Chapter XXXIV: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (31)

1853.—"'Halloa! Oakfield,' cried Perkins, as he entered the mess tent ...
'don't look down in the mouth, man; Attok taken, Chutter Sing DAURING
down like the devil—march to-morrow....'"—_Oakfield_, ii. 67.

DOW, s. H. _dāo_, [Skt. _dātra_, _dā_, 'to cut']. A name much used on the Eastern frontier of Bengal as well as by Europeans in Burma, for the hewing knife or bill, of various forms, carried by the races of those regions, and used both for cutting jungle and as a sword. _Dhā_ is the true Burmese name for their weapon of this kind, but we do not know if there is any relation but an accidental one with the Hind. word. [See drawing in _Egerton, Handbook of Indian Arms_, p. 84.]

[1870.—"The DAO is the hill knife.... It is a blade about 18 inches long,
narrow at the haft, and square and broad at the tip; pointless, and
sharpened on one side only. The blade is set in a handle of wood; a
bamboo root is considered the best. The fighting DAO is differently
shaped; this is a long pointless sword, set in a wooden or ebony handle;
it is very heavy, and a blow of almost incredible power can be given by
one of these weapons.... The weapon is identical with the '_parang
latok_' of the Malays...."—_Lewin, Wild Races of S.E. India_, 35 _seq._

DOWLE, s. H. _ḍaul_, _ḍaulā_. The ridge of clay marking the boundary between two rice fields, and retaining the water; called commonly in S. India a _bund_. It is worth noting that in Sussex _doole_ is "a small conical heap of earth, to mark the bounds of farms and parishes in the downs" (_Wright, Dict. of Obs. and Prov. English_). [The same comparison was made by Sir H. Elliot (_Supp. Gloss._ s.v. _Doula_); the resemblance is merely accidental; see _N.E.D._ s.v. _Dool_.]

1851.—"In the N.W. corner of Suffolk, where the country is almost
entirely open, the boundaries of the different parishes are marked by
earthen mounds from 3 to 6 feet high, which are known in the
neighbourhood as DOOLS."—_Notes and Queries_, 1st Series, vol. iv. p.
161.

DOWRA, s. A guide. H. _dauṛāhā_, _dauṛahā_, _dauṛā_, 'a village runner, a guide,' from _dauṛnā_, 'to run,' Skt. _drava_, 'running.'

1827.—"The vidette, on his part, kept a watchful eye on the DOWRAH, a
guide supplied at the last village."—_Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's
Daughter_, ch. xiii.

[DRABI, DRABY, s. The Indian camp-followers' corruption of the English '_driver_.'

[1900.—"The mule race for DRABIS and grass-cutters was
entertaining."—_Pioneer Mail_, March 16.]

DRAVIDIAN, adj. The Skt. term _Drāviḍa_ seems to have been originally the name of the Conjevaram Kingdom (4th to 11th cent. A.D.), but in recent times it has been used as equivalent to 'Tamil.' About A.D. 700 Kumārila Bhaṭṭa calls the language of the South _Andhradrāviḍa-bhāshā_, meaning probably, as Bishop Caldwell suggests, what we should now describe as '_Telegu-Tamil_-language.' Indeed he has shown reason for believing that _Tamil_ and _Drāviḍa_, of which _Dramiḍa_ (written _Tiramiḍa_), and _Dramila_ are old forms, are really the same word. [Also see _Oppert, Orig. Inhab._ 25 _seq._, and _Dravira_, in a quotation from Al-biruni under MALABAR.] It may be suggested as posssible that the _Tropina_ of Pliny is also the same (see below). Dr. Caldwell proposed _Dravidian_ as a convenient name for the S. Indian languages which belong to the Tamil family, and the cultivated members of which are Tamil, Malayālam, Canarese, Tulu, Kuḍagu (or Coorg), and Telegu; the uncultivated Tuḍa, Kōta, Gōṇḍ, Khonḍ, Orāon, Rājmahāli. [It has also been adopted as an enthnological term to designate the non-ARYAN races of India (see _Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, i. Intro. xxxi.).]

c. A.D. 70.—"From the mouth of Ganges where he entereth into the sea unto
the cape Calingon, and the town Dandagula, are counted 725 miles; from
thence to TROPINA where standeth the chiefe mart or towne of merchandise
in all India, 1225 miles. Then to the promontorie of Perimula they reckon
750 miles, from which to the towne abovesaid Patale ... 620."—_Pliny_, by
_Phil. Holland_, vi. chap. xx.

A.D. 404.—In a south-western direction are the following tracts ...
Surashtrians, Bâdaras, and DRÂVIḌAS.—_Varâha-mihira_, in _J.R.A.S._, 2nd
ser. v. 84.

" "The eastern half of the Narbadda district ... the Pulindas, the
eastern half of the DRÂVIḌAS ... of all these the Sun is the
Lord."—_Ibid._ p. 231.

c. 1045.—"Moreover, chief of the sons of Bharata, there are, the nations
of the South, the DRÁVIḌAS ... the Karnátakas, Máhishakas...."—_Vishnu
Purána_, by _H. H. Wilson_, 1865, ii. 177 _seq._

1856.—"The idioms which are included in this work under the general term
'DRAVIDIAN' constitute the vernacular speech of the great majority of the
inhabitants of S. India."—_Caldwell, Comp. Grammar of the Dravidian
Languages_, 1st ed.

1869.—"The people themselves arrange their countrymen under two heads;
five termed _Panch-gaura_, belonging to the Hindi, or as it is now
generally called, the Aryan group, and the remaining five, or
_Panch_-DRAVIDA, to the Tamil type."—_Sir W. Elliot_, in _J. Ethn. Soc._
N.S. i. 94.

DRAWERS, LONG, s. An old-fashioned term, probably obsolete except in Madras, equivalent to PYJĀMAS (q.v.).

1794.—"The contractor shall engage to supply ... every patient ... with
... a clean gown, cap, shirt, and LONG DRAWERS."—In _Seton-Karr_, ii.
115.

DRESSING-BOY, DRESS-BOY, s. Madras term for the servant who acts as valet, corresponding to the BEARER (q.v.) of N. India.

1837.—See _Letters from Madras_, 106.

DRUGGERMAN, s. Neither this word for an 'interpreter,' nor the Levantine _dragoman_, of which it was a quaint old English corruption, is used in Anglo-Indian colloquial; nor is the Arab _tarjumān_, which is the correct form, a word usual in Hindustāni. But the character of the two former words seems to entitle them not to be passed over in this Glossary. The Arabic is a loan-word from Aramaic _targĕmān_, _metargĕmān_, 'an interpreter'; the Jewish _Targums_, or Chaldee paraphrases of the Scriptures, being named from the same root. The original force of the Aramaic root is seen in the Assyrian _ragāmu_, 'to speak,' _rigmu_, 'the word.' See _Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch._, 1883, p. 73, and _Delitsch, The Hebrew Lang. viewed in the Light of Assyrian Research_, p. 50. In old Italian we find a form somewhat nearer to the Arabic. (See quotation from Pegolotti below.)

c. 1150?—"Quorum lingua cum praenominato Iohanni, Indorum patriarchae,
nimis esset obscura, quod neque ipse quod Romani dicerent, neque Romani
quod ipse diceret intelligerent, interprete interposito, quem Achivi
DROGOMANUM vocant, de mutuo statu Romanorum et Indicae regionis ad
invicem querere coeperunt."—_De Adventu Patriarchae Indorum_, printed in
_Zarncke, Der Priester Johannes_, i. 12. Leipzig, 1879.

