Chapter LXXXIX: Act III: of 1873. Under that system the highest rank of native Judge was (8)

TUMLOOK, n.p. A town, and anciently a sea-port and seat of Buddhist learning on the west of the Hoogly near its mouth, formerly called _Tāmralipti_ or _-lipta_. It occurs in the Mahābhārata and many other Sanskrit words. "In the _Dasa Kumāra_ and _Vrihat Katha_, collections of tales written in the 9th and 12th centuries, it is always mentioned as a great port of Bengal, and the seat of an active and flourishing commerce with the countries and islands of the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean" (_Prof. H. H. Wilson_, in _J. R. As. Soc._ v. 135). [Also see _Cunningham, Anct. Geog._ p. 504.]

c. 150.—

"... καὶ πρὸς αὐτῷ τῷ ποταμῷ (Γάγγῃ) πολείς·
* * * *
Παλιμβοθρα βασιλειον
Ταμαλιτης."
—_Ptolemy's Tables_, Bk. VII. i. 73.

c. 410.—"From this, continuing to go eastward nearly 50 _yôjanas_, we
arrive at the Kingdom of TAMRALIPTI. Here it is the river (Ganges)
empties itself into the sea. Fah Hian remained here for two years,
writing out copies of the Sacred Books.... He then shipped himself on
board a great merchant vessel...."—_Beal, Travels of Fah Hian_, &c.
(1869), pp. 147-148.

[c. 1070.—"... a merchant named Harshagupta, who had arrived from
TAMRALIPTI, having heard of that event, came there full of
curiosity."—_Tawney, Katha Sarit Sāgara_, i. 329.]

1679.—In going down the Hoogly:

"Before daybreak overtook the _Ganges_ at Barnagur, met the _Arrival_ 7
days out from Ballasore, and at night passed the _Lilly_ at
TUMBALEE."—_Ft. St. Geo._ (Council on Tour). In _Notes & Exts._ No. II.
p. 69.

1685.—"_January 2._—We fell downe below TUMBOLEE River.

"_January 3._—We anchored at the Channel Trees, and lay here y^e 4^{th}
and 5^{th} for want of a gale to carry us over to Kedgeria."—_Hedges,
Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 175.

[1694.—"The Royal James and Mary ... fell on a sand on this side TUMBOLEE
point...."—_Birdwood, Report on Old Records_, 90.]

1726.—"TAMBOLI and Banzia are two Portuguese villages, where they have
their churches, and salt business."—_Valentijn_, v. 159.

[1753.—"TOMBALI." See under KEDGEREE.]

TUMTUM, s. A dog-cart. We do not know the origin. [It is almost certainly a corr. of English _tandem_, the slang use of which in the sense of a conveyance (according to the _Stanf. Dict._) dates from 1807. Even now English-speaking natives often speak of a dog-cart with a single horse as a _tandem_.]

1866.—"We had only 3 coss to go, and we should have met a pair of TUMTUMS
which would have taken us on."—_Trevelyan, The Dawk Bungalow_, 384.

[1889.—"A G.B.T. cart once married a bathing-machine, and they called the
child TUM-TUM."—_R. Kipling, The City of Dreadful Night_, 74.]

TUNCA, TUNCAW, &c., s. P.—H. _tankhwāh_, pron. _tankhā_. Properly an assignment on the revenue of a particular locality in favour of an individual; but in its most ordinary modern sense it is merely a word for the wages of a monthly servant. For a full account of the special older uses of the word see _Wilson_. In the second quotation the use is obscure; perhaps it means the villages on which assignments had been granted.

1758.—"Roydoolub ... has taken the discharge of the TUNCAWS and the
arrears of the Nabob's army upon himself."—_Orme_, iii.; [ii. 361].

1760.—"You have been under the necessity of writing to Mr. Holwell (who
was sent to collect in the TUNCARS).... The low men that are employed in
the TUNCARS are not to be depended on."—_The Nawab to the Prest. and
Council of Ft. Wm._, in _Long_, 233.

1778.—"These rescripts are called TUNCAWS, and entitle the holder to
receive to the amount from the treasuries ... as the revenues come
in."—_Orme_, ii. 276.

[1823.—"The Grassiah or Rajpoot chiefs ... were satisfied with a fixed
and known TANKA, or tribute from certain territories, on which they had a
real or pretended claim."—_Malcolm, Cent. India_, 2nd. ed. i. 385.

[1851.—"The Sikh detachments ... used to be paid by TUNKHWÁHS, or
assignments of the provincial collectors of revenue."—_Edwardes, A Year
on the Punjab Frontier_, i. 19.]

TURA, s. Or. Turk. _tūra_. This word is used in the Autobiography of Baber, and in other Mahommedan military narratives of the 16th century. It is admitted by the translators of Baber that it is rendered by them quite conjecturally, and we cannot but think that they have missed the truth. The explanation of _tūr_ which they quote from Meninski is "_reticulatus_," and combining this with the manner in which the quotations show these _tūra_ to have been employed, we cannot but think that the meaning which best suits is 'a gabion.' Sir H. Elliot, in referring to the first passage from Baber, adopts the reading _tūbra_, and says: "_Túbras_ are nose-bags, but ... Badáúni makes the meaning plain, by saying that they were _filled with earth_ (_Táríkh-i-Badáúni_, f. 136).... The sacks used by Sher Sháh as temporary fortifications on his march towards Rájpútána were _túbras_" (_Elliot_, vi. 469). It is evident, however, that Baber's TŪRAS were no TOBRAS, whilst a reference to the passage (_Elliot_, iv. 405) regarding Sher Shāh shows that the use of bags filled with sand on that occasion was regarded as a new contrivance. The _tūbra_ of Badáúni may therefore probably be a misreading; whilst the use of gabions implies necessarily that they would be filled with earth.

1526.—(At the Battle of Pānipat) "I directed that, according to the
custom of Rûm, the gun-carriages should be connected together with
twisted bull-hides as with chains. Between every two gun-carriages were 6
or 7 TÛRAS (or breastworks). The matchlockmen stood behind these guns and
tûras, and discharged their matchlocks.... It was settled, that as
Pânipat was a considerable city, it would cover one of our flanks by its
buildings and houses while we might fortify our front by
TÛRAS...."—_Baber_, p. 304.

1528.—(At the siege of Chānderī) "overseers and pioneers were appointed
to construct works on which the guns were to be planted. All the men of
the army were directed to prepare TÛRAS and scaling-ladders, and to serve
the TÛRAS which are used in attacking forts...."—_Ibid._ p. 376. The
editor's note at the former passage is: "The meaning (viz. 'breastwork')
assigned to TÛRA here, and in several other places is merely conjectural,
founded on Petis de la Croix's explanation, and on the meaning given by
Meninski to TÛR, viz. _reticulatus_. The TÛRAS may have been formed by
the branches of trees, interwoven like basket-work ... or they may have
been covered defences from arrows and missiles...." Again: "These TÛRAS,
so often mentioned, appear to have been a sort of _testudo_, under cover
of which the assailants advanced, and sometimes breached the wall...."

