Chapter LXI: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (58)

c. 1664.—"It is not to be thought that the OMRAHS, or Lords of the
Mogul's Court, are sons of great Families, as in _France_ ... these
OMRAHS then are commonly but Adventurers and Strangers of all sorts of
Nations, some of them slaves; most of them without instruction, which the
Mogul thus raiseth to Dignities as he thinks good, and degrades them
again, as he pleaseth."—_Bernier_, E.T. 66; [ed. _Constable_, 211].

c. 1666.—"Les OMRAS sont les grand seigneurs du Roiaume, qui sont pour la
plupart Persans ou fils de Persans."—_Thevenot_, v. 307.

1673.—"The President ... has a Noise of Trumpets ... an Horse of State
led before him, a _Mirchal_ (see MORCHAL) (a Fan of Ostrich Feathers) to
keep off the Sun, as the OMBRAHS or Great Men have."—_Fryer_, 86.

1676.—

"Their standard, planted on the battlement,
Despair and death among the soldiers sent;
You the bold OMRAH tumbled from the wall,
And shouts of victory pursued the fall."
_Dryden, Aurengzebe_, ii. 1.

1710.—"Donna Juliana ... let the Heer Ambassador know ... that the
Emperor had ordered the AMMARAWS Enay Ullah Chan (&c.) to take care of
our interests."—_Valentijn_, iv. _Suratte_, 284.

1727.—"You made several complaints against former Governors, all of which
I have here from several of my UMBRAS."—_Firmān of Aurangzīb_, in _A.
Hamilton_, ii. 227; [ed. 1744, i. 231].

1791.—"... les OMRAHS ou grands seigneurs Indiens...."—_B. de St. Pierre,
La Chaumière Indienne_, 32.

OMUM WATER, s. A common domestic medicine in S. India, made from the strong-smelling carminative seeds of an umbelliferous plant, _Carum copticum_, Benth. (_Ptychotis coptica_, and _Ptych. Ajowan_ of Decand.), called in Tamil _omam_, [which comes from the Skt. _yamāni_, _yavāni_, in Hind. _ajwān_.] See _Hanbury and Flückiger_, 269.

OOJYNE, n.p. _Ujjayanī_, or, in the modern vernacular, _Ujjain_, one of the most ancient of Indian cities, and one of their seven sacred cities. It was the capital of King Vikramaditya, and was the first meridian of Hindu astronomers, from which they calculated their longitudes.

The name of Ujjain long led to a curious imbroglio in the interpretation of the Arabian geographers. Its meridian, as we have just mentioned, was the zero of longitude among the Hindus. The Arab writers borrowing from the Hindus wrote the name apparently _Azīn_, but this by the mere omission of a diacritical point became _Arīn_, and from the Arabs passed to medieval Christian geographers as the name of an imaginary point on the equator, the intersection of the central meridian with that circle. Further, this point, or transposed city, had probably been represented on maps, as we often see cities on medieval maps, by a cupola or the like. And hence the "Cupola of _Arin_ or _Arym_," or the "Cupola of the Earth" (_Al-ḳubba al-arḍh_) became an established commonplace for centuries in geographical tables or statements. The idea was that just 180° of the earth's circumference was habitable, or at any rate cognizable as such, and this meridian of _Arin_ bisected this habitable hemisphere. But as the western limit extended to the Fortunate Isles, it became manifest to the Arabs that the central meridian could not be so far east as the Hindu meridian of _Arin_ (or of _Lanka_, _i.e._ Ceylon). (See quotation from the _Aryabhatta_, under JAVA.) They therefore shifted it westward, but shifted the mystic _Arin_ along the equator westward also. We find also among medieval European students (as with Roger Bacon, below), a confusion between Arin and Syene. This Reinaud supposes to have arisen from the Ἐσσινὰ ἐμπόριον of Ptolemy, a place which he locates on the Zanzibar coast, and approximating to the shifted position of Arin. But it is perhaps more likely that the confusion arose from some survival of the real name _Azīn_. Many conjectures were vainly made as to the origin of _Arym_, and M. Sedillot was very positive that nothing more could be learned of it than he had been able to learn. But the late M. Reinaud completely solved the mystery by pointing out that _Arin_ was simply a corruption of _Ujjain_. Even in Arabic the mistake had been thoroughly ingrained, insomuch that the word _Arīn_ had been adopted as a generic name for a place of medium temperature or qualities (see _Jorjānī_, quoted below).

c. A.D. 150.—"Ὀζηνὴ Βασίλειον Τιαστανοῦ."—_Ptol._ VII. i. 63.

c. 930.—"The Equator passes between east and west through an island
situated between Hind and Habash (Abyssinia), and a little south of these
two countries. This point, half way between north and south is cut by the
point (meridian?) half way between the Eternal Islands and the extremity
of China; it is what is called _The Cupola of the Earth_."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, i.
180-181.

c. 1020.—"Les Astronomes ... ont fait correspondre la ville d'ODJEIN avec
le lieu qui dans le tableau des villes inséré dans les tables
astronomiques a reçu le nom d'ARIN, et qui est supposé situé sur les
bords de la mer. Mais entre ODJEIN et la mer, il y a près de cent
_yodjanas_."—_Al-Birūnī_, quoted by _Reinaud, Intro. to Abulfeda_, p.
ccxlv.

c. 1267.—"Meridianum vero latus Indiae descendit a tropico Capricorni, et
secat aequinoctialem circulum apud Montem Maleum et regiones ei
conterminos et transit per _Syenem_, quae nunc ARYM vocatur. Nam in libro
cursuum planetarum dicitur quod duplex est _Syene_; una sub solstitio ...
alia sub aequinoctiali circulo, de quâ nunc est sermo, distans per xc
gradus ab occidente, sed magis ab oriente elongatur propter hoc, quod
longitudo habitabilis major est quam medietas coeli vel terrae, et hoc
versus orientem."—_Roger Bacon, Opus Majus_, ed. London, 1633, p. 195.

c. 1300.—"Sous la ligne équinoxiale, au milieu du monde, là où il n'y a
pas de latitude, se trouve le point de la corrélation servant de centre
aux parties que se coupent entre elles.... Dans cet endroit et sur ce
point se trouve le lieu nommé _Coupole de_ AZIN ou _Coupole de_ ARIN. Là
est un château grand, élevé et d'un accès difficile. Suivant Ibn-Alaraby,
c'est le séjour des démons et la trône d'Eblis.... Les Indiens parlent
également de ce lieu, et débitent des fables à son sujet."—_Arabic
Cosmography_, quoted by _Reinaud_, p. ccxliii.

c. 1400.—"ARIN (_al-arīn_). Le lieu d'une proportion moyenne dans les
choses ... un point sur la terre à une hauteur égale des deux poles, en
sorte que la nuit n'y empiète point sur la durée du jour, ni le jour sur
la durée de la nuit. Ce mot a passé dans l'usage ordinaire, pour
signifier d'une manière générale un lieu d'une temperature
moyenne."—Livre de _Definitions_ du _Seïd Scherif Zeineddin_ ... fils de
_Mohammed Djordjani_, trad. de _Silv. de Sacy, Not. et Extr._ x. 39.

