus...."—_Maffei_, lib. xiii. ed. 1752, p. 283.

1601.—"Biremes, seu CATHURIS quam plurimae conduntur in Lassaon, Javae
civitate...."—_De Bry_, iii. 109 (where there is a plate, iii. No.
xxxvii.).

1688.—"No man was so bold to contradict the man of God; and they all went
to the Arsenal. There they found a good and sufficient bark of those they
call CATUR, besides seven old foysts."—_Dryden, Life of Xavier_, in
_Works_, 1821, xvi. 200.

1742.—"... to prevent even the possibility of the galeons escaping us in
the night, the two CUTTERS belonging to the _Centurion_ and the
_Gloucester_ were both manned and sent in shore...."—_Anson's Voyage_,
9th ed. 1756, p. 251. CUTTER also occurs pp. 111, 129, 150, and other
places.

CAUVERY, n.p. The great river of S. India. Properly Tam. _Kāviri_, or rather _Kāveri_, and Sanscritized _Kāvērī_. The earliest mention is that of Ptolemy, who writes the name (after the Skt. form) Χάβηρος (sc. ποταμός). The Καμάρα of the Periplus (c. A.D. 80-90) probably, however, represents the same name, the Χαβηρὶς ἐμποριόν of Ptolemy. The meaning of the name has been much debated, and several plausible but unsatisfactory explanations have been given. Thus the Skt. form _Kāvērī_ has been explained from that language by _kāvēra_ 'saffron.' A river in the Tamil country is, however, hardly likely to have a non-mythological Skt. name. The Cauvery in flood, like other S. Indian rivers, assumes a reddish hue. And the form _Kāvēri_ has been explained by Bp. Caldwell as possibly from the Dravidian _kāvi_, 'red ochre' or _kā_ (_kā-va_), 'a grove,' and _ēr-u_, Tel. 'a river,' _ēr-i_, Tam. 'a sheet of water'; thus either 'red river' or 'grove river.' [The _Madras Admin. Gloss._ takes it from _kā_, Tam. 'grove,' and _ēri_, Tam. 'tank,' from its original source in a garden tank.] _Kā-viri_, however, the form found in inscriptions, affords a more satisfactory Tamil interpretation, viz. _Kā-viri_, 'grove-extender,' or developer. Any one who has travelled along the river will have noticed the thick groves all along the banks, which form a remarkable feature of the stream.

c. 150 A.D.—

"Χαβήρου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολάι
Χαβηρὶς ἐμποριόν."—_Ptolemy_, lib. vii. 1.

The last was probably represented by _Kaveripatan_.

c. 545.—"Then there is Sieledēba, _i.e._ Taprobane ... and then again on
the Continent, and further back, is Marallo, which exports conch-shells;
KABER, which exports alabandinum."—_Cosmas, Topog. Christ._ in _Cathay_,
&c. clxxviii.

1310-11.—"After traversing the passes, they arrived at night on the banks
of the river KĀNOBARĪ, and bivouacked on the sands."—_Amīr Khusrū_, in
_Elliot_, ii. 90.

The _Cauvery_ appears to be ignored in the older European account and maps.

CAVALLY, s. This is mentioned as a fish of Ceylon by _Ives_, 1775 (p. 57). It is no doubt the same that is described in the quotation from Pyrard [see _Gray's_ note, Hak. Soc. i. 388]. It may represent the genus _Equula_, of which 12 spp. are described by Day (_Fishes of India_, pp. 237-242), two being named by different zoologists E. _caballa_. But Dr. Day hesitates to identify the fish now in question. The fish mentioned in the fourth and fifth quotations may be the same species; but that in the fifth seems doubtful. Many of the spp. are extensively sun-dried, and eaten by the poor.

c. 1610.—"Ces Moucois pescheurs prennent entr'autres grande quantité
d'vne sorte de petit poisson, qui n'est pas plus grande que la main et
large comme vn petit bremeau. Les Portugais l'appellent Pesche CAUALLO.
Il est le plus commun de toute ceste coste, et c'est de quoy ils font le
plus grand trafic; car ils le fendent par la moitié, ils le salent, et le
font secher au soleil."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 278; see also 309; [Hak.
Soc. i. 427; ii. 127, 294, 299].

1626.—"The Ile inricht us with many good things; Buffols, ... oysters,
Breams, CAVALLOES, and store of other fish."—_Sir T. Herbert_, 28.

1652.—"There is another very small fish vulgarly called CAVALLE, which is
good enough to eat, but not very wholesome."—_Philippus a Sanct.
Trinitate_, in Fr. Tr. 383.

1796.—"The _ayla_, called in Portuguese CAVALA, has a good taste when
fresh, but when salted becomes like the herring."—_Fra Paolini_, E. T.,
p. 240.

1875.—"_Caranx denter_ (Bl. Schn.). This fish of wide range from the
Mediterranean to the coast of Brazil, at St. Helena is known as the
CAVALLEY, and is one of the best table fish, being indeed the salmon of
St. Helena. It is taken in considerable numbers, chiefly during the
summer months, around the coast, in not very deep water: it varies in
length from nine inches up to two or three feet."—_St. Helena_, by _J. C.
Melliss_, p. 106.