TURAKA, n.p. This word is applied both in Mahratti and in Telugu to the Mahommedans (_Turks_). [The usual form in the inscriptions is _Turushka_ (see _Bombay Gazetteer_, i. pt. i. 189).] Like this is _Tarūk_ (see TAROUK) which the Burmese now apply to the Chinese.

TURBAN, s. Some have supposed this well-known English word to be a corruption of the P.—H. _sirband_, 'head-wrap,' as in the following:

1727.—"I bought a few SEERBUNDS and _sannoes_ there (at Cuttack) to know
the difference of the prices."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 394 (see PIECE-GOODS).

This, however, is quite inconsistent with the history of the word. Wedgewood's suggestion that the word may be derived from Fr. _turbin_, 'a whelk,' is equally to be rejected. It is really a corruption of one which, though it seems to be out of use in modern Turkish, was evidently used by the Turks when Europe first became familiar with the Ottomans and their ways. This is set forth in the quotation below from Zedler's _Lexicon_, which is corroborated by those from Rycaut and from Galland, &c. The proper word was apparently _dulband_. Some modern Persian dictionaries give the only meaning of this as 'a sash.' But Meninski explains it as 'a cloth of fine white muslin; a wrapper for the head'; and Vüllers also gives it this meaning, as well as that of a 'sash or belt.'[272] In doing so he quotes Shakespear's Dict., and marks the use as 'Hindustani-Persian.' But a merely Hindustani use of a Persian word could hardly have become habitual in Turkey in the 15th and 16th centuries. The use of _dulband_ for a turban was probably genuine Persian, adopted by the Turks. Its etymology is apparently from Arab. _dul_, '_volvere_,' admitting of application to either a girdle or a head-wrap. From the Turks it passed in the forms _Tulipant_, _Tolliban_, _Turbant_, &c., into European languages. And we believe that the flower _tulip_ also has its name from its resemblance to the old Ottoman turban, [a view accepted by Prof. Skeat (_Concise Dict._ s.v. _tulip_, _turban_)].[273]

1487.—"... tele bambagine assai che loro chiamano TURBANTI; tele assai
colla salda, che lor chiamano _sexe_ (sash)...."—Letter on presents from
the Sultan to L. de' Medici, in _Roscoe's Lorenzo_, ed. 1825, ii. 371-72.

c. 1490.—"Estradiots sont gens comme Genetaires: vestuz, à pied et à
cheval, comme les Turcs, sauf la teste, où ils ne portent ceste toille
qu'ils appellent TOLLIBAN, et sont durs gens, et couchent dehors tout
l'an et leurs chevaulx."—_Ph. de Commynes_, Liv. VIII. ch. viii. ed.
_Dupont_ (1843), ii. 456. Thus given in Danett's translation (1595):
"These Estradiots are soldiers like to the Turkes Ianizaries, and attired
both on foote and on horsebacke like to the Turks, save that they weare
not vpon their head such a great roule of linnen as the Turkes do called
(_sic_) TOLLIBAN."—p. 325.

1586-8.—"... the King's Secretarie, who had upon his head a peece of died
linen cloth folded vp like vnto a Turkes TULIBAN."—_Voyage of Master
Thomas Candish_, in _Hakl._ iv. 33.

1588.—"In this canoa was the King's Secretarie, who had on his head a
piece of died linen cloth folded vp like vnto a Turkes
TULIBAN."—_Cavendish_, _ibid._ iv. 337.

c. 1610.—"... un gros TURBAN blanc à la Turque."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i.
98; [Hak. Soc. i. 132 and 165].

1611.—Cotgrave's French Dict. has: "TOLIBAN: m. A TURBANT or Turkish hat.

"TOLOPAN, as TURBANT.

"TURBAN: m. A TURBANT; a Turkish hat, of white and fine linnen wreathed
into a rundle; broad at the bottom to enclose the head, and lessening,
for ornament, towards the top."

1615.—"... se un Cristiano fosse trovato con TURBANTE bianco in capo,
sarebbe perciò costretto o a rinegare o a morire. Questo TURBANTE poi lo
portano Turchi, di varie forme."—_P. della Valle_, i. 96.

1615.—"The Sultan of Socotora ... his clothes are _Surat_ Stuffes, after
the Arabs manner ... a very good TURBANT, but bare footed."—_Sir T. Roe_,
[Hak. Soc. i. 32].

" "Their Attire is after the Turkish fashion, TURBANTS only
excepted, insteed whereof they have a kind of Capp, rowled about with a
black TURBANT."—_De Monfart_, 5.

1619.—"Nel giorno della qual festa tutti Persiani più spensierati, e fin
gli uomini grandi, e il medesimo rè, si vestono in abito succinto all uso
di Mazanderan; e con certi berrettini, non troppo buoni, in testa, perchè
i TURBANTI si guasterebbono e sarebbero di troppo impaccio...."—_P. della
Valle_, ii. 31; [Hak. Soc. comp. i. 43].

1630.—"Some indeed have sashes of silke and gold, TULIPANTED about their
heads...."—_Sir T. Herbert_, p. 128.

" "His way was made by 30 gallant young gentlemen vested in crimson
saten; their TULIPANTS were of silk and silver wreath'd about with
cheynes of gold."—_Ibid._ p. 139.

1672.—"On the head they wear great TULBANDS (_Tulbande_) which they touch
with the hand when they say _salam_ to any one."—_Baldaeus_ (Germ.
version), 33.

" "Trois TULBANGIS venoient de front après luy, et ils portoient
chascun un beau TULBAN orné et enrichy d'aigrettes."—_Journ. d'Ant.
Galland_, i. 139.

1673.—"The mixture of Castes or Tribes of all _India_ are distinguished
by the different Modes of binding their TURBATS."—_Fryer_, 115.

1674.—"El TANADAR de un golpo cortò las repetidas bueltas del TURBANTE a
un Turco, y la cabeça asta la mitad, de que cayò muerte."—_Faria y Sousa,
Asia Port._ ii. 179-180.

" "TURBANT, a Turkish hat," &c.—_Glossographia, or a Dictionary
interpreting the Hard Words of whatsoever language, now used in our
refined English Tongue_, &c., the 4th ed., by _T.E._, of the Inner
Temple, Esq. In the Savoy, 1674.

1676.—"_Mahamed Alibeg_ returning into _Persia_ out of _India_ ...
presented _Cha-Sefi_ the second with a Coco-nut about the bigness of an
Austrich-egg ... there was taken out of it a TURBANT that had 60 cubits
of calicut in length to make it, the cloath being so fine that you could
hardly feel it."—_Tavernier_, E.T. p. 127; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 7].

1687.—In a detail of the high officers of the Sultan's Court we find:

"5. The TULBENTAR Aga, he that makes up his TURBANT."

A little below another personage (apparently) is called TULBAN-_oghlani_
('The Turban Page')—_Ricaut, Present State of the Ottoman Empire_, p. 14.

1711.—"Their common Dress is a piece of blew Callico, wrap'd in a Role
round their Heads for a TURBAT."—_Lockyer_, 57.

