Chapter XXXVII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (34)

GALLEVAT, s. The name applied to a kind of galley, or war-boat with oars, of small draught of water, which continued to be employed on the west coast of India down to the latter half of the 18th century. The work quoted below under 1717 explains the _galleywatts_ to be "large boats like Gravesend Tilt-boats; they carry about 6 Carvel-Guns and 60 men at small arms, and Oars; They sail with a Peak Sail like the Mizen of a Man-of-War, and row with 30 or 40 Oars.... They are principally used for landing Troops for a Descent...." (p. 22). The word is highly interesting from its genealogical tree; it is a descendant of the great historical and numerous family of the _Galley_ (galley, galiot, galleon, galeass, galleida, galeoncino, &c.), and it is almost certainly the immediate parent of the hardly less historical _Jolly-boat_, which plays so important a part in British naval annals. [Prof. Skeat takes _jolly-boat_ to be an English adaptation of Danish _jolle_, 'a yawl'; Mr. Foster remarks that _jollyvatt_ as an English word, is at least as old as 1495-97 (_Oppenheim, Naval Accounts and Inventories, Navy Rec. Soc._ viii. 193) (_Letters_, iii. 296).] If this be true, which we can hardly doubt, we shall have three of the boats of the British man-of-war owing their names (_quod minime reris!_) to Indian originals, viz. the _Cutter_, the _Dingy_, and the _Jolly-boat_ to CATUR, DINGY and GALLEVAT. This last derivation we take from Sir J. Campbell's _Bombay Gazetteer_ (xiii. 417), a work that one can hardly mention without admiration. This writer, who states that a form of the same word, _galbat_, is now generally used by the natives in Bombay waters for large foreign vessels, such as English ships and steamers, is inclined to refer it to _jalba_, a word for a small boat used on the shores of the Red Sea (see _Dozy and Eng._, p. 276), which appears below in a quotation from Ibn Batuta, and which vessels were called by the early Portuguese _geluas_. Whether this word is the parent of _galley_ and its derivatives, as Sir J. Campbell thinks, must be very doubtful, for _galley_ is much older in European use than he seems to think, as the quotation from Asser shows. The word also occurs in Byzantine writers of the 9th century, such as the Continuator of Theophanes quoted below, and the Emperor Leo. We shall find below the occurrence of _galley_ as an Oriental word in the form _jalia_, which looks like an Arabized adoption from a Mediterranean tongue. The Turkish, too, still has _ḳālyūn_ for a ship of the line, which is certainly an adoption from _galeone_. The origin of _galley_ is a very obscure question. Amongst other suggestions mentioned by Diez (_Etym. Worterb._, 2nd ed. i. 198-199) is one from γαλεός, a shark, or from γαλεώτης, a sword-fish—the latter very suggestive of a galley with its aggressive beak; another is from γάλη, a word in Hesychius, which is the apparent origin of '_gallery_.' It is possible that _galeota_, _galiote_, may have been taken directly from the shark or sword-fish, though in imitation of the _galea_ already in use. For we shall see below that _galiot_ was used for a pirate. [The _N.E.D._ gives the European synonymous words, and regards the ultimate etymology of _galley_ as unknown.]

The word _gallevat_ seems to come directly from the _galeota_ of the Portuguese and other S. European nations, a kind of inferior galley with only one bank of oars, which appears under the form _galion_ in Joinville, _infra_ (not to be confounded with the _galleons_ of a later period, which were larger vessels), and often in the 13th and 14th centuries as _galeota_, _galiotes_, &c. It is constantly mentioned as forming part of the Portuguese fleets in India. Bluteau defines _galeota_ as "a small galley with one mast, and with 15 or 20 benches a side, and one oar to each bench."

A. _Galley._

c. 865.—"And then the incursion of the Russians (τῶν Ῥὼς) afflicted the
Roman territory (these are a Scythian nation of rude and savage
character), devastating Pontus ... and investing the City itself when
Michael was away engaged in war with the Ishmaelites.... So this
incursion of these people afflicted the empire on the one hand, and on
the other the advance of the fleet on Crete, which with some 20 cymbaria,
and 7 GALLEYS (γαλέας), and taking with it cargo-vessels also, went
about, descending sometimes on the Cyclades Islands, and sometimes on the
whole coast (of the main) right up to Proconnesus."—_Theophanis
Continuatio_, Lib. iv. 33-34.

A.D. 877.—"Crescebat insuper diebus singulis perversorum numerus; adeo
quidem, ut si triginta ex eis millia una die necarentur, alii succedebant
numero duplicato. Tunc rex Aelfredus jussit cymbas et GALEAS, id est
longas naves, fabricari per regnum, ut navali proelio hostibus
adventantibus obviaret."—_Asser, Annales Rer. Gest. Aelfredi Magni_, ed.
_West_, 1722, p. 29.

c. 1232.—"En cele navie de Genevois avoit soissante et dis GALEIS, mout
bien armées; cheuetaine en estoient dui grant home de
Gene...."—_Guillaume de Tyr_, Texte Français, ed. _Paulin Paris_, i. 393.

1243.—Under this year Matthew Paris puts into the mouth of the Archbishop
of York a punning couplet which shows the difference of accent with which
GALEA in its two senses was pronounced:

"In terris galeas, in aquis formido GALEIAS:
Inter eas et eas consulo cautus eas."

1249.—"Lors s'esmut notre GALIE, et alames bien une grant lieue avant que
li uns ne parlast à l'autre.... Lors vint messires Phelippes de Monfort
en un GALION,[135] et escria au roy: 'Sires, sires, parlés à vostre frere
le conte de Poitiers, qui est en cel autre vessel.' Lors escria li roys:
'Alume, alume!'"—_Joinville_, ed. _de Wailly_, p. 212.

1517.—"At the Archinale ther (at Venice) we saw in makyng iiii^{xx}
(_i.e._ 80) new GALYES and GALYE Bastards, and GALYE Sotyltes, besyd they
that be in viage in the haven."—_Torkington's Pilgrimage_, p. 8.

1542.—"They said that the Turk had sent orders to certain lords at
Alexandria to make him up GALLEYS (_galés_) in wrought timber, to be sent
on camels to Suez; and this they did with great diligence ... insomuch
that every day a GALLEY was put together at Suez ... where they were
making up 50 GALLEYS, and 12 GALEONS, and also small rowing-vessels, such
as CATURS, much swifter than ours."—_Correa_, iv. 237.

B. _Jalia._

1612.—"... and coming to Malaca and consulting with the General they made
the best arrangements that they could for the enterprise, adding a
flotilla ... sufficient for any need, for it consisted of seven GALEOTS,
a _calamute_ (?), a SANGUICEL, five _bantins_,[136] and one
JALIA."—_Bocarro_, 101.

1615.—"You must know that in 1605 there had come from the Reino (_i.e._
Portugal) one Sebastian Gonçalves Tibau ... of humble parentage, who
betook himself to Bengal and commenced life as a soldier; and afterwards
became a factor in cargoes of salt (which forms the chief traffic in
those parts), and acquiring some capital in this business, with that he
bought a JALIA, a kind of vessel that is there used for fighting and
trading at once."—_Ibid._ 431.

