Chapter LXX: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (67)

"Colonel Y—— in reply, said: ... Though I do not know Nain Singh
personally, I know his work.... He is not a topographical automaton, or
merely one of a great multitude of native employés with an average
qualification. His observations have added a larger amount of important
knowledge to the map of Asia than those of any other living man, and his
journals form an exceedingly interesting book of travels. It will afford
me great pleasure to take steps for the transmission of the Medal through
an official channel to the PUNDIT."—_Reply to the President_, same date.

PUNJAUB, n.p. The name of the country between the Indus and the Sutlej. The modern Anglo-Indian province so-called, now extends on one side up beyond the Indus, including Peshāwar, the Derajāt, &c., and on the other side up to the Jumna, including Delhi. [In 1901 the Frontier Districts were placed under separate administration.] The name is Pers. _Panj-āb_, 'Five Rivers.' These rivers, as reckoned, sometimes include the Indus, in which case the five are (1) Indus, (2) Jelam (see JELUM) or Behat, the ancient _Vitasta_ which the Greeks made Ὑδάσπης (_Strabo_) and Βιδάσπης (_Ptol._), (3) Chenāb, ancient _Chandrabāgha_ and _Āsiknī_. Ptolemy preserves a corruption of the former Sanskrit name in Σανδαβάλ, but it was rejected by the older Greeks because it was of ill omen, _i.e._ probably because Grecized it would be Ξανδροφάγος, 'the devourer of Alexander.' The alternative _Āsiknī_ they rendered Ἀκεσίνης. (4) Rāvī, the ancient _Airāvatī_, Ὑάρωτης (_Strabo_), Ὑδραώτης (_Arrian_), Ἄδρις or Ῥούαδις (_Ptol._). (5) Biās, ancient _Vipāsā_, Ὕφασις (Arrian), Βιβάσιος (_Ptol._). This excluded the Sutlej, _Satadru_, _Hesydrus_ of Pliny, Ζαράδρος or Ζαδάδρης (_Ptol._), as Timur excludes it below. We may take in the Sutlej and exclude the Indus, but we can hardly exclude the Chenāb as Wassāf does below.

No corresponding term is used by the Greek geographers. "Putandum est nomen PANCHANADAE Graecos aut omnino latuisse, aut casu quodam non ad nostra usque tempora pervenisse, quod in tanta monumentorum ruina facile accidere potuit" (_Lassen, Pentapotamia_, 3). Lassen however has termed the country _Pentepotamia_ in a learned Latin dissertation on its ancient geography. Though the actual word _Panjāb_ is Persian, and dates from Mahommedan times, the corresponding Skt. _Panchanada_ is ancient and genuine, occurring in the _Mahābhārata_ and _Rāmāyaṇa_. The name _Panj-āb_ in older Mahommedan writers is applied to the Indus river, after receiving the rivers of the country which we call _Punjaub_. In that sense _Panj-nad_, of equivalent meaning, is still occasionally used. [In S. India the term is sometimes applied to the country watered by the Tumbhadra, Wardha, Malprabha, Gatprabha and Kistna (_Wilks, Hist. Sketches_, Madras reprint, i. 405).]

We remember in the newspapers, after the second Sikh war, the report of a speech by a clergyman in England, who spoke of the deposition of "the bloody PUNJAUB of Lahore."

B.C. _x_.—"Having explored the land of the Pahlavi and the country
adjoining, there had then to be searched PANCHANADA in every part; the
monkeys then explore the region of Kashmīr with its woods of
acacias."—_Rāmāyaṇa_, Bk. iv. ch. 43.

c. 940.—Maṣ'ūdī details (with no correctness) the five rivers that form
the Mihrān or Indus. He proceeds: "When the FIVE RIVERS which we have
named have past the House of Gold which is Mūltān, they unite at a place
three days distant from that city, between it and Manṣūra at a place
called Doshāb."—i. 377-8.

c. 1020.—"They all (Sind, Jhailam, Irāwa, Biah) combine with the Satlader
(Sutlej) below Múltán, at a place called PANJNAD, or 'the junction of the
five rivers.' They form a very wide stream."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Elliot_, i.
48.

c. 1300.—"After crossing the PANJ-ĀB, or five rivers, namely Sind, Jelam,
the river of Loháwar (_i.e._ of _Lahore_, viz. the Rāvī), Satlút, and
Bīyah...."—_Wassāf_, in _Elliot_, iii. 36.

c. 1333.—"By the grace of God our caravan arrived safe and sound at
BANJ-ĀB, _i.e._ at the River of the Sind. _Banj_ (_panj_) signifies
'five,' and _āb_, 'water;' so that the name signifies 'the Five Waters.'
They flow into this great river, and water the country."—_Ibn Batuta_,
iii. 91.

c. 1400.—"All these (united) rivers (Jelam, Chenáb, Ráví, Bíyáh, Sind)
are called the Sind or PANJ-ÁB, and this river falls into the Persian
Gulf near Thatta."—_The Emp. Timur_, in _Elliot_, iii. 476.

[c. 1630.—"He also takes a Survey of PANG-OB...."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed.
1677, p. 63. He gives a list of the rivers in p. 70.]

1648.—"... PANG-AB, the chief city of which is Lahor, is an excellent and
fruitful province, for it is watered by the five rivers of which we have
formerly spoken."—_Van Twist_, 3.

" "The River of the ancient Indus, is by the Persians and Magols
called PANG-AB, _i.e._ the Five Waters."—_Ibid._ i.

1710.—"He found this ancient and famous city (Lahore) in the Province
PANSCHAAP, by the side of the broad and fish-abounding river Rari (for
_Ravi_)."—_Valentijn_, iv. (_Suratte_), 282.

1790.—"Investigations of the religious ceremonies and customs of the
Hindoos, written in the Carnatic, and in the PUNJAB, would in many cases
widely differ."—_Forster_, Preface to _Journey_.

1793.—"The Province, of which Lahore is the capital, is oftener named
PANJAB than Lahore."—_Rennell's Memoir_, 3rd ed. 82.

1804.—"I rather think ... that he (Holkar) will go off to the PUNJAUB.
And what gives me stronger reason to think so is, that on the seal of his
letter to me he calls himself '_the Slave of Shah Mahmoud, the King of
Kings_.' Shah Mahmoud is the brother of Zemaun Shah. He seized the musnud
and government of Caubul, after having defeated Zemaun Shah two or three
years ago, and put out his eyes."—_Wellington, Desp._ under March 17.

1815.—"He (Subagtageen) ... overran the fine province of the PUNJAUB, in
his first expedition."—_Malcolm, Hist. of Persia_, i. 316.

PUNKAH, s. Hind. _pankhā_.

A. In its original sense a portable fan, generally made from the leaf of the PALMYRA (_Borassus flabelliformis_, or 'fan-shaped'), the natural type and origin of the fan. Such _pankhās_ in India are not however formed, as Chinese fans are, like those of our ladies; they are generally, whether large or small, of a bean-shape, with a part of the dried leaf-stalk adhering, which forms the handle.

