Chapter XLII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (39)

1857.—"Whilst riding in the plain to the N.E. of the city (Candahar) we
noticed several assafœtida plants. The assafœtida, called HANG or HING by
the natives, grows wild in the sandy or gravelly plains that form the
western part of Afghanistan. It is never cultivated, but its peculiar
gum-resin is collected from the plants on the deserts where they grow.
The produce is for the most part exported to Hindustan."—_Bellew, Journal
of a Pol. Mission_, &c., p. 270.

HIRAVA, n.p. Malayāl. _Iraya_. The name of a very low caste in Malabar. [The _Iraya_ form one section of the _Cherumar_, and are of slightly higher social standing than the _Pulayar_ (see POLEA). "Their name is derived from the fact that they are allowed to come only as far as the eaves (_ira_) of their employers' houses." (_Logan, Malabar_, i. 148.)]

1510.—"La sexta sorte (de' Gentili) se chiamão HIRAVA, e questi seminano
e raccoglieno il riso."—_Varthema_ (ed. 1517, f. 43_v_).

[HIRRAWEN, s. The Musulman pilgrim dress; a corruption of the Ar. _iḥrām_. Burton writes: "_Al-Iḥrām_, literally meaning 'prohibition' or 'making unlawful,' equivalent to our 'mortification,' is applied to the ceremony of the toilette, and also to the dress itself. The vulgar pronounce the word '_herām_,' or '_l'ehrām_.' It is opposed to _ihlāl_, 'making lawful,' or 'returning to laical life.' The further from Mecca it is assumed, provided that it be during the three months of Hajj, the greater is the religious merit of the pilgrim; consequently some come from India and Egypt in the dangerous attire" (_Pilgrimage_, ed. 1893, ii. 138, note).

[1813.—"... the ceremonies and penances mentioned by Pitts, when the
_hajes_, or pilgrims, enter into HIRRAWEN, a ceremony from which the
females are exempted; but the men, taking off all their clothes, cover
themselves with two HIRRAWENS or large white wrappers...."—_Forbes, Or.
Mem._ ii. 101, 2nd ed.]

HOBSON-JOBSON, s. A native festal excitement; a _tamāsha_ (see TUMASHA); but especially the MOHARRAM ceremonies. This phrase may be taken as a typical one of the most highly assimilated class of Anglo-Indian _argot_, and we have ventured to borrow from it a concise alternative title for this Glossary. It is peculiar to the British soldier and his surroundings, with whom it probably originated, and with whom it is by no means obsolete, as we once supposed. My friend Major John Trotter tells me that he has repeatedly heard it used by British soldiers in the Punjab; and has heard it also from a regimental Moonshee. It is in fact an Anglo-Saxon version of the wailings of the Mahommedans as they beat their breasts in the procession of the _Moharram_—"YĀ HASAN! YĀ HOSAIN!" It is to be remembered that these observances are _in India_ by no means confined to Shī'as. Except at Lucknow and Murshīdābād, the great majority of Mahommedans in that country are professed Sunnis. Yet here is a statement of the facts from an unexceptionable authority:

"The commonalty of the Mussalmans, and especially the women, have more
regard for the memory of Hasan and Husein, than for that of Muhammad and
his khalifs. The heresy of making Ta'ziyas (see TAZEEA) on the
anniversary of the two latter imáms, is most common throughout India: so
much so that opposition to it is ascribed by the ignorant to blasphemy.
This example is followed by many of the Hindus, especially the Mahrattas.
The Muharram is celebrated throughout the Dekhan and Malwa, with greater
enthusiasm than in other parts of India. Grand preparations are made in
every town on the occasion, as if for a festival of rejoicing, rather
than of observing the rites of mourning, as they ought. The observance of
this custom has so strong a hold on the mind of the commonalty of the
Mussulmans that they believe Muhammadanism to depend merely on keeping
the memory of the imáms in the above manner."—_Mīr Shahāmat 'Ali_, in _J.
R. As. Soc._ xiii. 369.

We find no literary quotation to exemplify the phrase as it stands. [But see those from the _Orient. Sporting Mag._ and _Nineteenth Century_ below.] Those which follow show it in the process of evolution:

1618.—"... e particolarmente delle donne che, battendosi il petto e
facendo gesti di grandissima compassione replicano spesso con gran dolore
quegli ultimi versi di certi loro cantici: VAH HUSSEIN! SCIAH
HUSSEIN!"—_P. della Valle_, i. 552.

c. 1630.—"Nine dayes they wander up and downe (shaving all that while
neither head nor beard, nor seeming joyfull), incessantly calling out
HUSSAN, HUṢSAN! in a melancholy note, so long, so fiercely, that many can
neither howle longer, nor for a month's space recover their voices."—_Sir
T. Herbert_, 261.

1653.—"... ils dressent dans les rues des Sepulchres de pierres, qu'ils
couronnent de Lampes ardentes, et les soirs ils y vont dancer et sauter
crians HUSSAN, HOUSSAIN, HOUSSAIN, HASSAN...."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_,
ed. 1657, p. 144.

c. 1665.—"... ainsi j'eus tout le loisir dont j'eus besoin pour y voir
celebrer la Fête de Hussein Fils d'Aly.... Les Mores de Golconde le
celebrent avec encore beaucoup plus de folies qu'en Perse ... d'autres
font des dances en rond, tenant des épées nües la pointe en haut, qu'ils
touchent les unes contre les autres, en criant de toute leur force
HUSSEIN."—_Thevenot_, v. 320.

1673.—"About this time the Moors solemnize the Exequies of HOSSEEN
GOSSEEN, a time of ten days Mourning for two Unfortunate Champions of
theirs."—_Fryer_, p. 108.

" "On the Days of their Feasts and Jubilees, Gladiators were
approved and licensed; but feeling afterwards the Evils that attended
that Liberty, which was chiefly used in their HOSSY GOSSY, any private
Grudge being then openly revenged: it never was forbid, but it passed
into an Edict by the following King, that it should be lawfull to Kill
any found with Naked Swords in that Solemnity."—_Ibid._ 357.

[1710.—"And they sing around them SAUCEM SAUCEM."—_Oriente Conquistado_,
vol. ii.; _Conquista_, i. Div. 2, sec. 59.]

1720.—"Under these promising circumstances the time came round for the
Mussulman feast called HOSSEIN JOSSEN ... better known as the
Mohurrum."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 347.

1726.—"In their month Moharram they have a season of mourning for the two
brothers Hassan and Hossein.... They name this mourning-time in Arabic
_Ashur_, or the 10 days; but the Hollanders call it JAKSOM
BAKSOM."—_Valentijn, Choro._ 107.

1763.—"It was the 14th of November, and the festival which commemorates
the murder of the brothers HASSEIN and JASSEIN happened to fall out at
this time."—_Orme_, i. 193.

[1773.—"The Moors likewise are not without their feasts and processions
... particularly of their HASSAN HASSAN...."—_Ives_, 28.

[1829.—"Them paper boxes are purty looking consarns, but then the folks
makes sich a noise, firing and troompeting and shouting HOBSON JOBSON,
HOBSON JOBSON."—_Oriental Sporting Mag._, reprint 1873, i. 129.

[1830.—"The ceremony of HUSEN HASEN ... here passes by almost without
notice."—_Raffles, Hist. Java_, 2nd ed. ii. 4.]

