Chapter LXXXVII: Act III: of 1873. Under that system the highest rank of native Judge was (6)

1783.—"The merchandize is sold for TEECALLS, a round piece of silver,
stamped and weighing about one rupee and a quarter."—_Forrest, V. to
Mergui_, p. vii.

TICCA, and vulg. TICKER, adj. This is applied to any person or thing engaged by the job, or on contract. Thus a _ticca garry_ is a hired carriage, a _ticca doctor_ is a surgeon not in the regular service but temporarily engaged by Government. From Hind. _ṭhīka_, _ṭhīkah_, 'hire, fare, fixed price.'

[1813.—"TEECKA, hire, fare, contract, job."—_Gloss. to Fifth Report_,
s.v.]

1827.—"A Rule, Ordinance and Regulation for the good Order and Civil
Government of the Settlement of Fort William in Bengal, and for
regulating the number and fare of TEEKA PALANKEENS, and TEEKA BEARERS in
the Town of Calcutta ... registered in the Supreme Court of Judicature,
on the 27th June, 1827."—_Bengal Regulations_ of 1827.

1878.—"Leaving our servants to jabber over our heavier baggage, we got
into a 'TICCA GHARRY,' 'hired trap,' a bit of civilization I had hardly
expected to find so far in the Mofussil."—_Life in the Mofussil_, ii. 94.

[TICKA, s. Hind. _ṭīkā_, Skt. _tilaka_, a mark on the forehead made with coloured earth or unguents, as an ornament, to mark sectarial distinction, accession to the throne, at betrothal, &c.; also a sort of spangle worn on the forehead by women. The word has now been given the additional meaning of the mark made in vaccination, and the _ṭīkāwālā Ṣāḥib_ is the vaccination officer.

[c. 1796.—"... another was sent to Kutch to bring thence the
TIKA...."—_Mir Hussein Ali, Life of Tipu_, 251.

[1832.—"In the centre of their foreheads is a TEEKA (or spot) of
lamp-black."—_Herklots, Qanoon-e-Islam_, 2nd ed. 139.

[c. 1878.—"When a sudden stampede of the children, accompanied by violent
yells and sudden falls, has taken place as I entered a village, I have
been informed, by way of apology, that it was not I whom the children
feared, but that they supposed that I was the TIKAWALA _Sahib_."—_Panjab
Gazetteer, Rohtak_, p. 9.]

TICKY-TOCK. This is an unmeaning refrain used in some French songs, and by foreign singing masters in their scales. It would appear from the following quotations to be of Indian origin.

c. 1755.—"These gentry (the band with nautch-girls) are called TICKYTAW
boys, from the two words TICKY and TAW, which they continually repeat,
and which they chaunt with great vehemence."—_Ives_, 75.

[c. 1883.—"Each pair of boys then, having privately arranged to represent
two separate articles ... comes up to the captains, and one of the pair
says DIK DIK, DAUN DAUN, which apparently has about as much meaning as
the analogous English nursery saying, 'Dickory, dickory dock.'"—_Panjab
Gazetteer, Hoshiārpur_, p. 35.]

[TIER-CUTTY, s. This is Malayāl. _tiyar-katti_, the knife used by a Tiyan or toddy-drawer for scarifying the palm-trees. The Tiyan caste take their title from Malayal. _tíyyan_, which again comes from Malayal. _tívu_, Skt. _dvīpa_, 'an island,' and derive their name from their supposed origin in Ceylon.

[1792.—"12 TIER CUTTIES."—Account, in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 169.

[1799.—"The negadee (_naqdī_, 'cash-payment') on houses, banksauls (see
BANKSHALL), TIERS' knives."—_Ibid._ iii. 324.]

TIFFIN, s. Luncheon, Anglo-Indian and Hindustani, at least in English households. Also TO TIFF, v. to take luncheon. Some have derived this word from Ar. _tafannun_, 'diversion, amusement,' but without history, or evidence of such an application of the Arabic word. Others have derived it from Chinese _ch'ih-fan_, 'eat-rice,' which is only an additional example that anything whatever may be plausibly resolved into Chinese monosyllables. We believe the word to be a local survival of an English colloquial or slang term. Thus we find in the _Lexicon Balatronicum_, compiled originally by Capt. Grose (1785): "_Tiffing_, eating or drinking out of meal-times," besides other meanings. Wright (_Dict. of Obsolete and Provincial English_) has: "_Tiff_, s. (1) a draught of liquor, (2) small beer;" and Mr. Davies (_Supplemental English Glossary_) gives some good quotations both of this substantive and of a verb "_to tiff_," in the sense of 'take off a draught.' We should conjecture that Grose's sense was a modification of this one, that his "_tiffing_" was a participial noun from the verb to _tiff_, and that the Indian TIFFIN is identical with the participial noun. This has perhaps some corroboration both from the form "_tiffing_" used in some earlier Indian examples, and from the Indian use of the verb "TO TIFF." [This view is accepted by Prof. Skeat, who derives _tiff_ from Norweg. _tev_, 'a drawing in of the breath, sniff,' _teva_, 'to sniff' (_Concise Dict._ s.v.; and see 9 ser. _N. & Q._ iv. 425, 460, 506; v. 13).] Rumphius has a curious passage which we have tried in vain to connect with the present word; nor can we find the words he mentions in either Portuguese or Dutch Dictionaries. Speaking of TODDY and the like he says:

"Homines autem qui eas (potiones) colligunt ac praeparant, dicuntur
Portugallico nomine _Tiffadores_, atque opus ipsum _Tiffar_; nostratibus
Belgis _tyfferen_" (_Herb. Amboinense_, i. 5).

We may observe that the comparatively late appearance of the word TIFFIN in our documents is perhaps due to the fact that when dinner was early no lunch was customary. But the word, to have been used by an English novelist in 1811, could not then have been new in India.

We now give examples of the various uses:

TIFF, s. In the old English senses (in which it occurs also in the form _tip_, and is probably allied to _tipple_ and _tipsy_); [see Prof. Skeat, quoted above].

(1) For a draught:

1758.—"_Monday_ ... _Seven_. Returned to my room. Made a TIFF of warm
punch, and to bed before nine."—_Journal of a Senior Fellow_, in the
_Idler_, No. 33.

(2) For small beer:

1604.—

"... make waste more prodigal
Than when our beer was good, that John may float
To Styx in beer, and lift up Charon's boat
With wholsome waves: and as the conduits ran
With claret at the Coronation,
So let your channels flow with single TIFF,
For John I hope is crown'd...."
_On John Dawson_, Butler of Christ Church,
in _Bishop Corbet's Poems_, ed. 1807, pp. 207-8.

TO TIFF, v. in the sense of taking off a draught.

1812.—

"He TIFF'D his punch and went to rest."
_Combe, Dr. Syntax_, I. Canto v.

(This is quoted by Mr. Davies.)

TIFFIN (the Indian substantive).

1807.—"Many persons are in the habit of sitting down to a repast at one
o'clock, which is called TIFFEN, and is in fact an early
dinner."—_Cordiner's Ceylon_, i. 83.

1810.—"The (Mahommedan) ladies, like ours, indulge in TIFFINGS (slight
repasts), it being delicate to eat but little before
company."—_Williamson, V.M._ i. 352.

" (published 1812) "The dinner is scarcely touched, as every person
eats a hearty meal called TIFFIN, at 2 o'clock, at home."—_Maria Graham_,
29.

1811.—"Gertrude was a little unfortunate in her situation, which was next
below Mrs. Fashionist, and who ... detailed the delights of India, and
the _routine_ of its day; the changing linen, the _curry-combing_ ... the
idleness, the dissipation, the sleeping and the necessity of sleep, the
gay TIFFINGS, were all delightful to her in reciting...."—_The Countess
and Gertrude, or Modes of Discipline_, by _Laetitia Maria Hawkins_, ii.
12.

1824.—"The entreaty of my friends compelled me to remain to breakfast and
an early TIFFIN...."—_Seely, Wonders of Ellora_, ch. iii.

c. 1832.—"Reader! I, as well as Pliny, had an uncle, an East Indian Uncle
... everybody has an Indian Uncle.... He is not always so orientally rich
as he is reputed; but he is always orientally munificent. Call upon him
at any hour from two till five, he insists on your taking TIFFIN; and
such a TIFFIN! The English corresponding term is luncheon: but how meagre
a shadow is the European meal to its glowing Asiatic cousin."—_De
Quincey, Casuistry of Roman Meals_, in _Works_, iii. 259.

1847.—"'Come home and have some TIFFIN, Dobbin,' a voice cried behind
him, as a pudgy hand was laid on his shoulder.... But the Captain had no
heart to go a-feasting with Joe Sedley."—_Vanity Fair_, ed. 1867, i. 235.

1850.—"A vulgar man who enjoys a champagne TIFFIN and swindles his
servants ... may be a pleasant companion to those who do not hold him in
contempt as a vulgar knave, but he is not a gentleman."—_Sir C. Napier,
Farewell Address._

1853.—"This was the case for the prosecution. The court now adjourned for
TIFFIN."—_Oakfield_, i. 319.

1882.—"The last and most vulgar form of 'nobbling' the press is well
known as the luncheon or TIFFIN trick. It used to be confined to
advertising tradesmen and hotel-keepers, and was practised on newspaper
reporters. Now it has been practised on a loftier scale...."—_Saty.
Rev._, March 25, 357.

TO TIFF, in the Indian sense.