B. But the specific application in Anglo-Indian colloquial is to the large fixed and swinging fan, formed of cloth stretched on a rectangular frame, and suspended from the ceiling, which is used to agitate the air in hot weather. The date of the introduction of this machine into India is not known to us. The quotation from Linschoten shows that some such apparatus was known in the 16th century, though this comes out clearly in the French version alone; the original Dutch, and the old English translation are here unintelligible, and indicate that Linschoten (who apparently never was at Ormuz) was describing, from hearsay, something that he did not understand. More remarkable passages are those which we take from Dozy, and from El-Fakhrī, which show that the true Anglo-Indian _punka_ was known to the Arabs as early as the 8th century.

A.—

1710.—"Aloft in a Gallery the King sits in his chaire of State,
accompanied with his Children and chiefe Vizier ... no other without
calling daring to goe vp to him, saue onely two PUNKAWS to gather
wind."—_W. Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 439. The word seems here to be used
improperly for the men who plied the fans. We find also in the same
writer a verb to PUNKAW:

"... behind one PUNKAWING, another holding his sword."—_Ibid._ 433.

Terry does not use the word:

1616.—"... the people of better quality, lying or sitting on their
Carpets or Pallats, have servants standing about them, who continually
beat the air upon them with _Flabella's_, or Fans, of stiffned leather,
which keepe off the flyes from annoying them, and cool them as they
lye."—Ed. 1665, p. 405.

1663.—"On such occasions they desire nothing but ... to lie down in some
cool and shady place all along, having a servant or two to fan one by
turns, with their great PANKAS, or Fans."—_Bernier_, E.T., p. 76; [ed.
_Constable_, 241].

1787.—"Over her head was held a PUNKER."—_Sir C. Malet_, in Parl. Papers,
1821, '_Hindoo Widows_.'

1809.—"He ... presented me ... two punkahs."—_Lord Valentia_, i. 428.

1881.—"The chair of state, the _sella gestatoria_, in which the Pope is
borne aloft, is the ancient palanquin of the Roman nobles, and, of
course, of the Roman Princes ... the fans which go behind are the PUNKAHS
of the Eastern Emperors, borrowed from the Court of Persia."—_Dean
Stanley, Christian Institutions_, 207.

B.—

c. 1150-60.—"Sous le nom de _Khaich_ on entend des étoffes de mauvais
toile de lin qui servent à différents usages. Dans ce passage de Rhazès
(c. A.D. 900) ce sont des ventilateurs faits de cet étoffe. Ceci se
pratique de cette manière: on en prend un morceau de la grandeur d'un
tapis, un peu plus grand ou un peu plus petit selon les dimensions de la
chambre, et on le rembourre avec des objets qui ont de la consistance et
qui ne plient pas facilement, par exemple avec du sparte. L'ayant ensuite
suspendu au milieu de la chambre, on le fait tirer et lacher doucement et
continuellement par un homme placé dans le haut de l'appartement. De
cette manière il fait beaucoup de vent et rafraichit l'air. Quelquefois
on le trempe dans de l'eau de rose, et alors il parfume l'air en même
temps qu'il le rafraichit."—_Glossaire sur le Mançouri_, quoted in _Dozy
et Engelmann_, p. 342. See also _Dozy, Suppt. aux Dictt. Arabes_, s.v.
_Khaich_.

1166.—"He (Ibn Hamdun the Kātib) once recited to me the following piece
of his composition, containing an enigmatical description of a linen fan:
(^1)

"'Fast and loose, it cannot touch what it tries to reach; though tied up
it moves swiftly, and though a prisoner it is free. Fixed in its place it
drives before it the gentle breeze; though its path lie closed up it
moves on in its nocturnal journey.'"—Quoted by _Ibn Khallikan_, E.T. iii.
91.

"(^1) The _linen fan_ (_Mirwaha-t al Khaish_) is a large piece of linen,
stretched on a frame, and suspended from the ceiling of the room. They
make use of it in Irâk. See de Sacy's _Hariri_, p. 474."—Note by
_MacGuckin de Slane_, _ibid._ p. 92.

c. 1300.—"One of the innovations of the Caliph Manṣūr (A.D. 753-774) was
the _Khaish_ of linen in summer, a thing which was not known before his
time. But the Sāsānian Kings used in summer to have an apartment freshly
plastered (with clay) every day, which they inhabited, and on the morrow
another apartment was plastered for them."—_El-Fakhrī_, ed. _Ahlwardt_,
p. 188.

1596.—"And (they use) instruments like swings with fans, to rock the
people in, and to make wind for cooling, which they call
_cattaventos_."—Literal Transln. from _Linschoten_, ch. 6.

1598.—"And they vse certaine instruments like Waggins, with bellowes, to
beare all the people in, and to gather winde to coole themselves withall,
which they call _Cattaventos_."—_Old English Translation_, by W. P., p.
16; [Hak. Soc. i. 52].

The French version is really a brief description of the punka:

1610.—"Ils ont aussi du Cattaventos qui sont certains instruments pendus
en l'air es quels se faisant donner le bransle ils font du vent qui les
rafraichit."—Ed. 1638, p. 17.

The next also perhaps refers to a suspended punka:

1662.—"... furnished also with good Cellars with great _Flaps_ to stir
the Air, for reposing in the fresh Air from 12 till 4 or 5 of the Clock,
when the Air of these Cellars begins to be hot and stuffing."—_Bernier_,
p. 79; [ed. _Constable_, 247].

1807.—"As one small concern succeeds another, the PUNKAH vibrates gently
over my eyes."—_Lord Minto in India_, 27.

1810.—"Were it not for the PUNKA (a large frame of wood covered with
cloth) which is suspended over every table, and kept swinging, in order
to freshen the air, it would be scarcely possible to sit out the
melancholy ceremony of an Indian dinner."—_Maria Graham_, 30.

" Williamson mentions that PUNKAHS "were suspended in most dining
halls."—_Vade Mecum_, i. 281.

1823.—"PUNKAS, large frames of light wood covered with white cotton, and
looking not unlike enormous fire-boards, hung from the ceilings of the
principal apartments."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 28.

1852.—

"Holy stones with scrubs and slaps
(Our Christmas waits!) prelude the day;
For holly and festoons of bay
Swing feeble PUNKAS,—or perhaps
A windsail dangles in collapse."
_Christmas on board a P. and O., near the Equator._

1875.—"The PUNKAH flapped to and fro lazily overhead."—_Chesney, The
Dilemma_, ch. xxxviii.

Mr. Busteed observes: "It is curious that in none of the lists of servants and their duties which are scattered through the old records in the last century (18th), is there any mention of the PUNKA, nor in any narratives referring to domestic life in India then, that have come under our notice, do we remember any allusion to its use.... The swinging PUNKA, as we see it to-day, was, as every one knows, an innovation of a later period.... This dates from an early year in the present century."—_Echoes of Old Calcutta_, p. 115. He does not seem, however, to have found any positive evidence of the date of its introduction. ["Hanging punkahs are said by one authority to have originated in Calcutta by accident towards the close of the last (18th) century. It is reported that a clerk in a Government office suspended the leaf of a table, which was accidentally waved to and fro by a visitor. A breath of cool air followed the movement, and suggested the idea which was worked out and resulted in the present machine" (_Carey, Good Old Days of John Company_, i. 81). Mr. Douglas says that punkahs were little used by Europeans in Bombay till 1810. They were not in use at Nuncomar's trial in Calcutta (1775), _Bombay and W. India_, ii. 253.]

