Chapter XVIII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (15)

CABAYA, s. This word, though of Asiatic origin, was perhaps introduced into India by the Portuguese, whose writers of the 16th century apply it to the surcoat or long tunic of muslin, which is one of the most common native garments of the better classes in India. The word seems to be one of those which the Portuguese had received in older times from the Arabic (_ḳabā_, 'a vesture'). From Dozy's remarks this would seem in Barbary to take the form _ḳabāya_. Whether from Arabic or from Portuguese, the word has been introduced into the Malay countries, and is in common use in Java for the light cotton surcoat worn by Europeans, both ladies and gentlemen, in dishabille. The word is not now used in India Proper, unless by the Portuguese. But it has become familiar in Dutch, from its use in Java. [Mr. Gray, in his notes to _Pyrard_ (i. 372), thinks that the word was introduced before the time of the Portuguese, and remarks that KABAYA in Ceylon means a coat or jacket worn by a European or native.]

c. 1540.—"There was in her an Embassador who had brought _Hidalcan_
[IDALCAN] a very rich CABAYA ... which he would not accept of, for that
thereby he would not acknowledge himself subject to the Turk."—_Cogan's
Pinto_, pp. 10-11.

1552.—"... he ordered him then to bestow a CABAYA."—_Castanheda_, iv.
438. See also Stanley's _Correa_, 132.

1554.—"And moreover there are given to these Kings (Malabar Rajas) when
they come to receive these allowances, to each of them a CABAYA of silk,
or of scarlet, of 4 cubits, and a cap or two, and two sheath-knives."—_S.
Botelho, Tombo_, 26.

1572.—

"Luzem da fina purpura as CABAYAS,
Lustram os pannos da tecida seda."
_Camões_, ii. 93.

"CABAYA de damasco rico e dino
Da Tyria cor, entre elles estimada."
_Ibid._ 95.

In these two passages Burton translates _caftan_.

1585.—"The King is apparelled with a CABIE made like a shirt tied with
strings on one side."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._, ii. 386.

1598.—"They wear sometimes when they go abroad a thinne cotton linnen
gowne called CABAIA...."—_Linschoten_, 70; [Hak. Soc. i. 247].

c. 1610.—"Cette jaquette ou soutane, qu'ils appellent _Libasse_ (P.
_libās_, 'clothing') ou CABAYE, est de toile de Cotton fort fine et
blanche, qui leur va jusqu'aux talons."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 265; [Hak.
Soc. i. 372].

[1614.—"The white CABAS which you have with you at Bantam would sell
here."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 44.]

1645.—"Vne CABAYE qui est vne sorte de vestement comme vne large soutane
couverte par le devant, à manches fort larges."—_Cardim, Rel. de la Prov.
du Japon_, 56.

1689.—"It is a distinction between the _Moors_ and _Bannians_, the
_Moors_ tie their CABA'S always on the Right side, and the _Bannians_ on
the left...."—_Ovington_, 314. This distinction is still true.

1860.—"I afterwards understood that the dress they were wearing was a
sort of native garment, which there in the country they call _sarong_ or
KABAAI, but I found it very unbecoming."—_Max Havelaar_, 43. [There is
some mistake here, SARONG and _Kabaya_ are quite different.]

1878.—"Over all this is worn (by Malay women) a long loose dressing-gown
style of garment called the KABAYA. This robe falls to the middle of the
leg, and is fastened down the front with circular brooches."—_McNair,
Perak_, &c., 151.

CABOB, s. Ar.-H. _kabāb_. This word is used in Anglo-Indian households generically for roast meat. [It usually follows the name of the dish, _e.g. murghī kabāb_, 'roast fowl'.] But specifically it is applied to the dish described in the quotations from Fryer and Ovington.

c. 1580.—"Altero modo ... ipsam (carnem) in parva frustra dissectam, et
veruculis ferreis acuum modo infixam, super crates ferreas igne supposito
positam torrefaciunt, quam succo limonum aspersam avidè
esitant."—_Prosper Alpinus_, Pt. i. 229.

1673.—"CABOB is Rostmeat on Skewers, cut in little round pieces no bigger
than a Sixpence, and Ginger and Garlick put between each."—_Fryer_, 404.

1689.—"CABOB, that is Beef or Mutton cut in small pieces, sprinkled with
salt and pepper, and dipt with Oil and Garlick, which have been mixt
together in a dish, and then roasted on a Spit, with sweet Herbs put
between and stuff in them, and basted with Oil and Garlick all the
while."—_Ovington_, 397.

1814.—"I often partook with my Arabs of a dish common in Arabia called
KABOB or KAB-AB, which is meat cut into small pieces and placed on thin
skewers, alternately between slices of onion and green ginger, seasoned
with pepper, salt, and Kian, fried in ghee, to be ate with rice and
dholl."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 480; [2nd ed. ii. 82; in i. 315 he writes
KEBABS].

[1876.—"... _kavap_ (a name which is naturalised with us as CABOBS),
small bits of meat roasted on a spit...."—_Schuyler, Turkistan_, i. 125.]

CABOOK, s. This is the Ceylon term for the substance called in India LATERITE (q.v.), and in Madras by the native name MOORUM (q.v.). The word is perhaps the Port. _cabouco_ or _cavouco_, 'a quarry.' It is not in Singh. Dictionaries. [Mr. Ferguson says that it is a corruption of the Port. _pedras de cavouco_, 'quarry-stones,' the last word being by a misapprehension applied to the stones themselves. The earliest instance of the use of the word he has met with occurs in the _Travels_ of Dr. Aegidius Daalmans (1687-89), who describes KAPHOK stone as 'like small pebbles lying in a hard clay, so that if a large square stone is allowed to lie for some time in the water, the clay dissolves and the pebbles fall in a heap together; but if this stone is laid in good mortar, so that the water cannot get at it, it does good service' (_J. As. Soc. Ceylon_, x. 162). The word is not in the ordinary Singhalese Dicts., but A. Mendis Gunasekara in his Singhalese Grammar (1891), among words derived from the Port., gives _kabuk-gal_ (_cabouco_), _cabook_ (stone), 'laterite.']

1834.—"The soil varies in different situations on the Island. In the
country round Colombo it consists of a strong red clay, or marl, called
CABOOK, mixed with sandy ferruginous particles."—_Ceylon Gazetteer_, 33.

" "The houses are built with CABOOK, and neatly whitewashed with
chunam."—_Ibid._ 75.

1860.—"A peculiarity which is one of the first to strike a stranger who
lands at Galle or Colombo is the bright red colour of the streets and
roads ... and the ubiquity of the fine red dust which penetrates every
crevice and imparts its own tint to every neglected article. Natives
resident in these localities are easily recognisable elsewhere by the
general hue of their dress. This is occasioned by the prevalence ... of
_laterite_, or, as the Singhalese call it, CABOOK."—_Tennent's Ceylon_,
i. 17.