1832.—"... they kindle fires in these pits every evening during the
festival; and the ignorant, old as well as young, amuse themselves in
fencing across them with sticks or swords; or only in running and playing
round them, calling out, _Ya Allee! Ya Allee!_ ... SHAH HUSSUN! SHAH
HUSSUN! ... SHAH HOSEIN! SHAH HOSEIN! ... _Doolha! Doolha!_ (bridegroom!
...); _Haee dost! Haee dost!_ (alas, friend! ...); _Ruheeo! Ruheeo!_
(Stay! Stay!). Every two of these words are repeated probably a hundred
times over as loud as they can bawl out."—_Jaffur Shureef,
Qanoon-e-Islam_, tr. by _Herklots_, p. 173.

1883.—"... a long procession ... followed and preceded by the volunteer
mourners and breast-beaters shouting their cry of HOUS-S-E-I-N H-AS-SAN
HOUSS-E-I-N H-A-S-SAN, and a simultaneous blow is struck vigorously by
hundreds of heavy hands on the bare breasts at the last syllable of each
name."—_Wills' Modern Persia_, 282.

[1902.—"The HOBSON-JOBSON." By Miss A. Goodrich-Freer, in _The Nineteenth
Century and After_, April 1902.]

HODGETT, s. This is used among the English in Turkey and Egypt for a title-deed of land. It is Arabic _ḥujjat_, 'evidence.' _Hojat_, perhaps a corruption of the same word, is used in Western India for an account current between landlord and tenant. [Molesworth, _Mahr. Dict._, gives "_Hujjat_, Ar., a Government acknowledgment or receipt."]

[1871.—"... the Ḳaḍee attends, and writes a document (ḤOGGET-_el-baḥr_)
to attest the fact of the river's having risen to the height sufficient
for the opening of the Canal...."—_Lane, Mod. Egypt._, 5th ed. ii. 233.]

[HOG-BEAR, s. Another name for the sloth-bear, _Melursus ursinus_ (_Blanford, Mammalia_, 201). The word does not appear in the _N.E.D._

[1895.—"Between the tree-stems he heard a HOG-BEAR digging hard in the
moist warm earth."—_R. Kipling, The Jungle Book_, 171.]

HOG-DEER, s. The Anglo-Indian popular name of the _Axis porcinus_, Jerd.; [_Cervus porcinus_ (_Blanford, Mammalia_, 549)], the _Pārā_ of Hindustan. The name is nearly the same as that which Cosmas (c. 545) applies to an animal (Χοιρέλαφος) which he draws (see under BABI-ROUSSA), but the two have no other relation. The Hog-deer is abundant in the grassy openings of forests throughout the Gangetic valley and further east. "It runs with its head low, and in a somewhat ungainly manner; hence its popular appellation."—_Jerdon, Mammals_, 263.

[1885.—"Two HOG-DEER were brought forward, very curious-shaped animals
that I had never seen before."—_Lady Dufferin, Viceregal Life_, 146.]

HOG-PLUM, s. The austere fruit of the _amrā_ (Hind.), _Spondias mangifera_, Pers. (Ord. _Terebinthaceae_), is sometimes so called; also called the wild mango. It is used in curries, pickles, and tarts. It is a native of various parts of India, and is cultivated in many tropical climates.

1852.—"The Karens have a tradition that in those golden days when God
dwelt with men, all nations came before him on a certain day, each with
an offering from the fruits of their lands, and the Karens selected the
HOG'S PLUM for this oblation; which gave such offence that God cursed the
Karen nation and placed it lowest...."—_Mason's Burmah_, ed. 1860, p.
461.

HOKCHEW, HOKSIEU, AUCHEO, etc., n.p. These are forms which the names of the great Chinese port of _Fuh-chau_, the capital of Fuh-kien, takes in many old works. They, in fact, imitate the pronunciation in the Fuh-kien dialect, which is _Hok-chiu_; Fuh-kien similarly being called _Hoh-kien_.

1585.—"After they had travelled more than halfe a league in the suburbs
of the cittie of AUCHEO, they met with a post that came from the
vizroy."—_Mendoza_, ii. 78.

1616.—"Also this day arrived a small China bark or _soma_ from HOCHCHEW,
laden with silk and stuffes."—_Cocks_, i. 219.

HOME. In Anglo-Indian and colonial speech this means England.

1837.—"HOME always means England; nobody calls India _home_—not even
those who have been here thirty years or more, and are never likely to
return to Europe."—_Letters from Madras_, 92.

1865.—"You may perhaps remember how often in times past we debated, with
a seriousness becoming the gravity of the subject, what article of food
we should each of us respectively indulge in, on our first arrival at
HOME."—_Waring, Tropical Resident_, 154.

So also in the West Indies:

c. 1830.—"... 'Oh, your cousin Mary, I forgot—fine girl, Tom—may do for
you at HOME yonder' (all Creoles speak of England as HOME, although they
may never have seen it)."—_Tom Cringle_, ed. 1863, 238.

HONG, s. The Chinese word is _hang_, meaning 'a row or rank'; a house of business; at Canton a warehouse, a factory, and particularly applied to the establishments of the European nations ("Foreign Hongs"), and to those of the so-called "HONG-MERCHANTS." These were a body of merchants who had the monopoly of trade with foreigners, in return for which privilege they became security for the good behaviour of the foreigners, and for their payment of dues. The guild of these merchants was called 'The HONG.' The monopoly seems to have been first established about 1720-30, and it was terminated under the Treaty of Nanking, in 1842. The _Hong_ merchants are of course not mentioned in Lockyer (1711), nor by A. Hamilton (in China previous to and after 1700, pubd. 1727). The latter uses the word, however, and the rudiments of the institution may be traced not only in this narrative, but in that of Ibn Batuta.

c. 1346.—"When a Musulman trader arrives in a Chinese city, he is allowed
to choose whether he will take up his quarters with one of the merchants
of his own faith settled in the country, or will go to an inn. If he
prefers to go and lodge with a merchant, they count all his money and
confide it to the merchant of his choice; the latter then takes charge of
all expenditure on account of the stranger's wants, but acts with perfect
integrity...."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 265-6.

1727.—"When I arrived at _Canton_ the _Hapoa_ (see HOPPO) ordered me
lodgings for myself, my Men, and Cargo, in (a) HAUNG or Inn belonging to
one of his Merchants ... and when I went abroad, I had always some
Servants belonging to the HAUNG to follow me at a Distance."—_A.
Hamilton_, ii. 227; [ed. 1744].

1782.—"... _l'Opeou_ (see HOPPO) ... s'embarque en grande ceremonie dans
une galère pavoisée, emmenant ordinairement avec lui trois ou quatre
HANISTES."—_Sonnerat_, ii. 236.

" "... Les loges Européennes s'appellent HAMS."—_Ibid._ 245.

1783.—"It is stated indeed that a monopolizing Company in Canton, called
the COHONG, had reduced commerce there to a desperate state."—_Report of
Com. on Affairs of India, Burke_, vi. 461.

1797.—"A Society of HONG, or united merchants, who are answerable for one
another, both to the Government and the foreign nations."—_Sir G.
Staunton, Embassy to China_, ii. 565.

1882.—"The HONG merchants (collectively the CO-HONG) of a body corporate,
date from 1720."—_The Fankwae at Canton_, p. 34.