1634.—"Many others (of the Firingis) who were on board the _ghrábs_, set
fire to their vessels, and turned their faces towards hell. Out of the 64
large _dingas_, 57 _ghrábs_, and 200 JALIYAS, one _ghráb_ and two JALIYAS
escaped."—Capture of Hoogly in 1634, _Bādshāh Nāma_, in _Elliot_, vii.
34.

C. _Jalba_, _Jeloa_, &c.

c. 1330.—"We embarked at this town (Jedda) on a vessel called JALBA which
belonged to Rashīd-eddīn al-alfī al-Yamanī, a native of Ḥabsh."—_Ibn
Batuta_, ii. 158. The Translators comment: "A large boat or gondola made
of planks stitched together with coco-nut fibre."

1518.—"And Merocem, Captain of the fleet of the Grand Sultan, who was in
Cambaya ... no sooner learned that Goa was taken ... than he gave up all
hopes of bringing his mission to a fortunate termination, and obtained
permission from the King of Cambaya to go to Judá ... and from that port
set out for Suez in a shallop" (GELUA).—_Alboquerque_, Hak. Soc. iii. 19.

1538.—"... before we arrived at the Island of Rocks, we discerned three
vessels on the other side, that seemed to us to be GELOAS, or _Terradas_,
which are the names of the vessels of that country."—_Pinto_, in _Cogan_,
p. 7.

[1611.—"Messengers will be sent along the coast to give warning of any
JELBA or ship approaching."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 94.]

1690.—"In this is a Creek very convenient for building Grabbs or
GELOAS."—_Ovington_, 467.

D. _Galliot._

In the first quotation we have _galiot_ in the sense of "pirate."

c. 1232.—"L'en leur demanda de quel terre; il respondirent de Flandres,
de Hollande et de Frise; et ce estoit voirs que il avoient esté GALIOT et
ulague de mer, bien huit anz; or s'estoient repenti et pour penitence
venoient en pelerinage en Jerusalem."—_Guill. de Tyr_, as above, p. 117.

1337.—"... que elles doivent partir pour uenir au seruice du roy le jer
J. de may l'an 337 au plus tart e doiuent couster les d. 40 galées pour
quatre mois 144000 florins d'or, payez en partie par la compagnie des
Bardes ... et 2000 autres florins pour viretons et 2 GALIOTES."—_Contract
with Genoese for Service of Philip of Valois_, quoted by _Jal_, ii. 337.

1518.—"The Governor put on great pressure to embark the force, and
started from Cochin the 20th September, 1518, with 17 sail, besides the
Goa foists, taking 3 GALLEYS (_galés_) and one GALEOTA, two brigantines
(_bargantys_), four caravels, and the rest round ships of small
size."—_Correa_, ii. 539.

1548.—"... pera a GUALVETA em que ha d'andar o alcaide do maar."—_S.
Botelho, Tombo_, 239.

1552.—"As soon as this news reached the Sublime Porte the Sandjak of
Katif was ordered to send Murad-Beg to take command of the fleet,
enjoining him to leave in the port of Bassora one or two ships, five
galleys, and a GALIOT."—_Sidi 'Ali_, p. 48.

" "They (the Portuguese) had 4 ships as big as carracks, 3
_ghurābs_ or great (rowing) vessels, 6 Portuguese caravels and 12 smaller
ghurabs, _i.e._ GALIOTS with oars."—_Ibid._ 67-68. Unfortunately the
translator does not give the original Turkish word for _galiot_.

c. 1610.—"Es grandes Galeres il y peut deux et trois cens hommes de
guerre, et en d'autres grandes GALIOTES, qu'ils nomment _Fregates_, il y
en peut cent...."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii. 72; [Hak. Soc. ii. 118].

[1665.—"He gave a sufficient number of GALIOTES to escort them to
sea."—_Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, i. 193.]

1689.—"He embarked about the middle of October in the year 1542, in a
GALIOT, which carried the new Captain of Comorin."—_Dryden, Life of
Xavier._ (In _Works_, ed. 1821, xvi, 87.)

E. _Gallevat._

1613.—"Assoone as I anchored I sent Master _Molineux_ in his Pinnasse,
and Master _Spooner_, and _Samuell Squire_ in my GELLYWATTE to sound the
depths within the sands."—_Capt. N. Downton_, in _Purchas_, i. 501. This
illustrates the origin of _Jolly-boat_.

[1679.—"I know not how many GALWETS."—In _Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii.
clxxxiv.]

1717.—"Besides the Salamander Fire-ship, Terrible Bomb, six GALLEYWATTS
of 8 guns, and 60 men each, and 4 of 6 guns and 50 men each."—_Authentic
and Faithful History of that Arch-Pyrate Tulajee Angria_ (1756), p. 47.

c. 1760.—"Of these armed boats called GALLEVATS, the Company maintains
also a competent number, for the service of their marine."—_Grose_, ii.
62.

1763.—"The GALLEVATS are large row-boats, built like the grab, but of
smaller dimensions, the largest rarely exceeding 70 tons; they have two
masts ... they have 40 or 50 stout oars, and may be rowed four miles an
hour."—_Orme_, i. 409.

[1813.—"... here they build vessels of all sizes, from a ship of the line
to the smallest grabs and GALLIVATS, employed in the Company's
services."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 94-5.]

GAMBIER, s. The extract of a climbing shrub (_Uncaria Gambier_, Roxb.? _Nauclea Gambier_, Hunter; N.O. _Rubiaceae_) which is a native of the regions about the Straits of Malacca, and is much grown in plantations in Singapore and the neighbouring islands. The substance in chemical composition and qualities strongly resembles CUTCH (q.v.), and the names _Catechu_ and _Terra Japonica_ are applied to both. The plant is mentioned in Debry, 1601 (iii. 99), and by Rumphius, c. 1690 (v. 63), who describes its use in mastication with betel-nut; but there is no account of the catechu made from it, known to the authors of the _Pharmacographia_, before 1780. Crawfurd gives the name as Javanese, but Hanbury and Flückiger point out the resemblance to the Tamil name for catechu, _Katta Kāmbu_ (_Pharmacographia_, 298 _seqq._). [Mr. Skeat points out that the standard Malay name is _gambir_, of which the origin is uncertain, but that the English word is clearly derived from it.]

GANDA, s. This is the H. name for a rhinoceros, _gainḍa_, _genḍa_ from Skt. _gaṇḍa_ (giving also _gaṇḍaka_, _gaṇḍānga_, _gajendra_). The note on the passage in Barbosa by his Hak. Soc. editor is a marvel in the way of error. The following is from a story of Correa about a battle between "Bober Mirza" (_i.e._ Sultan Baber) and a certain King "Cacandar" (Sikandar?), in which I have been unable to trace even what events it misrepresents. But it keeps Fernan Mendez Pinto in countenance, as regards the latter's statement about the advance of the King of the Tartars against Peking with four score thousand rhinoceroses!