PUNSAREE, s. A native drug-seller; Hind. _pansārī_. We place the word here partly because C. P. Brown says 'it is certainly a foreign word,' and assigns it to a corruption of _dispensarium_; which is much to be doubted. [The word is really derived from Skt. _paṇyaśāla_, 'a market, warehouse.']

[1830.—"Beside this, I purchased from a PANSAREE some application for
relieving the pain of a bruise."—_Frazer, The Persian Adventurer_, iii.
23.]

PURDAH, s. Hind. from Pers. _parda_, 'a curtain'; a _portière_; and especially a curtain screening women from the sight of men; whence a woman of position who observes such rules of seclusion is termed _parda-nishīn_, 'one who sits behind a curtain.' (See GOSHA.)

1809.—"On the fourth (side) a PURDAH was stretched across."—_Ld.
Valentia_, i. 100.

1810.—"If the disorder be obstinate, the doctor is permitted to approach
the PURDAH (_i.e._ curtain, or screen) and to put _the hand_ through a
small aperture ... in order to feel the patient's pulse."—_Williamson, V.
M._ i. 130.

[1813.—"My travelling palankeen formed my bed, its PURDOE or chintz
covering my curtains."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 109.]

1878.—"Native ladies look upon the confinement behind the PURDAH as a
badge of rank, and also as a sign of chastity, and are exceedingly proud
of it."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i. 113.

[1900.—"Charitable aid is needed for the PURDAH women."—_Pioneer Mail_,
Jan. 21.]

PURDESEE, s. Hind. _paradeśī_ usually written _pardesī_, 'one from a foreign country.' In the Bombay army the term is universally applied to a sepoy from N. India. [In the N.W.P. the name is applied to a wandering tribe of swindlers and coiners.]

PURWANNA, PERWAUNA, s. Hind. from Pers. _parwāna_, 'an order; a grant or letter under royal seal; a letter of authority from an official to his subordinate; a license or pass.'

1682.—"... we being obliged at the end of two months to pay Custom for
the said goods, if in that time we did not procure a PHERWANNA for the
_Duan_ of Decca to excuse us from it."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct. 10; [Hak.
Soc. i. 34].

1693.—"... Egmore and Pursewaukum were lately granted us by the Nabob's
PURWANNAS."—_Wheeler_, i. 281.

1759.—"PERWANNA, under the Coochuck (or the small seal) of the Nabob
Vizier Ulma Maleck, Nizam ul Muluck Bahadour, to Mr. John Spenser."—In
_Cambridge's Acct. of the War_, 230. (See also quotation under
HOSBOLHOOKUM.)

1774.—"As the peace has been so lately concluded, it would be a
satisfaction to the Rajah to receive your PARWANNA to this purpose before
the departure of the caravan."—_Bogle's Diary_, in _Markham's Tibet_, p.
50. But Mr. Markham changes the spelling of his originals.

PUTCHOCK, s. This is the trade-name for a fragrant root, a product of the Himālaya in the vicinity of Kashmīr, and forming an article of export from both Bombay and Calcutta to the Malay countries and to China, where it is used as a chief ingredient of the Chinese pastille-rods commonly called JOSTICK. This root was recognised by the famous Garcia de Orta as the _Costus_ of the ancients. The latter took their word from the Skt. _kusṭha_, by a modification of which name—_kuṭ_—it is still known and used as a medicine in Upper India. De Orta speaks of the plant as growing about Mandu and Chitore, whence it was brought for sale to Ahmadābād; but his informants misled him. The true source was traced _in situ_ by two other illustrious men, Royle and Falconer, to a plant belonging to the N. O. _Compositae_, _Saussurea Xappe_, Clarke, for which Dr. Falconer, not recognising the genus, had proposed the name of _Aucklandia Costus verus_, in honour of the then Governor-General. The _Costus_ is a gregarious plant, occupying open, sloping sides of the mountains, at an elevation of 8000 to 9000 feet. See article by Falconer in _Trans. Linn. Soc._ xix. 23-31.

The trade-name is, according to Wilson, the Telugu _pāch'chāku_, 'green leaf,' but one does not see how this applies. (Is there, perhaps, some confusion with _Patch_? see PATCHOULI). De Orta speaks as if the word, which he writes _pucho_, were Malay. Though neither Crawfurd nor Favre gives the word, in this sense, it is in Marsden's earlier _Malay Dict._: "PŪCHOK, a plant, the aromatic leaves of which are an article of trade; said by some to be _Costus indicus_, and by others the _Melissa_, or _Laurus_." [On this Mr. Skeat writes: "PUCHOK is the Malay word for a young sprout, or the growing shoot of a plant. PUCHOK in the special sense here used is also a Malay word, but it may be separate from the other. Klinkert gives PUCHOK as a sprout or shoot and also as a radish-like root (indigenous in China (_sic_), used in medicine for fumigation, &c.). Apparently it is always the root and not the leaves of the plant that are used, in which case Marsden may have confused the two senses of the word."] In the year 1837-38 about 250 tons of this article, valued at £10,000, were exported from Calcutta alone. The annual import into China at a later date, according to Wells Williams, was 2,000 _peculs_ or 120 tons (_Middle Kingdom_, ed. 1857, ii. 308). In 1865-66, the last year for which the details of such minor exports are found in print, the quantity exported from Calcutta was only 492½ cwt., or 24⅝ tons. In 1875 the value of the imports at Hankow and Chefoo was £6,421. [_Watt, Econ. Dict._ vi. pt. ii. p. 482, _Bombay Gazetteer_, xi. 470.]

1516.—See Barbosa under CATECHU.

1520.—"We have prohibited (the export of) pepper to China ... and now we
prohibit the export of _pucho_ and incense from these parts of India to
China."—_Capitulo de hum Regimento del Rey_ a Diogo Ayres, Feitor da
China, in _Arch. Port. Orient._, Fasc. v. 49.

1525.—"PUCHO of Cambaya worth 35 tangas a maund."—_Lembranças_, 50.

[1527.—Mr. Whiteway notes that in a letter of Diogo Calvo to the King,
dated Jan. 17, PUCHO is mentioned as one of the imports to China.—_India
Office MS. Corpo Chronologico_, vol. i.]

1554.—"The _baar_ (see BAHAR) of PUCHO contains 20 _faraçolas_ (see
FRAZALA), and an additional 4 of PICOTA (q.v.), in all 24
_faraçolas_...."—_A. Nunes_, 11.

1563.—"I say that _costus_ in Arabic is called _cost_ or _cast_; in
Guzarate it is called _uplot_ (_upaleta_); and in Malay, for in that
region there is a great trade and consumption thereof, it is called
PUCHO. I tell you the name in Arabic, because it is called by the same
name by the Latins and Greeks, and I tell it you in Guzerati, because
that is the land to which it is chiefly carried from its birth-place; and
I tell you the Malay name because the greatest quantity is consumed
there, or taken thence to China."—_Garcia_, f. 72.

c. 1563.—"... Opium, Assa Fetida, PUCHIO, with many other sortes of
Drugges."—_Caesar Frederike_, in _Hakl._ ii. 343.

[1609.—"Costus of 2 sorts, one called POKERMORE, the other called
_Uplotte_ (see _Garcia_, above)."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 30.]