_Cohong_ is, we believe, though speaking with diffidence, an exogamous union between the Latin _co-_ and the Chinese _hong_. [Mr. G. T. Gardner confirms this explanation, and writes: "The term used in Canton itself is invariable: 'The Thirteen _Hong_,' or 'The Thirteen Firms'; and as these thirteen firms formed an association that had at one time the monopoly of the foreign trade, and as they were collectively responsible to the Chinese Government for the conduct of the trade, and to the foreign merchants for goods supplied to any one of the firms, some collective expression was required to denote the co-operation of the Thirteen Firms, and the word COHANG, I presume, was found most expressive."]

HONG-BOAT, s. A kind of SAMPAN (q.v.) or boat, with a small wooden house in the middle, used by foreigners at Canton. "A public passenger-boat (all over China, I believe) is called HANG-CHWEN, where _chwen_ is generically 'vessel,' and _hang_ is perhaps used in the sense of '_plying_ regularly.' Boats built for this purpose, used as private boats by merchants and others, probably gave the English name HONG-BOAT to those used by our countrymen at Canton" (Note by _Bp. Moule_).

[1878.—"The _Koong-Sze Teng_, or _Hong-Mee-Teng_, or HONG BOATS are from
thirty to forty feet in length, and are somewhat like the gondolas of
Venice. They are in many instances carved and gilded, and the saloon is
so spacious as to afford sitting room for eight or ten persons. Abaft the
saloon there is a cabin for the boatmen. The boats are propelled by a
large scull, which works on a pivot made fast in the stern post."—_Gray,
China_, ii. 273.]

HONG KONG, n.p. The name of this flourishing settlement is _hiang-kiang_, 'fragrant waterway' (_Bp. Moule_).

HONORE, ONORE, n.p. _Honāvar_, a town and port of Canara, of ancient standing and long of piratical repute. The etymology is unknown to us (see what Barbosa gives as the native name below). [A place of the same name in the Bellary District is said to be Can. _Honnūru_, _honnu_, 'gold,' _ūru_, 'village.'] Vincent has supposed it to be the Νάουρα of the _Periplus_, "the first part of the pepper-country Λιμυρικὴ,"—for which read Διμυρικὴ, the _Tamil_ country or Malabar. But this can hardly be accepted, for Honore is less than 5000 stadia from Barygaza, instead of being 7000 as it ought to be by the _Periplus_, nor is it in the Tamil region. The true Νάουρα must have been Cannanore, or Pudopatana, a little south of the last. [The _Madras Gloss._ explains Νάουρα as the country of the Nairs.] The long defence of Honore by Captain Torriano, of the Bombay Artillery, against the forces of Tippoo, in 1783-1784, is one of the most noble records of the Indian army. (See an account of it in _Forbes, Or. Mem._ iv. 109 _seqq._; [2nd ed. ii. 455 _seqq._]).

c. 1343.—"Next day we arrived at the city of HINAUR, beside a great
estuary which big ships enter.... The women of Hinaur are beautiful and
chaste ... they all know the Ḳurān al-'Azīm by heart. I saw at Hinaur 13
schools for the instruction of girls and 23 for boys,—such a thing as I
have seen nowhere else. The inhabitants of Maleibār pay the Sultan ... a
fixed annual sum from fear of his maritime power."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv.
65-67.

1516.—"... there is another river on which stands a good town called
HONOR; the inhabitants use the language of the country, and the Malabars
call it _Ponou-aram_ (or _Ponaram_, in _Ramusio_); here the Malabars
carry on much traffic.... In this town of ONOR are two Gentoo corsairs
patronised by the Lord of the Land, one called Timoja and the other
Raogy, each of whom has 5 or 6 very big ships with large and well-armed
crews."—_Barbosa_, Lisbon ed. 291.

1553.—"This port (Onor) and that of Baticalá ... belonged to the King of
Bisnaga, and to this King of ONOR his tributary, and these ports, less
than 40 years before were the most famous of all that coast, not only for
the fertility of the soil and its abundance in provisions ... but for
being the ingress and egress of all merchandize for the kingdom of
Bisnaga, from which the King had a great revenue; and principally of
horses from Arabia...."—_Barros_, I. viii. cap. x. [And see _P. della
Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 202; _Comm. Dalboquerque_, Hak. Soc. i. 148.]

HOOGLY, HOOGHLEY, n.p. Properly _Hūglī_, [and said to take its name from Beng. _hoglā_, 'the elephant grass' (_Typha angustifolia_)]: a town on the right bank of the Western Delta Branch of the Ganges, that which has long been known from this place as the HOOGLY RIVER, and on which Calcutta also stands, on the other bank, and 25 miles nearer the sea. Hoogly was one of the first places occupied by Europeans in the interior of Bengal; first by the Portuguese in the first half of the 16th century. An English factory was established here in 1640; and it was for some time their chief settlement in Bengal. In 1688 a quarrel with the Nawab led to armed action, and the English abandoned Hoogly; but on the arrangement of peace they settled at Chatānatī (CHUTTANUTTY), now CALCUTTA.

[c. 1590.—"In the Sarkár of Satgáon , there are two ports at a distance
of half a _kos_ from each other; the one is Sátgáon, the other HÚGLÍ: the
latter the chief; both are in possession of the Europeans."—_Āīn_, ed.
_Jarrett_, ii. 125.]

1616.—"After the force of dom Francisco de Menezes arrived at Sundiva as
we have related, there came a few days later to the same island 3
_sanguicels_, right well equipped with arms and soldiers, at the charges
of Manuel Viegas, a householder and resident of OGOLIM, or Porto Pequeno,
where dwelt in Bengala many Portuguese, 80 leagues up the Ganges, in the
territory of the Mogor, under his ill faith that every hour threatened
their destruction."—_Bocarro, Decada_, 476.

c. 1632.—"Under the rule of the Bengális a party of Frank merchants ...
came trading to Sátgánw (see PORTO PEQUENO); one _kos_ above that place
they occupied some ground on the bank of the estuary.... In course of
time, through the ignorance and negligence of the rulers of Bengal, these
Europeans increased in number, and erected substantial buildings, which
they fortified.... In due course a considerable place grew up, which was
known by the name of the Port of HÚGLÍ.... These proceedings had come to
the notice of the Emperor (Sháh Jehán), and he resolved to put an end to
them," &c.—_'Abdul Ḥamīd Lāhorī_, in _Elliot_, vii. 31-32.

1644.—"The other important voyage which used to be made from Cochim was
that to Bengalla, when the port and town of UGOLIM were still standing,
and much more when we had the PORTO GRANDE (q.v.) and the town of
_Diangâ_; this used to be made by so many ships that often in one monsoon
there came 30 or more from Bengalla to Cochim, all laden with rice,
sugar, lac, iron, salt-petre, and many kinds of cloths both of grass and
cotton, ghee (_manteyga_), long pepper, a great quantity of wax, besides
wheat and many things besides, such as quilts and rich bedding; so that
every ship brought a capital of more than 20,000 xerafins. But since
these two possessions were lost, and the two ports were closed, there go
barely one or two vessels to _Orixa_."—_Bocarro, MS._, f. 315.