"The King Cacandar divided his army into five battles well arrayed,
consisting of 140,000 horse and 280,000 foot, and in front of them a
battle of 800 elephants, which fought with swords upon their tusks, and
on their backs castles with archers and musketeers. And in front of the
elephants 80 rhinoceroses (GANDAS), like that which went to Portugal, and
which they call _bichá_ (?); these on the horn which they have over the
snout carried three-pronged iron weapons with which they fought very
stoutly ... and the Mogors with their arrows made a great discharge,
wounding many of the elephants and the GANDAS, which as they felt the
arrows, turned and fled, breaking up the battles...."—_Correa_, iii.
573-574.

1516.—"The King (of Guzerat) sent a GANDA to the King of Portugal,
because they told him that he would be pleased to see her."—_Barbosa_,
58.

1553.—"And in return for many rich presents which this Diogo Fernandez
carried to the King, and besides others which the King sent to Affonso
Alboquerque, there was an animal, the biggest which Nature has created
after the elephant, and the great enemy of the latter ... which the
natives of the land of Cambaya, whence this one came, call GANDA, and the
Greeks and Latins Rhinoceros. And Affonso d'Alboquerque sent this to the
King Don Manuel, and it came to this Kingdom, and it was afterwards lost
on its way to Rome, when the King sent it as a present to the
Pope."—_Barros,_ Dec. II. liv. x. cap. 1. [Also see _d'Alboquerque_, Hak.
Soc. iv. 104 _seq._].

GANTON, s. This is mentioned by some old voyagers as a weight or measure by which pepper was sold in the Malay Archipelago. It is presumably Malay _gantang_, defined by Crawfurd as "a dry measure, equal to about a gallon." [Klinkert has: "_gantang_, a measure of capacity 5 _katis_ among the Malays; also a gold weight, formerly 6 _suku_, but later 1 _bongkal_, or 8 _suku_." _Gantang-gantang_ is 'cartridge-case.']

1554.—"Also a candy of Goa, answers to 140 GAMTAS, equivalent to 15
_paraas_, 30 _medidas_ at 42 medidas to the paraa."—_A. Nunes_, 39.

[1615.—"... 1000 GANTANS of pepper."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 168.]

" "I sent to borow 4 or five GANTAS of oyle of Yasemon Dono.... But
he returned answer he had non, when I know, to the contrary, he bought a
parcell out of my handes the other day."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 6.

GANZA, s. The name given by old travellers to the metal which in former days constituted the inferior currency of Pegu. According to some it was lead; others call it a mixt metal. Lead in rude lumps is still used in the bazars of Burma for small purchases. (_Yule, Mission to Ava_, 259.) The word is evidently Skt. _kaṉsa_, 'bell-metal,' whence Malay _gangsa_, which last is probably the word which travellers picked up.

1554.—"In this Kingdom of Pegu there is no coined money, and what they
use commonly consists of dishes, pans, and other utensils of service,
made of a metal like _frosyleyra_ (?), broken in pieces; and this is
called GAMÇA...."—_A. Nunes_, 38.

" "... vn altra statua cosi fatta di GANZA; che è vn metallo di che
fanno le lor monete, fatte di rame e di piombo mescolati
insieme."—_Cesare Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 394_v_.

c. 1567.—"The current money that is in this Citie, and throughout all
this kingdom, is called GANSA or GANZA, which is made of copper and lead.
It is not the money of the king, but every man may stampe it that
will...."—_Caesar Frederick_, E.T., in _Purchas_, iii. 1717-18.

1726.—"Rough Peguan GANS (a brass mixt with lead)...."—_Valentijn, Chor._
34.

1727.—"Plenty of GANSE or Lead, which passeth all over the Pegu
Dominions, for Money."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 41; [ed. 1744, ii. 40].

GARCE, s. A cubic measure for rice, &c., in use on the Madras coast, as usual varying much in value. Buchanan (_infra_) treats it as a weight. The word is Tel. _gārisa_, _gārise_, Can. _garasi_, Tam. _karisai_. [In Chingleput salt is weighed by the _Garce_ of 124 maunds, or nearly 5.152 tons (_Crole, Man._ 58); in Salem, 400 _Markals_ (see MERCALL) are 185.2 cubic feet, or 18 quarters English (_Le Fanu, Man._ ii. 329); in Malabar, 120 _Paras_ of 25 Macleod seers, or 10,800 lbs. (_Logan, Man._ ii. clxxix.). As a superficial measure in the N. Circars, it is the area which will produce one _Garce_ of grain.]

[1684-5.—"A Generall to Conimeer of this day date enordring them to
provide 200 GARS of salt...."—_Pringle, Diary Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser. iv.
40, who notes that a still earlier use of the word will be found in
_Notes and Exts._ i. 97.]

1752.—"Grain Measures.

1 Measure weighs about 26 lb. 1 oz. avd.
8 Do. is 1 _Mercal_ 21 " "
3200 Do. is 400 do., or
1 GARSE 8400 " " "
_Brooks, Weights and Measures_, &c., p. 6.

1759.—"... a GARCE of rice...."—In _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 120.

1784.—"The day that advice was received ... (of peace with Tippoo) at
Madras, the price of rice fell there from 115 to 80 pagodas the
GARCE."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 13.

1807.—"The proper native weights used in the Company's Jaghire are as
follows: 10 _Vara hun_ (Pagodas) = 1 _Polam_, 40 _Polams_ = 1 _Visay_, 8
_Visay_ (Vees) = 1 _Manungu_, 20 _Manungus_ (Maunds) = 1 _Baruays_, 20
_Baruays_ (Candies) = 1 _Gursay_, called by the English GARSE. The _Vara
hun_ or Star _Pagoda_ weighs 52¾ grains, therefore the _Visay_ is nearly
three pounds avoirdupois (see VISS); and the GARSE is nearly 1265
lbs."—_F. Buchanan, Mysore_, &c., i. 6.

By this calculation, the GARSE should be 9600 lbs. instead of 1265 as
printed.

GARDEE, s. A name sometimes given, in 18th century, to native soldiers disciplined in European fashion, _i.e._ SEPOYS (q.v.). The _Indian Vocabulary_ (1788) gives: "GARDEE—a tribe inhabiting the provinces of Bijapore, &c., esteemed good foot soldiers." The word may be only a corruption of 'guard,' but probably the origin assigned in the second quotation may be well founded; 'Guard' may have shaped the corruption of _Gharbi_. The old Bengal sepoys were commonly known in the N.W. as _Purbias_ or Easterns (see POORUB). [Women in the Amazon corps at Hyderabad (Deccan), known as the _Ẓafar Paltan_, or 'Victorious Battalion,' were called GARDUNEE (_Gārdanī_), the feminine form of _Gārad_ or _Guard_.]

1762.—"A coffre who commanded the Telingas and GARDEES ... asked the
horseman whom the horse belonged to?"—_Native Letter_, in _Van Sittart_,
i. 141.