[1252.—"Quia meus TURGEMANUS non erat sufficiens."—_W. de Rubruk_, p.
154.]

c. 1270.—"After this my address to the assembly, I sent my message to Elx
by a dragoman (TRUJAMAN) of mine."—_Chron. of James of Aragon_, tr. by
_Foster_, ii. 538.

Villehardouin, early in the 13th century, uses DRUGHEMENT, [and for other
early forms see _N.E.D._ s.v. _Dragoman_.]

c. 1309.—"Il avoit gens illec qui savoient le Sarrazinnois et le françois
que l'on apelle DRUGEMENS, qui enromancoient le Sarrazinnois au Conte
Perron."—_Joinville_, ed. _de Wailly_, 182.

c. 1343.—"And at Tana you should furnish yourself with dragomans
(TURCIMANNI)."—_Pegolotti's Handbook_, in _Cathay_, &c., ii. 291, and
App. iii.

1404.—"... el maestro en Theologia dixo por su TRUXIMAN que dixesse al
Señor q̃ aquella carta que su fijo el rey le embiara non la sabia otro
leer, salvo el...."—_Clavijo_, 446.

1585.—"... e dopo m'esservi prouisto di vn buonissimo DRAGOMANO, et
interprete, fu inteso il suono delle trombette le quali annuntiauano
l'udienza del Rè" (di Pegù).—_Gasparo Balbi_, f. 102_v_.

1613.—"To the _Trojan_ Shoare, where I landed Feb. 22 with fourteene
_English_ men more, and a Iew or DRUGGERMAN."—_T. Coryat_, in _Purchas_,
ii. 1813.

1615.—"E Dietro, a cavallo, I DRAGOMANNI, cioè interpreti della
repubblica e con loro tutti I DRAGOMANNI degli altri ambasciatori ai loro
luoghi."—_P. della Valle_, i. 89.

1738.—

"Till I cried out, you prove yourself so able,
Pity! you was not DRUGGERMAN at Babel!
For had they found a linguist half so good,
I make no question that the Tower had stood."—_Pope_, after _Donne,
Sat._ iv. 81.

Other forms of the word are (from Span. _trujaman_) the old French _truchement_, Low Latin _drocmandus_, _turchimannus_, Low Greek δραγούμανος, &c.

DRUMSTICK, s. The colloquial name in the Madras Presideny for the long slender pods of the _Moringa pterygosperma_, Gaertner, the HORSE-RADISH TREE (q.v.) of Bengal.

c. 1790.—"Mon domestique étoit occupé à me préparer un plat de
_morungas_, qui sont une espèce de fèves longues, auxquelles les
Européens ont donné, à cause de leur forme, le nom de BAGUETTES À
TAMBOUR...."—_Haafner_, ii. 25.

DUB, s. Telugu _dabbu_, Tam. _idappu_; a small copper coin, the same as the _doody_ (see CASH), value 20 _cash_; whence it comes to stand for money in general. It is curious that we have also an English _provincial_ word, "_Dubs_ = money, E. Sussex" (_Holloway, Gen. Dict. of Provincialisms_, Lewes, 1838). And the slang 'to dub up,' for to pay up, is common (see _Slang Dict._).

1781.—"In "Table of Prison Expenses and articles of luxury only to be
attained by the opulent, after a length of saving" (_i.e._ in captivity
in Mysore), we have—

"Eight cheroots . . . 0 1 0.

"The prices are in _fanams_, DUBS, and cash. The fanam changes for 11
_dubs_ and 4 cash."—In _Lives of the Lindsays_, iii.

c. 1790.—"J'eus pour quatre DABOUS, qui font environ cinq sous de France,
d'excellent poisson pour notre souper."—_Haafner_, ii. 75.

DUBASH, DOBASH, DEBASH, s. H. _dubhāshiyā_, _dobāshī_ (lit. 'man of two languages'), Tam. _tupāshi_. An interpreter; obsolete except at Madras, and perhaps there also now, at least in its original sense; [now it is applied to a DRESSING-BOY or other servant with a European.] The _Dubash_ was at Madras formerly a usual servant in every household; and there is still one attached to each mercantile house, as the broker transacting business with natives, and corresponding to the Calcutta BANYAN (q.v.). According to Drummond the word has a peculiar meaning in Guzerat: "A _Doobasheeo_ in Guzerat is viewed as an evil spirit, who by telling lies, sets people by the ears." This illustrates the original meaning of _dubash_, which might be rendered in Bunyan's fashion as Mr. Two-Tongues.

[1566.—"Bring TOOPAZ and interpreter, Antonio Fernandes."—_India Office
MSS._ Gaveta's agreement with the jangadas of the fort of Quilon, Aug.
13.

[1664.—"Per nossa conta a ambos por manilha 400 fanoim e ao TUPAY 50
fanoim."—_Letter of Zamorin_, in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 1.]

1673.—"The Moors are very grave and haughty in their Demeanor, not
vouchsafing to return an Answer by a slave, but by a DEUBASH."—_Fryer_,
30.

[1679.—"The DUBASS of this Factory having to regaine his freedom."—_S.
Master_, in _Man. of Kistna Dist._ 133.]

1693.—"The chief DUBASH was ordered to treat ... for putting a stop to
their proceedings."—_Wheeler_, i. 279.

1780.—"He ordered his DUBASH to give the messenger two pagodas (sixteen
shillings);—it was poor reward for having received two wounds, and risked
his life in bringing him intelligence."—Letter of _Sir T. Munro_, in
_Life_, i. 26.

1800.—"The DUBASH there ought to be hanged for having made difficulties
in collecting the rice."—Letter of _Sir A. Wellesley_, in _do._ 259.

c. 1804.—"I could neither understand them nor they me; but they would not
give me up until a DEBASH, whom Mrs. Sherwood had hired ... came to my
relief with a palanquin."—_Autobiog. of Mrs. Sherwood_, 272.

1809.—"He (Mr. North) drove at once from the coast the tribe of Aumils
and DEBASHES."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 315.

1810.—"In this first boat a number of DEBASHES are sure to
arrive."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 133.

" "The DUBASHES, then all powerful at Madras, threatened loss of
caste, and absolute destruction to any Bramin who should dare to unveil
the mysteries of their sacred language."—_Morton's Life of Leyden_, 30.

1860.—"The moodliars and native officers ... were superseded by Malabar
DUBASHES, men aptly described as enemies to the religion of the
Singhalese, strangers to their habits, and animated by no impulse but
extortion."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 72.

DUBBEER, s. P.—H. _dabīr_, 'a writer or secretary.' It occurs in Pehlevi as _debīr_, connected with the old Pers. _dipi_, 'writing.' The word is quite obsolete in Indian use.

1760.—"The King ... referred the adjustment to his DUBBEER, or minister,
which, amongst the Indians, is equivalent to the Duan of the Mahomedan
Princes."—_Orme_, ii. § ii. 601.