1665.—"O Rey de Arracão nos tomou a fortaleza de Sirião em Pegù; O grão
Mogor a cidade do GOLIM em Bengala."—_P. Manoel Godinho, Relação_, &c.

c. 1666.—"The rest they kept for their service to make Rowers of them;
and such Christians as they were themselves, bringing them up to robbing
and killing; or else they sold them to the Portugueses of _Goa_,
_Ceilan_, _St. Thomas_, and others, and even to those that were remaining
in _Bengall_ at OGOULI, who were come thither to settle themselves there
by favour of _Jehan-Guyre_, the Grandfather of
_Aureng-Zebe_...."—_Bernier_, E.T. 54; [ed. _Constable_, 176].

1727.—"HUGHLY is a Town of large Extent, but ill built. It reaches about
2 Miles along the River's Side, from the _Chinchura_ before mentioned to
the BANDEL, a Colony formerly settled by the _Portuguese_, but the
_Mogul's Fouzdaar_ governs both at present."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 19; [ed.
1744].

1753.—"UGLI est une forteresse des Maures.... Ce lieu étant le plus
considérable de la contrée, des Européens qui remontent le Gange, lui ont
donné le nom de RIVIÈRE D'UGLI dans sa partie
inférieure...."—_D'Anville_, p. 64.

HOOGLY RIVER, n.p. See preceding. The stream to which we give this name is formed by the combination of the delta branches of the Ganges, viz., the Baugheruttee, Jalinghee, and Matabanga (_Bhāgirathī_, _Jalangī_, and _Mātābhāngā_), known as the NUDDEEA (Nadiyā) RIVERS.

HOOKA, s. Hind. from Arab. _ḥuḳḳah_, properly 'a round casket.' The Indian pipe for smoking through water, the elaborated HUBBLE-BUBBLE (q.v.). That which is smoked in the _hooka_ is a curious compound of tobacco, spice, molasses, fruit, &c. [See _Baden-Powell, Panjab Products_, i. 290.] In 1840 the _hooka_ was still very common at Calcutta dinner-tables, as well as regimental mess-tables, and its _bubble-bubble-bubble_ was heard from various quarters before the cloth was removed—as was customary in those days. Going back further some twelve or fifteen years it was not very uncommon to see the use of the _hooka_ kept up by old Indians after their return to Europe; one such at least, in the recollection of the elder of the present writers in his childhood, being a lady who continued its use in Scotland for several years. When the second of the present writers landed first at Madras, in 1860, there were perhaps half-a-dozen Europeans at the Presidency who still used the _hooka_; there is not one now (c. 1878). A few gentlemen at Hyderabad are said still to keep it up. [Mrs. Mackenzie writing in 1850 says: "There was a dinner party in the evening (at Agra), mostly civilians, as I quickly discovered by their _huqas_. I have never seen the _huqa_ smoked save at Delhi and Agra, except by a very old general officer at Calcutta." (_Life in the Mission_, ii. 196). In 1837 Miss Eden says: "the aides-de-camp and doctor get their newspapers and _hookahs_ in a cluster on their side of the street." (_Up the Country_, i. 70). The rules for the Calcutta Subscription Dances in 1792 provide: "That _hookers_ be not admitted to the ball room during any part of the night. But _hookers_ might be admitted to the supper rooms, to the card rooms, to the boxes in the theatre, and to each side of the assembly room, between the large pillars and the walls."—_Carey, Good Old Days_, i. 98.] "In former days it was a dire offence to step over another person's _hooka_-carpet and _hooka_-snake. Men who did so intentionally were called out." (_M.-Gen. Keatinge_).

1768.—"This last Season I have been without Company (except that of my
Pipe or HOOKER), and when employed in the innocent diversion of smoaking
it, have often thought of you, and Old England."—_MS. Letter of James
Rennell_, July 1.

1782.—"When he observes that the gentlemen introduce their HOOKAS and
smoak in the company of ladies, why did he not add that the mixture of
sweet-scented Persian tobacco, sweet herbs, coarse sugar, spice, etc.,
which they inhale ... comes through clean water, and is so very pleasant,
that many ladies take the tube, and draw a little of the smoak into their
mouths."—_Price's Tracts_, vol. i. p. 78.

1783.—"For my part, in thirty years' residence, I never could find out
one single luxury of the East, so much talked of here, except sitting in
an arm-chair, smoaking a HOOKA, drinking cool water (when I could get
it), and wearing clean linen."—(_Jos. Price_), _Some Observations on a
late Publication_, &c., 79.

1789.—"When the cloth is removed, all the servants except the HOOKERBEDAR
retire, and make way for the sea breeze to circulate, which is very
refreshing to the Company, whilst they drink their wine, and smoke the
HOOKER, a machine not easily described...."—_Munro's Narrative_, 53.

1828.—"Every one was hushed, but the noise of that wind ... and the
occasional bubbling of my own HOOKAH, which had just been furnished with
another chillum."—_The Kuzzilbash_, i. 2.

c. 1849.—See Sir C. Napier, quoted under GRAM-FED.

c. 1858.—

"Son HOUKA bigarré d'arabesques fleuries."
_Leconte de Lisle, Poèmes Barbares._

1872.—"... in the background the carcase of a boar with a cluster of
villagers sitting by it, passing a HOOKAH of primitive form round, for
each to take a pull in turn."—_A True Reformer_, ch. i.

1874.—"... des HOUKAS d'argent emaillé et ciselé...."—_Franz, Souvenir
d'une Cosaque_, ch. iv.

HOOKA-BURDAR, s. Hind. from Pers. _huḳḳa-bardār_, 'hooka-bearer'; the servant whose duty it was to attend to his master's hooka, and who considered that duty sufficient to occupy his time. See _Williamson, V.M._ i. 220.

[1779.—"Mr. and Mrs. Hastings present their compliments to Mr. —— and
request the favour of his company to a concert and supper on Thursday
next. Mr. —— is requested to bring no servants except his
HOUCCABURDAR."—In _Carey, Good Old Days_, i. 71.]

1789.—"HOOKERBEDAR." (See under HOOKA.)

1801.—"The Resident ... tells a strange story how his HOOKAH-BURDAR,
after cheating and robbing him, proceeded to England, and set up as the
Prince of Sylhet, took in everybody, was waited upon by Pitt, dined with
the Duke of York, and was presented to the King."—_Elphinstone_, in
_Life_, i. 34.

HOOKUM, s. An order; Ar.—H. _ḥukm_. (See under HAKIM.)

[1678.—"The King's HOOKIM is of as small value as an ordinary
Governour's."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. xlvi.

[1880.—"Of course Raja Joe HOOKHAM will preside."—_Ali Baba_, 106.]

HOOLUCK, s. Beng. _hūlak_? The word is not in the Dicts., [but it is possibly connected with _ulūk_, Skt. _ulūka_, 'an owl,' both bird and animal taking their name from their wailing note]. The black gibbon (_Hylobates hoolook_, _Jerd._; [_Blanford_, _Mammalia_, 5]), not unfrequently tamed on our E. frontier, and from its gentle engaging ways, and plaintive cries, often becoming a great pet. In the forests of the Kasia Hills, when there was neither sound nor sign of a living creature, by calling out hoo! hoo! one sometimes could wake a clamour in response from the _hoolucks_, as if hundreds had suddenly started to life, each shouting hoo! hoo! hoo! at the top of his voice.

c. 1809.—"The HULLUKS live in considerable herds; and although
exceedingly noisy, it is difficult to procure a view, their activity in
springing from tree to tree being very great; and they are very
shy."—_Buchanan's Rungpoor_, in _Eastern India_, iii. 563.