1498.—"Ptolemy and the other philosophers, who have written upon the
globe, thought that it was spherical, believing that this hemisphere was
round as well as that in which they themselves dwelt, the centre of which
was in the island of ARIN, which is under the equinoctial line, between
the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Persia."—_Letter of Columbus_, on his
Third Voyage, to the King and Queen. _Major's Transl._, Hak. Soc. 2nd ed.
135.

[c. 1583.—"From thence we went to VGINI and Serringe...."—_R. Fitch_, in
_Hakl._ ii. 385.

[1616.—"VGEN, the Cheefe Citty of Malwa."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii.
379.]

c. 1659.—"Dara having understood what had passed at EUGENES, fell into
that choler against _Kasem Kan_, that it was thought he would have cut
off his head."—_Bernier_, E.T. p. 13; [ed. _Constable_, 41].

1785.—"The _City_ of UGEN is very ancient, and said to have been the
_Residence_ of the Prince BICKER MAJIT, whose Æra is now Current among
the Hindus."—_Sir C. Malet_, in _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 268.

OOOLOOBALLONG, s. Malay, _Ulubalang_, a chosen warrior, a champion. [Mr. Skeat notes: "_hulu_ or _ulu_ certainly means 'head,' especially the head of a Raja, and _balang_ probably means 'people'; hence _ulu-balang_, 'men of the head,' or 'bodyguard.']

c. 1546.—"Four of twelve gates that were in the Town were opened,
thorough each of the which sallied forth one of the four Captaines with
his company, having first sent out for Spies into the Camp six OROBALONS
of the most valiant that were about the King...."—_Pinto_ (in _Cogan_),
p. 260.

1688.—"The 500 gentlemen OROBALANG were either slain or drowned, with all
the Janizaries."—_Dryden, Life of Xavier_, 211.

1784.—(At Acheen) "there are five great officers of state who are named
Maha Rajah, Laxamana (see LAXIMANA), Raja Oolah, OOLOO BALLANG, and
Parkah Rajah."—_Forrest, V. to Mergui_, 41.

1811.—"The ULU BALANG are military officers, forming the body-guard of
the Sultan, and prepared on all occasions to execute his
orders."—_Marsden, H. of Sumatra_, 3rd ed. 351.

OOPLAH, s. Cow dung patted into cakes, and dried and stacked for fuel. Hind. _uplā_. It is in S. India called BRATTY (q.v.).

1672.—"The allowance of cowdunge and wood was—for every basket of
cowdunge, 2 cakes for the Gentu Pagoda; for Peddinagg the watchman, of
every baskett of cowdunge, 5 cakes."—_Orders at Ft. St. Geo., Notes and
Exts._ i. 56.

[Another name for the fuel is _kaṇḍā_.

[1809.—"... small flat cakes of cow-dung, mixed with a little chopped
straw and water, and dried in the sun, are used for fuel; they are called
KUNDHAS...."—_Broughton, Letters from a Mahratta Camp_, ed. 1892, p.
158.]

This fuel which is also common in Egypt and Western Asia, appears to have been not unknown even in England a century ago, thus:—

1789.—"We rode about 20 miles that day (near Woburn), the country ... is
very open, with little or no wood. They have even less fuel than we
(_i.e._ in Scotland), and the poor burn _cow-dung_, which they scrape off
the ground, and set up to burn as we do _divots_ (_i.e._ turf)."—_Lord
Minto_, in _Life_, i. 301.

1863.—A passage in Mr. Marsh's _Man and Nature_, p. 242, contains a
similar fact in reference to the practice, in consequence of the absence
of wood, in France between Grenoble and Briançon.

[For the use of this fuel, in Tartary under the name of ARGOLS, see _Huc, Travels_, 2nd ed. i. 23. Numerous examples of its use are collected in 8 ser. _Notes and Queries_, iv. 226, 277, 377, 417.

[c. 1590.—"The plates (in refining gold) having been washed in clean
water, are ... covered with cowdung, which in Hindi is called
UPLAH."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 21.

1828.—"We next proceeded to the OOPLEE Wallee's Bastion, as it is most
erroneously termed by the Mussulmans, being literally in English a
'BRATTEE,' or 'dried cowdung—Woman's Tower.'..." (This is the _Upri_
Burj, or 'Lofty Tower' of Bijapur, for which see _Bombay Gazetteer_,
xxiii. 638).—_Welsh, Military Reminiscences_, ii. 318 _seq._]

[OORD, OORUD, s. Hind. _uṛad_. A variety of _dāl_ (see DHALL) or pulse, the produce of Phaseolus radiatus. "_Urd_ is the most highly prized of all the pulses of the genus _Phaseolus_, and is largely cultivated in all parts of India" (_Watt, Econ. Dict._ vi. pt. i. 102, _seqq._).

[1792.—"The stalks of the OORD are hispid in a lesser degree than those
of MOONG."—_Asiat. Res._ vi. 47.

[1814.—"OORD." See under POPPER.

[1857.—"The OORDH Dal is in more common use than any other throughout the
country."—_Chevers, Man. of Medical Jurisprudence_, 309.]

OORDOO, s. The Hindustani language. The (Turki) word _urdū_ means properly the camp of a Tartar Khān, and is, in another direction, the original of our word _horde_ (Russian _orda_), [which, according to Schuyler (_Turkistan_, i. 30, note), "is now commonly used by the Russian soldiers and Cossacks in a very amusing manner as a contemptuous term for an Asiatic"]. The 'Golden Horde' upon the Volga was not properly (_pace_ Littré) the name of a tribe of Tartars, as is often supposed, but was the style of the Royal Camp, eventually Palace, of the Khāns of the House of Batu at Sarai. _Horde_ is said by Pihan, quoted by Dozy (_Oosterl._ 43) to have been introduced into French by Voltaire in his _Orphelin de la Chine_. But Littré quotes it as used in the 16th century. _Urda_ is now used in Turkistan, _e.g._ at Tashkend, Khokhand, &c., for a 'citadel' (_Schuyler_, _loc. cit._ i. 30). The word _urdū_, in the sense of a royal camp, came into India probably with Baber, and the royal residence at Delhi was styled _urdū-i-mu'allā_, 'the Sublime Camp.' The mixt language which grew up in the court and camp was called _zabān-i-urdū_, 'the Camp Language,' and hence we have elliptically _Urdū_. On the Peshawar frontier the word _urdū_ is still in frequent use as applied to the camp of a field-force.

1247.—"Post haec venimus ad primam ORDAM Imperatoris, in quâ erat una de
uxoribus suis; et quia nondum videramus Imperatorem, noluerint nos vocare
nec intromittere ad ORDAM ipsius."—_Plano Carpini_, p. 752.

1254.—"Et sicut populus Israel sciebat, unusquisque ad quam regionem
tabernaculi deberet figere tentoria, ita ipsi sciunt ad quod latus curie
debeant se collocare.... Unde dicitur curia ORDA lingua eorum, quod sonat
medium, quia semper est in medio hominum suorum...."—_William of Rubruk_,
p. 267.