1617.—"5 hampers POCHOK...."—_Cocks, Diary_, i. 294.

1631.—"Caeterum Costus vulgato vocabulo inter mercatores Indos PUCHO,
Chinensibus POTSIOCK, vocatur ... vidi ego integrum _Picol_, quod pondus
centum et viginti in auctione decem realibus distribui."—_Jac. Bontii,
Hist. Nat._, &c., lib. iv. p. 46.

1711.—In Malacca _Price Currant_, July 1704: "PUTCHUCK or Costus
dulcis."—_Lockyer_, 77.

1726.—"PATSJAAK (a leaf of Asjien (Acheen?) that is pounded to powder,
and used in incense)...."—_Valentijn, Choro._ 34.

1727.—"The Wood _Ligna dulcis_ grows only in this country (Sind). It is
rather a Weed than a Wood, and nothing of it is useful but the Root,
called PUTCHOCK, or _Radix dulcis_.... There are great quantities
exported from _Surat_, and from thence to _China_, where it generally
bears a good Price...."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 126; [ed. 1744, i. 127].

1808.—"Elles emploient ordinairement ... une racine aromatique appelée
PIESCHTOK, qu'on coupe par petits morceaux, et fait bouillir dans de
l'huile de noix de coco. C'est avec cette huile que les danseuses se
graissent...."—_Haafner_, ii. 117.

1862.—"_Koot_ is sent down country in large quantities, and is exported
to China, where it is used as incense. It is in Calcutta known under the
name of 'PATCHUK.'"—_Punjab Trade Report_, cvii.

PUTLAM, n.p. A town in Ceylon on the coast of the bay or estuary of Calpentyn; properly _Puṭṭalama_; a Tamil name, said by Mr. Fergusson to be _puthu_- (_pudu?_) _alam_, 'New Salt-pans.' Ten miles inland are the ruins of Tammana Newera, the original Tambapanni (or _Taprobane_), where Vijaya, the first Hindu immigrant, established his kingdom. And Putlam is supposed to be the place where he landed.

1298.—"The pearl-fishers ... go post to a place callen BETTELAR, and
(then) go 60 miles into the gulf."—_Marco Polo,_ Bk. iii. ch. 16.

c. 1345.—"The natives went to their King and told him my reply. He sent
for me, and I proceeded to his presence in the town of BAṬṬĀLA, which was
his capital, a pretty little place, surrounded by a timber wall and
towers."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 166.

1672.—"PUTELAON...."—_Baldaeus_ (Germ.), 373.

1726.—"PORTALOON or PUTELAN."—_Valentijn, Ceylon_, 21.

PUTNEE, PUTNEY, s.

A. Hind. and Beng. _paṭṭanī_, or _paṭnī_, from v. _paṭ-nā_, 'to be agreed or closed' (_i.e._ a bargain). Goods commissioned or manufactured to order.

1755.—"A letter from Cossimbazar mentions they had directed Mr. Warren
Hastings to proceed to the PUTNEY AURUNG (q.v.) in order to purchase
PUTNEY on our Honble. Masters' account, and to make all necessary
enquiries."—_Fort William Consns._, Nov. 10. In _Long_, 61.

B. A kind of sub-tenure existing in the Lower Provinces of Bengal, the PATNĪDĀR, or occupant of which "holds of a Zemindar a portion of the Zemindari in perpetuity, with the right of hereditary succession, and of selling or letting the whole or part, so long as a stipulated amount of rent is paid to the Zemindar, who retains the power of sale for arrears, and is entitled to a regulated fee or fine upon transfer" (_Wilson_, q.v.). Probably both A and B are etymologically the same, and connected with _paṭṭā_ (see POTTAH).

[1860.—"A perpetual lease of land held under a Zumeendar is called a
PUTNEE,—and the holder is called a PUTNEEDAR, who not only pays an
advanced rent to the Zumeendar, but a handsome price for the
same."—_Grant, Rural Life in Bengal_, 64.]

PUTTÁN, PATHÁN, n.p. Hind. _Paṭhān_. A name commonly applied to Afghans, and especially to people in India of Afghan descent. The derivation is obscure. Elphinstone derives it from _Pushtūn_ and _Pukhtūn_, pl. _Pukhtāna_, the name the Afghans give to their own race, with which Dr. Trumpp [and Dr. Bellew (_Races of Afghanistan_, 25) agree. This again has been connected with the _Pactyica_ of Herodotus (iii. 102, iv. 44).] The Afghans have for the name one of the usual fantastic etymologies which is quoted below (see quotation, c. 1611). The Mahommedans in India are sometimes divided into four classes, viz. _Paṭhāns_; _Mughals_ (see MOGUL), _i.e._ those of Turki origin; _Shaikhs_, claiming Arab descent; and _Saiyyids_, claiming also to be descendants of Mahommed.

1553.—"This State belonged to a people called PATANE, who were lords of
that hill-country. And as those who dwell on the skirts of the Pyrenees,
on this side and on that, are masters of the passes by which we cross
from Spain to France, or vice versâ, so these PATAN people are the
masters of the two entrances to India, by which those who go thither from
the landward must pass...."—_Barros_, IV. vi. 1.

1563.—"... This first King was a PATANE of certain mountains that march
with Bengala."—_Garcia, Coll._ f. 34.

1572.—

"Mas agora de nomes, et de usança,
Novos, et varios são os habitantes,
Os Delijs, os PATÃNES que em possança
De terra, e gente são mais abundantes."
_Camões_, vii. 20.

[By Aubertin:

"But now inhabitants of other name
And customs new and various there are found,
The Delhis and PATANS, who in the fame
Of land and people do the most abound."]

1610.—"A PATTAN, a man of good stature."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 220.

c. 1611.—"... the mightiest of the Afghan people was Kais.... The Prophet
gave Kais the name of Abd Ulrasheed ... and ... predicted that God would
make his issue so numerous that they, with respect to the establishment
of the Faith, would outvie all other people; the angel Gabriel having
revealed to him that their attachment to the Faith would, in strength, be
like the wood upon which they lay the keel when constructing a ship,
which wood the seamen call _Pathan_: on this account he conferred upon
Abd Ulrasheed the title of PATHAN[227] also."—_Hist. of the Afghans_,
E.T., by _Dorn_, i. 38.

[1638.—"... Ozmanchan a PUTTANIAN...."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed. 1677, p.
76.]

1648.—"In general the Moors are a haughty and arrogant and proud people,
and among them the PATTANS stand out superior to the others in dress and
manners."—_Van Twist_, 58.

1666.—"Martin Affonso and the other Portuguese delivered them from the
war that the PATANES were making on them."—_Faria y Sousa, Asia
Portuguesa_, i. 343.

1673.—"They are distinguished, some according to the Consanguinity they
claim with _Mahomet_; as a _Siad_ is a kin to that Imposture.... A
_Shiek_ is a Cousin too, at a distance, into which Relation they admit
all new made Proselytes. _Meer_ is somewhat allied also.... The rest are
adopted under the Name of the Province ... as _Mogul_, the Race of the
_Tartars_ ... PATAN, _Duccan_."—_Fryer_, 93.

1681.—"En estas regiones ay vna cuyas gentes se dizen los
PATANES."—_Martinez de la Puente, Compendio_, 21.