1868.—"Our only captive this time was a HULUQ monkey, a shy little beast,
and very rarely seen or caught. They have black fur with white breasts,
and go about usually in pairs, swinging from branch to branch with
incredible agility, and making the forest resound with their strange
cachinatory cry...."—_T. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, 374.

1884.—"He then ... describes a gibbon he had (not an historian nor a
book, but a specimen of _Hylobates_ HOOLUCK) who must have been wholly
delightful. This engaging anthropoid used to put his arm through Mr.
Sterndale's, was extremely clean in his habits ('which,' says Mr.
Sterndale thoughtfully and truthfully, 'cannot be said of all the monkey
tribe'), and would not go to sleep without a pillow. Of course he died of
consumption. The gibbon, however, as a pet has one weakness, that of
'howling in a piercing and somewhat hysterical fashion for some minutes
till exhausted.'"—_Saty. Review_, May 31, on _Sterndale's Nat. Hist. of
Mammalia of India_, &c.

HOOLY, s. Hind. _holī_ (Skt. _holākā_), [perhaps from the sound made in singing]. The spring festival, held at the approach of the vernal equinox, during the 10 days preceding the full moon of the month _P'hālguṇa_. It is a sort of carnival in honour of Kṛishna and the milkmaids. Passers-by are chaffed, and pelted with red powder, or drenched with yellow liquids from squirts. Songs, mostly obscene, are sung in praise of Kṛishna, and dances performed round fires. In Bengal the feast is called _ḍol jātrā_, or 'Swing-cradle festival.' [On the idea underlying the rite, see _Frazer, Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. iii. 306 _seq._]

c. 1590.—"Here is also a place called Cheramutty, where, during the feast
of the HOOLY, flames issue out of the ground in a most astonishing
manner."—_Gladwin's Ayeen Akbery_, ii. 34; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 173].

[1671.—"In Feb. or March they have a feast the Romanists call Carnival,
the Indians WHOOLYE."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cccxiv.]

1673.—"... their HOOLY, which is at their other Seed-Time."—_Fryer_, 180.

1727.—"One (Feast) they kept on Sight of a New Moon in February, exceeded
the rest in ridiculous Actions and Expense; and this they called the
Feast of WOOLY, who was ... a fierce fellow in a War with some Giants
that infested Sindy...."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 128; [ed. 1744, i. 129].

1808.—"I have delivered your message to Mr. H. about April day, but he
says he understands the learned to place the HOOLY as according with May
day, and he believes they have no occasion in India to set apart a
particular day in the year for the manufacture...."—Letter from _Mrs.
Halhed_ to _W. Hastings_, in _Cal. Review_, xxvi. 93.

1809.—"... We paid the Muha Raj (Sindhia) the customary visit at the
HOHLEE. Everything was prepared for playing; but at Captain C.'s
particular request, that part of the ceremony was dispensed with. Playing
the HOHLEE consists in throwing about a quantity of flour, made from a
water-nut called SINGARA, and dyed with red sanders; it is called
_abeer_; and the principal sport is to cast it into the eyes, mouth, and
nose of the players, and to splash them all over with water tinged of an
orange colour with the flowers of the _dak_ (see DHAWK)
tree."—_Broughton's Letters_, p. 87; [ed. 1892, p. 65 _seq._].

HOON, s. A gold PAGODA (coin), q.v. Hind. _hūn_, "perhaps from Canar. _honnu_ (gold)"—_Wilson_. [See _Rice, Mysore_, i. 801.]

1647.—"A wonderfully large diamond from a mine in the territory of
Golkonda had fallen into the hands of Kutbu-l-Mulk; whereupon an order
was issued, directing him to forward the same to Court; when its
estimated value would be taken into account as part of the two _lacs_ of
HUNS which was the stipulated amount of his annual tribute."—_'Ināyat
Khān_, in _Elliot_, vii. 84.

1879.—"In Exhibit 320 Ramji engages to pay five HONS (= Rs. 20) to
Vithoba, besides paying the Government assessment."—_Bombay High Court
Judgment_, Jan. 27, p. 121.

HOONDY, s. Hind. _hunḍī_, _hunḍavī_; Mahr. and Guj. _huṇḍī_. A bill of exchange in a native language.

1810.—"HOONDIES (_i.e._ bankers' drafts) would be of no use whatever to
them."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 530.

HOONIMAUN, s. The great ape; also called LUNGOOR.

1653.—"HERMAND est vn singe que les Indou tiennent pour Sainct."—_De la
Boullaye-le-Gouz_, p. 541.

HOOWA. A peculiar call (_hūwa_) used by the Singhalese, and thence applied to the distance over which this call can be heard. Compare the Australian _coo-ee_.

HOPPER, s. A colloquial term in S. India for cakes (usually of rice-flour), somewhat resembling the wheaten CHUPATTIES (q.v.) of Upper India. It is the Tamil _appam_, [from _appu_, 'to clap with the hand.' In Bombay the form used is AP.]

1582.—"Thus having talked a while, he gave him very good entertainment,
and commanded to give him certaine cakes, made of the flower of Wheate,
which the Malabars do call APES, and with the same honnie."—_Castañeda_
(by N.L.), f. 38.

1606.—"Great dishes of APAS."—_Gouvea_, f. 48_v_.

1672.—"These cakes are called APEN by the Malabars."—_Baldaeus,
Afgoderye_ (Dutch ed.), 39.

c. 1690.—"Ex iis (the chestnuts of the Jack fruit) in sole siccatis
farinam, ex eaque placentas, APAS dictas, conficiunt."—_Rheede_, iii.

1707.—"Those who bake OPPERS without permission will be subject to severe
penalty."—_Thesavaleme_ (Tamil Laws of Jaffna), 700.

[1826.—"He sat down beside me, and shared between us his coarse brown
APS."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 81.]

1860.—"_Appas_ (called HOPPERS by the English) ... supply their morning
repast."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 161.

HOPPO, s. The Chinese Superintendent of Customs at Canton. Giles says: "The term is said to be a corruption of _Hoo poo_, the Board of Revenue, with which office the _Hoppo_, or Collector of duties, is in direct communication." Dr. Williams gives a different account (see below). Neither affords much satisfaction. [The _N.E.D._ accepts the account given in the quotation from Williams.]

1711.—"The HOPPOS, who look on Europe Ships as a great Branch of their
Profits, will give you all the fair words imaginable."—_Lockyer_, 101.

1727.—"I have staid about a Week, and found no Merchants come near me,
which made me suspect, that there were some underhand dealings between
the HAPOA and his Chaps, to my Prejudice."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 228; [ed.
1744, ii. 227]. (See also under HONG.)

1743.—"... just as he (Mr. Anson) was ready to embark, the HOPPO or
_Chinese_ Custom-house officer of _Macao_ refused to grant a permit to
the boat."—_Anson's Voyage_, 9th ed. 1756, p. 355.

1750-52.—"The HOPPO, HAPPA, or first inspector of customs ... came to see
us to-day."—_Osbeck_, i. 359.

1782.—"La charge d'OPEOU répond à celle d'intendant de
province."—_Sonnerat_, ii. 236.