1745.—"The Turks hold the Sultan's TURBAN in honour to such a degree that
they hardly dare touch it ... but he himself has, among the servants of
his privy chamber, one whose special duty it is to adjust his TURBAN, or
head-tire, and who is thence called TULBENTAR or DULBENTAR _Aga_, or
DULBENDAR _Aga_, also called by some DULBEND _Oghani_ (_Oghlani_), or
Page of the Turban."—_Zedler, Universal Lexicon_, s.v.

c. 1760.—"They (the Sepoys) are chiefly armed in the country manner, with
sword and target, and wear the Indian dress, the TURBANT, the cabay
(CABAYA) or vest, and LONG DRAWERS."—_Grose_, i. 39.

1843.—"The mutiny of Vellore was caused by a slight shown to the
Mahomedan TURBAN; the mutiny of Bangalore by disrespect said to have been
shown to a Mahomedan place of worship."—_Macaulay, Speech on Gates of
Somnauth_.

TURKEY, s. This fowl is called in Hindustani _perū_, very possibly an indication that it came to India, perhaps first to the Spanish settlements in the Archipelago, across the Pacific, as the red pepper known as CHILI did. In Tamil the bird is called _vān-kōṛi_, 'great fowl.' Our European names of it involve a complication of mistakes and confusions. _We_ name it as if it came from the Levant. But the name _turkey_ would appear to have been originally applied to another of the _Pavonidae_, the GUINEA-FOWL, _Meleagris_ of the ancients. Minsheu's explanations (quoted below) show strange confusions between the two birds. The French _coq d'Inde_ or _Dindon_ points only ambiguously to India, but the German _Calecutische Hahn_ and the Dutch _Kalkoen_ (from _Calicut_) are specific in error as indicating the origin of the Turkey in the East. This misnomer may have arisen from the nearly simultaneous discovery of America and of the Cape route to Calicut, by Spain and Portugal respectively. It may also have been connected with the fact that Malabar produced domestic fowls of extraordinary size. Of these Ibn Batuta (quoted below) makes quaint mention. Zedler's great German _Lexicon of Universal Knowledge_, a work published as late as 1745, says that these birds (turkeys) were called _Calecutische_ and _Indische_ because they were brought by the Portuguese from the Malabar coast. Dr. Caldwell cites a curious disproof of the antiquity of certain Tamil verses from their containing a simile of which the turkey forms the subject. And native scholars, instead of admitting the anachronism, have boldly maintained that the turkey had always been found in India (_Dravidian Gramm._ 2nd ed. p. 137). Padre Paolino was apparently of the same opinion, for whilst explaining that the etymology of Calicut is "Castle of the Fowls," he asserts that Turkeys (_Galli d'India_) came originally from India; being herein, as he often is, positive and wrong. In 1615 we find W. Edwards, the E.I. Co.'s agent at Ajmir, writing to send the Mogul "three or four TURKEY cocks and hens, for he hath three cocks but no hens" (_Colonial Paper_, E. i. c. 388). Here, however, the ambiguity between the real turkey and the guinea-fowl may possibly arise. In Egypt the bird is called _Dik-Rūmī_, 'fowl of Rūm' (_i.e._ of Turkey), probably a rendering of the English term.

c. 1347.—"The first time in my life that I saw a China cock was in the
city of Kaulam. I had at first taken it for an ostrich, and I was looking
at it with great wonder, when the owner said to me, 'Pooh! there are
cocks in China much bigger than that!' and when I got there I found that
he had said no more than the truth."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 257.

c. 1550.—"One is a species of peacock that has been brought to Europe,
and commonly called the INDIAN FOWL."—_Girolamo Benzoni_, 148.

1627.—"TURKY _Cocke_, or _cocke of_ India, _avis ita dicta, quod ex_
Africa, _et vt nonulli volunt alii, ex_ India _vel_ Arabia _ad nos allata
sit_. B. INDISCHE HAEN. T. INDIANISCH HUN, CALECUTTISCH HUN.... H. Pavon
de las Indias. G. Poulle d'Inde. H. 2. Gallepauo. L. Gallo-pauo, _quod
de_ vtriusque natura videtur participare ... _aves_ Numidicae, _à
Numidia_, Meleagris ... à μέλας, i. niger, and ἄγρος, ager, quod in
Æthiopia praecipuè inveniuntur.

"A TURKIE, or Ginnie Henne ... I. _Gallina d'India_. H. Galina Morisca.
G. Poulle d'Inde. L. Penélope. _Auis Pharaonis._ Meleágris....

* * * * *

"A GINNIE _cocke or hen: ex_ Guinea, _regione_ Indica ... _vnde fuerunt
priùs ad alias regiones transportati_. vi. TURKIE-COCKE or
HEN."—_Minsheu's Guide into Tongues_ (2d edition).

1623.—"33. GALLUS INDICUS, aut TURCICUS (quem vocant), gallinacei aevum
parum superat; iracundus ales, et carnibus valde albis."—_Bacon, Hist.
Vitae et Mortis_, in _Montague's_ ed. x. 140.

1653.—"Les François appellent _coq-d'Inde_ vn oyseau lequel ne se trouue
point aux Indes Orientales, les Anglois le nomment TURKI-KOQ qui signifie
coq de Turquie, quoy qu'il n'y ait point d'autres en Turquie que ceux que
l'on y a portez d'Europe. Ie croy que cet oyseau nous est venu de
l'Amerique."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 259.

1750-52.—"Some Germans call the TURKEYS _Calcutta hens_; for this reason
I looked about for them here, and to the best of my remembrance I was
told they were foreign."—_Olof Toreen_, 199-200. We do not know whether
the mistake of _Calcutta_ for _Calicut_ belongs to the original author or
to the translator—probably to the proverbial _traditore_.

TURNEE, TUNNEE, s. An English supercargo, Sea-Hind., and probably a corruption of _attorney_. (_Roebuck_).

TURPAUL, s. Sea-Hind. A tarpaulin (_ibid._). [The word (_tārpāl_) has now come into common native use.]

TUSSAH, TUSSER, s. A kind of inferior silk, the tissues of which are now commonly exported to England. Anglo-Indians generally regard the termination of this word in _r_ as a vulgarism, like the use of _solar_ for SOLA (q.v.); but it is in fact correct. For though it is written by Milburn (1813) _tusha_, and _tusseh_ (ii. 158, 244), we find it in the _Āīn-i-Akbarī_ as _tassar_, and in Dr. Buchanan as _tasar_ (see below). The term is supposed to be adopted from Skt. _tasara_, _trasara_, Hind. _tasar_, 'a shuttle'; perhaps from the form of the cocoon? The moth whose worm produced this silk is generally identified with _Antheraea paphia_, but Capt. Hutton has shown that there are several species known as _tasar_ worms. These are found almost throughout the whole extent of the forest tracts of India. But the chief seat of the manufacture of stuffs, wholly or partly of _tasar_ silk, has long been Bhāgalpur on the Ganges. [See also _Allen, Mon. on Silk Cloths of Assam_, 1899; _Yusuf Ali, Silk Fabrics of N.W.P._, 1900.] The first mention of _tasar_ in English reports is said to be that by Michael Atkinson of Jangīpūr, as cited below in the _Linnæan Transactions_ of 1804 by Dr. Roxburgh (see _Official Report on Sericulture in India_, by _J. Geoghegan_, Calcutta, 1872), [and the elaborate article in Watt, _Econ. Dict._ vi. pt. iii. 96 _seqq._].

c. 1590.—"TASSAR, per piece ... ⅓ to 2 Rupees."—_Āīn_, i. 94.