1404.—"And the Lord (Timour) was very wroth with his Mirassaes (Mirzas),
because he did not see the Ambassador at this feast, and because the
_Truximan_ (Interpreter) had not been with them ... and he sent for the
_Truximan_ and said to him: 'How is it that you have enraged and vexed
the Lord? Now since you were not with the Frank ambassadors, and to
punish you, and ensure your always being ready, we order your nostrils to
be bored, and a cord put through them, and that you be led through the
whole ORDO as a punishment.'"—_Clavijo_, § cxi.

c. 1440.—"What shall I saie of the great and innumerable moltitude of
beastes that are in this LORDO? ... if you were disposed in one daie to
bie a thousande or ij.^{ml} horses you shulde finde them to sell in this
LORDO, for they go in heardes like sheepe...."—_Josafa Barbaro_, old E.T.
Hak. Soc. 20.

c. 1540.—"Sono diuisi i Tartari in HORDE, e HORDA nella lor lingua
significa ragunãza di popolo vnito e concorde a similitudine d'vna
città."—_P. Jovio, delle Cose della Moscovia_, in _Ramusio_, ii. f. 133.

1545.—"The Tartars are divided into certain groups or congregations,
which they call HORDES. Among which the Savola HORDE or group is the
first in rank."—_Herberstein_, in _Ramusio_, ii. 171.

[1560.—"They call this place (or camp) ORDU bazaar."—_Tenreiro_, ed.
1829, ch. xvii. p. 45.]

1673.—"L'OURDY sortit d'Andrinople pour aller au camp. Le mot _ourdy_
signifie camp, et sous ce nom sont compris les mestiers que sont
necessaires pour la commodité du voyage."—_Journal d'Ant. Galland_, i.
117.

[1753.—"That part of the camp called in Turkish the ORDUBAZAR or
camp-market, begins at the end of the square fronting the
guard-rooms...."—_Hanway, Hist. Account_, i. 247.]

OORIAL, Panj. _ūrīal_, _Ovis cycloceros_, Hutton, [_Ovis vignei_, Blanford (_Mammalia_, 497), also called the _Shā_;] the wild sheep of the Salt Range and Sulimānī Mountains.

OORIYA, n.p. The adjective 'pertaining to ORISSA' (native, language, what not); Hind. _Uṛiya_. The proper name of the country is _Odṛa-deśa_, and _Oṛ-deśa_, whence _Oṛ-iya_ and _Uṛ-iya_. ["The Ooryah bearers were an old institution in Calcutta, as in former days palankeens were chiefly used. From a computation made in 1776, it is stated that they were in the habit of carrying to their homes every year sums of money sometimes as much as three lakhs made by their business" (_Carey, Good Old Days of Honble. John Company_, ii. 148).]

OOTACAMUND, n.p. The chief station in the Neilgherry Hills, and the summer residence of the Governor of Madras. The word is a corruption of the Badaga name of the site of 'Stone-house,' the first European house erected in those hills, properly _Hottaga-mand_ (see _Metz, Tribes of the Neilgherries_, 6). [Mr. Grigg (_Man. of the Nilagiris_, 6, 189), followed by the _Madras Gloss._, gives Tam. _Ottagaimandu_, from Can. _ottai_, 'dwarf bamboo,' Tam. _kay_, 'fruit,' _mandu_, 'a Toda village.']

OPAL, s. This word is certainly of Indian origin: Lat. _opalus_, Greek, ὀπάλλιος, Skt. _upala_, 'a stone.' The European word seems first to occur in Pliny. We do not know how the Skt. word received this specific meaning, but there are many analogous cases.

OPIUM, s. This word is in origin Greek, not Oriental. [The etymology accepted by Platts, Skt. _ahiphena_, 'snake venom' is not probable.] But from the Greek ὄπιον the Arabs took _afyūn_ which has sometimes reacted on old spellings of the word. The collection of the ὀπὸς, or juice of the poppy-capsules, is mentioned by Dioscorides (c. A.D. 77), and Pliny gives a pretty full account of the drug as _opion_ (see _Hanbury and Flückiger_, 40). The Opium-poppy was introduced into China, from Arabia, at the beginning of the 9th century, and its earliest Chinese name is A-FU-YUNG, a representation of the Arabic name. The Arab. _afyūn_ is sometimes corruptly called _afīn_, of which _afīn_, 'imbecile,' is a popular etymology. Similarly the Bengalees derive it from _afi-heno_, 'serpent-home.' [A number of early references to opium smoking have been collected by Burnell, _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 113.]

c. A.D. 70.—"... which juice thus drawne, and thus prepared, hath power
not onely to provoke sleepe, but if it be taken in any great quantitie,
to make men die in their sleepe: and this our Physicians call OPION.
Certes I have knowne many come to their death by this meanes; and namely,
the father of Licinius Cecinna late deceased, a man by calling a Pretour,
who not being able to endure the intollerable pains and torments of a
certaine disease, and being wearie of his life, at Bilbil in Spaine,
shortened his owne daies by taking OPIUM."—_Pliny_, in _Holland's_
transl. ii. 68.

(_Medieval_).—

"Quod venit a Thebis, _opio_ laudem perhibebis;
Naribus horrendum, rufum laus dictat emendum."
_Otho Cremonensis._

1511.—"Next day the General (Alboquerque) sent to call me to go ashore to
speak to the King; and that I should say on his part ... that he had got
8 Guzzarate ships that he had taken on the way because they were enemies
of the King of Portugal; and that these had many rich stuffs and much
merchandize, and ARFIUN (for so they call _opio tebaico_) which they eat
to cool themselves; all which he would sell to the King for 300,000
ducats worth of goods, cheaper than they could buy it from the Moors, and
more such matter."—Letter of _Giovanni da Empoli_, in _Archivio Storico
Italiano_, 55.

[1513.—"Opium (OAFYAM) is nothing else than the milk of
poppies."—_Alboquerque, Cartas_, p. 174.]

1516.—"For the return voyage (to China) they ship there (at Malacca)
Sumatra and Malabar pepper, of which they use a great deal in China, and
drugs of Cambay, much _anfiam_, which we call OPIUM...."—_Barbosa_, 206.

1563.—"_R._ I desire to know for certain about AMFIAO, what it is, which
is used by the people of this country; if it is what we call OPIUM, and
whence comes such a quantity as is expended, and how much may be eaten
every day?

* * * * *

"_O._ ... that which I call of Cambaia come for the most part from one
territory which is called Malvi (_Mālwā_).... I knew a secretary of
Nizamoxa (see NIZAMALUCO), a native of Coraçon, who every day eat three
_tóllas_ (see TOLA), or a weight of 10½ cruzados ... though he was a well
educated man, and a great scribe and notary, he was always dozing or
sleeping; yet if you put him to business he would speak like a man of
letters and discretion; from this you may see what habit will
do."—_Garcia_, 153_v_ to 155_v_.

1568.—"I went then to Cambaya ... and there I bought 60 parcels of OPIUM,
which cost me two thousand and a hundreth duckets, every ducket at foure
shillings two pence."—_Master C. Frederike_, in _Hakl._ ii. 371. The
original runs thus, showing the looseness of the translation: "...
comprai sessanta _man_ D'ANFION, che mi costò 2100 ducati serafini (see
XERAFINE), che a nostro conto possono valere 5 lire l'vno."—In _Ramusio_,
iii. 396_v_.

1598.—"AMFION, so called by the Portingales, is by Arabians, Mores, and
Indians called AFFION, in latine OPIO or OPIUM.... The Indians use much
to eat _Amfion_.... Hee that useth to eate it, must eate it daylie,
otherwise he dieth and consumeth himselfe ... likewise hee that hath
never eaten it, and will venture at the first to eate as much as those
that dayly use it, it will surely kill him...."—_Linschoten_, 124; [Hak.
Soc. ii. 112].