CAWNEY, CAWNY, s. Tam. _kāni_, 'property,' hence 'land,' [from Tam. _kan_, 'to see,' what is known and recognised,] and so a measure of land used in the Madras Presidency. It varies, of course, but the standard _Cawny_ is considered to be = 24 _manai_ or GROUNDS (q.v.), of 2,400 sq. f. each, hence 57,600 sq. f. or ac. 1.322. This is the only sense in which the word is used in the Madras dialect of the Anglo-Indian tongue. The 'Indian Vocabulary' of 1788 has the word in the form CONNYS, but with an unintelligible explanation.

1807.—"The land measure of the _Jaghire_ is as follows: 24 Adies square =
1 Culy; 100 Culies = 1 CANAY. Out of what is called charity however the
Culy is in fact a Bamboo 26 Adies or 22 feet 8 inches in length ... the
_Ady_ or Malabar foot is therefore 10-46/100 inches nearly; and the
customary CANAY contains 51,375 sq. feet, or 1-18/100 acres nearly; while
the proper CANAY would only contain 43,778 feet."—_F. Buchanan, Mysore,
&c._ i. 6.

CAWNPORE, n.p. The correct name is _Kānhpur_, 'the town of Kānh, Kanhaiya or Krishna.' The city of the Doab so called, having in 1891 a population of 188,712, has grown up entirely under British rule, at first as the bazar and dependence of the cantonment established here under a treaty made with the Nabob of Oudh in 1766, and afterwards as a great mart of trade.

CAYMAN, s. This is not used in India. It is an American name for an alligator; from the Carib _acayuman_ (_Littré_). But it appears formerly to have been in general use among the Dutch in the East. [It is one of those words "which the Portuguese or Spaniards very early caught up in one part of the world, and naturalised in another." (_N.E.D._)].

1530.—"The country is extravagantly hot; and the rivers are full of
CAIMANS, which are certain water-lizards (_lagarti_)."—_Nunno de Guzman_,
in _Ramusio_, iii. 339.

1598.—"In this river (Zaire or Congo) there are living divers kinds of
creatures, and in particular, mighty great crocodiles, which the country
people there call CAIMAN."—_Pigafetta_, in Harleian Coll. of Voyages, ii.
533.

This is an instance of the way in which we so often see a word belonging to a different quarter of the world undoubtingly ascribed to Africa or Asia, as the case may be. In the next quotation we find it ascribed to India.

1631.—"Lib. v. cap. iii. De Crocodilo qui per totam Indiam CAYMAN
audit."—_Bontius, Hist. Nat. et Med._

1672.—"The figures so represented in Adam's footsteps were ... 41. The
King of the CAIMANS or Crocodiles."—_Baldaeus_ (_Germ. ed._), 148.

1692.—"Anno 1692 there were 3 newly arrived soldiers ... near a certain
gibbet that stood by the river outside the boom, so sharply pursued by a
KAIEMAN that they were obliged to climb the gibbet for safety whilst the
creature standing up on his hind feet reached with his snout to the very
top of the gibbet."—_Valentijn_, iv. 231.

CAYOLAQUE, s. _Kayu_ = 'wood,' in Malay. _Laka_ is given in Crawfurd's Malay Dict. as "name of a red wood used as incense, _Myristica iners_." In his _Descr. Dict._ he calls it the "_Tanarius major_; a tree with a red-coloured wood, a native of Sumatra, used in dyeing and in pharmacy. It is an article of considerable native trade, and is chiefly exported to China" (p. 204). [The word, according to Mr. Skeat, is probably kayu, 'wood,' _lakh_, 'red dye' (see LAC), but the combined form is not in Klinkert, nor are these trees in Ridley's plant list. He gives _Laka-laka_ or _Malaka_ as the name of the _phyllanthus emblica_.]

1510.—"There also grows here a very great quantity of LACCA for making
red colour, and the tree of this is formed like our trees which produce
walnuts."—_Varthema_, p. 238.

c. 1560.—"I being in Cantan there was a rich (bed) made wrought with
Iuorie, and of a sweet wood which they call CAYOLAQUE, and of _Sandalum_,
that was prized at 1500 Crownes."—_Gaspar Da Cruz_, in _Purchas_, iii.
177.

1585.—"Euerie morning and euening they do offer vnto their idolles
frankensence, benjamin, wood of aguila, and CAYOLAQUE, the which is
maruelous sweete...."—_Mendoza's China_, i. 58.

CAZEE, KAJEE, &c., s. Arab. _ḳāḍi_, 'a judge,' the letter _ẓwād_ with which it is spelt being always pronounced in India like a _z_. The form _Cadi_, familiar from its use in the old version of the Arabian Nights, comes to us from the Levant. The word with the article, _al-ḳāḍi_, becomes in Spanish _alcalde_;[58] not _alcaide_, which is from _ḳā'īd_, 'a chief'; nor _alguacil_, which is from _wazīr_. So Dozy and Engelmann, no doubt correctly. But in Pinto, cap. 8, we find "ao _guazil_ da justica q̃ em elles he como corregedor entre nos"; where _guazil_ seems to stand for _ḳāẓī_.