DUBBER, s. Hind. (from Pers.) _dabbah_; also, according to Wilson, Guzerāti _dabaro_; Mahr. _dabara_. A large oval vessel, made of green buffalo-hide, which, after drying and stiffening, is used for holding and transporting _ghee_ or oil. The word is used in North and South alike.

1554.—"Butter (_á mámteiga_, _i.e._ ghee) sells by the maund, and comes
hither (to Ormuz) from Bacoraa and from Reyxel (see RESHIRE); the most
(however) that comes to Ormuz is from Diul and from Mamgalor, and comes
in certain great jars of hide, DABAAS."—_A. Nunes_, 23.

1673.—"Did they not boil their Butter it would be rank, but after it has
passed the Fire they keep it in DUPPERS the year round."—_Fryer_, 118.

1727.—(From the Indus Delta.) "They export great quantities of Butter,
which they gently melt and put up in Jars called DUPPAS, made of the
Hides of Cattle, almost in the Figure of a Glob, with a Neck and Mouth on
one side."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 126; [ed. 1744, i. 127].

1808.—"_Purbhoodas Shet_ of Broach, in whose books a certain Mahratta
Sirdar is said to stand debtor for a Crore of Rupees ... in early life
brought ... _ghee_ in DUBBERS upon his own head hither from Baroda, and
retailed it ... in open Bazar."—_R. Drummond, Illustrations_, &c.

1810.—"... DUBBAHS or bottles made of green hide."—_Williamson, V. M._
ii. 139.

1845.—"I find no account made out by the prisoner of what became of these
DUBBAS of _ghee_."—G. O. by _Sir C. Napier_, in _Sind_, 35.

DUCKS, s. The slang distinctive name for gentlemen belonging to the Bombay service; the correlative of the MULLS of Madras and of the QUI-HIS of Bengal. It seems to have been taken from the term next following.

1803.—"I think they manage it here famously. They have neither the
comforts of a Bengal army, nor do they rough it, like the
DUCKS."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i. 53.

1860.—"Then came Sire Jhone by Waye of Baldagh and Hormuz to yẽ Costys of
Ynde.... And atte what Place yẽ Knyghte came to Londe, theyre yẽ ffolke
clepen DUCKYS (quasi DUCES INDIAE)."—Extract from a MS. of the _Travels
of Sir John Maundevill_ in the E. Indies, lately discovered (Calcutta).

[In the following the word is a corruption of the Tam. _tūkku_, a weight
equal to 1¼ VISS, about 3 lbs. 13 oz.

[1787.—"We have fixed the produce of each vine at 4 DUCKS of wet
pepper."—_Purwannah of Tippoo Sultan_, in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 125.]

DUCKS, BOMBAY. See BUMMELO.

1860.—"A fish nearly related to the salmon is dried and exported in large
quantities from Bombay, and has acquired the name of BOMBAY
DUCKS."—_Mason, Burmah_, 273.

DUFFADAR, s. Hind. (from Arabo-Pers.) _daf'adār_, the exact rationale of which name it is not easy to explain, [_daf'a_, 'a small body, a section,' _daf'adār_, 'a person in charge of a small body of troops']. A petty officer of native police (_v._ BURKUNDAUZE, v.); and in regiments of Irregular Cavalry, a non-commissioned officer corresponding in rank to a corporal or NAIK.

1803.—"The pay ... for the DUFFADARS ought not to exceed 35
rupees."—_Wellington_, ii. 242.

DUFTER, s. Ar.—H. _daftar_. Colloquially 'the office,' and interchangeable with CUTCHERRY, except that the latter generally implies an office of the nature of a Court. _Daftar-khāna_ is more accurate, [but this usually means rather a record-room where documents are stored]. The original Arab. _daftar_ is from the Greek διφθέρα = _membranum_, 'a parchment,' and thin 'paper' (whence also _diphtheria_), and was applied to loose sheets filed on a string, which formed the record of accounts; hence _daftar_ becomes 'a register,' a public record. In Arab. any account-book is still a _daftar_, and in S. India _daftar_ means a bundle of connected papers tied up in a cloth, [the _basta_ of Upper India].

c. 1590.—"Honest experienced officers upon whose forehead the stamp of
correctness shines, write the agreement upon loose pages and sheets, so
that the transaction cannot be forgotten. These loose sheets, into which
all _sanads_ are entered, are called the DAFTAR."—_Āīn_, i. 260, and see
_Blochmann's_ note there.

[1757.—"... that after the expiration of the year they take a discharge
according to custom, and that they deliver the accounts of their
Zemindarry agreeable to the stated forms every year into the DUFTER Cana
of the Sircar...."—_Sunnud for the Company's Zemindarry_, in _Verelst,
View of Bengal_, App. 147.]

DUFTERDAR, s. Ar.—P.—H. _daftardār_, is or was "the head native revenue officer on the Collector's and Sub-Collector's establishment of the Bombay Presidency" (_Wilson_). In the provinces of the Turkish Empire the DAFTARDĀR was often a minister of great power and importance, as in the case of Mahommed Bey Daftardār, in Egypt in the time of Mahommed 'Ali Pasha (see _Lane's Mod. Egyptns._, ed. 1860, pp. 127-128). The account of the constitution of the office of _Daftardār_ in the time of the Mongol conqueror of Persia, Hulāgū, will be found in a document translated by Hammer-Purgstall in his _Gesch. der Goldenen Horde_, 497-501.

DUFTERY, s. Hind. _daftarī_. A servant in an Indian office (Bengal), whose business it is to look after the condition of the records, dusting and binding them; also to pen-mending, paper-ruling, making of envelopes, &c. In Madras these offices are done by a MOOCHY. [For the military sense of the word in Afghanistan, see quotation from _Ferrier_ below.]

1810.—"The DUFTOREE or office-keeper attends solely to those general
matters in an office which do not come within the notice of the
_crannies_, or clerks."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 275.

[1858.—"The whole Afghan army consists of the three divisions of Kabul,
Kandahar, and Herat; of these, the troops called DEFTERIS (which receive
pay), present the following effective force."—_Ferrier, H. of the
Afghans_, 315 _seq._]

DUGGIE, s. A word used in the Pegu teak trade, for a long squared timber. Milburn (1813) says: "_Duggies_ are timbers of teak from 27 to 30 feet long, and from 17 to 24 inches square." Sir A. Phayre believes the word to be a corruption of the Burmese _htāp-gy̆ī_. The first syllable means the 'cross-beam of a house,' the second, 'big'; hence 'big-beam.'

DUGONG, s. The cetaceous mammal, _Halicore dugong_. The word is Malay _dūyung_, also Javan. _duyung_; Macassar, _ruyung_. The etymology we do not know. [The word came to us from the name _Dugung_, used in the Philippine island of Leyte, and was popularised in its present form by Buffon in 1765. See _N.E.D._]

DUMBCOW, v., and DUMBCOWED, participle. To brow-beat, to cow; and cowed, brow-beaten, set-down. This is a capital specimen of Anglo-Indian dialect. _Dam khānā_, 'to eat one's breath,' is a Hind. idiom for 'to be silent.' Hobson-Jobson converts this into a transitive verb, to _damkhāo_, and both spelling and meaning being affected by English suggestions of sound, this comes in Anglo-Indian use to imply _cowing_ and _silencing_. [A more probable derivation is from Hind. _dhamkānā_, 'to chide, scold, threaten, to repress by threats or reproof' (_Platts, H. Dict._).]