[1591.—See the account by Rumphius, quoted by _Watt_, _loc. cit._ p. 99.]

1726.—"TESSERSSE ... 11 ells long and 2 els broad...."—_Valentijn_, v.
178.

1796.—"... I send you herewith for Dr. Roxburgh a specimen of Bughy
TUSSEH silk.... There are none of the Palma Christi species of TUSSEH to
be had here.... I have heard that there is another variation of the
Tusseh silk-worm in the hills near Bauglipoor."—Letter of _M. Atkinson_,
as above, in _Linn. Trans._, 1804, p. 41.

1802.—"They (the insects) are found in such abundance over many parts of
Bengal and the adjoining provinces as to have afforded to the natives,
from time immemorial, an abundant supply of a most durable, coarse,
dark-coloured silk, commonly called TUSSEH silk, which is woven into a
cloth called TUSSEH _doot'hies_, much worn by Bramins and other sects of
Hindoos."—_Roxburgh_, _Ibid._ 34.

c. 1809.—"The chief use to which the tree (_Terminalia elata_, or _Asan_)
is however applied, is to rear the TASAR silk."—_Buchanan, Eastern
India_, ii. 157 _seqq._

[1817.—"A thick cloth, called TUSURU, is made from the web of the gootee
insect in the district of Veerbhoomee."—_Ward, Hindoos_, 2d ed. i. 85.]

1876.—"The work of the TUSSUR silk-weavers has so fallen off that the
Calcutta merchants no longer do business with them."—_Sat. Rev._, 14
Oct., p. 468.

TUTICORIN, n.p. A sea-port of Tinnevelly, and long the seat of pearl-fishery, in Tamil _Tūttukkuḍi_, [which the _Madras Gloss._ derives from Tam. _tūttu_, 'to scatter,' _kudi_, 'habitation']. According to Fra Paolino the name is _Tutukodi_, 'a place where nets are washed,' but he is not to be trusted. Another etymology alleged is from _turu_, 'a bush.' But see Bp. Caldwell below.

1544.—"At this time the King of Cape Comorin, who calls himself the Great
King (see TRAVANCORE), went to war with a neighbour of his who was king
of the places beyond the Cape, called Manapá and TOTUCURY, inhabited by
the Christians that were made there by Miguel Vaz, Vicar General of India
at the time."—_Correa_, iv. 403.

1610.—"And the said Captain and Auditor shall go into residence every
three years, and to him shall pertain all the temporal government,
without any intermeddling therein of the members of the Company ... nor
shall the said members (_religiosos_) compel any of the Christians to
remain in the island unless it is their voluntary choice to do so, and
such as wish it may live at TUTTUCORIM."—_King's Letter_, in _L. das
Monções_, 386.

1644.—"The other direction in which the residents of Cochim usually go
for their trading purchases is to TUTOCORIM, on the Fishery Coast (Costa
da PESCARIA), which gets that name from the pearl which is fished
there."—_Bocarro_, MS.

[c. 1660.—"... musk and porcelain from _China_, and pearls from Beharen
(Bahrein), and TUTUCOURY, near Ceylon...."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_,
204.]

1672.—"The pearls are publicly sold in the market at TUTECORYN and at
Cailpatnam.... The TUTECORINISH and Manaarish pearls are not so good as
those of Persia and Ormus, because they are not so free from water or so
white."—_Baldaeus_ (Germ. ed.), 145.

1673.—"... TUTTICAREE, a Portugal Town in time of Yore."—_Fryer_, 49.

[1682.—"The Agent having notice of an INTERLOPER lying in TITTICORIN Bay,
immediately sent for y^e Councell to consult about it."—_Pringle, Diary
Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser. i. 69.]

1727.—"TUTECAREEN has a good safe harbour.... This colony superintends a
Pearl-Fishery ... which brings the Dutch Company 20,000L. yearly
Tribute."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 334; [ed. 1744, i. 336].

1881.—"The final _n_ in TUTICORIN was added for some such euphonic reason
as turned Kochchi into Cochin and Kumari into Comorin. The meaning of the
name _Tūttukkuḍi_ is said to be 'the town where the wells get filled up';
from _tūttu_ (properly _tūrttu_), 'to fill up a well,' and _kuḍi_, 'a
place of habitation, a town.' This derivation, whether the true one or
not, has at least the merit of being appropriate...."—_Bp. Caldwell,
Hist. of Tinnevelly_, 75.

TYCONNA, TYEKANA, s. A room in the basement or cellarage, or dug in the ground, in which it has in some parts of India been the practice to pass the hottest part of the day during the hottest season of the year. Pers. _tah-khāna_, 'nether-house,' _i.e._ 'subterraneous apartment.' ["In the centre of the court is an elevated platform, the roof of a subterraneous chamber called a _zeera zemeon_, whither travellers retire during the great heats of the summer" (_Morier, Journey through Persia_, &c., 81). Another name for such a place is _sardābeh_ (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, i. 314).]

1663.—"... in these hot Countries, to entitle an House to the name of
Good and Fair it is required it should be ... furnish'd also with good
CELLARS with great Flaps to stir the Air, for reposing in the fresh Air
from 12 till 4 or 5 of the Clock, when the Air of these Cellars begins to
be hot and stuffing...."—_Bernier_, E.T. 79; [ed. _Constable_, 247].

c. 1763.—"The throng that accompanied that minister proved so very great
that the floor of the house, which happened to have a TAH-QHANA, and
possibly was at that moment under a secret influence, gave way, and the
body, the Vizir, and all his company fell into the apartment
underneath."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 19.

1842.—"The heat at Jellalabad from the end of April was tremendous, 105°
to 110° in the shade. Everybody who could do so lived in underground
chambers called TYKHÁNÁS. Broadfoot dates a letter 'from my den six feet
under ground.'"—_Mrs. Mackenzie, Storms and Sunshine of a Soldier's
Life_, i. 298. [The same author in her _Life in the Mission_ (i. 330)
writes TAIKHANA.]

TUXALL, TAKSAUL, s. The Mint. Hind. _ṭaksāl_, from Skt. _ṭankaśālā_, 'coin-hall.'

[1757.—"Our provisions were regularly sent us from the Dutch
TANKSAL...."—_Holwell's Narr. of Attack on Calcutta_, p. 34; in _Wheeler,
Early Records_, 248.

[1811.—"The TICKSALI, or superintendent of the mint...."—_Kirkpatrick,
Nepaul_, 201.]