CABUL, CAUBOOL, &c., n.p. This name (_Kābul_) of the chief city of N. Afghanistan, now so familiar, is perhaps traceable in Ptolemy, who gives in that same region a people called Καβολῖται, and a city called Κάβουρα. Perhaps, however, one or both may be corroborated by the νάρδος Καβαλίτη of the Periplus. The accent of Kābul is most distinctly on the first and long syllable, but English mouths are very perverse in error here. Moore accents the last syllable:

"... pomegranates full
Of melting sweetness, and the pears
And sunniest apples that CAUBUL
In all its thousand gardens bears."
_Light of the Harem._

Mr. Arnold does likewise in _Sohrab and Rustam_:

"But as a troop of pedlars from CABOOL,
Cross underneath the Indian Caucasus...."

It was told characteristically of the late Lord Ellenborough that, after his arrival in India, though for months he heard the name correctly spoken by his councillors and his staff, he persisted in calling it _Căbōol_ till he met Dost Mahommed Khan. After the interview the Governor-General announced as a new discovery, from the Amir's pronunciation, that _Cābŭl_ was the correct form.

1552.—Barros calls it "a Cidade CABOL, Metropoli dos Mogoles."—IV. vi. 1.

[c. 1590.—"The territory of KÁBUL comprises twenty Tumáns."—_Āīn_, tr.
_Jarrett_, ii. 410.]

1856.—

"Ah CABUL! word of woe and bitter shame;
Where proud old England's flag, dishonoured, sank
Beneath the Crescent; and the butcher knives
Beat down like reeds the bayonets that had flashed
From Plassey on to snow-capt Caucasus,
In triumph through a hundred years of war."
_The Banyan Tree_, a Poem.

CACOULI, s. This occurs in the App. to the _Journal d'Antoine Galland_, at Constantinople in 1673: "Dragmes de CACOULI, drogue qu'on use dans le Cahue," _i.e._ in coffee (ii. 206). This is Pers. Arab. _ḳāḳula_ for Cardamom, as in the quotation from Garcia. We may remark that _Ḳāḳula_ was a place somewhere on the Gulf of Siam, famous for its fine aloes-wood (see _Ibn Batuta_, iv. 240-44). And a bastard kind of Cardamom appears to be exported from Siam, _Amomum xanthoides_, Wal.

1563.—"O. Avicena gives a chapter on the CACULLÁ, dividing it into the
_bigger_ and the _less_ ... calling one of them _cacollá quebir_, and the
other _cacollá ceguer_ [Ar. _kabīr_, _ṣaghīr_], which is as much as to
say _greater cardamom_ and _smaller cardamom_."—_Garcia De O._, f. 47_v_.

1759.—"These Vakeels ... stated that the Rani (of Bednore) would pay a
yearly sum of 100,000 _Hoons_ or Pagodas, besides a tribute of other
valuable articles, such as _Foful_ (betel), Dates, Sandal-wood, KAKUL ...
black pepper, &c."—_Hist. of Hydur Naik_, 133.

CADDY, s. _i.e._ tea-caddy. This is possibly, as Crawfurd suggests, from CATTY (q.v.), and may have been originally applied to a small box containing a _catty_ or two of tea. The suggestion is confirmed by this advertisement:

1792.—"By R. Henderson.... A Quantity of Tea in Quarter Chests and
CADDIES, imported last season...."—_Madras Courier_, Dec. 2.

CADET, s. (From Prov. _capdet_, and Low Lat. _capitettum_, [dim. of _caput_, 'head'] Skeat). This word is of course by no means exclusively Anglo-Indian, but it was in exceptionally common and familiar use in India, as all young officers appointed to the Indian army went out to that country as _cadets_, and were only promoted to ensigncies and posted to regiments after their arrival—in olden days sometimes a considerable time after their arrival. In those days there was a building in Fort William known as the 'Cadet Barrack'; and for some time early in last century the cadets after their arrival were sent to a sort of college at Baraset; a system which led to no good, and was speedily abolished.

1763.—"We should very gladly comply with your request for sending you
young persons to be brought up as assistants in the Engineering branch,
but as we find it extremely difficult to procure such, you will do well
to employ any who have a talent that way among the CADETS or
others."—_Court's Letter_, in _Long_, 290.

1769.—"Upon our leaving England, the CADETS and WRITERS used the great
cabin promiscuously; but finding they were troublesome and quarrelsome,
we brought a Bill into the house for their ejectment."—_Life of Lord
Teignmouth_, i. 15.

1781.—"The CADETS of the end of the years 1771 and beginning of 1772
served in the country four years as CADETS and carried the musket all the
time."—Letter in _Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, Sept. 29.

CADJAN, s. Jav. and Malay _ḳājāng_, [or according to Mr. Skeat, _kajang_], meaning 'palm-leaves,' especially those of the NIPA (q.v.) palm, dressed for thatching or matting. Favre's Dict. renders the word _feuilles entrelacées_. It has been introduced by foreigners into S. and W. India, where it is used in two senses:

A. Coco-palm leaves matted, the common substitute for thatch in S. India.

1673.—"... flags especially in their Villages (by them called CAJANS,
being Cocoe-tree branches) upheld with some few sticks, supplying both
Sides and Coverings to their Cottages."—_Fryer_, 17. In his Explanatory
Index Fryer gives 'CAJAN, a bough of a Toddy-tree.'

c. 1680.—"Ex iis (foliis) quoque rudiores mattae, CADJANG vocatae,
conficiuntur, quibus aedium muri et navium orae, quum frumentum aliquod
in iis deponere velimus, obteguntur."—_Rumphius_, i. 71.

1727.—"We travelled 8 or 10 miles before we came to his (the Cananore
Raja's) Palace, which was built with Twigs, and covered with CADJANS or
Cocoa-nut Tree Leaves woven together."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 296.

1809.—"The lower classes (at Bombay) content themselves with small huts,
mostly of clay, and roofed with CADJAN."—_Maria Graham_, 4.

1860.—"Houses are timbered with its wood, and roofed with its plaited
fronds, which under the name of CADJANS, are likewise employed for
constructing partitions and fences."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 126.

B. A strip of fan-palm leaf, i.e. either of the TALIPOT (q.v.) or of the PALMYRA, prepared for writing on; and so a document written on such a strip. (See OLLAH.)

1707.—"The officer at the Bridge Gate bringing in this morning to the
Governor a CAJAN letter that he found hung upon a post near the Gate,
which when translated seemed to be from a body of the Right Hand
Caste."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 78.

1716.—"The President acquaints the Board that he has intercepted a
villainous letter or CAJAN."—_Ibid._ ii. 231.

1839.—"At Rajahmundry ... the people used to sit in our reading room for
hours, copying our books on their own little CADJAN leaves."—_Letters
from Madras_, 275.

CADJOWA, s. [P. _kajāwah_]. A kind of frame or pannier, of which a pair are slung across a camel, sometimes made like litters to carry women or sick persons, sometimes to contain sundries of camp equipage.

1645.—"He entered the town with 8 or 10 camels, the two CAJAVAS or
Litters on each side of the Camel being close shut.... But instead of
Women, he had put into every CAJAVA two Souldiers."—_Tavernier_, E. T.
ii. 61; [ed. _Ball_, i. 144].

1790.—"The camel appropriated to the accommodation of passengers, carries
two persons, who are lodged in a kind of pannier, laid loosely on the
back of the animal. This pannier, termed in the Persic KIDJAHWAH, is a
wooden frame, with the sides and bottom of netted cords, of about 3 feet
long and 2 broad, and 2 in depth ... the journey being usually made in
the night-time, it becomes the only place of his rest.... Had I been even
much accustomed to this manner of travelling, it must have been irksome;
but a total want of practice made it excessively grievous."—_Forster's
Journey_, ed. 1808, ii. 104-5.