DUMDUM, n.p. The name of a military cantonment 4½ miles N.W. of Calcutta, which was for seventy years (1783-1853) the head-quarters of that famous corps the Bengal Artillery. The name, which occurs at intervals in Bengal, is no doubt P.—H. _dam-dama_, 'a mound or elevated battery.' At Dumdum was signed the treaty which restored the British settlements after the re-capture of Calcutta in 1757. [It has recently given a name to the DUMDUM or expanding bullet, made in the arsenal there.]

[1830.—Prospectus of the "DUMDUM Golfing Club."—"We congratulate them on
the prospect of seeing that noble and gentleman-like game established in
Bengal."—_Or. Sport. Mag._, reprint 1873, i. 407.

1848.—"'Pooh! nonsense,' said Joe, highly flattered. 'I recollect, sir,
there was a girl at DUMDUM, a daughter of Cutler of the Artillery ... who
made a dead set at me in the year '4.'"—_Vanity Fair_, i. 25, ed. 1867.

[1886.—"The Kiranchi (see CRANCHEE) has been replaced by the ordinary
DUMDUMMER, or Pálki carriage ever since the year 1856."—_Sat. Review_,
Jan. 23.

[1900.—"A modern murderer came forward proudly with the DUMDUM."—_Ibid._
Aug. 4.]

DUMPOKE, s. A name given in the Anglo-Indian kitchen to a baked dish, consisting usually of a duck, boned and stuffed. The word is Pers. _dampukht_, 'air-cooked,' _i.e._ baked. A recipe for a dish so called, as used in Akbar's kitchen, is in the first quotation:

c. 1590.—"DAMPUKHT. 10 sers meat; 2 s. ghi; 1 s. onions; 11 m. fresh
ginger; 10 m. pepper; 2 d. cardamoms."—_Āīn_, i. 61.

1673.—"These eat highly of all Flesh DUMPOKED, which is baked with Spice
in Butter."—_Fryer_, 93.

" "Baked Meat they call DUMPOKE which is dressed with sweet Herbs
and Butter, with whose Gravy they swallow Rice dry Boiled."—_Ibid._ 404.

1689.—"... and a DUMPOKED Fowl, that is boil'd with Butter in any small
Vessel, and stuft with Raisins and Almonds is another
(Dish)."—_Ovington_, 397.

DUMREE, s. Hind. _damṛī_, a copper coin of very low value, not now existing. (See under DAM).

1823.—In Malwa "there are 4 _cowries_ to a _gunda_; 3 _gundas_ to a
DUMRIE; 2 _dumries_ to a _chedaum_; 3 _dumries_ to a _tun_DUMRIE; and 4
_dumries_ to an _adillah_ or half pice."—_Malcolm, Central India_, 2nd
ed. ii. 194; [86 note].

DUNGAREE, s. A kind of coarse and inferior cotton cloth; the word is not in any dictionary that we know. [Platts gives H. _dungrī_, 'a coarse kind of cloth.' The _Madras Gloss._ gives Tel. _dangidi_, which is derived from Dāngidi, a village near Bombay. Molesworth in his _Mahr. Dict._ gives: "_Doṅgarī Kāpaṛ_, a term originally for the common country cloth sold in the quarter contiguous to the _Ḍongarī Ḳilla_ (Fort George, Bombay), applied now to poor and low-priced cotton cloth. Hence in the corruption _Dungarie_." He traces the word to _ḍongarī_, "a little hill." Dungaree is woven with two or more threads together in the web and woof. The finer kinds are used for clothing by poor people; the coarser for sails for native boats and tents. The same word seems to be used of silk (see below).]

1613.—"We traded with the _Naturalls_ for Cloves ... by bartering and
exchanging cotton cloth of _Cambay_ and _Coromandell_ for Cloves. The
sorts requested, and prices that they yeelded. _Candakeens_ of
_Barochie_, 6 Cattees of Cloves.... DONGERIJNS, the finest,
twelve."—_Capt. Saris_, in _Purchas_, i. 363.

1673.—"Along the Coasts are Bombaim ... Carwar for DUNGAREES and the
weightiest pepper."—_Fryer_, 86.

[1812.—"The Prince's Messenger ... told him, 'Come, now is the time to
open your purse-strings; you are no longer a merchant or in prison; you
are no longer to sell DUNGAREE' (a species of coarse linen)."—_Morier,
Journey through Persia_, 26.]

1813.—"DUNGAREES (pieces to a ton) 400."—_Milburn_, ii. 221.

[1859.—"In addition to those which were real ... were long lines of sham
batteries, known to sailors as DUNGAREE forts, and which were made simply
of coarse cloth or canvas, stretched and painted so as to resemble
batteries."—_L. Oliphant, Narr. of Ld. Elgin's Mission_, ii. 6.]

1868.—"Such DUNGEREE as you now pay half a rupee a yard for, you could
then buy from 20 to 40 yards per rupee."—_Miss Frere's Old Deccan Days_,
p. xxiv.

[1900.—"From this thread the DONGARI Tasar is prepared, which may be
compared to the organzine of silk, being both twisted and
doubled."—_Yusuf Ali, Mem. on Silk_, 35.]

DURBAR, s. A Court or Levee. Pers. _darbār_. Also the Executive Government of a Native State (_Carnegie_). "In Kattywar, by a curious idiom, the chief himself is so addressed: 'Yes, DURBAR'; 'no, DURBAR,' being common replies to him."—(_M.-Gen. Keatinge_).

1609.—"On the left hand, thorow another gate you enter into an inner
court where the King keepes his DARBAR."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 432.

1616.—"The tenth of Ianuary, I went to Court at foure in the euening to
the DURBAR, which is the place where the _Mogoll_ sits out daily, to
entertaine strangers, to receiue Petitions and Presents, to giue
commands, to see and to be seene."—_Sir T. Roe_, in _Purchas_, i. 541;
[with some slight differences of reading, in Hak. Soc. i. 106].

1633.—"This place they call the DERBA (or place of Councill) where Law
and Justice was administered according to the Custome of the
Countrey."—_W. Bruton_, in _Hakl._ v. 51.

c. 1750.—"... il faut se rappeller ces tems d'humiliations où le Francois
étoient forcés pour le bien de leur commerce, d'aller timidement porter
leurs presens et leurs hommages à de petis chefs de Bourgades que nous
n'admetons aujourd'hui à nos DORBARDS que lorsque nos intérêts
l'exigent."—Letter of _M. de Bussy_, in _Cambridge's Account_, p. xxix.

1793.—"At my DURBAR yesterday I had proof of the affection entertained by
the natives for Sir William Jones. The Professors of the Hindu Law, who
were in the habit of attendance upon him, burst into unrestrained tears
when they spoke to me."—_Teignmouth, Mem._ i. 289.

1809.—"It was the DURBAR of the native Gentoo Princes."—_Ld. Valentia_,
i. 362.

[1826.—"... a DURBAR, or police-officer, should have men in
waiting...."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 126.]

1875.—"Sitting there in the centre of the DURBAR, we assisted at our
first nautch."—_Sir M. E. Grant Duff_, in _Contemp. Rev._, July.