It is not easy to give an accurate account of the position of the _Ḳāẓī_ in British India, which has gone through variations of which a distinct record cannot be found. But the following outline is believed to be substantially correct.

Under ADAWLUT I have given a brief sketch of the history of the judiciary under the Company in the Bengal Presidency. Down to 1790 the greater part of the administration of criminal justice was still in the hands of native judges, and other native officials of various kinds, though under European supervision in varying forms. But the native judiciary, except in positions of a quite subordinate character, then ceased. It was, however, still in substance Mahommedan law that was administered in criminal cases, and also in civil cases between Mahommedans as affecting succession, &c. And a _Ḳāẓī_ and a _Muftī_ were retained in the Provincial Courts of Appeal and Circuit as the exponents of Mahommedan law, and the deliverers of a formal FUTWA. There was also a _Ḳāẓī-al-Ḳoẓāt_, or chief _Ḳāẓī_ of Bengal, Behar and Orissa, attached to the Sudder Courts of Dewanny and Nizamut, assisted by two _Muftis_, and these also gave written _futwas_ on references from the District Courts.

The style of _Ḳāẓī_ and _Muftī_ presumably continued in formal existence in connection with the Sudder Courts till the abolition of these in 1862; but with the earlier abolition of the Provincial Courts in 1829-31 it had quite ceased, in this sense, to be familiar. In the District Courts the corresponding exponents were in English officially designated LAW-OFFICERS, and, I believe, in official vernacular, as well as commonly among Anglo-Indians, MOOLVEES (q.v.).

Under the article LAW-OFFICER, it will be seen that certain trivial cases were, at the discretion of the magistrate, referred for disposal by the Law-officer of the district. And the latter, from this fact, as well as, perhaps, from the tradition of the elders, was in some parts of Bengal popularly known as 'the _Ḳāẓī_.' "In the Magistrate's office," writes my friend Mr. Seton-Karr, "it was quite common to speak of this case as referred to the joint magistrate, and that to the _Chhoṭā Ṣāḥib_ (the Assistant), and that again to the _Ḳāẓī_."

But the duties of the _Ḳāẓī_ popularly so styled and officially recognised, had, almost from the beginning of the century, become limited to certain notarial functions, to the performance and registration of Mahommedan marriages, and some other matters connected with the social life of their co-religionists. To these functions must also be added as regards the 18th century and the earlier years of the 19th, duties in connection with distraint for rent on behalf of Zemindars. There were such _Ḳāẓīs_ nominated by Government in towns and pergunnas, with great variation in the area of the localities over which they officiated. The Act XI. of 1864, which repealed the laws relating to law-officers, put an end also to the appointment by Government of _Kāẓīs_. But this seems to have led to inconveniences which were complained of by Mahommedans in some parts of India, and it was enacted in 1880 (Act XII., styled "The _Ḳāẓīs_ Act") that with reference to any particular locality, and after consultation with the chief Musulman residents therein, the Local Government might select and nominate a _Ḳāẓī_ or _Ḳāẓīs_ for that local area (see FUTWA, LAW-OFFICER, MUFTY).

1338.—"They treated me civilly and set me in front of their mosque during
their Easter; at which mosque, on account of its being their Easter,
there were assembled from divers quarters a number of their CADINI,
_i.e._ of their bishops."—Letter of _Friar Pascal_, in _Cathay, &c._,
235.

c. 1461.—

"Au tems que Alexandre regna
Ung hom, nommé Diomedès
Devant luy, on luy amena
Engrilloné poulces et detz
Comme ung larron; car il fut des
Escumeurs que voyons courir
Si fut mys devant le CADÈS,
Pour estre jugé à mourir."
_Gd. Testament de Fr. Villon._

[c. 1610.—"The Pandiare is called CADY in the Arabic tongue."—_Pyrard de
Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 199.]

1648.—"The Government of the city (Ahmedabad) and surrounding villages
rests with the Governor _Coutewael_, and the Judge (whom they call
CASGY)."—_Van Twist_, 15.

[1670.—"The Shawbunder, COZZY."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. ccxxix.]

1673.—"Their Law-Disputes, they are soon ended; the Governor hearing; and
the CADI or Judge determining every Morning."—_Fryer_, 32.

" "The CAZY or Judge ... marries them."—_Ibid._ 94.

1683.—"... more than that 3000 poor men gathered together, complaining
with full mouths of his exaction and injustice towards them: some
demanding Rupees 10, others Rupees 20 per man, which Bulchund very
generously paid them in the CAZEE'S presence...."—_Hedges_, Nov. 5; [Hak.
Soc. i. 134; CAZZE in i. 85].

1684.—"_January 12._—From Cassumbazar 'tis advised ye Merchants and
Picars appeal again to ye CAZEE for Justice against Mr. Charnock. Ye
CAZEE cites Mr. Charnock to appear...."—_Ibid._ i. 147.

1689.—"A COGEE ... who is a Person skilled in their Law."—_Ovington_,
206.

Here there is perhaps a confusion with COJA.