[c. 1610.—"Opium, or as they (in the Maldives) call it, APHION."—_Pyrard
de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 195.

[1614.—"The waster washer who to get AFFANAN hires them (the cloths) out
a month."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 127.

[1615.—"... Coarse chintz, and OPHYAN."—_Ibid._ iv. 107].

1638.—"Turcae OPIUM experiuntur, etiam in bona quantitate, innoxium et
confortativum; adeo ut etiam ante praelia ad fortitudinem illud sumant;
nobis vero, nisi in parvâ quantitate, et cum bonis correctivis lethale
est."—_Bacon, H. Vitae et Mortis_ (ed. Montague) x. 188.

1644.—"The principal cause that this monarch, or rather say, this tyrant,
is so powerful, is that he holds in his territories, and especially in
the kingdom of Cambaya, those three plants of which are made the ANFIAM,
and the anil (see ANILE), and that which gives the _Algodam_"
(Cotton).—_Bocarro_, MS.

1694.—"This people, that with _amphioen_ or OPIUM, mixed with tobacco,
drink themselves not merely drunk but mad, are wont to fall furiously
upon any one whom they meet, with a naked _kris_ or dagger in the hand,
and to stab him, though it be but a child, in their mad passion, with the
cry of _Amock_ (see A MUCK), that is 'strike dead,' or 'fall on
him.'..."—_Valentijn_, iv. (_China_, &c.) 124.

1726.—"It will hardly be believed ... that Java alone consumes monthly
350 packs of OPIUM, each being of 136 _catis_ (see CATTY), though the E.
I. Company make 145 catis out of it...."—_Valentijn_, iv. 61.

1727.—"The Chiefs of Calecut, for many years had vended between 500 and
1000 chests of _Bengal_ OPHIUM yearly up in the inland Countries, where
it is very much used."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 315; [ed. 1744, i. 317 seq.].

1770.—"Patna ... is the most celebrated place in the world for the
cultivation of OPIUM. Besides what is carried into the inland parts,
there are annually 3 or 4000 chests exported, each weighing 300 lbs.....
An excessive fondness for opium prevails in all the countries to the east
of India. The Chinese emperors have suppressed it in their dominions, by
condemning to the flames every vessel that imports this species of
poison."—_Raynal_ (tr. 1777), i. 424.

ORANGE, s. A good example of plausible but entirely incorrect etymology is that of orange from Lat. _aurantium_. The latter word is in fact an ingenious medieval fabrication. The word doubtless came from the Arab. _nāranj_, which is again a form of Pers. _nārang_, or _nārangī_, the latter being still a common term for the orange in Hindustan. The Persian indeed may be traced to Skt. _nāgarañga_, and _nārañga_, but of these words no satisfactory etymological explanation has been given, and they have perhaps been Sanscritized from some southern term. Sir W. Jones, in his article on the Spikenard of the Ancients, quotes from Dr. Anderson of Madras, "a very curious philological remark, that in the Tamul dictionary, most words beginning with _nar_ have some relation to fragrance; as _narukeradu_, to yield an odour; _nártum pillei_, lemon-grass; _nártei_, citron; _nárta manum_ (read _mārum_), the wild orange-tree; _nárum panei_, the Indian jasmine; _nárum alleri_, a strong smelling flower; and _nártu_, which is put for _nard_ in the Tamul version of our scriptures." (See _As. Res._ vol. ii. 414). We have not been able to verify many of these Tamil terms. But it is true that in both Tamil and Malayalam _naṛu_ is 'fragrant.' See, also, on the subject of this article, _A. E. Pott_, in Lassen's _Zeitschrift f. d. Kunde des Morgenlandes_, vii. 114 _seqq._

The native country of the orange is believed to be somewhere on the northern border of India. A wild orange, the supposed parent of the cultivated species, both sweet and bitter, occurs in Garhwāl and Sikkim, as well as in the Kāsia (see COSSYA) country, the valleys of which last are still abundantly productive of excellent oranges. [See _Watt, Econ. Dict._ ii. 336 _seqq._] It is believed that the orange first known and cultivated in Europe was the bitter or Seville orange (see _Hanbury and Flückiger_, 111-112).

From the Arabic, Byzantine Greek got νεράντζιον, the Spaniards _naranja_, old Italian _narancia_, the Portuguese _laranja_, from which last, or some similar form, by the easy detachment of the _l_ (taken probably, as in many other instances, for an article), we have the Ital. _arancio_, L. Latin _aurantium_, French _orange_, the modification of these two being shaped by _aurum_ and _or_. Indeed, the quotation from Jacques de Vitry possibly indicates that some form like _al-arangi_ may have been current in Syria. Perhaps, however, his phrase _ab indigenis nuncupantur_ may refer only to the Frank or quasi-Frank settlers, in which case we should have among them the birthplace of our word in its present form. The reference to this passage we derived in the first place from Hehn, who gives a most interesting history of the introduction of the various species of _citrus_ into Europe. But we can hardly think he is right in supposing that the Portuguese first brought the sweet orange (_Citrus aurantium dulce_) into Europe from China, c. 1548. No doubt there may have been a re-introduction of some fine varieties at that time.[193] But as early as the beginning of the 14th century we find Abulfeda extolling the fruit of Cintra. His words, as rendered by M. Reinaud, run: "Au nombre des dependances de Lisbonne est la ville de Schintara; à Schintara on recueille des pommes admirables pour la grosseur et le gout" (244[194]). That these _pommes_ were the famous Cintra oranges can hardly be doubted. For Baber (_Autobiog._ 328) describes an orange under the name of _Sangtarah_, which is, indeed, a recognised Persian and Hind. word for a species of the fruit. And this early propagation of the sweet orange in Portugal would account not only for such wide diffusion of the name of _Cintra_, but for the persistence with which the alternative name of _Portugals_ has adhered to the fruit in question. The familiar name of the large sweet orange in Sicily and Italy is _portogallo_, and nothing else; in Greece πορτογαλέα, in Albanian _protokale_, among the Kurds _portoghāl_; whilst even colloquial Arabic has _burtuḳān_. The testimony of Maṣ'ūdī as to the introduction of the orange into Syria before his time (c. A.D. 930), even if that were (as it would seem) the Seville orange, renders it quite possible that better qualities should have reached Lisbon or been developed there during the Saracenic occupation. It was indeed suggested in our hearing by the late Sir Henry M. Elliot that _sangtarah_ might be interpreted as _sang-tar_, 'green stones' (or in fact 'moist pips'); but we hardly think he would have started this had the passage in Abulfeda been brought to his notice. [In the _Āīn_ (ed. _Gladwin_, 1800, ii. 20) we read: "Sircar Silhet.... Here grows a delicious fruit called _Soontara_, in colour like an orange, but of an oblong form." This passage reads in Col. Jarrett's translation (ii. 124): "There is a fruit called _Súntarah_ in colour like an orange but large and very sweet." Col. Jarrett disputes the derivation of _Sangtarah_ from _Cintra_, and he is followed by Mr. H. Beveridge, who remarks that Humayun calls the fruit _Sanat̤ra_. Mr. Beveridge is inclined to think that _Santra_ is the _Indian_ hill name of the fruit, of which _Sangtarah_ is a corruption, and refers to a village at the foot of the Bhutan Hills called _Santrabārī_, because it had orange groves.]