[1881.—"Near the centre (at Amritsar) lies the sacred tank, from whose
midst rises the DARBAR Sahib, or great temple of the Sikh
faith."—_Imperial Gazetteer_, i. 186.]

DURGAH, s. P. _dargāh_. Properly a royal court. But the habitual use of the word in India is for the shrine of a (Mahommedan) Saint, a place of religious resort and prayer.

1782.—"Adjoining is a DURGAW or burial place, with a view of the
river."—_Hodges_, 102.

1807.—"The DHURGAW may invariably be seen to occupy those scites
pre-eminent for comfort and beauty."—_Williamson, Oriental Field Sports_,
24.

1828.—"... he was a relation of the ... superior of the DURGAH, and this
is now a sufficient protection."—_The Kuzzilbash_, ii. 273.

DURIAN, DORIAN, s. Malay _duren_, Molucca form _duriyān_, from _durī_, 'a thorn or prickle, [and _ān_, the common substantival ending; Mr. Skeat gives the standard Malay as _duriyan_ or _durian_]; the great fruit of the tree (N. O. _Bombaceae_) called by botanists _Durio zibethinus_, D. C. The tree appears to be a native of the Malay Peninsula, and the nearest islands; from which it has been carried to Tenasserim on one side and to Mindanao on the other.

The earliest European mention of this fruit is that by Nicolo Conti. The passage is thus rendered by Winter Jones: "In this island (Sumatra) there also grows a green fruit which they call _duriano_, of the size of a cucumber. When opened five fruits are found within, resembling oblong oranges. The taste varies like that of cheese." (In _India in the XVth Cent._, p. 9.) We give the original Latin of Poggio below, which must be more correctly rendered thus: "They have a green fruit which they call _durian_, as big as a water-melon. Inside there are five things like elongated oranges, and resembling thick butter, with a combination of flavours." (See _Carletti_, below).

The _dorian_ in Sumatra often forms a staple article of food, as the JACK (q.v.) does in Malabar. By natives and old European residents in the Malay regions in which it is produced the _dorian_ is regarded as incomparable, but novices have a difficulty in getting over the peculiar, strong, and offensive odour of the fruit, on account of which it is usual to open it away from the house, and which procured for it the inelegant Dutch nickname of _stancker_. "When that aversion, however, is conquered, many fall into the taste of the natives, and become passionately fond of it." (_Crawfurd, H. of Ind. Arch._ i. 419.) [Wallace (_Malay Arch._ 57) says that he could not bear the smell when he "first tried it in Malacca, but in Borneo I found a ripe fruit on the ground, and, eating it out of doors, I at once became a confirmed Durian eater ... the more you eat of it the less you feel inclined to stop. In fact to eat Durians is a new sensation, worth a voyage to the East to experience."] Our forefathers had not such delicate noses, as may be gathered from some of the older notices. A Governor of the Straits, some forty-five years ago, used to compare the _Dorian_ to 'carrion in custard.'

c. 1440.—"Fructum viridem habent nomine DURIANUM, magnitudine cucumeris,
in quo sunt quinque veluti malarancia oblonga, varii saporis, instar
butyri coagulati."—_Poggii, de Varietate Fortunae_, Lib. iv.

1552.—"DURIONS, which are fashioned like artichokes" (!)—_Castanheda_,
ii. 355.

1553.—"Among these fruits was one kind now known by the name of DURIONS,
a thing greatly esteemed, and so luscious that the Malacca merchants tell
how a certain trader came to that port with a ship load of great value,
and he consumed the whole of it in guzzling DURIONS and in gallantries
among the Malay girls."—_Barros_, II. vi. i.

1563.—"A gentleman in this country (Portuguese India) tells me that he
remembers to have read in a Tuscan version of Pliny, '_nobiles_
DURIANES.' I have since asked him to find the passage in order that I
might trace it in the Latin, but up to this time he says he has not found
it."—_Garcia_, f. 85.

1588.—"There is one that is called in the Malacca tongue DURION, and is
so good that I have heard it affirmed by manie that have gone about the
worlde, that it doth exceede in savour all others that ever they had
seene or tasted.... Some do say that have seene it that it seemeth to be
that wherewith Adam did transgresse, being carried away by the singular
savour."—_Parke's Mendoza_, ii. 318.

1598.—"DURYOEN is a fruit ỹt only groweth in Malacca, and is so much
comẽded by those which have proued ye same, that there is no fruite in
the world to bee compared with it."—_Linschoten_, 102; [Hak. Soc. i. 51].

1599.—The DORIAN, Carletti thought, had a smell of onions, and he did not
at first much like it, but when at last he got used to this he liked the
fruit greatly, and thought nothing of a simple and natural kind could be
tasted which possessed a more complex and elaborate variety of odours and
flavours than this did.—See _Viaggi_, Florence, 1701; Pt. II. p. 211.

1601.—"DURYOEN ... ad apertionem primam ... putridum coepe redolet, sed
dotem tamen divinam illam omnem gustui profundit."—_Debry_, iv. 33.

[1610.—"The DARION tree nearly resembles a pear tree in size."—_Pyrard de
Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 366.]

1615.—"There groweth a certaine fruit, prickled like a ches-nut, and as
big as one's fist, the best in the world to eate, these are somewhat
costly, all other fruits being at an easie rate. It must be broken with
force and therein is contained a white liquor like vnto creame, never the
lesse it yields a very vnsauory sent like to a rotten oynion, and it is
called ESTURION" (probably a misprint).—_De Monfart_, 27.

1727.—"The DUREAN is another excellent Fruit, but offensive to some
People's Noses, for it smells very like ... but when once tasted the
smell vanishes."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 81; [ed. 1744, ii. 80].

1855.—"The fetid DORIAN, prince of fruits to those who like it, but chief
of abominations to all strangers and novices, does not grow within the
present territories of Ava, but the King makes great efforts to obtain a
supply in eatable condition from the Tenasserim Coast. King Tharawadi
used to lay post-horses from Martaban to Ava, to bring his odoriferous
delicacy."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, 161.

1878.—"The DURIAN will grow as large as a man's head, is covered closely
with terribly sharp spines, set hexagonally upon its hard skin, and when
ripe it falls; if it should strike any one under the tree, severe injury
or death may be the result."—_M‘Nair, Perak_, 60.

1885.—"I proceeded ... under a continuous shade of tall DURIAN trees from
35 to 40 feet high.... In the flowering time it was a most pleasant shady
wood; but later in the season the chance of a fruit now and then
descending on one's head would be less agreeable." _Note._—"Of this fruit
the natives are passionately fond; ... and the elephants flock to its
shade in the fruiting time; but, more singular still, the tiger is said
to devour it with avidity."—_Forbes, A Naturalist's Wanderings_, p. 240.

DURJUN, s. H. _darjan_, a corr. of the English _dozen_.

DURWAUN, s. H. from P. _darwān_, _darbān_. A doorkeeper. A domestic servant so called is usual in the larger houses of Calcutta. He is porter at the gate of the COMPOUND (q.v.).

[c. 1590.—"The DARBÁNS, or Porters. A thousand of these active men are
employed to guard the palace."—_Āīn_, i. 258.]

c. 1755.—"DERWAN."—List of servants in _Ives_, 50.