1797.—"... the HOPPO or mandarine more immediately connected with
Europeans."—_Sir G. Staunton_, i. 239.

1842 (?).—"The term HOPPO is confined to Canton, and is a corruption of
the term _hoi-po-sho_, the name of the officer who has control over the
boats on the river, strangely applied to the Collector of Customs by
foreigners."—_Wells Williams, Chinese Commercial Guide_, 221.

[1878.—"The second board or tribunal is named HOOPOO, and to it is
entrusted the care and keeping of the imperial revenue."—_Gray, China_,
i. 19.]

1882.—"It may be as well to mention here that the 'HOPPO' (as he was
incorrectly styled) filled an office especially created for the foreign
trade at Canton.... The Board of Revenue is in Chinese 'Hoo-poo,' and the
office was locally misapplied to the officer in question."—_The Fankwae
at Canton_, p. 36.

HORSE-KEEPER, s. An old provincial English term, used in the Madras Presidency and in Ceylon, for 'groom.' The usual corresponding words are, in N. India, SYCE (q.v.), and in Bombay _ghorāwālā_ (see GORAWALLAH).

1555.—"There in the reste of the Cophine made for the nones thei bewrie
one of his dierest lemmans, a waityng manne, a Cooke, a HORSE-KEEPER, a
Lacquie, a Butler, and a Horse, whiche thei al at first strangle, and
thruste in."—_W. Watreman, Fardle of Faciouns_, N. 1.

1609.—"Watermen, Lackeyes, HORSE-KEEPERS."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i.
216.

1673.—"On St. George's Day I was commanded by the Honourable _Gerald
Aungier_ ... to embarque on a Bombaim Boat ... waited on by two of the
Governor's servants ... an HORSEKEEPER...."—_Fryer_, 123.

1698.—"... followed by his boy ... and his HORSEKEEPER."—In _Wheeler_, i.
300.

1829.—"In my English buggy, with lamps lighted and an English sort of a
nag, I might almost have fancied myself in England, but for the black
HORSE-KEEPER alongside of me."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 87.

1837.—"Even my horse pretends he is too fine to switch off his own flies
with his own long tail, but turns his head round to order the HORSEKEEPER
... to wipe them off for him."—_Letters from Madras_, 50.

HORSE-RADISH TREE, s. This is a common name, in both N. and S. India, for the tree called in Hind. _sahajnā_; _Moringa pterygosperma_, Gaertn., _Hyperanthera Moringa_, Vahl. (N. O. _Moringaceae_), in Skt. _sobhānjana_. Sir G. Birdwood says: "A marvellous tree botanically, as no one knows in what order to put it; it has links with so many; and it is evidently a 'head-centre' in the progressive development of forms." The name is given because the scraped root is used in place of horse-radish, which it closely resembles in flavour. In S. India the same plant is called the DRUMSTICK-TREE (q.v.), from the shape of the long slender fruit, which is used as a vegetable, or in curry, or made into a native pickle "most nauseous to Europeans" (_Punjab Plants_). It is a native of N.W. India, and also extensively cultivated in India and other tropical countries, and is used also for many purposes in the native pharmacopœia. [See MYROBALAN.]

HOSBOLHOOKUM, &c. Properly (Ar. used in Hind.) _ḥasb-ul-ḥukm_, literally 'according to order'; these words forming the initial formula of a document issued by officers of State on royal authority, and thence applied as the title of such a document.

[1678.—"Had it bin another King, as Shajehawn, whose phirmaund (see
FIRMAUN) and HASBULLHOOKIMS were of such great force and binding."—In
_Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. xlvi.]

" "... the other given in the 10th year of Oranzeeb, for the
English to pay 2 per cent. at Surat, which the Mogul interpreted by his
order, and HUSBULL HOOKUM (_id est_, a word of command by word of mouth)
to his Devan in Bengall, that the English were to pay 2 per cent. custom
at Surat, and in all other his dominions to be custom free."—_Ft. St.
Geo. Consns._, 17th Dec., in _Notes and Exts._, Pt. I. pp. 97-98.

1702.—"The Nabob told me that the great God knows that he had ever a
hearty respect for the English ... saying, here is the HOSBULHOCUM, which
the king has sent me to seize Factories and all their effects."—In
_Wheeler_, i. 387.

1727.—"The _Phirmaund_ is presented (by the _Goosberdaar_ (GOORZBURDAR),
or HOSBALHOUCKAIN, or, in _English_, the King's Messenger) and the
Governor of the Province or City makes a short speech."—_A. Hamilton_, i.
230; [ed. 1744, i. 233].

1757.—"This Treaty was conceived in the following Terms. I. Whatever
Rights and Privileges the King had granted the English Company, in their
Phirmaund, and the HUSHULHOORUMS (_sic_), sent from Delly, shall not be
disputed."—_Mem. of the Revolution in Bengal_, pp. 21-22.

1759.—"HOUSBUL-HOOKUM (_under the great seal of the Nabob Vizier, Ulmah
Maleck, Nizam al Mulack Bahadour_). Be peace unto the high and renowned
Mr. John Spencer ..."—In _Cambridge's Acct. of the War_, &c., 229.

1761.—"A grant signed by the Mogul is called a Phirmaund (_farmān_). By
the Mogul's Son, a Nushawn (_nishān_). By the Nabob a Perwanna
(_parwāna_). By the Vizier, a HOUSEBUL-HOOKUM."—_Ibid._ 226.

1769.—"Besides it is obvious, that as great a sum might have been drawn
from that Company without affecting property ... or running into his
golden dream of cockets on the Ganges, or visions of Stamp duties,
_Perwannas_, _Dusticks_, _Kistbundees_ and HUSBULHOOKUMS."—_Burke, Obsns.
on a late Publication called_ "The Present State of the Nation."

HOT-WINDS, s. This may almost be termed the name of one of the seasons of the year in Upper India, when the hot dry westerly winds prevail, and such aids to coolness as the TATTY and THERMANTIDOTE (q.v.) are brought into use. May is the typical month of such winds.

1804.—"Holkar appears to me to wish to avoid the contest at present; and
so does Gen. Lake, possibly from a desire to give his troops some repose,
and not to expose the Europeans to the HOT WINDS in
Hindustan."—_Wellington_, iii. 180.

1873.—"It's no use thinking of lunch in this roaring HOT WIND that's
getting up, so we shall be all light and fresh for another shy at the
pigs this afternoon."—_The True Reformer_, i. p. 8.

HOWDAH, vulg. HOWDER, &c., s. Hind. modified from Ar. _haudaj_. A great chair or framed seat carried by an elephant. The original Arabic word _haudaj_ is applied to litters carried by camels.

c. 1663.—"At other times he rideth on an Elephant in a _Mik-dember_ or
HAUZE ... the _Mik-dember_ being a little square House or Turret of Wood,
is always painted and gilded; and the HAUZE, which is an Oval seat,
having a Canopy with Pillars over it, is so likewise."—_Bernier_, E.T.
119; [ed. _Constable_, 370].

c. 1785.—"Colonel Smith ... reviewed his troops from the HOUDAR of his
elephant."—_Carraccioli's L. of Clive_, iii. 133.