1786.—"... originally they (Sipahis) were commanded by Arabians, or those
of their descendants born in the Canara and Concan or Western parts of
India, where those foreigners style themselves _Gharbies_ or Western.
Moreover these corps were composed mostly of Arabs, Negroes, and
Habissinians, all of which bear upon that coast the same name of
_Gharbi_.... In time the word _Gharbi_ was corrupted by both the French
and Indians into that of GARDI, which is now the general name of Sipahies
all over India save Bengal ... where they are stiled _Talingas_."—Note by
Transl. of _Seir Mutaqherin_, ii. 93.

[1815.—"The women composing them are called GARDUNEES, a corruption of
our word _Guard_."—_Blacker, Mem. of the Operations in India_ in 1817-19,
p. 213 note.]

GARDENS, GARDEN-HOUSE, s. In the 18th century suburban villas at Madras and Calcutta were so called. 'Garden Reach' below Fort William took its name from these.

1682.—"Early in the morning I was met by Mr. Littleton and most of the
Factory, near Hugly, and about 9 or 10 o'clock by Mr. Vincent near the
Dutch GARDEN, who came attended by severall Boats and Budgerows guarded
by 35 Firelocks, and about 50 Rashpoots and Peons well armed."—_Hedges,
Diary_, July 24; [Hak. Soc. i. 32].

1685.—"The whole Council ... came to attend the President at the
GARDEN-HOUSE...."—_Pringle, Diary, Fort St. Geo._ 1st ser. iv. 115; in
_Wheeler_, i. 139.

1747.—"In case of an Attack at the GARDEN HOUSE, if by a superior Force
they should be oblig'd to retire, according to the orders and send a
Horseman before them to advise of the Approach...."—_Report of Council of
War at Fort St. David_, in _India Office MS. Records_.

1758.—"The guard of the redoubt retreated before them to the
GARDEN-HOUSE."—_Orme_, ii. 303.

" "Mahomed Isoof ... rode with a party of horse as far as
Maskelyne's GARDEN."—_Ibid._ iii. 425.

1772.—"The place of my residence at present is a GARDEN-HOUSE of the
Nabob, about 4 miles distant from Moorshedabad."—_Teignmouth, Mem._ i.
34.

1782.—"A body of Hyder's horse were at St. Thomas's Mount on the 29th
ult. and Gen. Munro and Mr. Brodie with great difficulty escaped from the
General's GARDENS. They were pursued by Hyder's horse within a mile of
the Black Town."—_India Gazette_, May 11.

1809.—"The gentlemen of the settlement live entirely in their
GARDEN-HOUSES, as they very properly call them."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 389.

1810.—"... Rural retreats called GARDEN-HOUSES."—_Williamson, V. M._ i.
137.

1873.—"To let, or for sale, Serle's GARDENS at Adyar.—For particulars
apply," &c.—_Madras Mail_, July 3.

GARRY, GHARRY, s. H. _gāṛī_, a cart or carriage. The word is used by Anglo-Indians, at least on the Bengal side, in both senses. Frequently the species is discriminated by a distinctive prefix, as _palkee-garry_ (palankin carriage), _sej-garry_ (chaise), _rel-garry_ (railway carriage), &c. [The modern _dawk-garry_ was in its original form called the "Equirotal Carriage," from the four wheels being of equal dimensions. The design is said to have been suggested by Lord Ellenborough. (See the account and drawing in _Grant, Rural Life in Bengal_, 3 _seq._).]

1810.—"The common G'HORRY ... is rarely, if ever, kept by any European,
but may be seen plying for hire in various parts of
Calcutta."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 329.

1811.—The GARY is represented in Solvyns's engravings as a two-wheeled
_rath_ [see RUT] (_i.e._ the primitive native carriage, built like a
light hackery) with two ponies.

1866.—"My husband was to have met us with a two-horse
GHAREE."—_Trevelyan, Dawk Bungalow_, 384.

[1892.—"The BRŪM _gārī_, brougham; the _fitton_ GĀRĪ, phaeton or
barouche; the _vāgnīt_, waggonette, are now built in most large towns....
The _vāgnīt_ seems likely to be the carriage of the future, because of
its capacity."—_R. Kipling, Beast and Man in India_, 193.]

GAUM, GONG, s. A village, H. _gāon_, from Skt. _grāma_.

1519.—"In every one of the said villages, which they call GUÃOOS."—_Goa
Proclam._ in _Arch. Port. Orient._, fasc. 5, 38.

_Gāonwār_ occurs in the same vol. (p. 75), under the forms _gancare_ and
_guancare_, for the village heads in Port. India.

GAURIAN, adj. This is a convenient name which has been adopted of late years as a generic name for the existing Aryan languages of India, _i.e._ those which are radically sprung from, or cognate to, the Sanskrit. The name (according to Mr. E. L. Brandreth) was given by Prof. Hoernle; but it is in fact an adoption and adaptation of a term used by the Pundits of Northern India. They divide the colloquial languages of (civilised) India into the 5 _Gauṛas_ and 5 _Drāviras_ [see DRAVIDIAN]. The _Gauṛas_ of the Pundits appear to be (1) Bengalee (_Bangālī_) which is the proper language of _Gauḍa_, or Northern Bengal, from which the name is taken (see GOUR C.), (2) Oṛiya, the language of Orissa, (3) Hindī, (4) Panjābī, (5) Sindhī; their _Drāvira_ languages are (1) Telinga, (2) Karṇāṭaka (Canarese), (3) Marāṭhī, (4) Gurjara (Gujarātī), (5) Drāvira (Tamil). But of these last (3) and (4) are really to be classed with the Gauṛian group, so that the latter is to be considered as embracing 7 principal languages. Kashmīrī, Singhalese, and the languages or dialects of Assam, of Nepaul, and some others, have also been added to the list of this class.

The extraordinary analogies between the changes in grammar and phonology from Sanskrit in passing into those Gaurian languages, and the changes of Latin in passing into the Romance languages, analogies extending into minute details, have been treated by several scholars; and a very interesting view of the subject is given by Mr. Brandreth in vols. xi. and xii. of the _J.R.A.S._, N.S.

GAUTAMA, n.p. The surname, according to Buddhist legend, of the Sakya tribe from which the Buddha Sakya Muni sprang. It is a derivative from _Gotama_, a name of "one of the ancient Vedic bard-families" (_Oldenberg_). It is one of the most common names for Buddha among the Indo-Chinese nations. The _Sommona_-CODOM of many old narratives represents the Pali form of _S'ramaṇa Gautama_, "The Ascetic Gautama."

1545.—"I will pass by them of the sect of GODOMEM, who spend their whole
life in crying day and night on those mountains, GODOMEM, GODOMEM, and
desist not from it until they fall down stark dead to the ground."—_F. M.
Pinto_, in _Cogan_, p. 222.

c. 1590.—See under GODAVERY passage from _Āīn_, where GOTAM occurs.

1686.—"J'ai cru devoir expliquer toutes ces choses avant que de parler de
_Sommono_-KHODOM (c'est ainsi que les Siamois appellent le Dieu qu'ils
adorent à present)."—_Voy. de Siam, Des Pères Jesuites_, Paris, 1686, p.
397.