1803.—"He hesitated, and we were interrupted by a summons to TIFF at
Floyer's. After TIFFIN Close said he should be glad to
go."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i. 116.

1814.—"We found a pool of excellent water, which is scarce on the hills,
and laid down to TIFF on a full soft bed, made by the grass of last year
and this. After TIFFING, I was cold and unwell."—_Ibid._ p. 283.
_Tiffing_ here is a participle, but its use shows how the noun TIFFIN
would be originally formed.

1816.—

"The huntsman now informed them all
They were to TIFF at Bobb'ry Hall.
Mounted again, the party starts,
Upsets the HACKERIES and carts,
Hammals (see HUMMAUL) and PALANQUINS and DOOLIES,
Dobies (see DHOBY) and burrawas (?) and COOLIES."
_The Grand Master, or Adventures of Qui Hi_,
by _Quiz_ (Canto viii.).

[Burrawa is probably H. _bhaṛuā_, 'a pander.']

1829.—"I was TIFFING with him one day, when the subject turned on the
sagacity of elephants...."—_John Shipp_, ii. 267.

1859.—"Go home, Jack. I will TIFF with you to-day at half-past two."—_J.
Lang, Wanderings in India_, p. 16.

The following, which has just met our eye, is bad grammar, according to Anglo-Indian use:

1885.—"'Look here, RANDOLPH, don't you know,' said Sir PEEL, ... 'Here
you've been gallivanting through India, riding on elephants, and
TIFFINING with Rajahs....'"—_Punch, Essence of Parliament_, April 25, p.
204.

TIGER, s. The royal tiger was apparently first known to the Greeks by the expedition of Alexander, and a little later by a live one which Seleucus sent to Athens. The animal became, under the Emperors, well known to the Romans, but fell out of the knowledge of Europe in later days, till it again became familiar in India. The Greek and Latin τίγρις, _tigris_, is said to be from the old Persian word for an arrow, _tigra_, which gives the modern Pers. (and Hind.) _tīr_.[269] Pliny says of the _River_ Tigris: "_a celeritate_ TIGRIS _incipit vocari. Ita appellant Medi sagittam_" (vi. 27). In speaking of the animal and its "_velocitatis tremendae_," Pliny evidently glances at this etymology, real or imaginary. So does Pausanias probably, in his remarks on its colour. [This view of the origin of the name is accepted by Schrader (_Prehist. Ant. of the Aryan Peoples_, E.T. 250), who writes: "Nothing like so far back in the history of the Indo-Europeans does the lion's dreadful rival for supremacy over the beasts, the tiger, go. In India the songs of the Rigveda have nothing to say about him; his name (_vyághrá_) first occurs in the Atharvaveda, _i.e._ at a time when the Indian immigration must have extended much farther towards the Ganges; for it is in the reeds and grasses of Bengal that we have to look for the tiger's proper home. Nor is he mentioned among the beasts of prey in the Avesta. The district of Hyrcania, whose numerous tigers the later writers of antiquity speak of with especial frequency, was then called _Vehrkana_, 'wolf-land.' It is, therefore, not improbable ... that the tiger has spread in relatively late times from India over portions of W. and N. Asia."]

c. B.C. 325.—"The Indians think the TIGER (τὸν τίγριν) a great deal
stronger than the elephant. Nearchus says he saw the skin of a tiger, but
did not see the beast itself, and that the Indians assert the TIGER to be
as big as the biggest horse; whilst in swiftness and strength there is no
creature to be compared to him. And when he engages the elephant he
springs on its head, and easily throttles it. Moreover, the creatures
which we have seen and call _tigers_ are only jackals which are dappled,
and of a kind bigger than ordinary jackals."—_Arrian, Indica_, xv. We
apprehend that this big dappled jackal (θῶς) is meant for a _hyaena_.

c. B.C. 322.—"In the island of Tylos ... there is also another wonderful
thing they say ... for there is a certain tree, from which they cut
sticks, and these are very handsome articles, having a certain variegated
colour, like the skin of a TIGER. The wood is very heavy; but if it is
struck against any solid substance it shivers like a piece of
pottery."—_Theophrastus, H. of Plants_, Bk. v. c. 4.

c. B.C. 321.—"And Ulpianus ... said: 'Do we anywhere find the word used a
masculine, τὸν τίγριν? for I know that Philemon says thus in his Neaera:

'_A._ We've seen the TIGRESS (τὴν τίγριν) that Seleucus sent us;
Are we not bound to send Seleucus back
Some beast in fair exchange?'"
In _Athenaeus_, xiii. 57.

c. B.C. 320.—"According to Megasthenes, the largest TIGERS are found
among the Prasii, almost twice the size of lions, and of such strength
that a tame one led by four persons seized a mule by its hinder leg,
overpowered it, and dragged it to him."—_Strabo_, xv. ch. 1, § 37
(_Hamilton_ and _Falconer's_ E.T. iii. 97).