A popular rhyme which was applied in India successively to Warren Hastings' escape from Benares in 1781, and to Col. Monson's retreat from Malwa in 1804, and which was perhaps much older than either, runs:

"Ghoṛe par HAUDA, hāthī par jīn
Jaldī bhāg-gāyā { Warren Hastīn!
{ Kornail Munsīn!"

which may be rendered with some anachronism in expression:

"Horses with HOWDAHS, and elephants saddled
Off helter skelter the Sahibs skedaddled."

[1805.—"HOUZA, HOWDA." See under AMBAREE.]

1831.—

"And when they talked of Elephants,
And riding in my HOWDER,
(So it was called by all my aunts)
I prouder grew and prouder."
_H. M. Parker_, in _Bengal Annual_, 119.

1856.—

"But she, the gallant lady, holding fast
With one soft arm the jewelled HOWDAH'S side,
Still with the other circles tight the babe
Sore smitten by a cruel shaft ..."
_The Banyan Tree_, a Poem.

1863.—"Elephants are also liable to be disabled ... ulcers arise from
neglect or carelessness in fitting on the HOWDAH."—_Sat. Review_, Sept.
6, 312.

HUBBA, s. A grain; a jot or tittle. Ar. _ḥabba_.

1786.—"For two years we have not received a HUBBA on account of our
TUNKAW, though the ministers have annually charged a lac of rupees, and
never paid us anything."—In _Art. agst. Hastings, Burke_, vii. 141.

[1836.—"The HABBEH (or grain of barley) is the 48th part of dirhem, or
third of a keerat ... or in commerce fully equal to an English
grain."—_Lane, Mod. Egypt._, ii. 326.]

HUBBLE-BUBBLE, s. An onomatopoeia applied to the _hooka_ in its rudimentary form, as used by the masses in India. Tobacco, or a mixture containing tobacco amongst other things, is placed with embers in a terra-cotta CHILLUM (q.v.), from which a reed carries the smoke into a coconut shell half full of water, and the smoke is drawn through a hole in the side, generally without any kind of mouth-piece, making a bubbling or gurgling sound. An elaborate description is given in Terry's _Voyage_ (see below), and another in _Govinda Samanta_, i. 29 (1872).

1616.—"... they have little Earthen Pots ... having a narrow neck and an
open round top, out of the belly of which comes a small spout, to the
lower part of which spout they fill the Pot with water: then putting
their _Tobacco_ loose in the top, and a burning coal upon it, they having
first fastned a very small strait hollow Cane or Reed ... within that
spout ... the Pot standing on the ground, draw that smoak into their
mouths, which first falls upon the Superficies of the water, and much
discolours it. And this way of taking their _Tobacco_, they believe makes
it much more cool and wholsom."—_Terry_, ed. 1665, p. 363.

c. 1630.—"Tobacco is of great account here; not strong (as our men love),
but weake and leafie; suckt out of long canes call'd HUBBLE-BUBBLES
..."—_Sir. T. Herbert_, 28.

1673.—"Coming back I found my troublesome Comrade very merry, and packing
up his Household Stuff, his _Bang_ bowl, and HUBBLE-BUBBLE, to go along
with me."—_Fryer_, 127.

1673.—"... bolstered up with embroidered Cushions, smoaking out of a
silver HUBBLE-BUBBLE."—_Fryer_, 131.

1697.—"... Yesterday the King's Dewan, and this day the King's Buxee ...
arrived ... to each of whom sent two bottles of Rose-water, and a glass
HUBBLE-BUBBLE, with a compliment."—In _Wheeler_, i. 318.

c. 1760.—See _Grose_, i. 146.

1811.—"Cette manière de fumer est extrêmement commune ... on la nomme
HUBBEL DE BUBBEL."—_Solvyns_, tom. iii.

1868.—"His (the Dyak's) favourite pipe is a huge
HUBBLE-BUBBLE."—_Wallace, Mal. Archip._, ed. 1880, p. 80.

HUBSHEE, n.p. Ar. _Ḥabashī_, P. _Ḥabshī_, 'an Abyssinian,' an Ethiopian, a negro. The name is often specifically applied to the chief of Jinjīra on the western coast, who is the descendant of an Abyssinian family.

1298.—"There are numerous cities and villages in this province of ABASH,
and many merchants."—_Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. ii. 425.

[c. 1346.—"HABSHIS." See under COLOMBO.]

1553.—"At this time, among certain Moors, who came to sell provisions to
the ships, had come three ABESHIS (_Abexijs_) of the country of the
Prester John ..."—_Barros_, I. iv. 4.

[1612.—"Sent away the Thomas towards the HABASH coast."—_Danvers,
Letters_, i. 166; "The HABESH shore."—_Ibid._ i. 131.

[c. 1661.—"... on my way to Gonder, the capital of HABECH, or Kingdom of
Ethiopia."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 2.]

1673.—"Cowis Cawn, an HOBSY or Arabian _Coffery_ (CAFFER)."—_Fryer_, 147.

1681.—"_Habessini_ ... nunc passim nominantur; vocabulo ab Arabibus
indito, quibus HABESH colluviem vel mixturam gentium denotat."—_Ludolphi,
Hist. Aethiop._ lib. i. c. i.

1750-60.—"The Moors are also fond of having Abyssinian slaves known in
India by the name of HOBSHY Coffrees."—_Grose_, i. 148.

1789.—"In India Negroes, _Habissinians_, _Nobis_ (_i.e._ Nubians) &c. &c.
are promiscuously called HABASHIES or _Habissians_, although the two
latter are no negroes; and the _Nobies_ and HABASHES differ greatly from
one another."—_Note to Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 36.

[1813.—"... the master of a family adopts a slave, frequently a HAFFSHEE
Abyssinian, of the darkest hue, for his heir."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed.
ii. 473.]

1884.—"One of my Tibetan ponies had short curly brown hair, and was
called both by my servants, and by Dr. Campbell, 'a HUBSHEE.'

"I understood that the name was specific for that description of pony
amongst the traders."—_Note by Sir Joseph Hooker._

HUCK. Properly Ar. _haḳḳ_. A just right; a lawful claim; a perquisite claimable by established usage.

[1866.—"The difference between the bazar price, and the amount price of
the article sold, is the HUQ of the Dullal (DELOLL)."—_Confessions of an
Orderly_, 50.]

HUCKEEM, s. Ar.—H. _ḥakīm_; a physician. (See note under HAKIM.)

1622.—"I, who was thinking little or nothing about myself, was forthwith
put by them into the hands of an excellent physician, a native of Shiraz,
who then happened to be at Lar, and whose name was _Hekim Abu'l fetab_.
The word HEKIM signifies 'wise'; it is a title which it is the custom to
give to all those learned in medical matters."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 318.

1673.—"My Attendance is engaged, and a Million of Promises, could I
restore him to his Health, laid down from his Wives, Children, and
Relations, who all (with the Citizens, as I could hear going along) pray
to God that the HACKIN _Fringi_, the _Frank_ Doctor, might kill him
..."—_Fryer_, 312.

1837.—"I had the native works on Materia Medica collated by competent
HAKEEMS and Moonshees."—_Royle, Hindoo Medicine_, 25.