1726.—"... The _Patans_ (PATANDERS) are very different in garb, and
surpass in valour and stout-heartedness in war."—_Valentijn, Choro._ 109.

1757.—"The Colonel (Clive) complained bitterly of so many insults put
upon him, and reminded the Soubahdar how different his own conduct was,
when called upon to assist him against the PYTANS."—_Ives_, 149.

1763.—"The northern nations of India, although idolaters ... were easily
induced to embrace Mahomedanism, and are at this day the Affghans or
PITANS."—_Orme_, i. 24, ed. 1803.

1789.—"Moormen are, for the most part, soldiers by profession,
particularly in the cavalry, as are also ... PITANS."—_Munro, Narr._ 49.

1798.—"... Afghans, or as they are called in India, PATANS."—_G. Forster,
Travels_, ii. 47.

[PUTTEE, PUTTY, s. Hind. _paṭṭī_.

A. A piece or strip of cloth, bandage; especially used in the sense of a ligature round the lower part of the leg used in lieu of a gaiter, originally introduced from the Himālaya, and now commonly used by sportsmen and soldiers. A special kind of cloth appears in the old trade-lists under the name of PUTEAHS (see PIECE GOODS).

1875.—"Any one who may be bound for a long march will put on leggings of
a peculiar sort, a bandage about 6 inches wide and four yards long, wound
round from the ankle up to just below the knee, and then fastened by an
equally long string, attached to the upper end, which is lightly wound
many times round the calf of the leg. This, which is called PATAWA, is a
much cherished piece of dress."—_Drew, Jummoo_, 175.

1900.—"The PUTTEE leggings are excellent for peace and war, on foot or on
horseback."—_Times_, Dec. 24.

B. In the N.W.P. "an original share in a joint or coparcenary village or estate comprising many villages; it is sometimes defined as the smaller subdivision of a mahal or estate" (_Wilson_). Hence PUTTEEDAREE, _paṭṭidārī_ used for a tenure of this kind.

1852.—"Their names were forthwith scratched off the collector's books,
and those of their eldest sons were entered, who became forthwith, in
village and cutcherry parlance, LUMBERDARS of the shares of their
fathers, or in other words, of PUTTEE Shere Singh and PUTTEE Baz
Singh."—_Raikes, Notes on the N.W.P._ 94.

C. In S. India, soldiers' pay.

1810.—"... hence in ordinary acceptation, the pay itself was called
PUTTEE, a Canarese word which properly signifies a written statement of
any kind."—_Wilks_, _Hist. Sketches_, Madras reprint, i. 415.]

PUTTYWALLA, s. Hind. _paṭṭā-wālā_, _paṭṭī-wālā_ (see PUTTEE), 'one with a belt.' This is the usual Bombay term for a messenger or orderly attached to an office, and bearing a belt and brass badge, called in Bengal CHUPRASSY or PEON (qq.v.), in Madras usually by the latter name.

1878.—"Here and there a belted Government servant, called a PUTTIWĀLĀ, or
PAṬṬAWĀLĀ, because distinguished by a belt...."—_Monier Williams, Modern
India_, 34.

PUTWA, s. Hind. _patwā_. The _Hibiscus sabdariffa_, L., from the succulent acid flowers of which very fair jelly is made in Anglo-Indian households. [It is also known as the Rozelle or Red Sorrel (_Watt, Econ. Dict._ iv. 243). Riddell (_Domest. Econ._ 337) calls it "Oseille or ROSELLE jam and jelly."]

PYE, s. A familiar designation among British soldiers and young officers for a PARIAH-DOG (q.v.); a contraction, no doubt, of the former word.

[1892.—"We English call him a PARIAH, but this word, belonging to a low,
yet by no means degraded class of people in Madras, is never heard on
native lips as applied to a dog, any more than our other word 'PIE.'"—_L.
Kipling, Beast and Man_, 266.]

PYJAMMAS, s. Hind. _pāē-jāma_ (see JAMMA), lit. 'leg-clothing.' A pair of loose drawers or trowsers, tied round the waist. Such a garment is used by various persons in India, _e.g._ by women of various classes, by Sikh men, and by most Mahommedans of both sexes. It was adopted from the Mahommedans by Europeans as an article of _dishabille_ and of night attire, and is synonymous with LONG DRAWERS, SHULWÁURS, and MOGUL-BREECHES. [For some distinctions between these various articles of dress see Forbes-Watson, (_Textile Manufactures_, 57).] It is probable that we English took the habit like a good many others from the Portuguese. Thus Pyrard (c. 1610) says, in speaking of Goa Hospital: "Ils ont force _calsons_ sans quoy ne couchent iamais les Portugais des Indes" (ii. p. 11; [Hak. Soc. ii. 9]). The word is now used in London shops. A friend furnishes the following reminiscence: "The late Mr. B——, tailor in Jermyn Street, some 40 years ago, in reply to a question why PYJAMMAS had feet sewn on to them (as was sometimes the case with those furnished by London outfitters) answered: 'I believe, Sir, it is because of the WHITE ANTS!'"

[1828—

"His chief joy smoking a cigar
In loose PAEE-JAMS and native slippers."
_Orient. Sport. Mag._, reprint 1873, i. 64.]

1881.—"The rest of our attire consisted of that particularly light and
airy white flannel garment, known throughout India as a PAJAMA
suit."—_Haekel, Ceylon_, 329.

PYKE, PAIK, s. Wilson gives only one original of the term so expressed in Anglo-Indian speech. He writes: "_Páík_ or _Páyik_, corruptly _Pyke_, Hind. &c. (from S. _padātika_), _Páík_ or _Páyak_, Mar. A footman, an armed attendant, an inferior police and revenue officer, a messenger, a courier, a village watchman: in Cuttack the _Páíks_ formerly constituted a local militia, holding land of the Zamindárs or Rájas by the tenure of military service," &c., quoting Bengal Regulations. [Platts also treats the two words as identical.] But it seems clear to us that there are here two terms rolled together:

A. Pers. _Paik_, 'a foot-runner or courier.' We do not know whether this is an old Persian word or a Mongol introduction. According to Hammer Purgstall it was the term in use at the Court of the Mongol princes, as quoted below. Both the words occur in the _Āīn_, but differently spelt, and that with which we now deal is spelt _paik_ (with the _fatḥa_ point).

c. 1590.—"The _Jilaudár_ (see under JULIBDAR) and the PAIK (a runner).
Their monthly pay varies from 1200 to 120_d._ (_dāms_), according to
their speed and manner of service. Some of them will run from 50 to 100
_kroh_ (COSS) per day."—_Āīn_, E.T. by _Blochmann_, i. 138 (see orig. i.
144).

1673.—At the Court of Constantinople: "Les PEIKS venoient ensuite, avec
leurs bonnets d'argent doré ornés d'un petit plumage de héron, un arc et
un carquois chargé de flèches."—_Journal d'A. Galland_, i. 98.

1687.—"... the under officers and servants called _Agiam-Oglans_, who are
designed to the meaner uses of the Seraglio ... most commonly the sons of
Christians taken from their Parents at the age of 10 or 12 years....
These are: 1, _Porters_, 2, _Bostangies_ or Gardiners ... 5, PAICKS and
_Solacks_...."—_Sir Paul Rycaut, Present State of the Ottoman Empire_,
19.