1687-88.—"Now tho' they say that several have attained to this Felicity
(_Nireupan_, _i.e._ Nirvana) ... yet they honour only one alone, whom
they esteem to have surpassed all the rest in Vertue. They call him
_Sommona_-CODOM; and they say that CODOM was his Name, and that Sommona
signifies in the _Balie_ Tongue a _Talapoin_ of the Woods."—_Hist. Rel.
of Siam_, by _De La Loubere_, E.T. i. 130.

[1727.—"... inferior Gods, such as _Somma_ CUDDOM...."—_A. Hamilton_, ed.
1744, ii. 54.]

1782.—"Les Pegouins et les Bahmans.... Quant à leurs Dieux, ils en
comptent sept principaux.... Cependant ils n'en adorent qu'un seul,
qu'ils appellent GODEMAN...."—_Sonnerat_, ii. 299.

1800.—"GOTMA, or GOUTUM, according to the Hindoos of India, or GAUDMA
among the inhabitants of the more eastern parts, is said to have been a
philosopher ... he taught in the Indian schools, the heterodox religion
and philosophy of Boodh. The image that represents Boodh is called
Gautama, or GOUTUM...."—_Symes, Embassy_, 299.

1828.—"The titles or synonymes of Buddha, as they were given to me, are
as follow: "KOTAMO (_Gautama_) ... _Somana_-KOTAMO, agreeably to the
interpretation given me, means in the Pali language, the priest
GAUTAMA."—_Crawfurd, Emb. to Siam_, p. 367.

GAVEE, s. Topsail. Nautical jargon from Port. _gavea_, the top. (_Roebuck_).

GAVIAL, s. This is a name adopted by zoologists for one of the alligators of the Ganges and other Indian rivers, _Gavialis gangeticus_, &c. It is the less dangerous of the Gangetic saurians, with long, slender, sub-cylindrical jaws expanding into a protuberance at the muzzle. The name must have originated in some error, probably a clerical one, for the true word is Hind. _ghaṛiyāl_, and _gavial_ is nothing. The term (_gariyālī_) is used by Baber (p. 410), where the translator's note says: "The GERIALI is the round-mouthed crocodile," words which seem to indicate the _magar_ (see MUGGUR) (_Crocodilus biporcatus_) not the _ghaṛiyāl_.

c. 1809.—"In the Brohmoputro as well as in the Ganges there are two kinds
of crocodile, which at Goyalpara are both called _Kumir_; but each has a
specific name. The _Crocodilus Gangeticus_ is called GHORIYAL, and the
other is called _Bongcha_."—_Buchanan's Rungpoor_, in _Eastern India_,
iii. 581-2.

GAZAT, s. This is domestic Hind. for 'dessert.' (_Panjab N. & Q._ ii. 184).

GECKO, s. A kind of house lizard. The word is not now in Anglo-Indian use; it is a naturalist's word; and also is French. It was no doubt originally an onomatopoeia from the creature's reiterated utterance. Marcel Devic says the word is adopted from Malay _gekok_ [_gēkoq_]. This we do not find in Crawfurd, who has _tăké_, _tăkék_, and _goké_, all evidently attempts to represent the utterance. In Burma the same, or a kindred lizard, is called _tokté_, in like imitation.

1631.—Bontius seems to identify this lizard with the GUANA (q.v.), and
says its bite is so venomous as to be fatal unless the part be
immediately cut out, or cauterized. This is no doubt a fable. "Nostratis
ipsum animal apposito vocabulo GECCO vocant; quippe non secus ac _Coccyx_
apud nos suum cantum iterat, etiam _gecko_ assiduo sonat, prius edito
stridore qualem Picus emittit."—Lib. V. cap. 5, p. 57.

1711.—"CHACCOS, as Cuckoos receive their Names from the Noise they
make.... They are much like lizards, but larger. 'Tis said their Dung is
so venomous," &c.—_Lockyer_, 84.

1727.—"They have one dangerous little Animal called a JACKOA, in shape
almost like a Lizard. It is very malicious ... and wherever the Liquor
lights on an Animal Body, it presently cankers the Flesh."—_A. Hamilton_,
ii. 131; [ed. 1744, ii. 136].

This is still a common belief. (See BISCOBRA).

1883.—"This was one of those little house lizards called GECKOS, which
have pellets at the ends of their toes. They are not repulsive brutes
like the garden lizard, and I am always on good terms with them. They
have full liberty to make use of my house, for which they seem grateful,
and say chuck, chuck, chuck."—_Tribes on My Frontier_, 38.

GENTOO, s. and adj. This word is a corruption of the Portuguese _Gentio_, 'a gentile' or heathen, which they applied to the Hindus in contradistinction to the _Moros_ or 'Moors,' _i.e._ Mahommedans. [See MOOR.] Both terms are now obsolete among English people, except perhaps that _Gentoo_ still lingers at Madras in the sense B; for the terms _Gentio_ and _Gentoo_ were applied in two senses:

A. To the Hindūs generally. B. To the Telugu-speaking Hindūs of the Peninsula specially, and to their language.

The reason why the term became thus specifically applied to the Telugu people is probably because, when the Portuguese arrived, the Telugu monarchy of Vijayanagara, or Bijanagar (see BISNAGAR, NARSINGA) was dominant over great part of the Peninsula. The officials were chiefly of Telugu race, and thus the people of this race, as the most important section of the Hindūs, were _par excellence_ the _Gentiles_, and their language the Gentile language. Besides these two specific senses, _Gentio_ was sometimes used for _heathen_ in general. Thus in F. M. Pinto: "A very famous Corsair who was called Hinimilau, a Chinese by nation, and who from a _Gentio_ as he was, had a little time since turned Moor...."—Ch. L.

A.—

1548.—"The _Religiosos_ of this territory spend so largely, and give such
great alms at the cost of your Highness's administration that it disposes
of a good part of the funds.... I believe indeed they do all this in real
zeal and sincerity ... but I think it might be reduced a half, and all
for the better; for there are some of them who often try to make
Christians by force, and worry the GENTOOS (_jentios_) to such a degree
that it drives the population away."—_Simao Botelho, Cartas_, 35.

1563.—"... Among the _Gentiles_ (GENTIOS) Rão is as much as to say
'King.'"—_Garcia_, f. 35_b_.

" "This ambergris is not so highly valued among the Moors, but it
is highly prized among the GENTILES."—_Ibid._ f. 14.

1582.—"A GENTILE ... whose name was Canaca."—_Castañeda_, trans. by N.
L., f. 31.

1588.—In a letter of this year to the Viceroy, the King (Philip II.) says
he "understands the GENTIOS are much the best persons to whom to farm the
_alfandegas_ (customs, &c.), paying well and regularly, and it does not
seem contrary to canon-law to farm to them, but on this he will consult
the learned."—In _Arch. Port. Orient._ fasc. 3, 135.

c. 1610.—"Ils (les Portugais) exercent ordinairement de semblables
cruautez lors qu'ils sortent en trouppe le long des costes, bruslans et
saccageans ces pauures GENTILS qui ne desirent que leur bonne grace, et
leur amitié mais ils n'en ont pas plus de pitié pour cela."—_Mocquet_,
349.