A.D. c. 930.—"The same may be said of the orange-tree (_Shajr-ul_-NĀRANJ)
and of the round citron, which were brought from India after the year
(A.H.) 300, and first sown in 'Oman. Thence they were transplanted to
Basra, to 'Irāk, and to Syria ... but they lost the sweet and penetrating
odour and beauty that they had in India, having no longer the benefits of
the climate, soil, and water peculiar to that country."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, ii.
438-9.

c. 1220.—"In parvis autem arboribus quaedam crescunt alia poma citrina,
minoris quantitatis frigida et acidi seu pontici (_bitter_) saporis, quae
poma ORENGES ab indigenis nuncupantur."—_Jacobus Vitriacus_, in
_Bongars_. These were apparently our Seville oranges.

c. 1290.—"In the 18th of Edward the first a large Spanish Ship came to
Portsmouth; out of the cargo of which the Queen bought one frail (see
FRAZALA) of Seville figs, one frail of raisins or grapes, one bale of
dates, two hundred and thirty pomegranates, fifteen citrons, and seven
oranges (_Poma de_ ORENGE)."—_Manners and Household Expenses of England
in the 13th and 15th Centuries_, Roxb. Club, 1841, p. xlviii. The Editor
deigns only to say that 'the MS. is in the Tower.' [Prof. Skeat writes (9
ser. _Notes and Queries_, v. 321): "The only known allusion to oranges,
previously to 1400, in any piece of English literature (I omit household
documents) is in the '_Alliterative Poems_,' edited by Dr. Morris, ii.
1044. The next reference, soon after 1400, is in Lydgate's '_Minor
Poems_,' ed. Halliwell, p. 15. In 1440 we find ORONGE in the
'_Promptorium Parvulorum_,' and in 1470 we find ORENGES in the '_Paston
Letters_,' ed. Gairdner, ii. 394."]

1481.—"Item to the galeman (galley man) brought the lampreis and ORANGES
... iiij_d._"—_Household Book_ of John D. of Norfolk, Roxb. Club, 1844,
p. 38.

c. 1526.—"They have besides (in India) the NÂRANJ [or Seville orange,
Tr.] and the various fruits of the orange species.... It always struck me
that the word NÂRANJ was accented in the Arab fashion; and I found that
it really was so; the men of Bajour and Siwâd call _nâranj nârank_" (or
perhaps rather NÂRANG).—_Baber_, 328. In this passage Baber means
apparently to say that the right name was _nārang_, which had been
changed by the usual influence of Arabic pronunciation into _nāranj_.

1883.—"Sometimes the foreign products thus cast up (on Shetland) at their
doors were a new revelation to the islanders, as when a cargo of ORANGES
was washed ashore on the coast of Delting, the natives boiled them as a
new kind of potatoes."—_Saty. Review_, July 14, p. 57.

ORANG-OTANG, ORANG-OUTAN, &c. s. The great man-like ape of Sumatra and Borneo; _Simia Satyrus_, L. This name was first used by Bontius (see below). It is Malay, _ōrăng-ūtăn_, 'homo sylvaticus.' The proper name of the animal in Borneo is _mias_. Crawfurd says that it is never called _orang-utan_ by 'the natives.' But that excellent writer is often too positive—especially in his negatives! Even if it be not (as is probable) anywhere a recognised specific name, it is hardly possible that the name should not be sometimes applied popularly. We remember a tame HOOLUCK belonging to a gentleman in E. Bengal, which was habitually known to the natives as _janglī ādmī_, literally = _orang-utan_. [There seems reason to believe that Crawfurd was right after all. Mr. Scott (_Malayan Words in English_, p. 87) writes: "But this particular application of _ōrang ūtan_ to the ape does not appear to be, or ever to have been, familiar to the Malays generally; Crawfurd (1852) and Swettenham (1889) omit it, Pijnappel says it is 'Low Malay,' and Klinkert (1893) denies the use entirely. This uncertainty is explained by the limited area in which the animal exists within even native observation. Mr. Wallace could find no natives in Sumatra who 'had ever heard of such an animal,' and no 'Dutch officials who knew anything about it.' Then the name came to European knowledge more than 260 years ago; in which time probably more than one Malay name has faded out of general use or wholly disappeared, and many other things have happened." Mr. Skeat writes: "I believe Crawfurd is absolutely right in saying that it is never called _ōrang-ūtan_ by the natives. It is much more likely to have been a sailor's mistake or joke than an error on the part of the Malays who know better. Throughout the Peninsula _ōrang-ūtan_ is the name applied to the wild tribes, and though the _mawas_ or _mias_ is known to the Malays only by tradition, yet in tradition the two are never confused, and in those islands where the _mawas_ does exist he is never called _ōrang-ūtan_, the word _ōrang_ being reserved exclusively to describe the human species."]

1631.—"Loqui vero eos easque posse Iavani aiunt, sed non velle, ne ad
labores cogantur; ridicule mehercules. Nomen ei induunt OURANG OUTANG,
quod 'hominem silvae' significat, eosque nasci affirmant e libidine
mulierum Indarum, quae se Simiis et Cercopithecis detestanda libidine
uniunt."—_Bontii, Hist. Nat._ v. cap. 32, p. 85.

1668.—"Erat autem hic satyrus quadrupes: sed ab humanâ specie quam prae
se fert, vocatur Indis OURANG-OUTANG: sive homo silvestris."—_Licetus de
Monstris_, 338.

[1701.—"ORANG-OUTANG sive Homo Sylvestris: or the Anatomy of a Pygmie
compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man...."—Title of work by
_E. Tyson_ (_Scott_).]

1727.—"As there are many species of wild Animals in the Woods (of Java)
there is one in particular called the OURAN-OUTANG."—_A. Hamilton_, ii.
131; [ed. 1744, ii. 136].

1783.—"Were we to be driven out of India this day, nothing would remain
to tell that it had been possessed, during the inglorious period of our
dominion, by any thing better than the OURANG-OUTANG or the
tiger."—_Burke, Sp. on Fox's E. India Bill, Works_, ed. 1852, iii. 468.

1802.—"Man, therefore, in a state of nature, was, if not the
OURANG-OUTANG of the forests and mountains of Asia and Africa at the
present day, at least an animal of the same family, and very nearly
resembling it."—_Ritson, Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food_, pp.
13-14.

1811.—"I have one slave more, who was given me in a present by the Sultan
of Pontiana.... This gentleman is Lord Monboddo's genuine ORANG-OUTANG,
which in the Malay language signifies literally _wild man_.... Some
people think seriously that the ORAN-OUTANG was the original patriarch
and progenitor of the whole Malay race."—_Lord Minto, Diary in India_,
268-9.

1868.—"One of my chief objects ... was to see the ORANG-UTAN ... in his
native haunts."—_Wallace, Malay Archip._ 39.

In the following passage the term is applied to a tribe of men:

1884.—"The Jacoons belong to one of the wild aboriginal tribes ... they
are often styled ORANG UTAN, or men of the forest."—_Cavenagh, Rem. of an
Indian Official_, 293.