1727.—"When the Man sees his Spouse, and likes her, they agree on the
Price and Term of Weeks, Months, or Years, and then appear before the
CADJEE or Judge."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 52.

1763.—"The CADI holds court in which are tried all disputes of
property."—_Orme_, i. 26 (ed. 1803).

1773.—"That they should be mean, weak, ignorant, and corrupt, is not
surprising, when the salary of the principal judge, the CAZI, does not
exceed Rs. 100 per month."—_From_ Impey's _Judgment in the Patna Cause_,
quoted by _Stephen_, ii. 176.

1790.—"_Regulations for the Court of Circuit._

"24. That each of the Courts of Circuit be superintended by two
covenanted civil servants of the Company, to be denominated Judges of the
Courts of Circuit ... assisted by a KAZI and a Mufti."—_Regns. for the
Adm. of Justice in the Foujdarry or Criminal Courts in Bengal, Bahar, and
Orissa._ Passed by the G.-G. in C., Dec. 3, 1790.

"32. ... The charge against the prisoner, his confession, which is always
to be received with circumspection and tenderness ... &c. ... being all
heard and gone through in his presence and that of the KAZI and Mufti of
the Court, the KAZI and Mufti are then to write at the bottom of the
record of the proceedings held in the trial, the _futwa_ or law as
applicable to the circumstances of the case.... The Judges of the Court
shall attentively consider such _futwa_, &c."—_Ibid._

1791.—"The Judges of the Courts of Circuit shall refer to the KAZI and
Mufti of their respective Courts all questions on points of law ...
regarding which they may not have been furnished with specific
instructions from the G.-G. in C. or the _Nizamut Adawlut_...."—_Regn.
No. XXXV._

1792.—Revenue Regulation of July 20, No. lxxv., empowers Landholders and
Farmers of Land to distrain for Arrears of Rent or Revenue. The "KAZI of
the Pegunnah" is the official under the Collector, repeatedly referred to
as regulating and carrying out the distraint. So, again, in _Regn._ XVII.
of 1793.

1793.—"lxvi. The Nizamut Adaulat shall continue to be held at Calcutta.

"lxvii. The Court shall consist of the Governor-General, and the members
of the Supreme Council, assisted by the head CAUZY of Bengal, Behar, and
Orissa, and two Muftis." (This was already in the Regulations of
1791.)—_Regn. IX. of 1793._ See also quotation under MUFTY.

1793.—"I. CAUZIES are stationed at the Cities of Patna, Dacca, and
Moorshedabad, and the principal towns, and in the pergunnahs, for the
purpose of preparing and attesting deeds of transfer, and other law
papers, celebrating marriages, and performing such religious duties or
ceremonies prescribed by the Mahommedan law, as have been hitherto
discharged by them under the British Government."—_Reg. XXXIX. of 1793._

1803.—Regulation XLVI. regulates the appointment of CAUZY in towns and
pergunnahs, "for the purpose of preparing and attesting deeds of
transfer, and other law papers, celebrating marriages," &c., but makes no
allusion to judicial duties.

1824.—"Have you not learned this common saying—'Every one's teeth are
blunted by acids except the CADI'S, which are by sweets.'"—_Hajji Baba_,
ed. 1835, p. 316.

1864.—"Whereas it is unnecessary to continue the offices of Hindoo and
Mahomedan LAW-OFFICERS, and is inexpedient that the appointment of
CAZEE-_ool-Cozaat_, or of City, Town, or Pergunnah CAZEES should be made
by Government, it is enacted as follows:—

* * * * *

"II. Nothing contained in this Act shall be construed so as to prevent a
CAZEE-_ool-Cozaat_ or other CAZEE from performing, when required to do
so, any duties or ceremonies prescribed by the Mahomedan Law."—_Act No.
XI. of 1864._

1880.—"... whereas by the usage of the Muhammadan community in some parts
of India the presence of KÁZÍS appointed by the Government is required at
the celebration of marriages...."—_Bill introduced into the Council of
Gov.-Gen._, January 30, 1880.

" "An Act for the appointment of persons to the office of KÁZÍ.

"Whereas by the preamble to Act No. XI. of 1864 ... it was (among other
things declared inexpedient, &c.) ... and whereas by the usage of the
Muhammadan community in some parts of India the presence of KÁZÍS
appointed by the Government is required at the celebration of marriages
and the performance of certain other rites and ceremonies, and it is
therefore expedient that the Government should again be empowered to
appoint such persons to the office of KÁZÍ; It is hereby
enacted...."—_Act No. XII. of 1880._

1885.—"To come to something more specific. 'There were instances in which
men of the most venerable dignity, persecuted without a cause by
extortioners, died of rage and shame in the gripe of the vile alguazils
of Impey'" [Macaulay's _Essay on Hastings_].

"Here we see one CAZI turned into an indefinite number of 'men of the
most venerable dignity'; a man found guilty by legal process of corruptly
oppressing a helpless widow into 'men of the most venerable dignity'
persecuted by extortioners without a cause; and a guard of sepoys, with
which the Supreme Court had nothing to do, into 'vile alguazils of
Impey.'"—_Stephen, Story of Nuncomar_, ii. 250-251.