1630.—"... which GENTILES are of two sorts ... first the purer GENTILES
... or else the impure or vncleane _Gentiles_ ... such are the husbandmen
or inferior sort of people called the _Coulees_."—_H. Lord, Display_,
&c., 85.

1673.—"The finest Dames of the GENTUES disdained not to carry Water on
their Heads."—_Fryer_, 116.

" "GENTUES, the Portuguese idiom for _Gentiles_, are the
Aborigines."—_Ibid._ 27.

1679.—In Fort St. Geo. Cons. of 29th January, the BLACK TOWN of Madras is
called "the GENTUE Town."—_Notes and Exts._, No. ii. 3.

1682.—"This morning a GENTOO sent by Bulchund, Governour of Hugly and
Cassumbazar, made complaint to me that Mr. Charnock did shamefully—to y^e
great scandal of our Nation—keep a GENTOO woman of his kindred, which he
has had these 19 years."—_Hedges, Diary_, Dec. 1.; [Hak. Soc. i. 52].

1683.—"The ceremony used by these GENTU'S in their sicknesse is very
strange; they bring y^e sick person ... to y^e brinke of y^e River
Ganges, on a _Cott_...."—_Ibid._ May 10; [Hak. Soc. i. 86].

In Stevens's Trans. of _Faria y Sousa_ (1695) the Hindus are still called
_Gentiles_. And it would seem that the English form GENTOO did not come
into general use till late in the 17th century.

1767.—"In order to transact Business of any kind in this Countrey you
must at least have a Smattering of the Language.... The original Language
of this Countrey (or at least the earliest we know of) is the Bengala or
GENTOO; this is commonly spoken in all parts of the Countrey. But the
politest Language is the Moors or Mussulmans, and Persian."—_MS. Letter
of James Rennell._

1772.—"It is customary with the GENTOOS, as soon as they have acquired a
moderate fortune, to dig a pond."—_Teignmouth, Mem._ i. 36.

1774.—"When I landed (on Island of Bali) the natives, who are GENTOOS,
came on board in little canoes, with outriggers on each side."—_Forrest,
V. to N. Guinea_, 169.

1776.—"A Code of GENTOO Laws or Ordinations of the Pundits. From a
Persian Translation, made from the original written in the Shanskrit
Language. London, Printed in the Year 1776."—(Title of Work by Nathaniel
Brassey Halhed.)

1778.—"The peculiar patience of the GENTOOS in Bengal, their affection to
business, and the peculiar cheapness of all productions either of
commerce or of necessity, had concurred to render the details of the
revenue the most minute, voluminous, and complicated system of accounts
which exist in the universe."—_Orme_, ii. 7 (Reprint).

1781.—"They (Syrian Christians of Travancore) acknowledged a GENTOO
Sovereign, but they were governed even in temporal concerns by the bishop
of Angamala."—_Gibbon_, ch. xlvii.

1784.—"Captain Francis Swain Ward, of the Madras Establishment, whose
paintings and drawings of GENTOO Architecture, &c., are well known."—In
_Seton-Karr_, i. 31.

1785.—"I found this large concourse (at Chandernagore) of people were
gathered to see a GENTOO woman burn herself with her husband."—_Ibid._ i.
90.

" "The original inhabitants of India are called
GENTOOS."—_Carraccioli's Life of Clive_, i. 122.

1803.—"_Peregrine._ O mine is an accommodating palate, hostess. I have
swallowed burgundy with the French, hollands with the Dutch, sherbet with
a Turk, sloe-juice with an Englishman, and water with a simple
GENTOO."—_Colman's John Bull_, i. sc. 1.

1807.—"I was not prepared for the entire nakedness of the GENTOO
inhabitants."—_Lord Minto in India_, 17.

B.—

1648.—"The Heathen who inhabit the kingdom of _Golconda_, and are spread
all over India, are called JENTIVES."—_Van Twist_, 59.

1673.—"Their Language they call generally GENTU ... the peculiar Name of
their Speech is _Telinga_."—_Fryer_, 33.

1674.—"50 Pagodas gratuity to John Thomas ordered for good progress in
the GENTU tongue, both speaking and writing."—_Fort St. Geo. Cons._, in
_Notes and Exts._ No. i. 32.

[1681.—"He hath the GENTUE language."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc.
ii. cclxxxiv.]

1683.—"Thursday, 21st June.... The Hon. Company having sent us a Law with
reference to the Natives ... it is ordered that the first be translated
into Portuguese, GENTOO, Malabar, and Moors, and proclaimed solemnly by
beat of drum."—_Madras Consultation_, in _Wheeler_, i. 314.

1719.—"Bills of sale wrote in GENTOO on Cajan leaves, which are entered
in the Register kept by the Town Conicoply for that purpose."—_Ibid._ ii.
314.

1726.—"The proper vernacular here (Golconda) is the GENTOOS (_Jentiefs_)
or Telingaas."—_Valentijn, Chor._ 37.

1801.—"The GENTOO translation of the Regulations will answer for the
Ceded Districts, for even ... the most Canarine part of them understand
GENTOO."—_Munro_, in _Life_, i. 321.

1807.—"A Grammar of the GENTOO language, as it is understood and spoken
by the GENTOO People, residing north and north-westward of Madras. By a
Civil Servant under the Presidency of Fort St. George, many years
resident in the Northern Circars. Madras. 1807."

1817.—The third grammar of the Telugu language, published in this year,
is called a 'GENTOO Grammar.'

1837.—"I mean to amuse myself with learning GENTOO, and have brought a
Moonshee with me. GENTOO is the language of this part of the country
[Godavery delta], and one of the prettiest of all the dialects."—_Letters
from Madras_, 189.

GHAUT, s. Hind. _ghāt_.

A. A landing-place; a path of descent to a river; the place of a ferry, &c. Also a quay or the like.

B. A path of descent from a mountain; a mountain pass; and hence

C., n.p. The mountain ranges parallel to the western and eastern coasts of the Peninsula, through which the _ghāts_ or passes lead from the table-lands above down to the coast and lowlands. It is probable that foreigners hearing these tracts spoken of respectively as the country above and the country below the _Ghāts_ (see BALAGHAUT) were led to regard the word _Ghāts_ as a proper name of the mountain range itself, or (like De Barros below) as a word signifying _range_. And this is in analogy with many other cases of mountain nomenclature, where the name of a pass has been transferred to a mountain chain, or where the word for 'a pass' has been mistaken for a word for 'mountain range.' The proper sense of the word is well illusstrated from Sir A. Wellesley, under B.

A.—

1809.—"The _dandys_ there took to their paddles, and keeping the beam to
the current the whole way, contrived to land us at the destined
GAUT."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 185.

1824.—"It is really a very large place, and rises from the river in an
amphitheatral form ... with many very fine GHÂTS descending to the
water's edge."—_Heber_, i. 167.

B.—

c. 1315.—"In 17 more days they arrived at Gurganw. During these 17 days
the GHÁTS were passed, and great heights and depths were seen amongst the
hills, where even the elephants became nearly invisible."—_Amīr Khusrū_,
in _Elliot_, iii. 86.