CAEL, n.p. Properly _Kāyal_ [Tam. _kāyu_, 'to be hot'], 'a lagoon' or 'backwater.' Once a famous port near the extreme south of India at the mouth of the Tamraparni R., in the Gulf of Manaar, and on the coast of Tinnevelly, now long abandoned. Two or three miles higher up the river lies the site of _Korkai_ or _Kolkai_, the Κόλχοι ἐμπόριον of the Greeks, each port in succession having been destroyed by the retirement of the sea. Tutikorin, six miles N., may be considered the modern and humbler representative of those ancient marts; [see _Stuart, Man. of Tinnevelly_, 38 _seqq._].

1298.—"CAIL is a great and noble city.... It is at this city that all the
ships touch that come from the west."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 21.

1442.—"The Coast, which includes Calicut with some neighbouring ports,
and which extends as far as Kabel (read ḲĀYEL) a place situated opposite
the Island of Serendib...."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in the XVth Cent._,
19.

1444.—"Ultra eas urbs est CAHILA, qui locus margaritas ...
producit."—_Conti_, in _Poggius, De Var. Fortunae_.

1498.—"Another Kingdom, CAELL, which has a Moorish King, whilst the
people are Christian. It is ten days from Calecut by sea ... here there
be many pearls."—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 108.

1514.—"Passando oltre al Cavo Comedi (C. Comorin), sono gentili; e intra
esso e GAEL è dove si pesca le perle."—_Giov. da Empoli_, 79.

1516.—"Further along the coast is a city called CAEL, which also belongs
to the King of Coulam, peopled by Moors and Gentoos, great traders. It
has a good harbour, whither come many ships of Malabar; others of
Charamandel and Benguala."—_Barbosa_, in _Lisbon Coll._, 357-8.

CAFFER, CAFFRE, COFFREE, &c., n.p. The word is properly the Ar. _Kāfir_, pl. _Kofra_, 'an infidel, an unbeliever in Islām.' As the Arabs applied this to Pagan negroes, among others, the Portuguese at an early date took it up in this sense, and our countrymen from them. A further appropriation in one direction has since made the name specifically that of the black tribes of South Africa, whom we now call, or till recently did call, CAFFRES. It was also applied in the Philippine Islands to the Papuas of N. Guinea, and the Alfuras of the Moluccas, brought into the slave-market.

In another direction the word has become a quasi-proper name of the (more or less) fair, and non-Mahommedan, tribes of Hindu-Kush, sometimes called more specifically the _Siāhposh_ or 'black-robed' CAFIRS.

The term is often applied malevolently by Mahommedans to Christians, and this is probably the origin of the mistake pervading some of the early Portuguese narratives, especially the _Roteiro of Vasco da Gama_, which described many of the Hindu and Indo-Chinese States as being Christian.[53]

[c. 1300.—"KĀFIR." See under LACK.]

c. 1404.—Of a people near China: "They were Christians after the manner
of those of Cathay."—_Clavijo_ by _Markham_, 141.

" And of India: "The people of India are Christians, the Lord and
most part of the people, after the manner of the Greeks; and among them
also are other Christians who mark themselves with fire in the face, and
their creed is different from that of the others; for those who thus mark
themselves with fire are less esteemed than the others. And among them
are Moors and Jews, but they are subject to the Christians."—_Clavijo_,
(orig.) § cxxi.; comp. _Markham_, 153-4. Here we have (1) the confusion
of CAFFER and Christian; and (2) the confusion of Abyssinia (_India
Tertia_ or _Middle India_ of some medieval writers) with India Proper.

c. 1470.—"The sea is infested with pirates, all of whom are KOFARS,
neither Christians nor Mussulmans; they pray to stone idols, and know not
Christ."—_Athan. Nitikin_, in _India in the XVth Cent._, p. 11.

1552.—"... he learned that the whole people of the Island of S. Lourenço
... were black CAFRES with curly hair like those of
Mozambique."—_Barros_, II. i. 1.

1563.—"In the year 1484 there came to Portugal the King of Benin, a
CAFFRE by nation, and he became a Christian."—_Stanley's Correa_, p. 8.

1572.—

"Verão os CAFRES asperos e avaros
Tirar a linda dama seus vestidos."
_Camões_, v. 47.

By Burton:

"shall see the CAFFRES, greedy race and fere
"strip the fair Ladye of her raiment torn."

1582.—"These men are called CAFRES and are Gentiles."—_Castañeda_ (by
N.L.), f. 42_b_.

c. 1610.—"Il estoit fils d'vn CAFRE d'Ethiopie, et d'vne femme de ces
isles, ce qu'on appelle Mulastre."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 220; [Hak. Soc.
i. 307].

[c. 1610.—"... a Christian whom they call CAPAROU."—_Ibid._, Hak. Soc. i.
261.]

1614.—"That knave Simon the CAFFRO, not what the writer took him for—he
is a knave, and better lost than found."—_Sainsbury_, i. 356.

[1615.—"Odola and Gala are CAPHARRS which signifieth misbelievers."—_Sir
T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. i. 23.]

1653.—"... toy mesme qui passe pour vn KIAFFER, ou homme sans Dieu, parmi
les Mausulmans."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, 310 (ed. 1657).

c. 1665.—"It will appear in the sequel of this History, that the pretence
used by _Aureng-Zebe_, his third Brother, to cut off his (_Dara's_) head,
was that he was turned KAFER, that is to say, an Infidel, of no Religion,
an Idolater."—_Bernier_, E. T. p. 3; [ed. _Constable_, p. 7].

1673.—"They show their Greatness by their number of Sumbreeroes and
COFFERIES, whereby it is dangerous to walk late."—_Fryer_, 74.

" "Beggars of the Musslemen Cast, that if they see a Christian in
good Clothes ... are presently upon their Punctilios with God Almighty,
and interrogate him, Why he suffers him to go afoot and in Rags, and this
COFFERY (Unbeliever) to vaunt it thus?"—_Ibid._ 91.

1678.—"The Justices of the Choultry to turn Padry Pasquall, a Popish
Priest, out of town, not to return again, and if it proves to be true
that he attempted to seduce Mr. Mohun's COFFRE Franck from the Protestant
religion."—_Ft. St. Geo. Cons._ in _Notes and Exts._, Pt. i. p. 72.

1759.—"Blacks, whites, COFFRIES, and even the natives of the country
(Pegu) have not been exempted, but all universally have been subject to
intermittent Fevers and Fluxes" (at Negrais).—In _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i.
124.

" Among expenses of the Council at Calcutta in entertaining the
Nabob we find "Purchasing a COFFRE boy, Rs. 500."—In _Long_, 194.

1781.—"_To be sold by Private Sale_—Two COFFREE Boys, who can play
remarkably well on the French Horn, about 18 Years of Age: belonging to a
Portuguese Paddrie lately deceased. For particulars apply to the Vicar of
the Portuguese Church, Calcutta, March 17th, 1781."—_The India Gazette or
Public Advertiser_, No. 19.