CAZEE also is a title used in Nepal for Ministers of State.

1848.—"KAJEES, Counsellors, and mitred Lamas were there, to the number of
twenty, all planted with their backs to the wall, mute and motionless as
statues."—_Hooker's Himalayan Journals_, ed. 1855, i. 286.

1868.—"The Durbar (of Nepal) have written to the four KAJEES of Thibet
enquiring the reason."—Letter from _Col. R. Lawrence_, dated 1st April,
regarding persecution of R. C. Missions in Tibet.

1873.—

"Ho, lamas, get ye ready,
Ho, KAZIS, clear the way;
The chief will ride in all his pride
To the Rungeet Stream to-day."
_Wilfrid Heeley, A Lay of Modern Darjeeling._

CEDED DISTRICTS, n.p. A name applied familiarly at the beginning of the last century to the territory south of the Tungabhadra river, which was ceded to the Company by the Nizam in 1800, after the defeat and death of Tippoo Sultan. This territory embraced the present districts of Bellary, Cuddapah, and Karnúl, with the Palnād, which is now a subdivision of the Kistna District. The name perhaps became best known in England from _Gleig's Life of Sir Thomas Munro_, that great man having administered these provinces for 7 years.

1873.—"We regret to announce the death of Lieut.-General Sir Hector
Jones, G.C.B., at the advanced age of 86. The gallant officer now
deceased belonged to the Madras Establishment of the E. I. Co.'s forces,
and bore a distinguished part in many of the great achievements of that
army, including the celebrated march into the CEDED DISTRICTS under the
Collector of Canara, and the campaign against the Zemindar of
Madura."—_The True Reformer_, p. 7 ("wrot serkestick").

CELÉBES, n.p. According to Crawfurd this name is unknown to the natives, not only of the great island itself, but of the Archipelago generally, and must have arisen from some Portuguese misunderstanding or corruption. There appears to be no general name for the island in the Malay language, unless _Tanah Bugis_, 'the Land of the Bugis people' [see BUGIS]. It seems sometimes to have been called the Isle of Macassar. In form _Celebes_ is apparently a Portuguese plural, and several of their early writers speak of _Celebes_ as a _group_ of islands. Crawfurd makes a suggestion, but not very confidently, that _Pulo sālabih_, 'the islands over and above,' might have been vaguely spoken of by the Malays, and understood by the Portuguese as a name. [Mr. Skeat doubts the correctness of this explanation: "The standard Malay form would be _Pulau Sălĕbih_, which in some dialects might be _Să-lĕbis_, and this may have been a variant of _Si-Lĕbih_, a man's name, the _si_ corresponding to the def. art. in the Germ. phrase '_der_ Hans.' Numerous Malay place-names are derived from those of people."]

1516.—"Having passed these islands of Maluco ... at a distance of 130
leagues, there are other islands to the west, from which sometimes there
come white people, naked from the waist upwards.... These people eat
human flesh, and if the King of Maluco has any person to execute, they
beg for him to eat him, just as one would ask for a pig, and the islands
from which they come are called CELEBE."—_Barbosa_, 202-3.

c. 1544.—"In this street (of Pegu) there were six and thirty thousand
strangers of two and forty different Nations, namely ... _Papuaas_,
SELEBRES, _Mindanaos_ ... and many others whose names I know not."—_F. M.
Pinto_, in _Cogan's_ tr., p. 200.

1552.—"In the previous November (1529) arrived at Ternate D. Jorge de
Castro who came from Malaca by way of Borneo in a junk ... and going
astray passed along the _Isle of Macaçar_...."—_Barros_, Dec. IV. i. 18.

" "The first thing that the Samarao did in this was to make Tristão
de Taide believe that in the ISLES OF THE CELEBES, and of the _Macaçares_
and in that of Mindinão there was much gold."—_Ibid._ vi. 25.

1579.—"The 16 Day (December) wee had sight of the Iland CELEBES or
SILEBIS."—_Drake, World Encompassed_ (Hak. Soc.), p. 150.

1610.—"At the same time there were at Ternate certain ambassadors from
the _Isles of the Macaçás_ (which are to the west of those of Maluco—the
nearest of them about 60 leagues).... These islands are many, and joined
together, and appear in the sea-charts thrown into one very big island,
extending, as the sailors say, North and South, and having near 100
leagues of compass. And this island imitates the shape of a big locust,
the head of which (stretching to the south to 5½ degrees) is formed by
the CELLEBES (_são os Cellebes_), which have a King over them.... These
islands are ruled by many Kings, differing in language, in laws, and
customs...."—_Couto_, Dec. V. vii. 2.

CENTIPEDE, s. This word was perhaps borrowed directly from the Portuguese in India (_centopèa_). [The _N.E.D._ refers it to Sp.]

1662.—"There is a kind of worm which the Portuguese call _un_ CENTOPÈ,
and the Dutch also 'thousand-legs' (_tausend-bein_)."—_T. Saal_, 68.

CERAM, n.p. A large island in the Molucca Sea, the Serang of the Malays. [Klinkert gives the name _Seran_, which Mr. Skeat thinks more likely to be correct.]