This passage illustrates how the transition from B to C occurred. The Ghāts here meant are not a range of mountains so called, but, as the context shows, the passes among the Vindhya and Sātpūra hills. Compare the two following, in which 'down the _ghauts_' and 'down the _passes_' mean exactly the same thing, though to many people the former expression will suggest 'down through a range of mountains called the Ghauts.'

1803.—"The enemy are down the GHAUTS in great
consternation."—_Wellington_, ii. 333.

" "The enemy have fled northward, and are getting down the _passes_
as fast as they can."—_M. Elphinstone_, in _Life_ by _Colebrooke_, i. 71.

1826.—"Though it was still raining, I walked up the Bohr GHÂT, four miles
and a half, to Candaulah."—_Heber_, ii. 136, ed. 1844. That is, up one of
the Passes, from which Europeans called the mountains themselves "the
GHAUTS."

The following passage indicates that the great Sir Walter, with his usual sagacity, saw the true sense of the word in its geographical use, though misled by books to attribute to the (so-called) 'Eastern Ghauts' the character that belongs to the Western only.

1827.—"... they approached the Ghauts, those tremendous mountain passes
which descend from the table-land of Mysore, and through which the mighty
streams that arise in the centre of the Indian Peninsula find their way
to the ocean."—_The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xiii.

C.—

1553.—"The most notable division which Nature hath planted in this land
is a chain of mountains, which the natives, by a generic appellation,
because it has no proper name, call GATE, which is as much as to say
_Serra_."—_De Barros_, Dec. I. liv. iv. cap. vii.

1561.—"This _Serra_ is called GATE."—_Correa, Lendas_, ii. 2, 56.

1563.—"The _Cuncam_, which is the land skirting the sea, up to a lofty
range which they call GUATE."—_Garcia_, f. 34_b_.

1572.—

"Da terra os Naturaes lhe chamam GATE,
Do pe do qual pequena quantidade
Se estende hũa fralda estreita, que combate
Do mar a natural ferocidade...."
_Camões_, vii. 22.

Englished by Burton:

"The country-people call this range the GHAUT,
and from its foot-hills scanty breadth there be,
whose seaward-sloping coast-plain long hath fought
'gainst Ocean's natural ferocity...."

1623.—"We commenced then to ascend the mountain-(range) which the people
of the country call GAT, and which traverses in the middle the whole
length of that part of India which projects into the sea, bathed on the
east side by the Gulf of Bengal, and on the west by the Ocean, or Sea of
Goa."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 32; [Hak. Soc. ii. 222].

1673.—"The Mountains here are one continued ridge ... and are all along
called GAOT."—_Fryer_, 187.

1685.—"On les appelle, _montagnes de_ GATTE, c'est comme qui diroit
montagnes de montagnes, _Gatte_ en langue du pays ne signifiant autre
chose que montagne" (quite wrong).—_Ribeyro, Ceylan_, (Fr. Transl.), p.
4.

1727.—"The great Rains and Dews that fall from the Mountains of GATTI,
which ly 25 or 30 leagues up in the Country."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 282; [ed.
1744, ii. 285].

1762.—"All the South part of India save the Mountains of GATE (a string
of Hills in ye country) is level Land the Mould scarce so deep as in
England.... As you make use of every expedient to drain the water from
your tilled ground, so the Indians take care to keep it in theirs, and
for this reason sow only in the level grounds."—_MS. Letter of James
Rennell_, March 21.

1826.—"The mountains are nearly the same height ... with the average of
Welsh mountains.... In one respect, and only one, the GHÂTS have the
advantage,—their precipices are higher, and the outlines of the hills
consequently bolder."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, ii. 136.

GHEE, s. Boiled butter; the universal medium of cookery throughout India, supplying the place occupied by oil in Southern Europe, and more; [the _samn_ of Arabia, the _raughan_ of Persia]. The word is Hind. _ghī_, Skt. _ghṛita_. A short but explicit account of the mode of preparation will be found in the _English Cyclopaedia_ (Arts and Sciences), s.v.; [and in fuller detail in _Watt, Econ. Dict._ iii. 491 _seqq._].

c. 1590.—"Most of them (Akbar's elephants) get 5 s. (ers) of sugar, 4 s.
of GHÍ, and half a _man_ of rice mixed with chillies, cloves,
&c."—_Āīn-i-Akbarī_, i. 130.

1673.—"They will drink milk, and boil'd butter, which they call
GHE."—_Fryer_, 33.

1783.—"In most of the prisons [of Hyder 'Ali] it was the custom to
celebrate particular days, when the funds admitted, with the luxury of
plantain fritters, a draught of sherbet, and a convivial song. On one
occasion the old Scotch ballad, 'My wife has ta'en the gee,' was
admirably sung, and loudly encored.... It was reported to the Kelledar
(see KILLADAR) that the prisoners said and sung throughout the night of
nothing but GHEE.... The Kelledar, certain that discoveries had been made
regarding his malversations in that article of garrison store, determined
to conciliate their secrecy by causing an abundant supply of this
unaccustomed luxury to be thenceforth placed within the reach of their
farthing purchases."—_Wilks, Hist. Sketches_, ii. 154.

1785.—"The revenues of the city of Decca ... amount annually to two
kherore (see CRORE), proceeding from the customs and duties levied on
GHEE."—_Carraccioli, L. of Clive_, i. 172.

1817.—"The great luxury of the Hindu is butter, prepared in a manner
peculiar to himself, and called by him GHEE."—_Mill, Hist._ i. 410.

GHILZAI, n.p. One of the most famous of the tribes of Afghanistan, and probably the strongest, occupying the high plateau north of Kandahar, and extending (roundly speaking) eastward to the Sulimānī mountains, and north to the Kābul River. They were supreme in Afghanistan at the beginning of the 18th century, and for a time possessed the throne of Ispahan. The following paragraph occurs in the article AFGHANISTAN, in the 9th ed. of the _Encyc. Britan._, 1874 (i. 235), written by one of the authors of this book:—

"It is remarkable that the old Arab geographers of the 10th and 11th
centuries place in the Ghilzai country" (_i.e._ the country now occupied
by the Ghilzais, or nearly so) "a people called KHILIJIS, whom they call
a tribe of Turks, to whom belonged a famous family of Delhi Kings. The
probability of the identity of the KHILIJIS and GHILZAIS is obvious, and
the question touches others regarding the origin of the Afghans; but it
does not seem to have been gone into."

Nor has the writer since ever been able to go into it. But whilst he has never regarded the suggestion as more than a probable one, he has seen no reason to reject it. He may add that on starting the idea to Sir Henry Rawlinson (to whom it seemed new), a high authority on such a question, though he would not accept it, he made a candid remark to the effect that the Ghilzais had undoubtedly a very Turk-like aspect. A belief in this identity was, as we have recently noticed, entertained by the traveller Charles Masson, as is shown in a passage quoted below. And it has also been maintained by Surgeon-Major Bellew, in his _Races of Afghanistan_ (1880), [who (p. 100) refers the name to _Khilichī_, a swordsman. The folk etymology of De Guignes and D'Herbelot is _Kall_, 'repose,' _atz_, 'hungry,' given to an officer by Ogouz Khān, who delayed on the road to kill game for his sick wife].