1781.—"Run away from his Master, a good-looking COFFREE Boy, about 20
years old, and about _6 feet 7 inches in height.... When he went off he
had a high toupie_."—_Ibid._ Dec. 29.

1782.—"On Tuesday next will be sold three COFFREE Boys, two of whom play
the French Horn ... a three-wheel'd Buggy, and a variety of other
articles."—_India Gazette_, June 15.

1799.—"He (Tippoo) had given himself out as a Champion of the Faith, who
was to drive the English CAFFERS out of India."—Letter in _Life of Sir T.
Munro_, i. 221.

1800.—"The CAFFRE slaves, who had been introduced for the purpose of
cultivating the lands, rose upon their masters, and seizing on the boats
belonging to the island, effected their escape."—_Symes, Embassy to Ava_,
p. 10.

c. 1866.—

"And if I were forty years younger, and my life before me to choose,
I wouldn't be lectured by KAFIRS, or swindled by fat Hindoos."
_Sir A. C. Lyall, The Old Pindaree._

CAFILA, s. Arab. _ḳāfila_; a body or convoy of travellers, a CARAVAN (q.v.). Also used in some of the following quotations for a sea convoy.

1552.—"Those roads of which we speak are the general routes of the
CAFILAS, which are sometimes of 3,000 or 4,000 men ... for the country is
very perilous because of both hill-people and plain-people, who haunt the
roads to rob travellers."—_Barros_, IV. vi. 1.

1596.—"The ships of _Chatins_ (see CHETTY) of these parts are not to sail
along the coast of Malavar or to the north except in a CAFILLA, that they
may come and go more securely, and not be cut off by the Malavars and
other corsairs."—_Proclamation of Goa Viceroy_, in _Archiv. Port. Or._,
fasc. iii. 661.

[1598.—"Two CAFFYLEN, that is companies of people and
Camelles."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 159.]

[1616.—"A CAFILOWE consisting of 200 broadcloths," &c.—_Foster, Letters_,
iv. 276.]

[1617.—"By the failing of the Goa CAFFILA."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii.
402.]

1623.—"Non navigammo di notte, perchè la CAFILA era molto grande, al mio
parere di più di ducento vascelli."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 587; [and comp.
Hak. Soc. i. 18].

1630.—"... some of the Raiahs ... making Outroades prey on the CAFFALOES
passing by the Way...."—_Lord, Banian's Religion_, 81.

1672.—"Several times yearly numerous CAFILAS of merchant barques,
collected in the Portuguese towns, traverse this channel (the Gulf of
Cambay), and these always await the greater security of the full moon. It
is also observed that the vessels which go through with this voyage
should not be joined and fastened with iron, for so great is the
abundance of loadstone in the bottom, that indubitably such vessels go to
pieces and break up."—_P. Vincenzo_, 109. A curious survival of the old
legend of the Loadstone Rocks.

1673.—"... Time enough before the CAPHALAS out of the Country come with
their Wares."—_Fryer_, 86.

1727.—"_In Anno_ 1699, a pretty rich CAFFILA was robbed by a Band of 4 or
5000 villains ... which struck Terror on all that had commerce at
_Tatta_."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 116.

1867.—"It was a curious sight to see, as was seen in those days, a
carriage enter one of the northern gates of Palermo preceded and followed
by a large convoy of armed and mounted travellers, a kind of KAFILA, that
would have been more in place in the opening chapters of one of James's
romances than in the latter half of the 19th century."—_Quarterly
Review_, Jan., 101-2.

CAFIRISTAN, n.p. P. _Kāfiristān_, the country of _Kāfirs_, _i.e._ of the pagan tribes of the Hindu Kush noticed in the article CAFFER.

c. 1514.—"In Cheghânserâi there are neither grapes nor vineyards; but
they bring the wines down the river from KAFERISTÂN.... So prevalent is
the use of wine among them that every KAFER has a _khig_, or leathern
bottle of wine about his neck; they drink wine instead of
water."—_Autobiog. of Baber_, p. 144.

[c. 1590.—The KÁFIRS in the Túmáns of Alishang and Najrao are mentioned
in the _Āīn_, tr. _Jarrett_, ii. 406.]

1603.—"... they fell in with a certain pilgrim and devotee, from whom
they learned that at a distance of 30 days' journey there was a city
called CAPPERSTAM, into which no Mahomedan was allowed to
enter...."—_Journey of Bened. Goës_, in _Cathay_, &c. ii. 554.

CAIMAL, s. A Nair chief; a word often occurring in the old Portuguese historians. It is Malayāl. _kaimal_.

1504.—"So they consulted with the Zamorin, and the Moors offered their
agency to send and poison the wells at Cochin, so as to kill all the
Portuguese, and also to send Nairs in disguise to kill any of our people
that they found in the palm-woods, and away from the town.... And
meanwhile the Mangate CAIMAL, and the CAIMAL of Primbalam, and the CAIMAL
of Diamper, seeing that the Zamorin's affairs were going from bad to
worse, and that the castles which the Italians were making were all wind
and nonsense, that it was already August when ships might be arriving
from Portugal ... departed to their own estates with a multitude of their
followers, and sent to the King of Cochin their OLLAS of
allegiance."—_Correa_, i. 482.

1566.—"... certain lords bearing title, whom they call CAIMALS"
(_caimães_).—_Damian de Goës, Chron. del Rei Dom Emmanuel_, p. 49.

1606.—"The Malabars give the name of CAIMALS (_Caimães_) to certain great
lords of vassals, who are with their governments haughty as kings; but
most of them have confederation and alliance with some of the great
kings, whom they stand bound to aid and defend...."—_Gouvea_, f. 27_v_.

1634.—

"Ficarão seus CAIMAIS prezos e mortos."
_Malaca Conquistada_, v. 10.

CAIQUE, s. The small skiff used at Constantinople, Turkish _ḳāīḳ_. Is it by accident, or by a radical connection through Turkish tribes on the Arctic shores of Siberia, that the Greenlander's _kayak_ is so closely identical? [The _Stanf. Dict._ says that the latter word is Esquimaux, and recognises no connection with the former.]

CAJAN, s. This is a name given by Sprengel (_Cajanus indicus_), and by Linnæus (_Cytisus cajan_), to the leguminous shrub which gives DHALL (q.v.). A kindred plant has been called _Dolichos catjang_, Willdenow. We do not know the origin of this name. The _Cajan_ was introduced to America by the slave-traders from Africa. De Candolle finds it impossible to say whether its native region is India or Africa. (See DHALL, CALAVANCE.) [According to Mr. Skeat the word is Malay. _poko'kachang_, 'the plant which gives beans,' quite a different word from _kajang_ which gives us CADJAN.]

CAJEPUT, s. The name of a fragrant essential oil produced especially in Celebes and the neighbouring island of Bouro. A large quantity is exported from Singapore and Batavia. It is used most frequently as an external application, but also internally, especially (of late) in cases of cholera. The name is taken from the Malay _kayu-putih_, _i.e._ '_Lignum album_.' Filet (see p. 140) gives six different trees as producing the oil, which is derived from the distillation of the leaves. The chief of these trees is _Melaleuca leucadendron_, L., a tree diffused from the Malay Peninsula to N.S. Wales. The drug and tree were first described by Rumphius, who died 1693. (See _Hanbury and Flückiger_, 247 [and _Wallace, Malay Arch._, ed. 1890, p. 294].)