CERAME, CARAME, &c., s. The Malayālim _śrāmbi_, a gatehouse with a room over the gate, and generally fortified. This is a feature of temples, &c., as well as of private houses, in Malabar [see _Logan_, i. 82]. The word is also applied to a chamber raised on four posts. [The word, as Mr. Skeat notes, has come into Malay as _sarambi_ or _serambi_, 'a house veranda.']

[1500.—"He was taken to a CERAME, which is a one-storied house of wood,
which the King had erected for their meeting-place."—_Castañeda_, Bk. I.
cap. 33, p. 103.]

1551.—"... where stood the ÇARAME of the King, which is his
temple...."—_Ibid._ iii. 2.

1552.—"Pedralvares ... was carried ashore on men's shoulders in an ANDOR
till he was set among the Gentoo Princes whom the Çamorin had sent to
receive him at the beach, whilst the said Çamorin himself was standing
within sight in the CERAME awaiting his arrival."—_Barros_, I. v. 5.

1557.—The word occurs also in D'Alboquerque's Commentaries (_Hak. Soc._
tr. i. 115), but it is there erroneously rendered "jetty."

1566.—"Antes de entrar no CERAME vierão receber alguns senhores dos que
ficarão com el Rei."—_Dam. de Goes, Chron._ 76 (ch. lviii.).

CEYLON, n.p. This name, as applied to the great island which hangs from India like a dependent jewel, becomes usual about the 13th century. But it can be traced much earlier. For it appears undoubtedly to be formed from _Sinhala_ or _Sihala_, 'lions' abode,' the name adopted in the island itself at an early date. This, with the addition of 'Island,' _Sihala-dvīpa_, comes down to us in Cosmas as Σιελεδίβα. There was a Pali form _Sihalan_, which, at an early date, must have been colloquially shortened to _Silan_, as appears from the old Tamil name _Ilam_ (the Tamil having no proper sibilant), and probably from this was formed the _Sarandīp_ and _Sarandīb_ which was long the name in use by mariners of the Persian Gulf.

It has been suggested by Mr. Van der Tuuk, that the name _Sailan_ or _Silan_ was really of Javanese origin, as _sela_ (from Skt. _śilā_, 'a rock, a stone') in Javanese (and in Malay) means 'a precious stone,' hence _Pulo Selan_ would be 'Isle of Gems.' ["This," writes Mr. Skeat, "is possible, but it remains to be proved that the gem was not named after the island (_i.e._ 'Ceylon stone'). The full phrase in standard Malay is _batu Sēlan_, where _batu_ means 'stone.' Klinkert merely marks _Sailan_ (Ceylon) as Persian."] The island was really called anciently _Ratnadvīpa_, 'Isle of Gems,' and is termed by an Arab historian of the 9th century _Jazīrat-al yaḳūt_, 'Isle of Rubies.' So that there is considerable plausibility in Van der Tuuk's suggestion. But the genealogy of the name from _Sihala_ is so legitimate that the utmost that can be conceded is the possibility that the Malay form _Selan_ may have been shaped by the consideration suggested, and may have influenced the general adoption of the form _Sailān_, through the predominance of Malay navigation in the Middle Ages.

c. 362.—"Unde nationibus Indicis certatim cum donis optimates mittentibus
ante tempus, ab usque Divis et SERENDIVIS."—_Ammianus Marcellinus_, XXI.
vii.

c. 430.—"The island of Lanka was called SIHALA after the Lion; listen ye
to the narration of the island which I (am going to) tell: 'The daughter
of the Vanga King cohabited in the forest with a lion.'"—_Dipavanso_, IX.
i. 2.

c. 545.—"This is the great island in the ocean, lying in the Indian Sea.
By the Indians it is called SIELEDIBA, but by the Greeks
Taprobane."—_Cosmas_, Bk. xi.

851.—"Near SARANDĪB is the pearl-fishery. _Sarandīb_ is entirely
surrounded by the sea."—_Relation des Voyages_, i. p. 5.

c. 940.—"Mas'ūdi proceeds: In the Island SARANDĪB, I myself witnessed
that when the King was dead, he was placed on a chariot with low wheels
so that his hair dragged upon the ground."—In _Gildemeister_, 154.

c. 1020.—"There you enter the country of Lárán, where is Jaimúr, then
Malia, then Kánji, then Darúd, where there is a great gulf in which is
SINKALDÍP (_Sinhala dvīpa_), or the island of SARANDÍP."—_Al Birūnī_, as
given by _Rashíduddín_, in _Elliot_, i. 66.

1275.—"The island SAILAN is a vast island between China and India, 80
parasangs in circuit.... It produces wonderful things, sandal-wood,
spikenard, cinnamon, cloves, brazil, and various spices...."—_Kazvīnī_,
in _Gildemeister_, 203.

1298.—"You come to the island of SEILAN, which is in good sooth the best
island of its size in the world."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 14.

c. 1300.—"There are two courses ... from this place (Ma'bar); one leads
by sea to Chín and Máchín, passing by the island of
SÍLÁN."—_Rashíduddín_, in _Elliot_, i. 70.