TYPHOON, s. A tornado or cyclone-wind; a sudden storm, a 'NOR-WESTER' (q.v.). Sir John Barrow (see _Autobiog._ 57) ridicules "learned antiquarians" for fancying that the Chinese took _typhoon_ from the Egyptian _Typhon_, the word being, according to him, simply the Chinese syllables, _ta-fung_, 'Great Wind.' His ridicule is misplaced. With a monosyllabic language like the Chinese (as we have remarked elsewhere) you may construct a plausible etymology, to meet the requirements of the sound alone, from anything and for anything. And as there is no evidence that the word is in Chinese use at all, it would perhaps be as fair a suggestion to derive it from the English "_tough 'un_." Mr. Giles, who seems to think that the balance of evidence is in favour of this (Barrow's) etymology, admits a serious objection to be that the Chinese have special names for the _typhoon_, and rarely, if ever, speak of it vaguely as a 'great wind.' The fact is that very few words of the class used by seafaring and trading people, even when they refer to Chinese objects, are directly taken from the Chinese language. _E.g._ _Mandarin_, _pagoda_, _chop_, _cooly_, _tutenague_;—none of these are Chinese. And the probability is that Vasco and his followers got the _tufão_, which our sailors made into _touffon_ and then into _typhoon_, as they got the _monção_ which our sailors made into _monsoon_, direct from the Arab pilots.

The Arabic word is _ṭūfān_, which is used habitually in India for a sudden and violent storm. Lane defines it as meaning 'an overpowering rain, ... Noah's flood,' etc. And there can be little doubt of its identity with the Greek τυφῶν or τυφών. [But Burton (_Ar. Nights_, iii. 257) alleges that it is pure Arabic, and comes from the root _ṭauf_, 'going round.'] This word τυφών (the etymologists say, from τυφώ, 'I raise smoke') was applied to a demon-giant or Titan, and either directly from the etym. meaning or from the name of the Titan (as in India a whirlwind is called 'a DEVIL or PISACHEE') to a 'waterspout,' and thence to analogous stormy phenomena. 'Waterspout' seems evidently the meaning of τυφών in the _Meteorologica_ of Aristotle (γίγνεται μὲν οὖν τυφών ... κ.τ.λ.) iii. 1 (the passage is exceedingly difficult to render clearly); and also in the quotation which we give from Aulus Gellius. The word _may_ have come to the Arabs either in maritime intercourse, or through the translations of Aristotle. It occurs (_al-ṭūfān_) several times in the Koran; thus in _sura_, vii. 134, for a flood or storm, one of the plagues of Egypt, and in s. xxix. 14 for the Deluge.

Dr. F. Hirth, again (_Journ. R. Geog. Soc._ i. 260), advocates the quasi-Chinese origin of the word. Dr. Hirth has found the word _T'ai_ (and also with the addition of _fung_, 'wind') to be really applied to a certain class of cyclonic winds, in a Chinese work on Formosa, which is a re-issue of a book originally published in 1694. Dr. Hirth thinks _t'ai_ as here used (which is not the Chinese word _ta_ or _tai_, 'great,' and is expressed by a different character) to be a local Formosan term; and is of opinion that the combination _t'ai-fung_ is "a sound so near that of _typhoon_ as almost to exclude all other conjectures, if we consider that the writers using the term in European languages were travellers distinctly applying it to storms encountered in that part of the China Sea." Dr. Hirth also refers to F. Mendes Pinto and the passages (quoted below) in which he says _tufão_ is the Chinese name for such storms. Dr. Hirth's paper is certainly worthy of much more attention than the scornful assertion of Sir John Barrow, but it does not induce us to change our view as to the origin of _typhoon_.

Observe that the Port. _tufão_ distinctly represents _ṭūfān_ and not _t'ai-fung_, and the oldest English form '_tuffon_' does the same, whilst it is not by any means unquestionable that these Portuguese and English forms were first applied in the China Sea, and not in the Indian Ocean. Observe also Lord Bacon's use of the word _typhones_ in his Latin below; also that _ṭūfān_ is an Arabic word, at least as old as the Koran, and closely allied in sound and meaning to τυφών, whilst it is habitually used for a storm in Hindustani. This is shown by the quotations below (1810-1836); and Platts defines _ṭūfān_ as "a violent storm of wind and rain, a tempest, a TYPHOON; a flood, deluge, inundation, the universal deluge" etc.; also _ṭūfānī_, "stormy, tempestuous ... boisterous, quarrelsome, violent, noisy, riotous."

Little importance is to be attached to Pinto's linguistic remarks such as that quoted, or even to the like dropt by Couto. We apprehend that Pinto made exactly the same mistake that Sir John Barrow did; and we need not wonder at it, when so many of our countrymen in India have supposed HACKERY to be a Hindustani word, and when we find even the learned H. H. Wilson assuming TOPE (in the sense of 'grove') to be in native Hindustani use. Many instances of such mistakes might be quoted. It is just possible, though not we think very probable, that some contact with the Formosan term may have influenced the modification of the old English form _tuffon_ into _typhoon_. It is much more likely to have been influenced by the analogies of _monsoon_, _simoom_; and it is quite possible that the Formosan mariners took up their (unexplained) _t'ai-fung_ from the Dutch or Portuguese.

On the origin of the Ar. word the late Prof. Robertson-Smith forwarded the following note:

"The question of the origin of _Ṭūfān_ appears to be somewhat tangled.

"Τυφῶν, 'whirlwind, waterspout,' connected with τῦφος seems pure Greek;
the combination in Baal-_Zephon_, Exod. xiv. 2, and _Sephóni_, the
northern one, in Joel, ii. 20, suggested by Hitzig, appears to break
down, for there is no proof of any Egyptian name for Set corresponding to
Typhon.

"On the other hand _Ṭūfān_, the deluge, is plainly borrowed from the
Aramaic. _Tūfān_, for Noah's flood, is both Jewish, Aramaic and Syriac,
and this form is not borrowed from the Greek, but comes from a true
Semitic root _ṭūf_ 'to overflow.'

"But again, the sense of _whirlwind_ is not recognised in classical
Arabic. Even Dozy in his dictionary of later Arabic only cites a modern
French-Arabic dictionary (Bocthor's) for the sense, _Tourbillon_,
_trombe_. Bistání in the _Moḥít el Moḥít_ does not give this sense,
though he is pretty full in giving modern as well as old words and
senses. In Arabic the root _ṭūf_ means: 'to go round,' and a combination
of this idea with the sense of sudden disaster might conceivably have
given the new meaning to the word. On the other hand it seems simpler to
regard this sense as a late loan from some modern form of τυφών, _typho_,
or _tifone_. But in order finally to settle the matter one wants examples
of this sense of _ṭūfān_."

[Prof. Skeat (_Concise Dict._ s.v.) gives: "Sometimes claimed as a Chinese word meaning 'a great wind' ... but this seems to be a late mystification. In old authors the forms are _tuffon_, _tuffoon_, _tiphon_, &c.—Arab. _ṭūfān_, a hurricane, storm. Gk. τυφών, better τυφώς, a whirlwind. The close accidental coincidence of these words in sense and form is very remarkable, as Whitney notes."]

c. A.D. 160.—"... dies quidem tandem illuxit: sed nichil de periculo, de
saevitiâve remissum, quia turbines etiam crebriores, et coelum atrum et
fumigantes globi, et figurae quaedam nubium metuendae, quas τυφῶνας
vocabant, impendere, imminere, et depressurae navem videbantur."—_Aul.
Gellius_, xix. 2.