1781.—(After an account of an alleged attempt to seize Mr. Hicky's
_Darwān_). "Mr. Hicky begs leave to make the following remarks. That he
is clearly of opinion that these horrid Assassins wanted to dispatch him
whilst he lay a sleep, as a DOOR-VAN is well known to be the alarm of the
House, to prevent which the Villians wanted to carry him off,—and their
precipitate flight the moment they heard Mr. Hicky's Voice puts it past a
Doubt."—Reflections on the consequence of the late attempt made to
Assassinate the Printer of the original _Bengal Gazette_ (in the same,
April 14).

1784.—"Yesterday at daybreak, a most extraordinary and horrid murder was
committed upon the DIRWAN of Thomas Martin, Esq."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 12.

" "In the entrance passage, often on both sides of it, is a raised
floor with one or two open cells, in which the DARWANS (or doorkeepers)
sit, lie, and sleep—in fact dwell."—_Calc. Review_, vol. lix. p. 207.

DURWAUZA-BUND. The formula by which a native servant in an Anglo-Indian household intimates that his master or mistress cannot receive a visitor—'Not at home'—without the untruth. It is elliptical for _darwāza band hai_, 'the door is closed.'

[1877.—"When they did not find him there, it was DARWAZA
BUND."—_Allardyce, The City of Sunshine_, i. 125.]

DUSSERA, DASSORA, DASEHRA, s. Skt. _daśaharā_, H. _dasharā_, Mahr. _dasrā_; the _nine-nights'_ (or ten days') festival in October, also called _Durgā-pūjā_ (see DOORGA-P.). In the west and south of India this holiday, taking place after the close of the wet season, became a great military festival, and the period when military expeditions were entered upon. The Mahrattas were alleged to celebrate the occasion in a way characteristic of them, by destroying a village! The popular etymology of the word and that accepted by the best authorities, is _daś_, 'ten (sins)' and _har_, 'that which takes away (or expiates).' It is, perhaps, rather connected with the ten days' duration of the feast, or with its chief day being the 10th of the month (_Aśvina_); but the origin is decidedly obscure.

c. 1590.—"The autumn harvest he shall begin to collect from the DESHEREH,
which is another Hindoo festival that also happens differently, from the
beginning of Virgo to the commencement of Libra."—_Ayeen_, tr. _Gladwin_,
ed. 1800, i. 307; [tr. _Jarrett_, ii. 46].

1785.—"On the anniversary of the DUSHARAH you will distribute among the
Hindoos, composing your escort, a goat to every ten men."—_Tippoo's
Letters_, 162.

1799.—"On the Institution and Ceremonies of the Hindoo Festival of the
DUSRAH," published (1820) in _Trans. Bomb. Lit. Soc._ iii. 73 _seqq._ (By
Sir John Malcolm.)

1812.—"The Courts ... are allowed to adjourn annually during the Hindoo
festival called DUSSARAH."—_Fifth Report_, 37.

1813.—"This being the DESSERAH, a great Hindoo festival ... we resolved
to delay our departure and see some part of the ceremonies."—_Forbes, Or.
Mem._ iv. 97; [2nd ed. ii. 450].

DUSTOOR, DUSTOORY, s. P.—H. _dastūr_, 'custom' [see DESTOOR,] _dastūrī_, 'that which is customary.' That commission or percentage on the money passing in any cash transaction which, with or without acknowledgment or permission, sticks to the fingers of the agent of payment. Such 'customary' appropriations are, we believe, very nearly as common in England as in India; a fact of which newspaper correspondence from time to time makes us aware, though Europeans in India, in condemning the natives, often forget, or are ignorant of this. In India the practice is perhaps more distinctly recognised, as the word denotes. Ibn Batuta tells us that at the Court of Delhi, in his time (c. 1340), the custom was for the officials to deduct 1/10 of every sum which the Sultan ordered to be paid from the treasury (see _I. B._ pp. 408, 426, &c.).

[1616.—"The DUSTURIA in all bought goodes ... is a great matter."—_Sir T.
Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 350.]

1638.—"Ces vallets ne sont point nourris au logis, mais ont leurs gages,
dont ils s'entretiennent, quoy qu'ils ne montent qu'à trois ou quatre
Ropias par moys ... mais ils ont leur tour du baston, qu'ils appellent
TESTURY, qu'ils prennent du consentement du Maistre de celuy dont ils
achettent quelque chose."—_Mandelslo_, Paris, 1659, 224.

[1679.—"The usuall DUSTOORE shall be equally divided."—_S. Master_, in
_Kistna Man._ 136.]

1680.—"It is also ordered that in future the _Vakils_ (see VAKEEL),
_Mutsuddees_ (see MOOTSUDDY), or Writers of the _Tagadgeers_,[112]
_Dumiers_, (?)[113] or overseers of the Weavers, and the PICARS and
PODARS shall not receive any monthly wages, but shall be content with the
DUSTOOR ... of a quarter anna in the rupee, which the merchants and
weavers are to allow them. The DUSTOOR may be divided twice a year or
oftener by the Chief and Council among the said employers."—_Ft. St. Geo.
Cons._, Dec. 2. In _Notes and Extracts_, No. II. p. 61.

1681.—"For the farme of DUSTOORY on cooley hire at Pagodas 20 per annum
received a part ... (Pag.) 13 00 0."—_Ibid._ Jan. 10; _Ibid._ No. III. p.
45.

[1684.—"The Honble. Comp. having order'd ... that the DUSTORE upon their
Investment ... be brought into the Generall Books."—_Pringle, Diary, Ft.
St. Geo._ 1st ser. iii. 69.]

1780.—"It never can be in the power of a superintendent of Police to
reform the numberless abuses which servants of every Denomination have
introduced, and now support on the Broad Basis of DUSTOOR."—_Hicky's
Bengal Gazette_, April 29.

1785.—"The Public are hereby informed that no Commission, Brokerage, or
DUSTOOR is charged by the Bank, or permitted to be taken by any Agent or
Servant employed by them."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 130.

1795.—"All servants belonging to the Company's Shed have been strictly
prohibited from demanding or receiving any fees or DASTOORS on any
pretence whatever."—_Ibid._ ii. 16.

1824.—"The profits however he made during the voyage, and by a DUSTOORY
on all the alms given or received ... were so considerable that on his
return some of his confidential disciples had a quarrel with
him."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 198.

1866.—"... of all taxes small and great the heaviest is
DUSTOOREE."—_Trevelyan, Dawk Bungalow_, 217.

DUSTUCK, s. P. _dastak_, ['a little hand, hand-clapping to attract attention, a notice']. A pass or permit. The _dustucks_ granted by the Company's covenanted servants in the early half of the 18th century seems to have been a constant instrument of abuse, or bone of contention, with the native authorities in Bengal. [The modern sense of the word in N. India is a notice of the revenue demand served on a defaulter.]

1716.—"A passport or DUSTUCK, signed by the President of Calcutta, should
exempt the goods specified from being visited or stopped."—_Orme_, ed.
1803, ii. 21.

1748.—"The Zemindar near Pultah having stopped several boats with English
DUSTICKS and taken money from them, and disregarding the Phousdar's
orders to clear them...."—In _Long_, 6.

[1762.—"DUSTICKS." See WRITER.]