CAKSEN, s. This is Sea H. for _Coxswain_ (_Roebuck_).

CALALUZ, s. A kind of swift rowing vessel often mentioned by the Portuguese writers as used in the Indian Archipelago. We do not know the etymology, nor the exact character of the craft. [According to Mr. Skeat, the word is Jav. _kelulus_, _kalulus_, spelt _keloeles_ by Klinkert, and explained by him as a kind of vessel. The word seems to be derived from _loeloes_, 'to go right through anything,' and thus the literal translation would be 'the threader,' the reference being, as in the case of most Malay boat names, to the special figure-head from which the boat was supposed to derive its whole character.]

[1513.—CALAUZ, according to Mr. Whiteway, is the form of the word in
_Andrade's Letter to Albuquerque of Feb. 22nd_.—_India Office MS._]

1525.—"4 great _lancharas_, and 6 CALALUZES and _manchuas_ which row very
fast."—_Lembrança_, 8.

1539.—"The King (of Achin) set forward with the greatest possible
despatch, a great armament of 200 rowing vessels, of which the greater
part were _lancharas_, _joangas_, and CALALUZES, besides 15 high-sided
junks."—_F. M. Pinto_, cap. xxxii.

1552.—"The King of Siam ... ordered to be built a fleet of some 200 sail,
almost all _lancharas_ and CALALUZES, which are
rowing-vessels."—_Barros_, II. vi. 1.

1613.—"And having embarked with some companions in a CALELUZ or rowing
vessel...."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 51.

CALAMANDER WOOD, s. A beautiful kind of rose-wood got from a Ceylon tree (_Diospyros quaesita_). Tennent regards the name as a Dutch corruption of _Coromandel_ wood (i. 118), and Drury, we see, calls one of the ebony-trees (_D. melanoxylon_) "Coromandel-ebony." Forbes Watson gives as Singhalese names of the wood _Calumidiriya_, _Kalumederiye_, &c., and the term _Kalumadīriya_ is given with this meaning in Clough's Singh. Dict.; still in absence of further information, it may remain doubtful if this be not a borrowed word. It may be worth while to observe that, according to Tavernier, [ed. _Ball_, ii. 4] the "painted calicoes" or "chites" of Masulipatam were called "_Calmendar_, that is to say, done with a pencil" (_Ḳalam-dār_?), and possibly this appellation may have been given by traders to a delicately veined wood. [The _N.E.D._ suggests that the Singh. terms quoted above may be adaptations from the Dutch.]

1777.—"In the Cingalese language CALAMINDER is said to signify a black
flaming tree. The heart, or woody part of it, is extremely handsome, with
whitish or pale yellow and black or brown veins, streaks and
waves."—_Thunberg_, iv. 205-6.

1813.—"CALAMINDER wood" appears among Ceylon products in _Milburn_, i.
345.

1825.—"A great deal of the furniture in Ceylon is made of ebony, as well
as of the CALAMANDER tree ... which is become scarce from the improvident
use formerly made of it."—_Heber_ (1844), ii. 161.

1834.—"The forests in the neighbourhood afford timber of every kind
(CALAMANDER excepted)."—_Chitty, Ceylon Gazetteer_, 198.

CALAMBAC, s. The finest kind of aloes-wood. Crawfurd gives the word as Javanese, _kalambak_, but it perhaps came with the article from CHAMPA (q.v.).

1510.—"There are three sorts of aloes-wood. The first and most perfect
sort is called CALAMPAT."—_Varthema_, 235.

1516.—"... It must be said that the very fine CALEMBUCO and the other
eagle-wood is worth at Calicut 1000 maravedis the pound."—_Barbosa_, 204.

1539.—"This Embassador, that was Brother-in-law to the King of the Batas
... brought him a rich Present of Wood of Aloes, CALAMBAA, and 5 quintals
of Benjamon in flowers."—_F. M. Pinto_, in Cogan's tr. p. 15 (orig. cap.
xiii.).

1551.—(Campar, in Sumatra) "has nothing but forests which yield
aloeswood, called in India CALAMBUCO."—_Castanheda_, bk. iii. cap. 63, p.
218, quoted by _Crawfurd_, Des. Dic. 7.

1552.—"Past this kingdom of Camboja begins the other Kingdom called Campa
(CHAMPA), in the mountains of which grows the genuine aloes-wood, which
the Moors of those parts call CALAMBUC."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

[c. 1590.—"KALANBAK (calembic) is the wood of a tree brought from ZÍRBÁD;
it is heavy and full of veins. Some believe it to be the raw wood of
aloes."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 81.

[c. 1610.—"From this river (the Ganges) comes that excellent wood
CALAMBA, which is believed to come from the Earthly Paradise."—_Pyrard de
Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 335.]

1613.—"And the CALAMBA is the most fragrant _medulla_ of the said
tree."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 15_v_.

[1615.—"Lumra (a black gum), gumlack, COLLOMBACK."—_Foster, Letters_, iv.
87.]

1618.—"We opened the ij chistes which came from Syam with CALLAMBACK and
silk, and waid it out."—_Cocks's Diary_, ii. 51.

1774.—"Les Mahometans font de ce KALAMBAC des chapelets qu'ils portent à
la main par amusement. Ce bois quand il est échauffé ou un peu frotté,
rend un odeur agréable."—_Niebuhr, Desc. de l'Arabie_, 127.

See EAGLE-WOOD and ALOES.

CALASH, s. French _calèche_, said by Littré to be a Slav word, [and so _N.E.D._]. In Bayly's Dict. it is _calash_ and _caloche_. [The _N.E.D._ does not recognise the latter form; the former is as early as 1679]. This seems to have been the earliest precursor of the BUGGY in Eastern settlements. Bayly defines it as 'a small open chariot.' The quotation below refers to Batavia, and the President in question was the Prest. of the English Factory at Chusan, who, with his council, had been expelled from China, and was halting at Batavia on his way to India.

1702.—"The Shabander riding home in his CALASH this Morning, and seeing
the President sitting without the door at his Lodgings, alighted and came
and Sat with the President near an hour ... what moved the Shabander to
speak so plainly to the President thereof he knew not, But observed that
the Shahbander was in his Glasses at his first alighting from his
CALASH."—_Procgs._ "Munday, 30th March," _MS. Report in India Office_.

CALAVANCE, s. A kind of bean; acc. to the quotation from Osbeck, _Dolichos sinensis_. The word was once common in English use, but seems forgotten, unless still used at sea. Sir Joseph Hooker writes: "When I was in the Navy, haricot beans were in constant use as a substitute for potatoes and in Brazil and elsewhere, were called CALAVANCES. I do not remember whether they were the seed of _Phaseolus lunatus_ or _vulgaris_, or of _Dolichos sinensis_, alias _Catjang_" (see CAJAN). The word comes from the Span. _garbanzos_, which De Candolle mentions as Castilian for '_pois chiche_,' or _Cicer arietinum_, and as used also in Basque under the form _garbantzua_, [or _garbatzu_, from _garau_, 'seed,' _antzu_, 'dry,' _N.E.D._]

1620.—"... from hence they make their provition in aboundance, viz. beefe
and porke ... GARVANCES, or small peaze or beanes...."—_Cocks's Diary_,
ii. 311.

c. 1630.—"... in their Canoos brought us ... green pepper, CARAVANCE,
Buffols, Hens, Eggs, and other things."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed. 1665, p.
350.