1540.—"Now having ... continued our Navigation within this Bay of
_Cauchin-china_ ... upon the day of the nativity of our Lady, being the
eight of _September_, for the fear that we were in of the new Moon,
during the which there oftentimes happens in this Climate such a terrible
storm of wind and rain, as it is not possible for ships to withstand it,
which by the Chineses is named TUFAN" (_o qual tormento os Chins chamão_
TUFÃO).—_Pinto_ (orig. cap. I.) in _Cogan_, p. 60.

" "... in the height of forty and one degrees, there arose so
terrible a South-wind, called by the Chineses TUFAON (_un tempo do Sul, a
q̃ Chins chamão_ TUFÃO)."—_Ibid._ (cap. lxxix.), in _Cogan_, p. 97.

1554.—"Não se ouve por pequena maravilha cessarem os TUFÕES na paragem da
ilha de Sãchião."—Letter in _Sousa, Oriente Conquist._ i. 680.

[c. 1554.—"... suddenly from the west arose a great storm known as fil
TOFANI [literally 'Elephant's flood,' comp. ELEPHANTA, B.]."—_Travels of
Sidi Ali, Reïs_, ed. _Vambéry_, p. 17.]

1567.—"I went aboorde a shippe of Bengala, at which time it was the yeere
of TOUFFON, concerning which TOUFFON ye are to vnderstand that in the
East Indies often times, there are not stormes as in other countreys; but
every 10 or 12 yeeres there are such tempests and stormes that it is a
thing incredible ... neither do they know certainly what yeere they will
come."—_Master Caesar Frederike_, in _Hakl._ ii. 370 [369].

1575.—"But when we approach'd unto it (Cyprus), a Hurricane arose
suddenly, and blew so fiercely upon us, that it wound our great Sail
round about our main Mast.... These Winds arise from a Wind that is
called by the Greeks TYPHON; and _Pliny_ calleth it _Vertex_ and
_Vortex_; but as dangerous as they are, as they arise suddenly, so
quickly are they laid again also."—_Rauwolff's Travels_, in _Ray's
Collection_, ed. 1705, p. 320. Here the traveller seems to intimate
(though we are not certain) that _Typhon_ was then applied in the Levant
to such winds; in any case it was exactly the _ṭūfān_ of India.

1602.—"This Junk seeking to make the port of Chincheo met with a
tremendous storm such as the natives call TUFÃO, a thing so overpowering
and terrible, and bringing such violence, such earthquake as it were,
that it appears as if all the spirits of the infernal world had got into
the waves and seas, driving them in a whirl till their fury seems to
raise a scud of flame, whilst in the space of one turning of the
sand-glass the wind shall veer round to every point of the compass,
seeming to blow more furiously from each in succession.

"Such is this phenomenon that the very birds of heaven, by some natural
instinct, know of its coming 8 days beforehand, and are seen to take
their nests down from the tree-tops and hide them in crevices of rock.
Eight days before, the clouds also are seen to float so low as almost to
graze men's heads, whilst in these days the seas seem beaten down as it
were, and of a deep blue colour. And before the storm breaks forth, the
sky exhibits a token well-known to all, a great object which seamen call
the Ox-Eye (_Olho de Boi_) all of different colours, but so gloomy and
appalling that it strikes fear in all who see it. And as the Bow of
Heaven, when it appears, is the token of fair weather, and calm, so this
seems to portend the Wrath of God, as we may well call such a storm...."
&c.—_Couto_, V. viii. 12.

1610.—"But at the breaking vp, commeth alway a cruell Storme, which they
call the TUFFON, fearfull even to men on land; which is not alike
extreame euery yeare."—_Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 423.

1613.—"E porque a terra he salitrosa e ventosa, he muy sogeita a
tempestades, ora menor aquella chamada Ecnephia (Εκνεφιας), ora maior
chamada TIPHON (Τυφων), aquelle de ordinario chamamos TUPHÃO ou Tormenta
desfeita ... e corre com tanta furia e impeto que desfas os tectos das
casas e aranca arvores, e as vezes do mar lança as embarcações em terra
nos campos do sertão."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 36v.

1615.—"And about midnight Capt. Adams went out in a bark abord the
_Hozeander_ with many other barks to tow her in, we fearing a
TUFFON."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 50.

1624.—"3. TYPHONES majores, qui per latitudinem aliquam corripiunt, et
correpta sorbent in sursum, raro fiunt; at vortices, sive turbines exigui
et quasi ludicri, frequenter.

"4. Omnes procellae et TYPHONES, et turbines majores, habent manifestum
motum praecipitii, aut vibrationis deorsum magis quam alii
venti."—_Bacon, Hist. Ventorum_, in _B. Montagu's_ ed. of Works, x. 49.
In the translation by R. G. (1671) the words are rendered "the greater
TYPHONES."—_Ibid._ xiv. 268.

1626.—"_Francis Fernandez_ writeth, that in the way from Malacca to Iapan
they are encountred with great stormes which they call TUFFONS, that blow
foure and twentie houres, beginning from the North to the East, and so
about the Compasse."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 600.

1688.—"TUFFOONS are a particular kind of violent Storms blowing on the
Coast of Tonquin ... it comes on fierce and blows very violent, at N.E.
twelve hours more or less.... When the Wind begins to abate it dies away
suddenly, and falling flat calm it continues so an Hour, more or less;
then the Wind comes round about to the S.W. and it blows and rains as
fierce from thence, as it did before at N.E. and as long."—_Dampier_, ii.
36.

1712.—"Non v'è spavento paragonabile a quello de' naviganti, quali in
mezzo all' oceano assaltati d'ogni intorno da turbini e da TIFONI."—_P.
Paolo Segnero, Mann. dell' Anima_, Ottobre 14. (Borrowed from Della
Crusca Voc.).

1721.—"I told them they were all strangers to the nature of the MOUSSOONS
and TUFFOONS on the coast of India and China."—_Shelvocke's Voyage_, 383.

1727.—"... by the Beginning of _September_, they reacht the Coast of
China, where meeting with a TUFFOON, or a North East Storm, that often
blows violently about that Season, they were forced to bear away for
Johore."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 89; [ed. 1744, ii. 88].

1727.—

"In the dread Ocean, undulating wide,
Beneath the radiant line that girts the globe,
The circling TYPHON, whirl'd from point to point,
Exhausting all the rage of all the Sky...."
_Thomson, Summer._

1780.—Appended to Dunn's New Directory, 5th ed. is:—

"PROGNOSTIC of a TUFFOON _on the Coast of China_. By ANTONIO PASCAL DE
ROSA, _a Portuguese Pilot of_ MACAO."

c. 1810.—(Mr. Martyn) "was with us during a most tremendous TOUFFAN, and
no one who has not been in a tropical region can, I think, imagine what
these storms are."—_Mrs. Sherwood's Autobiog._ 382.

1826.—"A most terrific TOOFAUN ... came on that seemed likely to tear the
very trees up by the roots."—_John Shipp_, ii. 285.