1763.—"The dignity and benefit of our DUSTUCKS are the chief badges of
honour, or at least interest, we enjoy from our _Phirmaund_."—From the
Chief and Council at Dacca, in _Van Sittart_, i. 210.

[1769.—"DUSTICKS." See under HOSBOLHOOKUM.

[1866.—"It is a practice of the Revenue Courts of the SIRCAR to issue
DUSTUCK for the malgoozaree the very day the KIST (instalment) became
due."—_Confessions of an Orderly_, 132.]

DWARKA, n.p. More properly _Dvārakā_ or _Dvārikā_, quasi ἐκατόμπυλος, 'the City with many gates,' a very sacred Hindu place of pilgrimage, on the extreme N.W. point of peninsular Guzerat; the alleged royal city of Krishna. It is in the small State called Okha, which Gen. Legrand Jacob pronounces to be "barren of aught save superstition and piracy" (_Tr. Bo. Geog. Soc._ vii. 161). _Dvārikā_ is, we apprehend, the βαράκη of Ptolemy. Indeed, in an old Persian map, published in _Indian Antiq._ i. 370, the place appears, transcribed as _Bharraky_.

c. 1590.—"The _Fifth Division_ is Jugget (see JACQUETE), which is also
called DAURKA. Kishen came from Mehtra, and dwelt at this place, and died
here. This is considered as a very holy spot by the Brahmins."—_Ayeen_,
by _Gladwin_, ed. 1800, ii. 76; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 248].

E

EAGLE-WOOD, s. The name of an aromatic wood from Camboja and some other Indian regions, chiefly trans-gangetic. It is the "odorous wood" referred to by Camões in the quotation under CHAMPA. We have somewhere read an explanation of the name as applied to the substance in question, because this is flecked and mottled, and so supposed to resemble the plumage of an eagle! [_Burton, Ar. Nights_, iv. 395; _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 120, 150.] The word is in fact due to a corrupt form of the Skt. name of the wood, _agaru_, _aguru_. A form, probably, of this is _aγil_, _akil_, which Gundert gives as the Malayāl. word.[114] From this the Portuguese must have taken their _aguila_, as we find it in Barbosa (below), or _pao_ (wood) _d'aguila_, made into _aquila_, whence French _bois d'aigle_, and Eng. EAGLE-WOOD. The Malays call it _Kayū_ (wood)-_gahru_, evidently the same word, though which way the etymology flowed it is difficult to say. [Mr. Skeat writes: "the question is a difficult one. Klinkert gives garu (_garoe_) and _gaharu_ (_gaharoe_), whence the trade names '_Garrow_' and '_Garroo_'; and the modern standard Malay certainly corresponds to Klinkert's forms, though I think _gaharu_ should rather be written _gharu_, _i.e._ with an aspirated _g_, which is the way the Malays pronounce it. On the other hand, it seems perfectly clear that there must have been an alternative modern form _agaru_, or perhaps even _aguru_, since otherwise such trade names as '_ugger_' and (?) '_tugger_' could not have arisen. They can scarcely have come from the Skt. In Ridley's _Plant List_ we have _gaharu_ and _gagaheu_, which is the regular abbreviation of the reduplicated form _gahru-gahru_ identified as _Aquilaria Malaccensis, Lam._"] [See CAMBULAC.]

The best quality of this wood, once much valued in Europe as incense, is the result of disease in a tree of the N. O. _Leguminosae_, the _Aloexylon agallochum_, Loureiro, growing in Camboja and S. Cochin China, whilst an inferior kind, of like aromatic qualities, is produced by a tree of an entirely different order, _Aquilaria agallocha_, Roxb. (N. O. _Aquilariaceae_), which is found as far north as Silhet.[115]

_Eagle-wood_ is another name for aloes-wood, or ALOES (q.v.) as it is termed in the English Bible. [See _Encycl. Bibl._ i. 120 _seq._] It is curious that Bluteau, in his great Portuguese _Vocabulario_, under _Pao d'Aguila_, jumbles up this _aloes-wood_ with Socotrine Aloes. Αγάλλοχον was known to the ancients, and is described by Dioscorides (c. A.D. 65). In _Liddell and Scott_ the word is rendered "the bitter aloe"; which seems to involve the same confusion as that made by Bluteau.

Other trade-names of the article given by Forbes Watson are _Garrow-_ and _Garroo_-wood, _agla_-wood, _ugger-_, and _tugger-_ (?) wood.

1516.—

"_Das Dragoarias, e preços que ellas valem em Calicut_....
* * * * *
AGUILA, cada FARAZOLA (see FRAZALA) de 300 a 400 (_fanams_)
_Lenho aloes_ verdadeiro, negro, pesado, e muito fino val 1000
(_fanams_)."[116]—_Barbosa_ (Lisbon), 393.

1563.—"_R._ And from those parts of which you speak, comes the true
lign-aloes? Is it produced there?

"_O._ Not the genuine thing. It is indeed true that in the parts about C.
Comorin and in Ceylon there is a wood with a scent (which we call AGUILA
_brava_), as we have many another wood with a scent. And at one time that
wood used to be exported to Bengala under the name of AGUILA _brava_; but
since then the Bengalas have got more knowing, and buy it no
longer...."—_Garcia_, f. 119_v._-120.

1613.—"... A aguila, arvore alta e grossa, de folhas como a
Olyveira."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 15_v_.

1774.—"_Kinnâmon_ ... _Oud el bochor_, et _Agadj oudi_, est le nom
hébreu, arabe, et turc d'un bois nommé par les Anglois AGAL-WOOD, et par
les Indiens de Bombay AGAR, dont on a deux diverses sortes, savoir: _Oud
mawárdi_, c'est la meilleure. _Oud Kakulli_, est la moindre
sorte."—_Niebuhr, Des. de l'Arabie_, xxxiv.

1854.—(In Cachar) "the EAGLE-WOOD, a tree yielding UGGUR oil, is also
much sought for its fragrant wood, which is carried to Silhet, where it
is broken up and distilled."—_Hooker, Himalayan Journals_, ed. 1855, ii.
318.

The existence of the AGUILA tree (_dārakht-i-'ūd_) in the Silhet hills is
mentioned by Abu'l Faẓl (_Gladwin's Ayeen_, ii. 10; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii.
125]; orig. i. 391).

EARTH-OIL, s. Petroleum, such as that exported from Burma.... The term is a literal translation of that used in nearly all the Indian vernaculars. The chief sources are at _Ye-nan-gyoung_ on the Irawadi, lat. c. 20° 22′.

1755.—"Raynan-Goung ... at this Place there are about 200 Families, who
are chiefly employed in getting EARTH-OIL out of Pitts, some five miles
in the Country."—_Baker_, in _Dalrymple's Or. Rep._ i. 172.

1810.—"Petroleum, called by the natives EARTH-OIL ... which is imported
from Pegu, Ava, and the Arvean (read Aracan) Coast."—_Williamson, V.M._
ii. 21-23.