1719.—"I was forc'd to give them an extraordinary meal every day, either
of _Farina_ or CALAVANCES, which at once made a considerable consumption
of our water and firing."—_Shelvocke's Voyage_, 62.

1738.—"But GARVANÇOS are prepared in a different manner, neither do they
grow soft like other pulse, by boiling...."—_Shaw's Travels_, ed. 1757,
p. 140.

1752.—"... CALLVANSES (_Dolichos sinensis_)."—_Osbeck_, i. 304.

1774.—"When I asked any of the men of Dory why they had no gardens of
plantains and KALAVANSAS ... I learnt ... that the Haraforas supply
them."—_Forrest, V. to N. Guinea_, 109.

1814.—"His Majesty is authorised to permit for a limited time by Order in
Council, the Importation from any Port or Place whatever of ... any Beans
called Kidney, French Beans, Tares, Lentiles, CALLIVANCES, and all other
sorts of Pulse."—Act 54 Geo. III. cap. xxxvi.

CALAY, s. Tin; also v., to tin copper vessels—H. _ḳala'ī karnā_. The word is Ar. _ḳala'i_, 'tin,' which according to certain Arabic writers was so called from a mine in India called _ḳala'_. In spite of the different initial and terminal letters, it seems at least possible that the place meant was the same that the old Arab geographers called _Kalah_, near which they place mines of tin (_al-ḳala'i_), and which was certainly somewhere about the coast of Malacca, possibly, as has been suggested, at _Kadah_[54] or as we write it, QUEDDA. [See _Āīn_, tr. _Jarrett_, iii. 48.]

The tin produce of that region is well known. _Kalang_ is indeed also a name of tin in Malay, which may have been the true origin of the word before us. It may be added that the small State of Salangor between Malacca and Perak was formerly known as _Nagri_-KALANG, or the 'Tin Country,' and that the place on the coast where the British Resident lives is called KLANG (see _Miss Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 210, 215). The Portuguese have the forms _calaim_ and _calin_, with the nasal termination so frequent in their Eastern borrowings. Bluteau explains _calaim_ as 'Tin of India, finer than ours.' The old writers seem to have hesitated about the identity with tin, and the word is confounded in one quotation below with TOOTNAGUE (q.v.). The French use _calin_. In the P. version of the Book of Numbers (ch. xxxi. v. 22) _ḳala'ī_ is used for 'tin.' See on this word Quatremère in the _Journal des Savans_, Dec. 1846.

c. 920.—"Kalah is the focus of the trade in aloeswood, in camphor, in
sandalwood, in ivory, in the lead which is called AL-KALA'I."—_Relation
des Voyages, &c._, i. 94.

c. 1154.—"Thence to the Isles of Lankiāliūs is reckoned two days, and
from the latter to the Island of Kalah 5.... There is in this last island
an abundant mine of tin (AL-KALA'I). The metal is very pure and
brilliant."—_Edrisi_, by _Jaubert_, i. 80.

1552.—"—Tin, which the people of the country call CALEM."—_Castanheda_,
iii. 213. It is mentioned as a staple of Malacca in ii. 186.

1606.—"That all the chalices which were neither of gold, nor silver, nor
of tin, nor of CALAIM, should be broken up and destroyed."—_Gouvea,
Synodo_, f. 29_b_.

1610.—"They carry (to Hormuz) ... clove, cinnamon, pepper, cardamom,
ginger, mace, nutmeg, sugar, CALAYN, or tin."—_Relaciones de P.
Teixeira_, 382.

c. 1610.—"... money ... not only of gold and silver, but also of another
metal, which is called CALIN, which is white like tin, but harder, purer,
and finer, and which is much used in the Indies."—_Pyrard de Laval_
(1679) i. 164; [Hak. Soc. i. 234, with Gray's note].

1613.—"And he also reconnoitred all the sites of mines, of gold, silver,
mercury, tin or CALEM, and iron and other metals...."—_Godinho de
Eredia_, f. 58.

[1644.—"CALLAYM." See quotation under TOOTNAGUE.]

1646.—"... il y a (_i.e._ in Siam) plusieurs minieres de CALAIN, qui est
vn metal metoyen, entre le plomb et l'estain."—_Cardim, Rel. de la Prov.
de Japon_, 163.

1726.—"The goods exported hither (from Pegu) are ... KALIN (a metal
coming very near silver)...."—_Valentijn_, v. 128.

1770.—"They send only one vessel (viz. the Dutch to Siam) which
transports Javanese horses, and is freighted with sugar, spices, and
linen; for which they receive in return CALIN, at 70 livres 100
weight."—_Raynal_ (tr. 1777), i. 208.

1780.—"... the port of Quedah; there is a trade for CALIN or tutenague
... to export to different parts of the Indies."—In _Dunn, N. Directory_,
338.

1794-5.—In the _Travels to China_ of the younger Deguignes, CALIN is
mentioned as a kind of tin imported into China from Batavia and
Malacca.—iii. 367.

CALCUTTA, n.p. B. _Kalikātā_, or _Kalikattā_, a name of uncertain etymology. The first mention that we are aware of occurs in the _Āīn-i-Akbari_. It is well to note that in some early charts, such as that in Valentijn, and the oldest in the _English Pilot_, though Calcutta is not entered, there is a place on the Hoogly _Calcula_, or _Calcuta_, which leads to mistake. It is far below, near the modern Fulta. [With reference to the quotations below from Luillier and Sonnerat, Sir H. Yule writes (_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. xcvi.): "In Orme's _Historical Fragments_, Job Charnock is described as 'Governor of the Factory at Golgot near Hughley.' This name Golgot and the corresponding Golghāt in an extract from Muhabbat Khān indicate the name of the particular locality where the English Factory at Hugli was situated. And some confusion of this name with that of Calcutta may have led to the curious error of the Frenchman Luiller and Sonnerat, the former of whom calls Calcutta _Golgouthe_, while the latter says: 'Les Anglais prononcent et ecrivent _Golgota_.'"]

c. 1590.—"KALIKATĀ _wa Bakoya wa Barbakpūr_, 3 _Mahal_."—_Āīn_. (orig.)
i. 408; [tr. _Jarrett_, ii. 141].

[1688.—"Soe myself accompanyed with Capt. Haddock and the 120 soldiers we
carryed from hence embarked, and about the 20th September arrived at
CALCUTTA."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. lxxix.]

1698.—"This avaricious disposition the English plied with presents, which
in 1698 obtained his permission to purchase from the Zemindar ... the
towns of Sootanutty, CALCUTTA, and Goomopore, with their districts
extending about 3 miles along the eastern bank of the river."—_Orme_,
repr. ii. 71.

1702.—"The next Morning we pass'd by the _English_ Factory belonging to
the old Company, which they call GOLGOTHA, and is a handsome Building, to
which were adding stately Warehouses."—_Voyage to the E. Indies, by Le
Sieur Luillier_, E. T. 1715, p. 259.