" "I thanked him, and enquired how this TOOFAN or storm had
arisen."—_Pandurang Hari_, [ed. 1873, i. 50].

1836.—"A hurricane has blown ever since gunfire; clouds of dust are borne
along upon the rushing wind; not a drop of rain; nothing is to be seen
but the whirling clouds of the TŪFĀN. The old peepul-tree moans, and the
wind roars in it as if the storm would tear it up by the
roots."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, ii. 53.

1840.—"Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying. TYPHOON coming on.

"'Aloft all hands, strike the topmasts and belay;
Yon angry setting sun, and fierce-edge clouds
Declare the TYPHOON'S coming' &c. (_Fallacies of Hope_)."
_J. M. W. Turner_, in the R.A. Catalogue.

Mr. Ruskin appears to have had no doubt as to the etymology of TYPHOON,
for the rain-cloud from this picture is engraved in _Modern Painters_,
vol. iv. as "The Locks of TYPHON." See Mr. Hamerton's _Life of Turner_,
pp. 288, 291, 345.

_Punch_ parodied Turner in the following imaginary entry from the R.A. Catalogue:

"34.—A TYPHOON bursting in a Simoon over the Whirlpool of Maelstrom,
Norway, with a ship on fire, an eclipse and the effect of a lunar
rainbow."

1853.—"... pointing as he spoke to a dark dirty line which was becoming
more and more visible in the horizon:

"'By Jove, yes!' cried Stanton, 'that's a TYPHAON coming up, sure
enough.'"—_Oakfield_, i. 122.

1859.—"The weather was sultry and unsettled, and my Jemadar, Ramdeen
Tewarry ... opined that we ought to make ready for the coming TUPHAN or
tempest.... A darkness that might be felt, and that no lamp could
illumine, shrouded our camp. The wind roared and yelled. It was a
hurricane."—_Lt.-Col. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, p. 62.

Compare the next quotation, from the same writer, with that given above
from Couto respecting the _Olho de Boi_:

1885.—"The district was subject to cyclonic storms of incredible
violence, fortunately lasting for a very short time, but which often
caused much destruction. These storms were heralded by the appearance
above the horizon of clouds known to the natives by the name of 'lady's
eyebrows,' so called from their being curved in a narrow black-arched
wisp, and these most surely foretold the approach of the
tornado."—_Ibid._ 176.

TYRE, s. Tamil and Malayāl. _tayir_. The common term in S. India for curdled milk. It is the Skt. _dadhi_, Hind. _dahi_ of Upper India, and probably the name is a corruption of that word.

1626.—"Many reasoned with the Iesuits, and some held vaine Discourses of
the Creation, as that there were seuen seas; one of Salt water, the
second of Fresh, the third of Honey, the fourth of Milke, the fift of
TAIR (which is Cream beginning to sowre)...."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 561.

1651.—"TAYER, dat is dicke Melch, die wie _Saen_ nommen."—_Rogerius_,
138.

1672.—"Curdled milk, TAYER, or what we call _Saane_, is a thing very
grateful to them, for it is very cooling, and used by them as a remedy,
especially in hot fevers and smallpox, which is very prevalent in the
country."—_Baldaeus, Zeylon_, 403.

1776.—"If a Bramin applies himself to commerce, he shall not sell ...
Camphire and other aromaticks, or Honey, or Water, or Poison, or Flesh,
or Milk, or TYER (Sour Cream) or GHEE, or bitter Oil...."—_Halhed, Code_,
41.

1782.—"Les uns en furent affligés pour avoir passé les nuits et dormi en
plein air; d'autres pour avoir mangé du riz froid avec du
TAIR."—_Sonnerat_, i. 201.

c. 1784.—"The Saniassi (SUNYASEE), who lived near the _chauderie_ (see
CHOULTRY), took charge of preparing my meals, which consisted of rice,
vegetables, TAYAR (_lait caillé_), and a little _mologonier_" (_eau
poivrée_—see MULLIGATAWNY).—_Haafner_, i. 147.

[1800.—"The boiled milk, that the family has not used, is allowed to cool
in the same vessel; and a little of the former day's TYRE, or curdled
milk, is added to promote its coagulation...."—_Buchanan, Mysore_, ii.
14.]

1822.—"He was indeed poor, but he was charitable; so he spread before
them a repast, in which there was no lack of GHEE, or milk, or
TYER."—_The Gooroo Paramartan_, E.T. by _Babington_, p. 80.

U

UJUNGTANAH, n.p. This is the Malay name (nearly answering to 'Land's End,' from _Ujung_, 'point or promontory,' and _tanah_, 'land') of the extreme end of the Malay Peninsula terminating in what the maps call Pt. Romania. In Godinho de Eredia's _Declaracam de Malaca_ the term is applied to the whole Peninsula, but owing to the interchangeable use of _u_, _v_, and of _j_, _i_, it appears there throughout as VIONTANA. The name is often applied by the Portuguese writers to the Kingdom of Johor, in which the Malay dynasty of Malacca established itself when expelled by Alboquerque in 1511; and it is even applied (as in the quotation from Barros) to their capital.

c. 1539.—"After that the King of JANTANA had taken that oath before a
great Cacis (CASIS) of his, called _Raia Moulana_, upon a festival day
when as they solemnized their Ramadan (RAMDAM)...."—_Pinto_, in _Cogan's_
E.T., p. 36.

1553.—"And that you may understand the position of the city of UJANTANA,
which Don Stephen went to attack, you must know that UJANTANA is the most
southerly and the most easterly point of the mainland of the Malaca
coast, which from this Point (distant from the equator about a degree,
and from Malaca something more than 40 leagues) turns north in the
direction of the Kingdom of Siam.... On the western side of this Point a
river runs into the sea, so deep that ships can run up it 4 leagues
beyond the bar, and along its banks, well inland, King Alaudin had
established a big town...."—_Barros_, IV. xi. 13.

1554.—"... en Muar, in OJANTANA...."—_Botelho, Tombo_, 105.

UMBRELLA, s. This word is of course not Indian or Anglo-Indian, but the _thing_ is very prominent in India, and some interest attaches to the history of the word and thing in Europe. We shall collect here a few quotations bearing upon this. The knowledge and use of this serviceable instrument seems to have gone through extraordinary eclipses. It is frequent as an accompaniment of royalty in the Nineveh sculptures; it was in general Indian use in the time of Alexander; it occurs in old Indian inscriptions, on Greek vases, and in Greek and Latin literature; it was in use at the court of Byzantium, and at that of the Great Khan in Mongolia, in medieval Venice, and more recently in the semi-savage courts of Madagascar and Ashantee. Yet it was evidently a strange object, needing particular description, to John Marignolli (c. 1350), Ruy Clavijo (c. 1404), Barbosa (1516), John de Barros (1553), and Minsheu (1617). See also CHATTA, and SOMBRERO.

c. B.C. 325.—"Τοὺς δὲ πωγώνας λέγει Νέαρχος ὅτι βάπτονται Ἰνδοὶ ... καὶ
σκιάδια ὅτι προβάλλονται, τοῦ θέρεος, ὅσοι οὐκ ἠμελημένοι
Ἰνδῶν."—_Arrian, Indica_, xvi.

c. B.C. 2.