ORANKAY, ARANGKAIO, &c. s. Malay _Orang kāya_. In the Archipelago, a person of distinction, a chief or noble, corresponding to the Indian OMRAH; literally 'a rich man,' analogous therefore to the use of _riche-homme_ by Joinville and other old French authors. [Mr. Skeat notes that the terminal o in ARANGKAIO represents a dialectical form used in Sumatra and Java. The Malay leader of the Pahang rising in 1891-2, who was supposed to bear a charmed life, was called by the title of _Orang Kāya Pahlawan_ (see PULWAUN).]

c. 1612.—"The Malay officers of state are classified as 1. _Bandahara_;
2. _Ferdana Mantri_; 3. _Punghulu Bandari_; 4. the chief _Hulubalang_ or
champion (see OOLOOBALLONG); 5. the _Paramantris_; 6. ORANG KAYAS; 7.
_Chatriyas_ (Kshatriyas); 8. _Seda Sidahs_; 9. _Bentaras_ or heralds; 10.
_Hulubalangs_."—_Sijara Malayu_, in _J. Ind. Arch._ v. 246.

1613.—"The nobler ORANCAYAS spend their time in pastimes and recreations,
in music and in cock fighting, a royal sport...."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f.
31_v_.

1613.—"An ORAN CAYA came aboord, and told me that a _Curra Curra_ (see
CARACOA) of the Flemmings had searched three or foure Praws or Canoas
comming aboord vs with Cloues, and had taken them from them, threatening
death to them for the next offence."—_Saris_, in _Purchas_, i. 348.

[ " "... gave him the title of ORANCAYA PUTE, which is white or
clear hearted lord."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 270.]

1615.—"Another conference with all the ARRANKAYOS of Lugho and Cambello
in the hills among the bushes: their reverence for the King and the
honourable Company."—_Sainsbury_, i. 420.

[ " "Presented by Mr. Oxwicke to the WRANKIAW."—_Foster, Letters_,
iii. 96.

[ " "... a nobleman called ARON CAIE Hettam."—_Ibid._ iii. 128.]

1620.—"Premierement sur vn fort grand Elephant il y auoit vne chaire
couuerte, dans laquelle s'est assis vn des principaux ORANGCAYES ou
Seigneurs."—_Beaulieu_, in _Thevenot's Collection_, i. 49.

1711.—"Two Pieces of Callico or Silk to the _Shabander_ (see SHABUNDER),
and head ORONKOY or Minister of State."—_Lockyer_, 36.

1727.—"As he was entering at the Door, the ORANKAY past a long Lance
through his Heart, and so made an end of the Beast."—_A. Hamilton_, ii.
97; [ed. 1744, ii. 96].

" "However, the reigning King not expecting that his Customs would
meet with such Opposition, sent an ORANGKAYA aboard of my Ship, with the
Linguist, to know why we made War on him."—_Ibid._ 106; [ed. 1744].

1784.—"Three or four days before my departure, Posally signified to me
the King meant to confer on me the honour of being made Knight of the
Golden Sword, ORANG KAYO _derry piddang mas_" (_orang kaya dări pădang
mas_).—_Forrest, V. to Mergui_, 54.

1811.—"From amongst the ORANG KAYAS the Sultan appoints the officers of
state, who as members of Council are called _mantri_ (see MUNTREE,
MANDARIN)."—_Marsden, H. of Sumatra_, 350.

[ORGAN, s. An Oriental form of mitrailleuse. Steingass (_Dict._ 38) has Pers. _arghan_, _arghon_, from the Greek ὄργανον, 'an organ.'

1790.—"A weapon called an ORGAN, which is composed of about thirty-six
gun barrels so joined as to fire at once."—Letter from De Boigne's Camp
at Mairtha, dated Sept. 13, in _H. Compton, A particular Account of the
European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, from_ 1784 to 1803, p. 61.]

ORISSA, n.p. [Skt. _Oḍrāshtra_, 'the land of the Oḍras' (see OORIYA). The word is said to be the Prakrit form of _uttara_, 'north,' as applied to the N. part of Kalinga.] The name of the ancient kingdom and modern province which lies between Bengal and the Coromandel Coast.

1516.—"_Kingdom of_ ORISA. Further on towards the interior there is
another kingdom which is conterminous with that of Narsynga, and on
another side with Bengala, and on another with the great Kingdom of
Dely...."—_Barbosa_, in Lisbon ed. 306.

c. 1568.—"ORISA fu già vn Regno molto bello e securo ... sina che regnò
il suo Rè legitimo, qual era Gentile."—_Ces. Federici, Ramusio_, iii.
392.

[c. 1616.—"VDEZA, the Chiefe Citty called Iekanat (JUGGURNAUT)."—_Sir T.
Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 538.]

ORMESINE, s. A kind of silk texture, which we are unable to define. The name suggests derivation from Ormus. [The _Draper's Dict._ defines "ARMOZEEN, a stout silk, almost invariably black. It is used for hat-bands and scarfs at funerals by those not family mourners. Sometimes sold for making clergymen's gowns." The _N.E.D._ s.v. ARMOZEEN, leaves the etymology doubtful. The _Stanf. Dict._ gives ORMUZINE, "a fabric exported from _Ormuz_."]

c. 1566.—"... a little Island called Tana, a place very populous with
Portugals, Moores and Gentiles: these have nothing but Rice; they are
makers of ARMESIE and weavers of girdles of wooll and bumbast."—_Caes.
Fredericke_, in _Hakl._ ii. 344.

1726.—"Velvet, Damasks, ARMOSYN, Sattyn."—_Valentijn_, v. 183.

ORMUS, ORMUZ, n.p. Properly _Hurmuz_ or _Hurmūz_, a famous maritime city and minor kingdom near the mouth of the Persian Gulf. The original place of the city was on the northern shore of the Gulf, some 30 miles east of the site of Bandar Abbās or GOMBROON (q.v.); but about A.D. 1300, apparently to escape from Tartar raids, it was transferred to the small island of Gerūn or Jerūn, which may be identified with the _Organa_ of Nearchus, about 12 m. westward, and five miles from the shore, and this was the seat of the kingdom when first visited and attacked by the Portuguese under Alboquerque in 1506. It was taken by them about 1515, and occupied permanently (though the nominal reign of the native kings was maintained), until wrested from them by Shāh 'Abbās, with the assistance of an English squadron from Surat, in 1622. The place was destroyed by the Persians, and the island has since remained desolate, and all but uninhabited, though the Portuguese citadel and water-tanks remain. The islands of Hormuz, Kishm, &c., as well as Bandar 'Abbās and other ports on the coast of Kerman, had been held by the Sultans of Omān as fiefs of Persia, for upwards of a century, when in 1854 the latter State asserted its dominion, and occupied those places in force (see _Badger's Imams of Omān_, &c., p. xciv.).

B.C. c. 325.—"They weighed next day at dawn, and after a course of 100
stadia anchored at the mouth of the river Anamis, in a country called
HARMOZEIA."—_Arrian, Voyage of Nearchus_, ch. xxxiii., tr. by
_M‘Crindle_, p. 202.

c. A.D. 150.—(on the coast of Carmania)

"Ἅρμουζα πόλις.
Ἅρμοζον ἄκρον."
_Ptol._ VI. viii. 5.

c. 540.—At this time one Gabriel is mentioned as (Nestorian) Bishop of
HORMUZ (see _Assemani_, iii. 147-8).

c. 655.—"Nobis ... visum est nihilominus velut ad sepulchra mortuorum,
quales vos esse video, geminos hosce Dei Sacerdotes ad vos allegare;
Theodorum videlicet Episcopum HORMUZDADSCHIR et Georgium Episcopum
Susatrae."—Syriac Letter of the _Patriarch Jesujabus_, _ibid._ 133.