1726.—"The ships which sail thither (to Hugli) first pass by the English
Lodge in COLLECATTE, 9 miles (Dutch miles) lower down than ours, and
after that the French one called _Chandarnagor_...."—_Valentijn_, v. 162.

1727.—"The Company has a pretty good Hospital at CALCUTTA, where many go
in to undergo the Penance of Physic, but few come out to give an Account
of its Operation.... One Year I was there, and there were reckoned in
August about 1200 _English_, some Military, some Servants to the Company,
some private Merchants residing in the Town, and some Seamen belong to
Shipping lying at the Town, and before the beginning of _January_ there
were 460 Burials registred in the Clerk's Books of Mortality."—_A.
Hamilton_, ii. 9 and 6.

c. 1742.—"I had occasion to stop at the city of Firáshdánga
(Chandernagore) which is inhabited by a tribe of Frenchmen. The city of
CALCUTTA, which is on the other side of the water, and inhabited by a
tribe of English who have settled there, is much more extensive and
thickly populated...."—_'Abdul Karím Khán_, in _Elliot_, viii. 127.

1753.—"Au dessous d'Ugli immédiatement, est l'établissement Hollandois de
SHINSURA, puis SHANDERNAGOR, établissement François, puis la loge Danoise
(Serampore), et plus bas, sur la rivage opposé, qui est celui de la
gauche en descendant, Banki-bazar, où les Ostendois n'ont pû se
maintenir; enfin COLICOTTA aux Anglois, à quelques lieues de Banki-bazar,
et du même côté."—_D'Anville, Éclaircissemens_, 64. With this compare:
"Almost opposite to the _Danes_ Factory is _Banke-banksal_, a Place where
the Ostend Company settled a Factory, but, in _Anno_ 1723, they
quarrelled with the _Fouzdaar_ or Governor of _Hughly_, and he forced the
_Ostenders_ to quit...."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 18.

1782.—"Les Anglais pourroient retirer aujourd'hui des sommes immenses de
l'Inde, s'ils avoient eu l'attention de mieux composer le conseil suprême
de CALECUTA."[55]—_Sonnerat, Voyage_, i. 14.

CALEEFA, s. Ar. _Khalīfa_, the Caliph or Vice-gerent, a word which we do not introduce here in its high Mahommedan use, but because of its quaint application in Anglo-Indian households, at least in Upper India, to two classes of domestic servants, the tailor and the cook, and sometimes to the barber and farrier. The first is _always_ so addressed by his fellow-servants (_Khalīfa-jī_). In South India the cook is called MAISTRY, _i.e._ _artiste_. In Sicily, we may note, he is always called _Monsù_ (!) an indication of what ought to be his nationality. The root of the word _Khalīfa_, according to Prof. Sayce, means 'to change,' and another derivative, _khālif_, 'exchange or agio' is the origin of the Greek κολλύβος (_Princ. of Philology_, 2nd ed., 213).

c. 1253.—"... vindrent marcheant en l'ost qui nous distrent et conterent
que li roys des Tartarins avoit prise la citei de Baudas et l'apostole
des Sarrazins ... lequel on appeloit le CALIFE de
Baudas...."—_Joinville_, cxiv.

1298.—"Baudas is a great city, which used to be the seat of the CALIF of
all the Saracens in the world, just as Rome is the seat of the Pope of
all the Christians."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. I. ch. 6.

1552.—"To which the Sheikh replied that he was the vassal of the Soldan
of Cairo, and that without his permission who was the sovereign CALIFA of
the Prophet Mahamed, he could hold no communication with people who so
persecuted his followers...."—_Barros_, II. i. 2.

1738.—"Muzeratty, the late KALEEFA, or lieutenant of this province,
assured me that he saw a bone belonging to one of them (ancient stone
coffins) which was near two of their _drass_ (_i.e._ 36 inches) in
length."—_Shaw's Travels in Barbary_, ed. 1757, p. 30.

1747.—"As to the house, and the patrimonial lands, together with the
appendages of the murdered minister, they were presented by the QHALIF of
the age, that is by the Emperor himself, to his own daughter."—_Seir
Mutaqherin_, iii. 37.

c. 1760 (?).—

"I hate all Kings and the thrones they sit on,
From the King of France to the Caliph of Britain."

These lines were found among the papers of Pr. Charles Edward, and
supposed to be his. But Lord Stanhope, in the 2nd ed. of his
_Miscellanies_, says he finds that they are slightly altered from a poem
by Lord Rochester. This we cannot find. [The original lines of Rochester
(_Poems on State Affairs_, i. 171) run:

"I hate all Monarchs, and the thrones they sit on,
From the Hector of France to the Cully of Britain."]

[1813.—"The most skilful among them (the wrestlers) is appointed
KHULEEFU, or superintendent for the season...."—_Broughton, Letters_, ed.
1892, p. 164.]

CALEEOON, CALYOON, s. P. _kaliyūn_, a water-pipe for smoking; the Persian form of the HUBBLE-BUBBLE (q.v.).

[1812.—"A Persian visit, when the guest is a distinguished personage,
generally consists of three acts: first, the KALEOUN, or water
pipe...."—_Morier, Journey through Persia_, &c., p. 13.]

1828.—"The elder of the men met to smoke their CALLEOONS under the
shade."—_The Kuzzilbash_, i. 59.

[1880.—"KALLIÚNS." See quotation under JULIBDAR.]

CALICO, s. Cotton cloth, ordinarily of tolerably fine texture. The word appears in the 17th century sometimes in the form of _Calicut_, but possibly this may have been a purism, for _calicoe_ or _callico_ occurs in English earlier, or at least more commonly in early voyages. [_Callaca_ in 1578, _Draper's Dict._ p. 42.] The word may have come to us through the French _calicot_, which though retaining the _t_ to the eye, does not do so to the ear. The quotations sufficiently illustrate the use of the word and its origin from Calicut. The fine cotton stuffs of Malabar are already mentioned by Marco Polo (ii. 379). Possibly they may have been all brought from beyond the Ghauts, as the Malabar cotton, ripening during the rains, is not usable, and the cotton stuffs now used in Malabar all come from Madura (see _Fryer_ below; and _Terry_ under CALICUT). The Germans, we may note, call the turkey _Calecutische Hahn_, though it comes no more from Calicut than it does from Turkey. [See TURKEY.]

1579.—"3 great and large Canowes, in each whereof were certaine of the
greatest personages that were about him, attired all of them in white
Lawne, or cloth of CALECUT."—_Drake, World Encompassed_, Hak. Soc. 139.

1591.—"The commodities of the shippes that come from Bengala bee ... fine
CALICUT cloth, _Pintados_, and Rice."—_Barker's Lancaster_, in _Hakl._
ii. 592.

1592.—"The CALICOS were book-CALICOS, CALICO launes, broad white CALICOS,
fine starched CALICOS, coarse white CALICOS, browne coarse
CALICOS."—_Desc. of the Great Carrack Madre de Dios._

1602.—"And at his departure gaue a robe, and a Tucke of CALICO wrought
with gold."—_Lancaster's Voyage_, in _Purchas_, i. 153.

1604.—"It doth appear by the abbreviate of the Accounts sent home out of
the Indies, that there remained in the hands of the Agent, Master
Starkey, 482 fardels of CALICOS."—In _Middleton's Voyage_, Hak. Soc. App.
iii. 13.