1761.—"Ahmad Sultán then commissioned Sháh Pasand Khán ... the _harkáras_
(see HURCARRA) and the PAIKS, to go and procure information as to the
state and strength of the Mahratta army."—_Muhammad Jáfar Shámlu_, in
_Elliot_, viii. 151-2.

1840.—"The express-riders (_Eilbothen_) accomplished 50 _farsangs_ a-day,
so that an express came in 4 days from Khorasan to Tebris [_Tabrīz_)....
The Foot-runners carrying letters (PEIK), whose name at least is
maintained to this day at both the Persian and Osmanli Courts,
accomplished 30 _farsangs_ a-day."—_Hammer Purgstall, Gesch. der Golden
Horde_, 243.

[1868.—"The PAYEKE is entrusted with the _tchilim_ (see CHILLUM) (pipe),
which at court (Khiva) is made of gold or silver, and must be replenished
with fresh water every time it is filled with tobacco."—_Vambery,
Sketches_, 89.]

B. Hind. _pāīk_ and _pāyik_ (also Mahr.) from Skt. _padātika_, and _padika_, 'a foot-soldier,' with the other specific application given by Wilson, exclusive of 'courier.' In some narratives the word seems to answer exactly to PEON. In the first quotation, which is from the _Āīn_, the word, it will be seen, is different from that quoted under (A) from the same source.

c. 1590.—"It was the custom in those times, for the palace (of the King
of Bengal) to be guarded by several thousand PYKES (_pāyak_), who are a
kind of infantry. An eunuch entered into a confederacy with these guards,
who one night killed the King, Futteh Shah, when the Eunuch ascended the
throne, under the title of Barbuck Shah."—_Gladwin's_ Tr., ed. 1800, ii.
19 (orig. i. 415; [_Jarrett_ (ii. 149) gives the word as PÁYIKS].

In the next quotation the word seems to be the same, though used for 'a seaman.' Compare uses of LASCAR.

c. 1615.—"(His fleet) consisted of 20 beaked vessels, all well manned
with the sailors whom they call PAIQUES, as well as with Portuguese
soldiers and TOPAZES who were excellent musketeers; 50 hired _jalias_
(see GALLEVAT) of like sort and his own (Sebastian Gonçalves's) galliot
(see GALLEVAT), which was about the size of a _patacho_, with 14
demi-falcons on each broadside, two pieces of 18 to 20 lbs. calibre in
the forecastle, and 60 Portuguese soldiers, with more than 40 TOPAZES and
Cafres (see CAFFER)."—_Bocarro, Decada_, 452.

1722.—Among a detail of charges at this period in the ZEMINDÁRRY of
Rājshāhī appears:

"9. _Paikan_, or the PIKES, guard of villages, everywhere necessary ...
2,161 rupees."—_Fifth Report_, App. p. 345.

The following quotation from an Indian Regulation of Ld. Cornwallis's time is a good example of the extraordinary multiplication of terms, even in one Province in India, denoting approximately the same thing:

1792.—"All PYKES, Chokeydars (see CHOKIDAR), _Pasbans_, _Dusauds_,
_Nigabans_,[228] Harees (see HARRY), and other descriptions of village
watchmen are declared subject to the orders of the Darogah (see
DAROGA)...."—_Regns. for the Police_ ... passed by the G.-G. in C., Dec.
7.

" "The army of Assam was a militia organised as follows. The whole
male population was bound to serve either as soldiers or labourers, and
was accordingly divided into sets of four men each, called _gotes_, the
individuals comprising the gotes being termed PYKES."—_Johnstone's Acct.
of Welsh's Expedition to Assam, 1792-93-94_ (commd. by Gen. Keatinge).

1802.—After a detail of persons of rank in Midnapore:

"None of these entertain armed followers except perhaps ten or a dozen
Peons for state, but some of them have PYKES in considerable numbers, to
keep the peace on their estates. These PYKES are under the magistrate's
orders."—_Fifth Report_, App. p. 535.

1812.—"The whole of this last-mentioned numerous class of PYKES are
understood to have been disbanded, in compliance with the new Police
regulations."—_Fifth Report_, 71.

1872.—"... _Dalais_ or officers of the peasant militia (PAIKS). The PAIKS
were settled chiefly around the fort on easy tenures."—_Hunter's Orissa_,
ii. 269.

PYSE! interjection. The use of this is illustrated in the quotations. Notwithstanding the writer's remark (below) it is really Hindustani, viz. _po'is_, 'look out!' or 'make way!' apparently from Skt. _paśya_, 'look! see!' (see Molesworth's _Mahr. Dict._ p. 529, col. _c_; Fallon's _Hind. Dict._, p. 376, col. _a_; [_Platts_, 282_b_].

[1815.—"... three men came running up behind them, as if they were
clearing the road for some one, by calling out 'PICE! PICE!' (make way,
make way)...."—_Elphinstone's Report on Murder of Gungadhur Shastry_, in
_Papers relating to E.I. Affairs_, p. 14.]

1883.—"Does your correspondent Col. Prideaux know the origin of the
warning called out by buggy drivers to pedestrians in Bombay, 'PYSE'? It
is not Hindustani."—_Letter in N. & Q._, Ser. VI. viii. p. 388.

[Other expressions of the same kind are Malayāl. _po_, 'Get out of the way!' and Hind. Mahr. _khis, khis_, from _khisnā_, 'to drop off.'

1598.—"As these hayros goe in the streetes, they crie PO, PO, which is to
say, take heede."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 280.

1826.—"I was awoke from disturbed rest by cries of KIS! KIS! (clear the
way)."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 46.]

Q

[QUAMOCLIT, s. The _Ipomaea_ QUAMOCLITIS, the name given by Linnaeus to the Red Jasmine. The word is a corruption of Skt. _Kāma-latā_, 'the creeper of Kāma, god of love.'

1834.—"This climber, the most beautiful and luxuriant imaginable, bears
also the name of KAMALĀTA 'Love's Creeper.' Some have flowers of snowy
hue, with a delicate fragrance...."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, i.
310-11.]

QUEDDA, n.p. A city, port, and small kingdom on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, tributary to Siam. The name according to Crawfurd is Malay _kadáh_, 'an elephant-trap' (see KEDDAH). [Mr. Skeat writes: "I do not know what Crawfurd's authority may be, but _kedah_ does not appear in Klinkert's Dict.... In any case the form taken by the name of the country is _Kĕdah_. The coralling of elephants is probably a Siamese custom, the method adopted on the E. coast, where the Malays are left to themselves, being to place a decoy female elephant near a powerful noose."] It has been supposed sometimes that _Kadáh_ is the Κῶλι or Κῶλις of Ptolemy's sea-route to China, and likewise the _Kalah_ of the early Arab voyagers, as in the Fourth Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman (see _Procgs. R. Geog. Soc._ 1882, p. 655; _Burton, Arabian Nights_, iv. 386). It is possible that these old names however represent _Kwala_, 'a river mouth,' a denomination of many small ports in Malay regions. Thus the port that we call _Quedda_ is called by the Malays _Kwala Batrang_.

1516.—"Having left this town of Tanassary, further along the coast
towards Malaca, there is another seaport of the Kingdom of Ansiam, which
is called QUEDA, in which also there is much shipping, and great
interchange of merchandise."—_Barbosa_, 188-189.