ECKA, s. A small one-horse carriage used by natives. It is Hind. _ekkā_, from _ek_, 'one.' But we have seen it written _acre_, and punned upon as quasi-_acher_, by those who have travelled by it! [Something of the kind was perhaps known in very early times, for Arrian (_Indika_, xvii.) says: "To be drawn by a single horse is considered no distinction." For a good description with drawing of the _ekka_, see _Kipling, Beast and Man in India_, 190 _seq._]

1811.—"... perhaps the simplest carriage that can be imagined, being
nothing more than a chair covered with red cloth, and fixed upon an
axle-tree between two small wheels. The EKKA is drawn by one horse, who
has no other harness than a girt, to which the shaft of the carriage is
fastened."—_Solvyns_, iii.

1834.—"One of those native carriages called EKKAS was in waiting. This
vehicle resembles in shape a meat-safe, placed upon the axletree of two
wheels, but the sides are composed of hanging curtains instead of wire
pannels."—_The Baboo_, ii. 4.

[1843.—"EKHEES, a species of single horse carriage, with cloth hoods,
drawn by one pony, were by no means uncommon."—_Davidson, Travels in
Upper India_, i. 116.]

EED, s. Arab. _'Īd_. A Mahommedan holy festival, but in common application in India restricted to two such, called there the _baṛī_ and _chhoṭī_ (or Great and Little) _'Id_. The former is the commemoration of Abraham's sacrifice, the victim of which was, according to the Mahommedans, Ishmael. [See Hughes, _Dict. of Islam_, 192 _seqq._] This is called among other names, _Baḳr-'Īd_, the 'Bull _'Īd_,' _Baḳarah 'Īd_, 'the cow festival,' but this is usually corrupted by ignorant natives as well as Europeans into _Bakrī-'Id_ (Hind. _bakrā_, f. _bakrī_, 'a goat'). The other is the _'Īd_ of the _Ramazān_, _viz._ the termination of the annual fast; the festival called in Turkey _Bairam_, and by old travellers sometimes the "Mahommedan Easter."

c. 1610.—"Le temps du ieusne finy on celebre vne grande feste, et des
plus solennelles qu'ils ayent, qui s'appelle YDU."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i.
104; [Hak. Soc. i. 140].

[1671.—"They have allsoe a great feast, which they call BUCKERY EED."—In
_Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cccx.]

1673.—"The New Moon before the New Year (which commences at the _Vernal
Equinox_), is the Moors ÆDE, when the Governor in no less Pomp than
before, goes to sacrifice a Ram or He-Goat, in remembrance of that
offered for _Isaac_ (by them called _Ishauh_); the like does every one in
his own House, that is able to purchase one, and sprinkle their blood on
the sides of their Doors."—_Fryer_, 108. (The passage is full of errors.)

1860.—"By the Nazim's invitation we took out a party to the palace at the
_Bakri_ EED (or Feast of the Goat), in memory of the sacrifice of Isaac,
or, as the Moslems say, of Ishmael."—_Mrs. Mackenzie, Storms and
Sunshine_, &c., ii. 255 _seq._

1869.—"Il n'y a proprement que deux fêtes parmi les Musulmans sunnites,
celle de la rupture du jeûne de _Ramazan_, 'ID _fito_, et celle des
victimes 'ID _curbân_, nommée aussi dans l'Inde _Bacr_ 'ID, fête du
_Taureau_, ou simplement 'ID, la fête par excellence, laquelle est
établie en mémoire du sacrifice d'Ismael."—_Garcin de Tassy, Rel. Mus.
dans l'Inde_, 9 _seq._

EEDGAH, s. Ar.—P. _'Īdgāh_, 'Place of _'Īd_.' (See EED.) A place of assembly and prayer on occasion of Musulman festivals. It is in India usually a platform of white plastered brickwork, enclosed by a low wall on three sides, and situated outside of a town or village. It is a marked characteristic of landscape in Upper India. [It is also known as _Namāzgāh_, or 'place of prayer,' and a drawing of one is given by _Herklots, Qanoon-e-Islam_, Pl. iii. fig. 2.]

1792.—"The commanding nature of the ground on which the EED-GAH stands
had induced Tippoo to construct a redoubt upon that eminence."—_Ld.
Cornwallis_, Desp. from Seringapatam, in SETON-KARR, ii. 89.

[1832.—"... Kings, Princes and Nawaubs ... going to an appointed place,
which is designated the _Eade-Garrh._"—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali,
Observations_, i. 262.

[1843.—"In the afternoon ... proceeded in state to the EED GAO, a
building at a small distance, where Mahommedan worship was
performed."—_Davidson, Travels in Upper India_, i. 53.]

EKTENG, adj. The native representation of the official designation '_acting_' applied to a substitute, especially in the Civil Service. The manner in which the natives used to explain the expression to themselves is shown in the quotation.

1883.—"Lawrence had been only 'acting' there; a term which has suggested
to the minds of the natives, in accordance with their pronunciation of
it, and with that striving after meaning in syllables which leads to so
many etymological fallacies, the interpretation EK-TANG, 'one-leg,' as if
the temporary incumbent had but one leg in the official stirrup."—H. Y.
in _Quarterly Review_ (on _Bosworth Smith's Life of Lord Lawrence_),
April, p. 297.

ELCHEE, s. An ambassador. Turk. _īlchī_, from _īl_, a (nomad) tribe, hence the representative of the _īl_. It is a title that has attached itself particularly to Sir John Malcolm, and to Sir Stratford Canning, probably because they were personally more familiar to the Orientals among whom they served than diplomatists usually are.

1404.—"And the people who saw them approaching, and knew them for people
of the Emperor's, being aware that they were come with some order from
the great Lord, took to flight as if the devil were after them; and those
who were in their tents selling their wares, shut them up and also took
to flight, and shut themselves up in their houses, calling out to one
another, ELCHI! which is as much as to say 'Ambassadors!' For they knew
that with ambassadors coming they would have a black day of it; and so
they fled as if the devil had got among them."—_Clavijo_, xcvii. Comp.
_Markham_, p. 111.

[1599.—"I came to the court to see a Morris dance, and a play of his
ELCHIES."—_Hakluyt, Voyages_, II. ii. 67 (_Stanf. Dict._).]

1885.—"No historian of the Crimean War could overlook the officer (Sir
Hugh Rose) who, at a difficult crisis, filled the post of the famous
diplomatist called the great ELCHI by writers who have adopted a tiresome
trick from a brilliant man of letters."—_Sat. Review_, Oct. 24.

ELEPHANT, s. This article will be confined to notes connected with the various suggestions which have been put forward as to the origin of the word—a sufficiently ample subject.

The oldest occurrence of the word (ἐλέφας—φαντος) is in Homer. With him, and so with Hesiod and Pindar, the word means 'ivory.' Herodotus first uses it as the name of the animal (iv. 191). Hence an occasional, probably an erroneous, assumption that the word ἐλέφας originally meant only the material, and not the beast that bears it.

In Persian the usual term for the beast is _pīl_, with which agree the Aramaic _pīl_ (already found in the Chaldee and Syriac versions of the O. T.), and the Arabic _fīl_. Old etymologists tried to develop _elephant_ out of _fīl_; and it is natural to connect with it the Spanish for 'ivory' (_marfil_, Port. _marfim_), but no satisfactory explanation has yet been given of the first syllable of that word. More certain is the fact that in early Swedish and Danish the word for 'elephant' is _fil_, in Icelandic _fill_; a term supposed to have been introduced by old traders from the East _viâ_ Russia. The old Swedish for 'ivory' is _filsben_.[117]