HULLIA, s. Canarese _Holeya_; the same as POLEA (_pulayan_) (q.v.), equivalent to PARIAH (q.v.). ["_Holeyas_ field-labourers and agrestic serfs of S. Canara; _Pulayan_ being the Malayālam and _Paraiyan_ the Tamil form of the same word. Brahmans derive it from _hole_, 'pollution'; others from _hola_, 'land' or 'soil,' as being thought to be autochthones" (_Sturrock, Man. of S. Canara_, i. 173). The last derivation is accepted in the _Madras Gloss._ For an illustration of these people, see _Richter, Man. of Coorg_, 112.]

1817.—"... a HULLIÁ or Pariar King."—_Wilks, Hist. Sketches_, i. 151.

1874.—"At Melkotta, the chief seat of the followers of Râmanya [Rāmānuja]
Achârya, and at the Brâhman temple at Bailur, the HŎLĔYARS or Pareyars
have the right of entering the temple on three days in the year,
specially set apart for them."—_M. J. Walhouse_, in _Ind. Antiq._ iii.
191.

HULWA, s. Ar. _ḥalwā_ and _ḥalāwa_ is generic for sweetmeat, and the word is in use from Constantinople to Calcutta. In H. the word represents a particular class, of which the ingredients are milk, sugar, almond paste, and ghee flavoured with cardamom. "The best at Bombay is imported from Muskat" (_Birdwood_).

1672.—"Ce qui estoit plus le plaisant, c'estoit un homme qui précédoit le
corps des confituriers, lequel avoit une chemise qui luy descendoit aux
talons, toute couverte D'ALVA, c'est à dire, de confiture."—_Journ.
d'Ant. Galland_, i. 118.

1673.—"... the Widow once a Moon (to) go to the Grave with her
Acquaintance to repeat the doleful Dirge, after which she bestows HOLWAY,
a kind of Sacramental Wafer; and entreats their Prayers for the Soul of
the Departed."—_Fryer_, 94.

1836.—"A curious cry of the seller of a kind of sweetmeat ('HALÁWEH'),
composed of treacle fried with some other ingredients, is 'For a nail! O
sweetmeat!...' children and servants often steal implements of iron, &c.,
from the house ... and give them to him in exchange...."—_Lane, Mod.
Egypt._, ed. 1871, ii. 15.

HUMMAUL, s. Ar. _ḥammāl_, a porter. The use of the word in India is confined to the west, and there now commonly indicates a palankin-bearer. The word still survives in parts of Sicily in the form CAMALLU = It. 'facchino,' a relic of the Saracenic occupation. In Andalusia ALHAMEL now means a man who lets out a baggage horse; and the word is also used in Morocco in the same way (_Dozy_).

c. 1350.—"Those rustics whom they call CAMALLS (_camallos_), whose
business it is to carry burdens, and also to carry men and women on their
shoulders in litters, such as are mentioned in Canticles: '_Ferculum
fecit sibi Solomon de lignis Libani_,' whereby is meant a portable litter
such as I used to be carried in at Zayton, and in India."—_John de'
Marignolli_, in _Cathay_, &c., 366.

1554.—"To the Xabandar (see SHABUNDER) (at Ormuz) for the vessels
employed in discharging stores, and for the AMALS who serve in the
custom-house."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 103.

1691.—"His honour was carried by the AMAALS, _i.e._ the Palankyn bearers
12 in number, sitting in his Palankyn."—_Valentijn_, v. 266.

1711.—"HAMALAGE, or Cooley-hire, at 1 _coz_ (see GOSBECK) for every maund
Tabrees."—Tariff in _Lockyer_, 243.

1750-60.—"The HAMAULS or porters, who make a livelihood of carrying goods
to and from the warehouses."—_Grose_, i. 120.

1809.—"The palankeen-bearers are here called HAMAULS (a word signifying
carrier) ... these people come chiefly from the Mahratta country, and are
of the _coombie_ or agricultural caste."—_Maria Graham_, 2.

1813.—For HAMAULS at Bussora, see _Milburn_, i. 126.

1840.—"The HAMALS groaned under the weight of their precious load, the
Apostle of the Ganges" (Dr. Duff to wit).—_Smith's Life of Dr. John
Wilson_, 1878, p. 282.

1877.—"The stately iron gate enclosing the front garden of the Russian
Embassy was beset by a motley crowd.... HAMALS, or street porters, bent
double under the burden of heavy trunks and boxes, would come now and
then up one or other of the two semicircular avenues."—_Letter from
Constantinople_, in _Times_, May 7.

HUMMING-BIRD, s. This name is popularly applied in some parts of India to the sun-birds (sub-fam. _Nectarininae_).

HUMP, s. 'Calcutta humps' are the salted humps of Indian oxen exported from that city. (See under BUFFALO.)

HURCARRA, HIRCARA, &c., s. Hind. _harkārā_, 'a messenger, a courier; an emissary, a spy' (_Wilson_). The etymology, according to the same authority, is _har_, 'every,' _kār_, 'business.' The word became very familiar in the Gilchristian spelling _Hurkaru_, from the existence of a Calcutta newspaper bearing that title (_Bengal Hurkaru_, generally enunciated by non-Indians as _Hurkĕroó_), for the first 60 years of last century, or thereabouts.

1747.—"Given to the IRCARAS for bringing news of the Engagement. (Pag.) 4
3 0."—_Fort St David, Expenses of the Paymaster_, under January. MS.
Records in India Office.

1748.—"The city of Dacca is in the utmost confusion on account of ...
advices of a large force of Mahrattas coming by way of the Sunderbunds,
and that they were advanced as far as Sundra Col, when first descried by
their HURCURRAHS."—In _Long_, 4.

1757.—"I beg you to send me a good ALCARA who understands the Portuguese
language."—Letter in _Ives_, 159.

" "HIRCARS or Spies."—_Ibid._ 161; [and comp. 67].

1761.—"The head HARCAR returned, and told me this as well as several
other secrets very useful to me, which I got from him by dint of money
and some rum."—Letter of _Capt. Martin White_, in _Long_, 260.

[1772.—"HERCARRAS." (See under DALOYET.)]

1780.—"One day upon the march a HIRCARRAH came up and delivered him a
letter from Colonel Baillie."—Letter of _T. Munro_, in _Life_, i. 26.

1803.—"The HIRCARRAS reported the enemy to be at Bokerdun."—Letter of _A.
Wellesley_, _ibid._ 348.

c. 1810.—"We were met at the entrance of Tippoo's dominions by four
HIRCARRAHS, or soldiers, whom the Sultan sent as a guard to conduct us
safely."—_Miss Edgeworth, Lame Jervas._ Miss Edgeworth has oddly misused
the word here.

1813.—"The contrivances of the native HALCARRAHS and spies to conceal a
letter are extremely clever, and the measures they frequently adopt to
elude the vigilance of an enemy are equally extraordinary."—_Forbes, Or.
Mem._ iv. 129; [compare 2nd ed. i. 64; ii. 201].

HURTAUL, s. Hind. from Skt. _haritalaka_, _hartāl_, _haritāl_, yellow arsenic, orpiment.

c. 1347.—Ibn Batuta seems oddly to confound it with camphor. "The best
(camphor) called in the country itself _al_-ḤARDĀLA, is that which
attains the highest degree of cold."—iv. 241.

c. 1759.—"... HARTAL and _Cotch_, Earth-Oil and Wood-Oil...."—List of
Burmese Products, in _Dalrymple's Or. Reper._ i. 109.

HUZĀRA, n.p. This name has two quite distinct uses.