" "I can fit you, gentlemen, with fine CALLICOES too, for doublets;
the only sweet fashion now, most delicate and courtly: a meek gentle
CALLICO, cut upon two double affable taffatas; all most neat, feat, and
unmatchable."—_Dekker, The Honest Whore_, Act. II. Sc. v.

1605.—"... about their loynes they (the Javanese) weare a kind of
CALLICO-cloth."—_Edm. Scot, ibid._ 165.

1608.—"They esteem not so much of money as of CALECUT clothes, Pintados,
and such like stuffs."—_Iohn Davis, ibid._ 136.

1612.—"CALICO copboord claiths, the piece ... xls."—_Rates and
Valuatiouns_, &c. (Scotland), p. 294.

1616.—"Angarezia ... inhabited by Moores trading with the Maine, and
other three Easterne Ilands with their Cattell and fruits, for CALLICOES
or other linnen to cover them."—_Sir T. Roe_, in _Purchas_; [with some
verbal differences in Hak. Soc. i. 17].

1627.—"CALICOE, _tela delicata Indica_. H. Calicúd, _dicta_ à Calecút,
_Indiae regione ubi conficitur_."—_Minsheu_, 2nd ed., s.v.

1673.—"Staple Commodities are CALICUTS, white and painted."—_Fryer_, 34.

" "Calecut for Spice ... and no Cloath, though it give the name of
CALECUT to all in India, it being the first Port from whence they are
known to be brought into Europe."—_Ibid._ 86.

1707.—"The Governor lays before the Council the insolent action of
Captain Leaton, who on Sunday last marched part of his company ... over
the Company's CALICOES that lay a dyeing."—Minute in _Wheeler_, ii. 48.

1720.—Act 7 Geo. I. cap. vii. "An Act to preserve and encourage the
woollen and silk manufacture of this kingdom, and for more effectual
employing of the Poor, by prohibiting the Use and Wear of all printed,
painted, stained or dyed CALLICOES in Apparel, Houshold Stuff, Furniture,
or otherwise...."—_Stat. at Large_, v. 229.

1812.—

"Like Iris' bow down darts the painted clue,
Starred, striped, and spotted, yellow, red, and blue,
Old CALICO, torn silk, and muslin new."
_Rejected Addresses (Crabbe)._

CALICUT, n.p. In the Middle Ages the chief city, and one of the chief ports of Malabar, and the residence of the ZAMORIN (q.v.). The name _Kōl̤ikōḍu_ is said to mean the 'Cock-Fortress.' [Logan (_Man. Malabar_, i. 241 note) gives _koli_, 'fowl,' and _kottu_, 'corner or empty space,' or _kotta_, 'a fort.' There was a legend, of the Dido type, that all the space within cock-crow was once granted to the Zamorin.]

c. 1343.—"We proceeded from Fandaraina to ḲALIḲŪT, one of the chief ports
of Mulībār. The people of Chīn, of Java, of Sailān, of Mahal (Maldives),
of Yemen, and Fārs frequent it, and the traders of different regions meet
there. Its port is among the greatest in the world."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv.
89.

c. 1430.—"COLLICUTHIAM deinceps petiit, urbem maritimam, octo millibus
passuum ambitu, nobile totius Indiae emporium, pipere, lacca, gingibere,
cinnamomo crassiore,[56] kebulis, zedoaria fertilis."—_Conti_, in
_Poggius, De Var. Fortunae_.

1442.—"CALICUT is a perfectly secure harbour, which like that of Ormuz
brings together merchants from every city and from every
country."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in XVth Cent._, p. 13.

c. 1475.—"CALECUT is a port for the whole Indian sea.... The country
produces pepper, ginger, colour plants, muscat [nutmeg?], cloves,
cinnamon, aromatic roots, _adrach_ [green ginger] ... and everything is
cheap, and servants and maids are very good."—_Ath. Nikitin., ibid._ p.
20.

1498.—"We departed thence, with the pilot whom the king gave us, for a
city which is called QUALECUT."—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 49.

1572.—

"Já fóra de tormenta, e dos primeiros
Mares, o temor vão do peito voa;
Disse alegre o Piloto Melindano,
'Terra he de CALECUT, se não me engano.'"
_Camões_, vi. 92.

By Burton:

"now, 'scaped the tempest and the first sea-dread,
fled from each bosom terrors vain, and cried
the Melindanian Pilot in delight,
'Calecut-land, if aught I see aright!'"

1616.—"Of that wool they make divers sorts of _Callico_, which had that
name (as I suppose) from CALLICUTTS, not far from Goa, where that kind of
cloth was first bought by the Portuguese."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_. [In ed.
1777, p. 105, CALLICUTE.]

CALINGULA, s. A sluice or escape. Tam. _kalingal_; much used in reports of irrigation works in S. India.

[1883.—"Much has been done in the way of providing sluices for minor
channels of supply, and CALINGULAHS, or water weirs for surplus
vents."—_Venkasami Row, Man. of Tanjore_, p. 332.]

CALPUTTEE, s. A caulker; also the process of caulking; H. and Beng. _kālāpattī_ and _kalāpāttī_, and these no doubt from the Port. _calafate_. But this again is oriental in origin, from the Arabic _ḳālāfat_, the 'process of caulking.' It is true that Dozy (see p. 376) and also Jal (see his _Index_, ii. 589) doubt the last derivation, and are disposed to connect the Portuguese and Spanish words, and the Italian _calafattare_, &c., with the Latin _calefacere_, a view which M. Marcel Devic rejects. The latter word would apply well enough to the process of _pitching_ a vessel as practised in the Mediterranean, where we have seen the vessel careened over, and a great fire of thorns kindled under it to keep the pitch fluid. But caulking is not pitching; and when both form and meaning correspond so exactly, and when we know so many other marine terms in the Mediterranean to have been taken from the Arabic, there does not seem to be room for reasonable doubt in this case. The Emperor Michael V. (A.D. 1041) was called καλαφάτης, because he was the son of a caulker (see _Ducange, Gloss. Graec._, who quotes _Zonaras_).

1554.—(At Mozambique) ... "To two CALAFATTES ... of the said brigantines,
at the rate annually of 20,000 _reis_ each, with 9000 _reis_ each for
maintenance and 6 measures of millet to each, of which no count is
taken."—_Simão Botelho, Tombo_, 11.

c. 1620.—"S'il estoit besoin de CALFADER le Vaisseau ... on y auroit
beaucoup de peine dans ce Port, principalement si on est constraint de se
seruir des Charpentiers et des CALFADEURS du Pays; parce qu'ils dependent
tous du Gouverneur de Bombain."—_Routier ... des Indes Orient._, par
Aleixo da Motta, in Thevenot's Collection.

CALUAT, s. This in some old travels is used for Ar. _khilwat_, 'privacy, a private interview' (_C. P. Brown, MS._).

1404.—"And this Garden they call _Talicia_, and in their tongue they call
it CALBET."—_Clavijo_, § cix. Comp. _Markham_, 130.

[1670.—"Still deeper in the square is the third tent, called CALUET-KANE,
the retired spot, or the place of the privy Council."—_Bernier_, ed.
_Constable_, 361.]