1553.—"... The settlements from Tavay to Malaca are these: Tenassary, a
notable city, Lungur, Torrão, QUEDA, producing the best pepper on all
that coast, Pedão, Perá, Solungor, and our City of Malaca...."—_Barros_,
I. ix. 1.

1572.—

"Olha Tavai cidade, onde começa
De Sião largo o imperio tão comprido:
Tenassarí, QUEDÁ, que he so cabeça
Das que pimenta alli tem produzido."
_Camões_, x. 123.

By Burton:

"Behold Tavái City, whence begin
Siam's dominions, Reign of vast extent;
Tenassarí, QUEDÁ of towns the Queen
that bear the burthen of the hot piment."

1598.—"... to the town and Kingdome of QUEDA ... which lyeth under 6
degrees and a halfe; this is also a Kingdome like _Tanassaria_, it hath
also some wine, as _Tanassaria_ hath, and some small quantitie of
Pepper."—_Linschoten_, p. 31; [Hak. Soc. i. 103].

1614.—"And so ... Diogo de Mendonça ... sending the _galliots_ (see
GALLEVAT) on before, embarked in the _jalia_ (see GALLEVAT) of João
Rodriguez de Paiva, and coming to QUEDA, and making an attack at
daybreak, and finding them unprepared, he burnt the town, and carried off
a quantity of provisions and some tin" (_calaim_, see CALAY).—_Bocarro,
Decada_, 187.

1838.—"Leaving Penang in September, we first proceeded to the town of
QUEDAH lying at the mouth of a river of the same name."—QUEDAH, &c., by
_Capt. Sherard Osborne_, ed. 1865.

QUEMOY, n.p. An island at the east opening of the Harbour of AMOY. It is a corruption of _Kin-măn_, in Chang-chau dialect _Kin-mui^n_, meaning 'Golden-door.'

QUI-HI, s. The popular distinctive nickname of the Bengal Anglo-Indian, from the usual manner of calling servants in that Presidency, viz. '_Koī hai?_' 'Is any one there?' The Anglo-Indian of Madras was known as a MULL, and he of Bombay as a DUCK (qq.v.).

1816.—"The Grand Master, or Adventures of QUI HI in Hindostan, a
Hudibrastic Poem; with illustrations by Rowlandson."

1825.—"Most of the household servants are Parsees, the greater part of
whom speak English.... Instead of 'KOEE HUE,' Who's there? the way of
calling a servant is 'boy,' a corruption, I believe, of '_bhae_,'
brother."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, ii. 98. [But see under BOY.]

c. 1830.—"J'ai vu dans vos gazettes de Calcutta les clameurs des QUOIHAÉS
(sobriquet des Européens Bengalis de ce côté) sur la
chaleur."—_Jacquemont, Corresp._ ii. 308.

QUILOA, n.p. _i.e._ _Kilwa_, in lat. 9° 0′ S., next in remoteness to Sofāla, which for a long time was the _ne plus ultra_ of Arab navigation on the East Coast of Africa, as Capt. Boyados was that of Portuguese navigation on the West Coast. Kilwa does not occur in the Geographies of Edrisi or Abulfeda, though Sofāla is in both. It is mentioned in the _Roteiro_, and in Barros's account of Da Gama's voyage. Barros had access to a native chronicle of Quiloa, and says it was founded about A.H. 400, and a little more than 70 years after Magadoxo and Brava, by a Persian Prince from Shiraz.

1220.—"KILWA, a place in the country of Zenj, a city."—_Yāḳūt_, (orig.),
iv. 302.

c. 1330.—"I embarked at the town of _Makdashau_ (MAGADOXO), making for
the country of the Sawāḥil, and the town of KULWĀ, in the country of the
Zenj...."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 191. [See under SOFALA.]

1498.—"Here we learned that the island of which they told us in
Mocombiquy as being peopled by Christians is an island at which dwells
the King of Mocombiquy himself, and that the half is of Moors, and the
half of Christians, and in this island is much seed-pearl, and the name
of the island is QUYLUEE...."—_Roteiro da Viagem de Vasco da Gama_, 48.

1501.—"QUILLOA è cittade in Arabia in vna insuletta giunta a terra firma,
ben popolata de homini negri et mercadanti: edificata al modo nr̃o: Quiui
hanno abundantia de auro: argento: ambra: muschio: et perle:
ragionevolmente vesteno panni de sera: et bambaxi fini."—_Letter of K.
Emanuel_, 2.

1506.—"Del 1502 ... mandò al viaggio naue 21, Capitanio Don Vasco de
Gamba, che fu quello che discoperse l'India ... e nell'andar de li, del
Cao de Bona Speranza, zonse in uno loco chiamato OCHILIA; la qual terra e
dentro uno rio...."—_Leonardo Ca' Masser_, 17.

1553.—"The Moor, in addition to his natural hatred, bore this increased
resentment on account of the chastisement inflicted on him, and
determined to bring the ships into port at the city of QUILOA, that being
a populous place, where they might get the better of our ships by force
of arms. To wreak this mischief with greater safety to himself he told
Vasco da Gama, as if wishing to gratify him, that in front of them was a
city called QUILOA, half peopled by Christians of Abyssinia and of India,
and that if he gave the order the ships should be steered
thither."—_Barros_, I. iv. 5.

1572.—

"Esta ilha pequena, que habitamos,
He em toda esta terra certa escala
De todos os que as ondas navegamos
De QUILÓA, de Mombaça, a de Sofala."
_Camões_, i. 54.

By Burton:

"This little island, where we now abide,
of all this seaboard is the one sure place
for ev'ry merchantman that stems the tide
from QUILOA, or Sofala, or Mombas...."

QUILON, n.p. A form which we have adopted from the Portuguese for the name of a town now belonging to Travancore; once a very famous and much frequented port of Malabar, and known to the Arabs as _Kaulam_. The proper name is Tamil, _Kollam_, of doubtful sense in this use. Bishop Caldwell thinks it may be best explained as 'Palace' or 'royal residence,' from _Kolu_, 'the royal Presence,' or Hall of Audience. [Mr. Logan says: "_Kollam_ is only an abbreviated form of _Koyilagam_ or _Kovilagam_, 'King's house'" (_Malabar_, i. 231, note).] For ages _Kaulam_ was known as one of the greatest ports of Indian trade with Western Asia, especially trade in pepper and brazil-wood. It was possibly the _Malé_ of Cosmas in the 6th century (see MALABAR), but the first mention of it by the present name is about three centuries later, in the _Relation_ translated by Reinaud. The 'Kollam era' in general use in Malabar dates from A.D. 824; but it does not follow that the city had no earlier existence. In a Syriac extract (which is, however, modern) in _Land's Anecdota Syriaca_ (Latin, i. 125; Syriac, p. 27) it is stated that three Syrian missionaries came to Kaulam in A.D. 823, and got leave from King _Shakīrbīrtī_ to build a church and city at Kaulam. It would seem that there is some connection between the date assigned to this event, and the 'Kollam era'; but what it is we cannot say. _Shakīrbīrtī_ is evidently a form of _Chakravartti Rāja_ (see under CHUCKERBUTTY). Quilon, as we now call it, is now the 3rd town of Travancore, pop. (in 1891) 23,380; there is little trade. It had a European garrison up to 1830, but now only one Sepoy regiment.