1330.—"There is another island called SILLAN.... In this ... there is an
exceeding great mountain, of which the folk relate that it was upon it
that Adam mourned for his son one hundred years."—_Fr. Odoric_, in
_Cathay_, i. 98.

c. 1337.—"I met in this city (Brussa) the pious sheikh
'Abd-Allah-al-Miṣrī, the Traveller. He was a worthy man. He made the
circuit of the earth, except he never entered China, nor the island of
SARANDĪB, nor Andalusia, nor the Sūdān. I have excelled him, for I have
visited those regions."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 321.

c. 1350.—"... I proceeded to sea by SEYLLAN, a glorious mountain opposite
to Paradise.... 'Tis said the sound of the waters falling from the
fountain of Paradise is heard there."—_Marignolli_, in _Cathay_, ii. 346.

c. 1420.—"In the middle of the Gulf there is a very noble island called
ZEILAM, which is 3000 miles in circumference, and on which they find by
digging, rubies, saffires, garnets, and those stones which are called
cats'-eyes."—_N. Conti_, in _India in the XVth Century_, 7.

1498.—"... much ginger, and pepper, and cinnamon, but this is not so fine
as that which comes from an island which is called CILLAM, and which is 8
days distant from Calicut."—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 88.

1514.—"Passando avanti intra la terra e il mare si truova l'isola di
ZOLAN dove nasce la cannella...."—_Giov. da Empoli_, in _Archiv. Stor.
Ital._, Append. 79.

1516.—"Leaving these islands of Mahaldiva ... there is a very large and
beautiful island which the Moors, Arabs, and Persians call CEYLAM, and
the Indians call it Ylinarim."—_Barbosa_, 166.

1586.—"This CEYLON is a brave Iland, very fruitful and fair."—_Hakl._ ii.
397.

[1605.—"Heare you shall buie theis Comodities followinge of the
Inhabitants of SELLAND."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_, 84.

[1615.—"40 tons of cinnamon of CELAND."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 277.

[ " "Here is arrived a ship out of Holland ... at present turning
under SILON."—_Ibid._ iv. 34.]

1682.—"... having run 35 miles North without seeing ZEILON."—_Hedges,
Diary_, July 7; [Hak. Soc. i. 28].

1727.—A. Hamilton writes ZELOAN (i. 340, &c.), and as late as 1780, in
_Dunn's Naval Directory_, we find ZELOAN throughout.

1781.—"We explored the whole coast of ZELONE, from Pt. Pedro to the
Little Basses, looked into every port and spoke to every vessel we saw,
without hearing of French vessels."—_Price's Letter to Ph. Francis_, in
_Tracts_, i. 9.

1830.—

"For dearer to him are the shells that sleep
By his own sweet native stream,
Than all the pearls of SERENDEEP,
Or the Ava ruby's gleam!
Home! Home! Friends—health—repose,
What are Golconda's gems to those?"
_Bengal Annual._

CHABEE, s. H. _chābī_, _chābhī_, 'a key,' from Port. _chave_. In Bengali it becomes _sābī_, and in Tam. _sāvī_. In Sea-H. 'a fid.'

CHABOOTRA, s. H. _chabūtrā_ and _chābūtara_, a paved or plastered platform, often attached to a house, or in a garden.

c. 1810.—"It was a burning evening in June, when, after sunset, I
accompanied Mr. Sherwood to Mr. Martin's bungalow.... We were conducted
to the CHERBUTER ... this CHERBUTER was many feet square, and chairs were
set for the guests."—_Autobiog. of Mrs. Sherwood_, 345.

1811.—"... the CHABOOTAH or Terrace."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 114.

1827.—"The splendid procession, having entered the royal gardens,
approached through a long avenue of lofty trees, a CHABOOTRA or platform
of white marble canopied by arches of the same material."—_Sir W. Scott,
The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xiv.

1834.—"We rode up to the CHABOOTRA, which has a large enclosed court
before it, and the Darogha received us with the respect which my showy
escort claimed."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 133.

CHACKUR, s. P.—H. _chākar_, 'a servant.' The word is hardly ever now used in Anglo-Indian households except as a sort of rhyming amplification to _Naukar_ (see NOKUR): "_Naukar-chākar_," the whole following. But in a past generation there was a distinction made between _naukar_, the superior servant, such as a _munshī_, a _gomāshta_, a _chobdār_, a _khānsama_, &c., and _chākar_, a menial servant. Williamson gives a curious list of both classes, showing what a large Calcutta household embraced at the beginning of last century (_V. M._ i. 185-187).

1810.—"Such is the superiority claimed by the _nokers_, that to ask one
of them 'whose CHAUKER he is?' would be considered a gross
insult."—_Williamson_, i. 187.

CHALIA, CHALÉ, n.p. _Chālyam_, _Chāliyam_, or _Chālayam_; an old port of Malabar, on the south side of the Beypur [see BEYPOOR] R., and opposite Beypur. The terminal station of the Madras Railway is in fact where Chālyam was. A plate is given in the _Lendas_ of Correa, which makes this plain. The place is incorrectly alluded to as _Kalyān_ in _Imp. Gazetteer_, ii. 49; more correctly on next page as _Chalium_. [See _Logan, Malabar_, i. 75.]

c. 1330.—See in _Abulfeda_, "SHĀLIYĀT, a city of
Malabar."—_Gildemeister_, 185.

c. 1344.—"I went then to SHĀLYĀT, a very pretty town, where they make the
stuffs that bear its name [see SHALEE].... Thence I returned to
Kalikut."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 109.