1298.—"When you have ridden these two days you come to the Ocean Sea, and
on the shore you find a City with a harbour, which is called
_Hormos_."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. xix.

c. 1330.—"... I came to the Ocean Sea. And the first city on it that I
reached is called ORMES, a city strongly fenced and abounding in costly
wares. The city is on an island some five miles distant from the main;
and on it there grows no tree, and there is no fresh water."—_Friar
Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c., 56.

c. 1331.—"I departed from 'Omān for the country of HORMUZ. The city of
Hormuz stands on the shore of the sea. The name is also called Moghistān.
The new city of HORMUZ rises in face of the first in the middle of the
sea, separated from it only by a channel 3 parasangs in width. We arrived
at New HORMUZ, which forms an island of which the capital is called
Jaraun.... It is a mart for Hind and Sind."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 230.

1442.—"ORMUS (qu. _Hurmūz_?), which is now called Djerun, is a port
situated in the middle of the sea, and which has not its equal on the
face of the globe."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in XV. Cent._ p. 5.

c. 1470.—"HORMUZ is 4 miles across the water, and stands on an
Island."—_Athan. Nikitin_, _ibid._ p. 8.

1503.—"Habitant autem ex eorum (Francorum) gente homines fere viginti in
urbe Cananoro: ad quos profecti, postquam ex HORMIZDA urbe ad eam Indorum
civitatem Cananorum venimus, significavimus illis nos esse Christianos,
nostramque conditionem et gradum indicavimus; et ab illis magno cum
gaudio suscepti sumus.... Eorundem autem Francorum regio Portugallus
vocatur, una ex Francorum regionibus; eorumque Rex Emanuel appellatur;
Emmanuelem oramus ut illum custodiat."—Letter from _Nestorian Bishops_ on
Mission to India, in _Assemani_, iii. 591.

1505.—"In la bocha di questo mare (di Persia) è vn altra insula chiamata
AGRAMUZO doue sono perle infinite: (e) caualli che per tutte quelle parti
sono in gran precio."—Letter of _K. Emanuel_, p. 14.

1572.—

"Mas vê a illa Gerum, como discobre
O que fazem do tempo os intervallos;
Que da cidade ARMUZA, que alli esteve
Ella o nome despois, e gloria teve."
_Camões_, x. 103.

By Burton:

"But see yon Gerum's isle the tale unfold
of mighty things which Time can make or mar;
for of ARMUZA-town yon shore upon
the name and glory this her rival won."

1575.—"Touchant le mot ORMUZ, il est moderne, et luy a esté imposé par
les Portugais, le nom venant de l'accident de ce qu'ils cherchoient que
c'estoit que l'Or; tellement qu'estant arrivez là, et voyans le trafic de
tous biens, auquel le pais abonde, ils dirent _Vssi esta Or mucho_, c'est
à dire, Il y a force d'Or; et pource ils donnerẽt le nom d'ORMUCHO à la
dite isle."—_A. Thevet, Cosmographie Univ._, liv. x. i. 329.

1623.—"Non volli lasciar di andare con gl'Inglesi in HORMUZ a veder la
forteza, la città, e ciò che vi era in fine di notabile in
quell'isola."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 463. Also see ii. 61.

1667.—

"High on a throne of royal state, which far
Outshone the wealth of ORMUS and of Ind,
Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand
Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold."
_Paradise Lost_, ii. 1-4.

OROMBARROS, s. This odd word seems to have been used as GRIFFIN (q.v.) now is. It is evidently the Malay _orang-baharu_, or _orang bharu_, 'a new man, a novice.' This is interesting as showing an unquestionable instance of an expression imported from the Malay factories to Continental India. [Mr. Skeat remarks that the form of the word shows that it came from the Malay under Portuguese influence.]

1711.—At Madras ... "refreshments for the Men, which they are presently
supply'ed with from Country Boats and Cattamarans, who make a good Peny
at the first coming of OROMBARROS, as they call those who have not been
there before."—_Lockyer_, 28.

ORTOLAN, s. This name is applied by Europeans in India to a small lark, _Calandrella brachydactyla_, Temm., in Hind. _bargel_ and _bageri_, [Skt. _varga_, 'a troop']. Also sometimes in S. India to the finch-lark, _Pyrrhalauda grisea_, Scopoli.

OTTA, OTTER, s. Corruption of _āṭā_, 'flour,' a Hindi word having no Skt. original; [but Platts gives Skt. _ārdra_, 'soft']. Popular rhyme:

"Aī terī Shekhāwati
Ādhā ĀṬĀ ādhā matī!"

"Confound this Shekhawati land,
My bread's half wheat-meal and half sand."
_Boileau, Tour through Rajwara_, 1837, p. 274.

[1853.—"After travelling three days, one of the prisoners bought some
OTTAH. They prepared bread, some of which was given him; after eating it
he became insensible...."—_Law Report_, in _Chevers, Ind. Med. Jurispr._
166.]

OTTO, OTTER, s. Or usually 'Otto of Roses,' or by imperfect purists '_Attar_ of Roses,' an essential oil obtained in India from the petals of the flower, a manufacture of which the chief seat is at Ghāzipur on the Ganges. The word is the Arab. _'iṭr_, 'perfume.' From this word are derived _'aṭṭār_, a 'perfumer or druggist,' _'aṭṭārī_, adj., 'pertaining to a perfumer.' And a relic of Saracen rule in Palermo is the _Via Latterini_, 'the street of the perfumers' shops.' We find the same in an old Spanish account of Fez:

1573.—"Issuing thence to the Cayzerie by a gate which faces the north
there is a handsome street which is called _of the_ ATARIN, which is the
Spicery."—_Marmol, Affrica_, ii. f. 88.

[_'Itr_ of roses is said to have been discovered by the Empress Nūr-jahān on her marriage with Jahāngīr. A canal in the palace garden was filled with rose-water in honour of the event, and the princess, observing a scum on the surface, caused it to be collected, and found it to be of admirable fragrance, whence it was called _'iṭr-i-Jahāngīrī_.]

1712.—Kaempfer enumerating the departments of the Royal Household in
Persia names: "_Pharmacopoeia_ ... ATTHAAR _choneh_, in quâ medicamenta,
et praesertim variae virtutis opiata, pro Majestate et aulicis
praeparantur...."—_Am. Exot._ 124.

1759.—

"To presents given, &c.
* * * * *
"1 OTTER box set with diamonds
"_Sicca Rs._ 3000 3222 3 6."
_Accts. of Entertainment to Jugget Set_, in _Long_, 89.

c. 1790.—"Elles ont encore une prédilection particulière pour les huiles
oderiferantes, surtout pour celle de rose, appelée OTTA."—_Haafner_, ii.
122.

1824.—"The ATTAR is obtained after the rose-water is made, by setting it
out during the night and till sunrise in the morning in large open
vessels exposed to the air, and then skimming off the essential oil which
floats at the top."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 154.