"Ipse tene distenta suis UMBRACULA virgis;
Ipse face in turba, qua venit illa, locum."
_Ovid, Art. Amat._ ii. 209-210.

c. A.D. 5.

"Aurea pellebant rapidos UMBRACULA soles
Quae tamen Herculeae sustinuere manus."
_Ibid._ _Fasti_, ii. 311-312.

c. A.D. 100.

"En, cui tu viridem UMBELLAM, cui succina mittas
Grandia natalis quoties redit...."
_Juvenal_, ix. 50-51.

c. 200.—"... ἔπεμψε δὲ καὶ κλίνην αὔτῳ ἀργυρόποδα, καὶ στρωμνὴν, καὶ
σκηνὴν οὐρανόροφον ἀνθίνην, καὶ θρόνον ἀργυροῦν, καὶ ἐπίχρυσον σκιάδιον
..."—_Athenaeus_, Lib. ii. Epit. § 31.

c. 380.—"Ubi si inter aurata flabella laciniis sericis insiderint muscae,
vel per foramen UMBRACULI pensilis radiolus irruperit solis, queruntur
quod non sunt apud Cimmerios nati."—_Ammianus Marcellinus_, XXVIII. iv.

1248.—"Ibi etiam quoddam SOLINUM (_v._ SOLIOLUM), sive tentoriolum, quod
portatur super caput Imperatoris, fuit praesentatum eidem, quod totum
erat praeparatum cum gemmis."—_Joan. de Plano Carpini_, in _Rec. de V._,
iv. 759-760.

c. 1292.—"Et a haute festes porte Monsignor le Dus une corone d'or ... et
la ou il vait a hautes festes si vait apres lui un damoiseau qui porte
une UNBRELE de dras à or sur son chief...."

and again:

"Et apres s'en vet Monsignor li Dus desos L'ONBRELE que li dona Monsignor
l'Apostoille; et cele ONBRELE est d'un dras (a) or, que la porte un
damosiaus entre ses mains, que s'en vet totes voies apres Monsignor li
Dus."—Venetian Chronicle of _Martino da Canale, Archiv. Stor. Ital._, I.
Ser. viii. 214, 560.

1298.—"Et tout ceus ... ont par commandement que toutes fois que il
chevauchent doivent avoir sus le chief un palieque que on dit OMBREL, que
on porte sur une lance en senefiance de grant seigneurie."—_Marco Polo_,
Text of _Pauthier_, i. 256-7.

c. 1332.—(At Constantinople) "the inhabitants, military men or others,
great and small, winter and summer, carry over their heads huge UMBRELLAS
(_ma hallāt_)."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 440.

c. 1335.—"Whenever the Sultan (of Delhi) mounts his horse, they carry an
UMBRELLA over his head. But when he starts on a march to war, or on a
long journey, you see carried over his head seven umbrellas, two of which
are covered with jewels of inestimable value."—_Shihābuddīn Dimishkī_, in
_Not. et Exts._ xiii. 190.

1404.—"And over her head they bore a SHADE (SOMBRA) carried by a man, on
a shaft like that of a lance; and it was of white silk, made like the
roof of a round tent, and stretched by a hoop of wood, and this shade
they carry over the head to protect them from the sun."—_Clavijo_, §
cxxii.

1541.—"Then next to them marches twelve men on horseback, called
Peretandas, each of them carrying an UMBRELLO of carnation Sattin, and
other twelve that follow with banners of white damask."—_Pinto_, in
_Cogan's_ E.T., p. 135.

In the original this runs:

"Vão doze homẽs a cavallo, que se chamão peretandas, cõ SOMBREYROS de
citim cramesim nas mãos _a modo de esparavels postos em cesteas muyto
compridas_ (like tents upon very long staves) et outros doze cõ bãndeyras
de damasco branco."

[c. 1590.—"_The Ensigns of Royalty_.... 2. The _Chatr_, or UMBRELLA, is
adorned with the most precious jewels, of which there are never less than
seven. 3. The _Sáibán_ is of an oval form, a yard in length, and its
handle, like that of the umbrella, is covered with brocade, and
ornamented with precious stones. One of the attendants holds it, to keep
off the rays of the sun. It is also called _Áftábgír_."—_Āīn_, i. 50.]

1617.—"An UMBRELL, a _fashion of_ round and broade fanne, wherewith the
Indians, _and from them our great ones preserue themselves from the heate
of the scorching sunne_. G. Ombraire, m. Ombrelle, f. I. Ombrélla. L.
Vmbella, _ab vmbra_, the shadow, _est enim_ instrumentum quo solem à
facie arcent ¶ Iuven. Gr. σκιάδιον, diminut. a σκία, i. vmbra. T.
SCHABHUT, q. SCHATHUT, _à_ SCHATTEN, i. _vmbra_, et HUT, i. _pileus, á
quo_, et B. SCHINHOEDT. Br. _Teggidel, à teg,_ i. pulchrum forma, et
_gidd_, pro _riddio_, i. protegere; _haec enim vmbellae
finis_."—_Minsheu_ (1st ed. s.v.).

1644.—"Here (at Marseilles) we bought UMBRELLAS against the
heats."—_Evelyn's Diary_, 7th Oct.

1677.—(In this passage the word is applied to an awning before a shop.)
"The Streets are generally narrow ... the better to receive the
advantages of UMBRELLO'S extended from side to side to keep the sun's
violence from their customers."—_Fryer_, 222.

1681.—"After these comes an Elephant with two Priests on his back; one
whereof is the Priest before spoken of, carrying the painted Stick on his
shoulder.... The other sits behind him, holding a round thing like an
VMBRELLO over his head, to keep off Sun or Rain."—_Knox's Ceylon_, 79.

1709.—"... The Young Gentleman belonging to the Custom-house that for
fear of rain borrowed the UMBRELLA at Will's Coffee-house in Cornhill of
the Mistress, is hereby advertised that to be dry from head to foot in
the like occasion he shall be welcome to the Maid's pattens."—_The Female
Tatler_, Dec. 12, quoted in _Malcolm's Anecdotes_, 1808, p. 429.

1712.

"The tuck'd up semstress walks with hasty strides
While streams run down her oil'd UMBRELLA'S sides."
_Swift, A City Shower._

1715.

"Good housewives all the winter's rage despise,
Defended by the riding hood's disguise;
Or underneath the UMBRELLA'S oily shade
Safe through the wet on clinking pattens tread.

"Let Persian dames the UMBRELLA'S ribs display
To guard their beauties from the sunny ray;
Or sweating slaves support the shady load
When Eastern monarchs show their state abroad;
Britain in winter only knows its aid
To guard from chilly showers the walking maid."
_Gay, Trivia_, i.

1850.—_Advertisement posted at the door of one of the Sections of the_
British Association _meeting at_ Edinburgh.

"The gentleman, who carried away a brown silk UMBRELLA from the ——
Section yesterday, may have the cover belonging to it, which is of no
further use to the Owner, by applying to the Porter at the Royal
Hotel."—(_From Personal Recollection._)—It is a curious parallel to the
advertisement above from the _Female Tatler_.