In ecclesiastical narratives of the Middle Ages the name occurs in the form _Columbum_, and by this name it was constituted a See of the Roman Church in 1328, suffragan of the Archbishop of Sultaniya in Persia; but it is doubtful if it ever had more than one bishop, viz. Jordanus of Severac, author of the _Mirabilia_ often quoted in this volume. Indeed we have no knowledge that he ever took up his bishopric, as his book was written, and his nomination occurred, both during a visit to Europe. The Latin Church however which he had founded, or obtained the use of, existed 20 years later, as we know from John de' Marignolli, so it is probable that he had reached his See. The form _Columbum_ is accounted for by an inscription (see _Ind. Antiq._ ii. 360) which shows that the city was called _Kolamba_, [other forms being _Kelambapaṭṭana_, or _Kālambapaṭṭana_ (_Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. i. pt. i. 183)]. The form _Palumbum_ also occurs in most of the MSS. of Friar Odoric's Journey; this is the more difficult to account for, unless it was a mere play (or a trick of memory) on the kindred meanings of _columba_ and _palumbes_. A passage in a letter from the Nestorian Patriarch Yeshu'yab (c. 650-60) quoted in _Assemani_ (iii. pl. i. 131), appears at that date to mention COLON. But this is an arbitrary and erroneous rendering in Assemani's Latin. The Syriac has _Kalah_, and probably therefore refers to the port of the Malay regions noticed under CALAY and QUEDDA.

851.—"De ce lieu (Mascate) les navires mettent la voile pour l'Inde, et
se dirigent vers KOULAM-_Malay_; la distance entre Mascate et
Koulam-Malay est d'un mois de marche, avec un vent modéré."—_Relation_,
&c., tr. by _Reinaud_, i. 15.

1166.—"Seven days from thence is CHULAM, on the confines of the country
of the sun-worshippers, who are descendants of Kush ... and are all
black. This nation is very trustworthy in matters of trade.... Pepper
grows in this country.... Cinnamon, ginger, and many other kinds of
spices also grow in this country."—_Benjamin of Tudela_, in _Early
Travels in Palestine_, 114-115.

c. 1280-90.—"Royaumes de Ma-pa-'rh. Parmi tous les royaumes étrangers
d'au-de-là des mers, il n'y eut que Ma-pa-'rh et KIU-LAN (MABAR and
QUILON) sur lesquels on ait pu parvenir à établir une certaine sujétion;
mais surtout Kiu-lan ... (Année 1282). Cette année ... KIU-LAN a envoyé
un ambassadeur à la cour (mongole) pour présenter en tribut des
marchandises precieuses et un singe noir."—_Chinese Annals_, quoted by
_Pauthier, Marc Pol_, ii. 603, 643.

1298.—"When you quit Maabar and go 500 miles towards the S.W. you come to
the Kingdom of COILUM. The people are idolators, but there are also some
Christians and some Jews," &c.—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 22.

c. 1300.—"Beyond Guzerat are Kankan and Tána; beyond them the country of
Malibár, which from the boundary of Karoha to KÚLAM, is 300 parasangs in
length.... The people are all Samánis, and worship
idols...."—_Rashíduddín_, in _Elliot_, i. 68.

c. 1310.—"Ma'bar extends in length from KÚLAM to _Níláwar_ (NELLORE)
nearly 300 parasangs along the sea-coast...."—_Wassáf_, in _Elliot_, iii.
32.

c. 1322.—"... as I went by the sea ... towards a certain city called
POLUMBUM (where groweth the pepper in great store)...."—_Friar Odoric_,
in _Cathay_, p. 71.

c. 1322.—"Poi venni a COLONBIO, ch'è la migliore terra d'India per
mercatanti. Quivi è il gengiovo in grande copia e del bueno del mondo.
Quivi vanno tutti ignudi salvo che portano un panno innanzi alla
vergogna, ... e legalosi di dietro."—_Palatine MS._ of _Odoric_, in
_Cathay_, App., p. xlvii.

c. 1328.—"In India, whilst I was at COLUMBUM, were found two cats having
wings like the wings of bats...."—_Friar Jordanus_, p. 29.

1330.—"Joannes, &c., nobili viro domino Nascarenorum et universis sub eo
Christianis Nascarenis de COLUMBO gratiam in praesenti, quae ducat ad
gloriam in futuro ... quatenus venerabilem Fratrem nostrum Jordanum
Catalani episcopum Columbensem ... quem nuper ad episcopalis dignatatis
apicem auctoritate apostolica diximus promovendum...."—_Letter of Pope
John XXII._ to the Christians of Coilon, in _Odorici Raynaldi Ann.
Eccles._ v. 495.

c. 1343.—"The 10th day (from Calicut) we arrived at the city of KAULAM,
which is one of the finest of Malībār. Its markets are splendid, and its
merchants are known under the name of _Ṣūlī_ (see CHOOLIA). They are
rich; one of them will buy a ship with all its fittings and load it with
goods from his own store."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 10.

c. 1348.—"And sailing on the feast of St. Stephen, we navigated the
Indian Sea until Palm Sunday, and then arrived at a very noble city of
India called COLUMBUM, where the whole world's pepper is produced....
There is a church of St. George there, of the Latin communion, at which I
dwelt. And I adorned it with fine paintings, and taught there the holy
Law."—_John Marignolli_, in _Cathay_, &c., pp. 342-344.

c. 1430.—"... COLOEN, civitatem nobilem venit, cujus ambitus duodecim
millia passuum amplectitur. Gingiber qui _colobi_ (COLOMBI) dicitur,
piper, verzinum, cannellae quae crassae appellantur, hac in provincia,
quam vocant Melibariam, leguntur."—_Conti_, in _Poggius de Var.
Fortunae_.

c. 1468-9.—"In the year _Bhavati_ (644) of the KOLAMBA era, King
Adityavarmâ the ruler of Vânchi ... who has attained the sovereignty of
Cherabaya Maṇdalam, hung up the bell...."—_Inscr._ in _Tinnevelly_, see
_Ind. Antiq._ ii. 360.

1510.—"... we departed ... and went to another city called COLON.... The
King of this city is a Pagan, and extremely powerful, and he has 20,000
horsemen, and many archers. This country has a good port near to the
sea-coast. No grain grows here, but fruits as at Calicut, and pepper in
great quantities."—_Varthema_, 182-3.

1516.—"Further on along the same coast towards the south is a great city
and good sea-port which is named COULAM, in which dwell many Moors and
Gentiles and Christians. They are great merchants and very rich, and own
many ships with which they trade to Cholmendel, the Island of Ceylon,
Bengal, Malaca, Samatara, and Pegu.... There is also in this city much
pepper."—_Barbosa_, 157-8.

1572.—

"A hum Cochim, e a outro Cananor
A qual Chalé, a qual a ilha da Pimenta,
A qual COULAO, a qual da Cranganor,
E os mais, a quem o mais serve, e contenta...."
_Camões_, vii. 35.

By Burton:

"To this Cochim, to that falls Cananor,
one hath Chalé, another th' Isle Piment,
a third COULAM, a fourth takes Cranganor,
the rest is theirs with whom he rests content."

1726.—"... COYLANG."—_Valentijn, Choro._, 115.