OUDH, OUDE, n.p. _Awadh_; properly the ancient and holy city of _Ayodhyā_ (Skt. 'not to be warred against'), the capital of Rāma, on the right bank of the river Sarayu, now commonly called the Gogra. Also the province in which Ayodhya was situated, but of which LUCKNOW for about 170 years (from c. 1732) has been the capital, as that of the dynasty of the Nawābs, and from 1814 kings, of Oudh. Oudh was annexed to the British Empire in 1856 as a Chief Commissionership. This was re-established after the Mutiny was subdued and the country reconquered, in 1858. In 1877 the Chief Commissionership was united to the Lieut.-Governorship of the N.W. Provinces. (See JUDEA.)

B. C. _x._—"The noble city of AYODHYĀ crowned with a royal highway had
already cleaned and besprinkled all its streets, and spread its broad
banners. Women, children, and all the dwellers in the city eagerly
looking for the consecration of _Rāma_, waited with impatience the rising
of the morrow's sun."—_Rāmāyaṇa_, Bk. iii. (_Ayodhya Kanda_), ch. 3.

636.—"Departing from this Kingdom (_Kanyākubja_ or Kanauj) he (Hwen
T'sang) travelled about 600 _li_ to the S.E., crossed the Ganges, and
then taking his course southerly he arrived at the Kingdom of 'OYUT'O
(Ayōdhyā)."—_Pèlerins Bouddh._ ii. 267.

1255.—"A peremptory command had been issued that Malik Kutlugh Khān ...
should leave the province of AWADH, and proceed to the fief of Bharā'ij,
and he had not obeyed...."—_Tabaḳāt-i-Nāsirī_, E.T. by _Raverty_, 107.

1289.—"Mu'izzu-d dín Kai-Kubád, on his arrival from Dehli, pitched his
camp at OUDH (Ajudhya) on the bank of the Ghagra. Nasiru-d dín, from the
opposite side, sent his chamberlain to deliver a message to Kai-Kubád,
who by way of intimidation himself discharged an arrow at him...."—_Amīr
Khusrū_, in _Elliot_, iii. 530.

c. 1335.—"The territories to the west of the Ganges, and where the Sultan
himself lived, were afflicted by famine, whilst those to the east of it
enjoyed great plenty. These latter were then governed by 'Ain-ul-Mulk ...
and among their chief towns we may name the city of AWADH, and the city
of Z̤afarābād and the city of _Laknau_, et cetera."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii.
342.

c. 1340.—The 23 principal provinces of India under Mahommed Tughlak are
thus stated, on the authority of Sirājuddīn Abu'l-fatah Omah, a native of
'AWADH: "(1) _Aḳlīm Dihlī_, (2) _Multān_, (3) _Kahrān_ (Guhrām), and (4)
_Samān_ (both about Sirhind), (5) _Siwastān_ (Sehwān in Sind), (6) _Waja_
(Ūja, _i.e._ Ūch), (7) _Hāsī_ (Hānsī), (8) _Sarsati_ (Sirsa), (9)
_Ma'bar_ (Coromandel), (10) _Tiling_ (Kalinga), (11) _Gujrāt_, (12)
_Badāūn_, (13) 'AWAḌH, (14) _Kanauj_, (15) _Laknautī_ (N. Bengal), (16)
_Bahār_, (17) _Karra_ (Lower Doāb), (18) _Malāwa_ (Malwa), (19) _Lahāwar_
(Lahore), (20) _Kalanūr_ (E. Punjab), (21) _Jajnagar_ (Orissa), (22)
_Tilinj_ (?), (23) _Dursamand_ (Mysore)."—_Shihābuddīn_, in _Notices et
Exts._ xiii. 167-171.

OUTCRY, s. Auction. This term seems to have survived a good deal longer in India than in England. (See NEELAM). The old Italian expression for auction seems to be identical in sense, viz. _gridaggio_, and the auctioneer _gridatore_, thus:

c. 1343.—"For jewels and plate; and (other) merchandize that is sold by
OUTCRY (_gridaggio_), _i.e._ by auction (_oncanto_) in Cyprus, the buyer
pays the crier (_gridatore_) one quarter _carat_ per bezant on the price
bid for the thing bought through the crier, and the seller pays nothing
except," &c.—_Pegolotti_, 74.

1627.—"OUT-CRIE _of goods to be sold_. G(allicè) Encánt. Incánt.
I(talicè).—Incánto.... H(ispanicè). Almoneda, _ab_ Al. _articulus, et
Arab._ NEDEYE, _clamare_, _vocare_.... B(atavicè). UT-ROEP."—_Minsheu_,
s.v.

[1700.—"The last week Mr. Proby made a OUTCRY of lace."—In _Yule, Hedges'
Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cclix.]

1782.—"On Monday next will be sold by Public OUTCRY ... large and small
China silk Kittisals (KITTYSOL)...."—_India Gazette_, March 31.

1787.—"Having put up the Madrass Galley at OUTCRY and nobody offering
more for her than 2300 Rupees, we think it more for the Company's Int. to
make a Sloop of Her than let Her go at so low a price."—_Ft. William MS.
Reports_, March.

[1841.—"When a man dies in India, we make short work with him; ... an
'OUTCRY' is held, his goods and chattels are brought to the
hammer...."—_Society in India_, ii. 227.]

OVERLAND. Specifically applied to the Mediterranean route to India, which in former days involved usually the land journey from Antioch or thereabouts to the Persian Gulf; and still in vogue, though any land journey may now be entirely dispensed with, thanks to M. Lesseps.

1612.—"His Catholic Majesty the King Philip III. of Spain and II. of
Portugal, our King and Lord, having appointed Dom Hieronymo de Azevedo to
succeed Ruy Lourenço de Tavira ... in January 1612 ordered that a courier
should be despatched OVERLAND (_por terra_) to this Government to carry
these orders and he, arriving at Ormuz at the end of May
following...."—_Bocarro, Decada_, p. 7.

1629.—"The news of his Exploits and Death being brought together to King
_Philip_ the Fourth, he writ with his own hand as follows. _Considering
the two Pinks that were fitting for_ India _may be gone without an
account of my Concern for the Death of_ Nunno Alvarez Botello, _an
Express shall immediately be sent_ BY LAND with advice."—_Faria y Sousa_
(Stevens), iii. 373.

1673.—"French and Dutch Jewellers coming OVERLAND ... have made good
Purchase by buying Jewels here, and carrying them to Europe to Cut and
Set, and returning thence sell them here to the Ombrahs (see OMRAH),
among whom were Monsieur Tavernier...."—_Fryer_, 89.

1675.—"Our last to you was dated the 17th August past, OVERLAND,
transcripts of which we herewith send you."—_Letter from Court to Ft. St.
Geo._ In _Notes and Exts._ No. i. p. 5.

1676.—"Docket Copy of the Company's General OVERLAND.

"'Our Agent and Councel Fort St. George.

* * * * *

"'The foregoing is copy of our letter of 28th June OVERLAND, which we
sent by three several conveyances for Aleppo.'"—_Ibid._ p. 12.

1684.—"That all endeavors would be used to prevent my going home the way
I intended, by Persia, and so OVERLAND."—_Hedges, Diary_, Aug. 19; [Hak.
Soc. i. 155].

c. 1686.—"Those Gentlemen's Friends in the Committee of the Company in
_England_, acquainted them by Letters OVER LAND, of the Danger they were
in, and gave them Warning to be on their guard."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 196;
[ed. 1744, i. 195].