1516.—"Beyond this city (Calicut) towards the south there is another city
called CHALYANI, where there are numerous Moors, natives of the country,
and much shipping."—_Barbosa_, 153.

c. 1570.—"And it was during the reign of this prince that the Franks
erected their fort at SHALEEAT ... it thus commanded the trade between
Arabia and Calicut, since between the last city and _Shaleeat_ the
distance was scarcely 2 parasangs."—_Tohfut-ul-Mujahideen_, p. 129.

1572.—

"A Sampaio feroz succederá
Cunha, que longo tempe tem o leme:
De CHALE as torres altas erguerá
Em quanto Dio illustre delle treme."
_Camões_, x. 61.

By Burton:

"Then shall succeed to fierce Sampaio's powers
Cunha, and hold the helm for many a year,
building of CHALE-town the lofty towers,
while quakes illustrious Diu his name to hear."

[c. 1610.—"... crossed the river which separates the Calecut kingdom from
that of a king named CHALY."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 368.]

1672.—"Passammo Cinacotta situata alla bocca del fiume CIALI, doue li
Portughesi hebbero altre volte Fortezza."—_P. Vincenzo Maria_, 129.

CHAMPA, n.p. The name of a kingdom at one time of great power and importance in Indo-China, occupying the extreme S.E. of that region. A limited portion of its soil is still known by that name, but otherwise as the Binh-Thuān province of Cochin China. The race inhabiting this portion, _Chams_ or _Tsiams_, are traditionally said to have occupied the whole breadth of that peninsula to the Gulf of Siam, before the arrival of the _Khmer_ or Kambojan people. It is not clear whether the people in question took their name from Champa, or Champa from the people; but in any case the _form_ of Champa is Sanskrit, and probably it was adopted from India like Kamboja itself and so many other Indo-Chinese names. The original _Champā_ was a city and kingdom on the Ganges, near the modern Bhāgalpur. And we find the Indo-Chinese Champa in the 7th century called _Mahā-champā_, as if to distinguish it. It is probable that the Ζάβα or Ζάβαι of Ptolemy represents the name of this ancient kingdom; and it is certainly the _Ṣanf_ or _Chanf_ of the Arab navigators 600 years later; this form representing _Champ_ as nearly as is possible to the Arabic alphabet.

c. A.D. 640.—"... plus loin à l'est, le royaume de _Mo-ho-tchen-po_"
(MAHĀCHAMPĀ).—_Hiouen Thsang_, in _Pèlerins Bouddh._ iii. 83.

851.—"Ships then proceed to the place called ṢANF (or CHANF) ... there
fresh water is procured; from this place is exported the aloes-wood
called CHANFI. This is a kingdom."—_Relation des Voyages_, &c., i. 18.

1298.—"You come to a country called CHAMBA, a very rich region, having a
King of its own. The people are idolaters, and pay a yearly tribute to
the Great Kaan ... there are a very great number of Elephants in this
Kingdom, and they have lign-aloes in great abundance."—_Marco Polo_, Bk.
iii. ch. 5.

c. 1300.—"Passing on from this, you come to a continent called JAMPA,
also subject to the Kaan...."—_Rashīduddīn_, in _Elliot_, i. 71.

c. 1328.—"There is also a certain part of India called CHAMPA. There, in
place of horses, mules, asses, and camels, they make use of elephants for
all their work."—_Friar Jordanus_, 37.

1516.—"Having passed this island (Borney) ... towards the country of
Ansiam and China, there is another great island of Gentiles called
CHAMPA; which has a King and language of its own, and many elephants....
There also grows in it aloes-wood."—_Barbosa_, 204.

1552.—"Concorriam todolos navegantes dos mares Occidentaes da India, e
dos Orientaes a ella, que são as regiões di Sião, China, CHOAMPA,
Cambòja...."—_Barros_, ii. vi. 1.

1572.—

"Ves, corre a costa, que CHAMPA se chama
Cuja mata he do pao cheiroso ornada."
_Camões_, x. 129.

By Burton:

"Here courseth, see, the callèd CHAMPA shore,
with woods of odorous wood 'tis deckt and dight."

1608.—"... thence (from Assam) eastward on the side of the northern
mountains are the Nangata [_i.e._ Nāga] lands, the Land of Pukham lying
on the ocean, Balgu [Baigu? _i.e._ Pegu], the land Rakhang, Hamsavati,
and the rest of the realm of Munyang; beyond these CHAMPA, Kamboja, etc.
All these are in general named _Koki_."—_Taranatha_ (Tibetan) _Hist. of
Buddhism_, by _Schiefner_, p. 262. The preceding passage is of great
interest as showing a fair general knowledge of the kingdoms of
Indo-China on the part of a Tibetan priest, and also as showing that
Indo-China was recognised under a general name, viz. _Koki_.