All the accounts of the Ghilzais indicate great differences between them and the other tribes of Afghanistan; whilst there seems nothing impossible, or even unlikely, in the partial assimilation of a Turki tribe in the course of centuries to the Afghans who surround them, and the consequent assumption of a quasi-Afghan genealogy. We do not find that Mr. Elphinstone makes any explicit reference to the question now before us. But two of the notes to his _History_ (5th ed. p. 322 and 384) seem to indicate that it was in his mind. In the latter of these he says: "The Khiljis ... though Turks by descent ... had been so long settled among the Afghans that they had almost become identified with that people; but they probably mixed more with other nations, or at least with their Turki brethren, and would be more civilized than the generality of Afghan mountaineers." The learned and eminently judicious William Erskine was also inclined to accept the identity of the two tribes, doubting (but perhaps needlessly) whether the Khiliji had been really of Turki race. We have not been able to meet with any translated author who mentions both Khiliji and Ghilzai. In the following quotations all the earlier refer to Khiliji, and the later to Ghilzai. Attention may be called to the expressions in the quotation from Zīauddīn Barnī, as indicating some great difference between the Turk proper and the Khiliji even then. The language of Baber, again, so far as it goes, seems to indicate that by his time the Ghilzais were regarded as an Afghan clan.

c. 940.—"Hajjāj had delegated 'Abdar-rahmān ibn Mahommed ibn al-Ash'ath
to Sijistān, Bost and Rukhāj (Arachosia) to make war on the Turk tribes
diffused in those regions, and who are known as Ghūz and
KHULJ...."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, v. 302.

c. 950.—"The KHALAJ is a Turkī tribe, which in ancient times migrated
into the country that lies between India and the parts of Sijistān beyond
the Ghūr. They are a pastoral people and resemble the Turks in their
natural characteristics, their dress and their language."—_Istakhri_,
from _De Goeje's_ text, p. 245.

c. 1030.—"The Afgháns and KHILJÍS having submitted to him (Sabaktigín),
he admitted thousands of them ... into the ranks of his
armies."—_Al-'Utbi_, in _Elliot_, ii. 24.

c. 1150.—"The Khilkhs (read KHILIJ) are people of Turk race, who, from an
early date invaded this country (Dāwar, on the banks of the Helmand), and
whose dwellings are spread abroad to the north of India and on the
borders of Ghaur and of Western Sijistān. They possess cattle, wealth,
and the various products of husbandry; they all have the aspect of Turks,
whether as regards features, dress, and customs, or as regards their arms
and manner of making war. They are pacific people, doing and thinking no
evil."—_Edrisi_, i. 457.

1289.—"At the same time Jalálu-d dín (Khilji), who was _'Ariz-i-mamálik_
(Muster-master-general), had gone to Bahárpúr, attended by a body of his
relations and friends. Here he held a muster and inspection of the
forces. He came of a race different from that of the Turks, so he had no
confidence in them, nor would the Turks own him as belonging to the
number of their friends.... The people high and low ... were all troubled
by the ambition of the KHILJIS, and were strongly opposed to Jalálu-d
dín's obtaining the crown.... Sultán Jalálu-d dín Fíroz KHILJI ascended
the throne in the ... year 688 A.H.... The people of the city (of Delhi)
had for 80 years been governed by sovereigns of Turk extraction, and were
averse to the succession of the _Khiljis_ ... they were struck with
admiration and amazement at seeing the _Khiljis_ occupying the throne of
the Turks, and wondered how the throne had passed from the one to the
other."—_Ziáu-d-dín Barní_, in _Elliot_, iii. 134-136.

14th cent.—The continuator of Rashíduddín enumerates among the tribes
occupying the country which we now call Afghanistan, _Ghūris_, _Herawis_,
_Nigudaris_, _Sejzis_, KHILIJ, Balūch and Afghāns. See _Notices et
Extraits_, xiv. 494.

c. 1507.—"I set out from Kábul for the purpose of plundering and beating
up the quarters of the GHILJIS ... a good farsang from the Ghilji camp,
we observed a blackness, which was either owing to the Ghiljis being in
motion, or to smoke. The young and inexperienced men of the army all set
forward full speed; I followed them for two kos, shooting arrows at their
horses, and at length checked their speed. When five or six thousand men
set out on a pillaging party, it is extremely difficult to maintain
discipline.... A minaret of skulls was erected of the heads of these
Afghans."—_Baber_, pp. 220-221; see also p. 225.

[1753.—"The CLIGIS knowing that his troops must pass thro' their
mountains, waited for them in the defiles, and successively defeated
several bodies of Mahommed's army."—_Hanway, Hist. Acc._ iii. 24.]

1842.—"The GHILJI tribes occupy the principal portion of the country
between Kándahár and Ghazní. They are, moreover, the most numerous of the
Afghân tribes, and if united under a capable chief might ... become the
most powerful.... They are brave and warlike, but have a sternness of
disposition amounting to ferocity.... Some of the inferior Ghiljís are so
violent in their intercourse with strangers that they can scarcely be
considered in the light of human beings, while no language can describe
the terrors of a transit through their country, or the indignities which
have to be endured.... The Ghiljis, although considered, and calling
themselves, Afghâns, and moreover employing the Pashto, or Afghân
dialect, are undoubtedly a mixed race.

"The name is evidently a modification or corruption of KHALJÍ or KHILAJÍ,
that of a great Turkí tribe mentioned by Sherífudín in his history of
Taimúr...."—_Ch. Masson, Narr. of various Journeys_, &c., ii. 204, 206,
207.

1854.—"The Ghúri was succeeded by the KHILJI dynasty; also said to be of
Turki extraction, but which seems rather to have been of Afghán race; and
it may be doubted if they are not of the GHILJÍ Afgháns."—_Erskine, Báber
and Humáyun_, i. 404.

1880.—"As a race the GHILJI mix little with their neighbours, and indeed
differ in many respects, both as to internal government and domestic
customs, from the other races of Afghanistan ... the great majority of
the tribe are pastoral in their habits of life, and migrate with the
seasons from the lowlands to the highlands with their families and
flocks, and easily portable black hair tents. They never settle in the
cities, nor do they engage in the ordinary handicraft trades, but they
manufacture carpets, felts, &c., for domestic use, from the wool and hair
of their cattle.... Physically they are a remarkably fine race ... but
they are a very barbarous people, the pastoral class especially, and in
their wars excessively savage and vindictive.

"Several of the GHILJI or Ghilzai-clans are almost wholly engaged in the
carrying trade between India and Afghanistan, and the Northern States of
Central Asia, and have been so for many centuries."—_Races of
Afghanistan_, by _Bellew_, p. 103.

GHOUL, s. Ar. _ghūl_, P. _ghōl_. A goblin, ἔμπουσα, or man-devouring demon, especially haunting wildernesses.