c. B.C. 19.—"And Augustus came to Samos, and again passed the winter
there ... and all sorts of embassies came to him; and the Indians who had
previously sent messages proclaiming friendship, now sent to make a
solemn treaty, with presents, and among other things including TIGERS,
which were then seen for the first time by the Romans; and if I am not
mistaken by the Greeks also."—_Dio Cassius_, liv. 9. [See _Merivale,
Hist. Romans_, ed. 1865, iv. 176.]

c. B.C. 19.—

"... duris genuit te cautibus horrens
Caucasus, Hyrcanaeque admôrunt ubera TIGRES."
_Aen._ iv. 366-7.

c. A.D. 70.—"The Emperor Augustus ... in the yeere that Q. Tubero and
Fabius Maximus were Consuls together ... was the first of all others that
shewed a tame TYGRE within a cage: but the Emperour Claudius foure at
once.... TYGRES are bred in Hircania and India: this beast is most
dreadful for incomparable swiftness."—_Pliny_, by _Ph. Holland_, i. 204.

c. 80-90.—"Wherefore the land is called Dachanabadēs (see DECCAN), for
the South is called _Dachanos_ in their tongue. And the land that lies in
the interior above this towards the East embraces many tracts, some of
them of deserts or of great mountains, with all kinds of wild beasts,
panthers and TIGERS (τίγρεις) and elephants, and immense serpents
(δράκοντας) and hyenas (κροκόττας) and _cynocephala_ of many species, and
many and populous nations till you come to the Ganges."—_Periplus_, § 50.

c. A.D. 180.—"That beast again, in the talk of Ctesias about the Indians,
which is alleged to be called by them _Martióra_ (_Martichóra_), and by
the Greeks _Androphagus_ (Man-eater), I am convinced is really the TIGER
(τὸν τίγριν). The story that he has a triple range of teeth in each jaw,
and sharp prickles at the tip of his tail which he shoots at those who
are at a distance, like the arrows of an archer,—I don't believe it to be
true, but only to have been generated by the excessive fear which the
beast inspires. They have been wrong also about his colour;—no doubt when
they see him in the bright sunlight he takes that colour and looks red;
or perhaps it may be because of his going so fast, and because even when
not running he is constantly darting from side to side; and then (to be
sure) it is always from a long way off that they see him."—_Pausanias_,
IX. xxi. 4. [See Frazer's tr. i. 470; v. 86. _Martichoras_ is here Pers.
_mardumkhwūr_, 'eater of men.']

1298.—"Enchore sachiés qe le Grant Sire a bien leopars asez qe tuit sunt
bon da chacer et da prendre bestes.... Il ha plosors lyons grandismes,
greignors asez qe cele de Babilonie. Il sunt de mout biaus poil et de
mout biaus coleor, car il sunt tout vergés por lonc, noir et vermoil et
blance. Il sunt afaités a prandre sengler sauvajes et les bueff sauvajes,
et orses et asnes sauvajes et cerf et cavriolz et autres bestes."—_Marco
Polo, Geog. Text_, ch. xcii. Thus Marco Polo can only speak of this huge
animal, striped black and red and white, as of a _Lion_. And a medieval
Bestiary has a chapter on the TIGRE which begins: "Une Beste est qui est
apelée TIGRE, c'est une maniere de serpent."—(In _Cahier et Martin,
Mélanges d' Archéol._ ii. 140).

1474.—"This meane while there came in certein men sent from a Prince of
India, w^{th} certain strange beastes, the first whereof was a _leonza_
ledde in a chayne by one that had skyll, which they call in their
languaige _Babureth_. She is like vnto a lyonesse; but she is redde
coloured, streaked all over w^{th} black strykes; her face is redde
w^{th} certain white and blacke spottes, the bealy white, and tayled like
the lyon: seemyng to be a marvailouse fiers beast."—_Josafa Barbaro_,
Hak. Soc. pp. 53-54. Here again is an excellent description of a tiger,
but that name seems unknown to the traveller. _Babureth_ is in the Ital.
original _Baburth_, Pers. _babr_, a TIGER.

1553.—"... Beginning from the point of Çingapura and all the way to
Pulloçambilam, _i.e._ the whole length of the Kingdom of Malaca ... there
is no other town with a name except this City of Malaca, only some havens
of fishermen, and in the interior a very few villages. And indeed the
most of these wretched people sleep at the top of the highest trees they
can find, for up to a height of 20 palms the TIGERS can seize them at a
leap; and if anything saves the poor people from these beasts it is the
bonfires they keep burning at night, which the tigers are much afraid of.
In fact these are so numerous that many come into the city itself at
night in search of prey. And it has happened, since we took the place,
that a tiger leapt into a garden surrounded by a good high timber fence,
and lifted a beam of wood with three slaves who were laid by the heels,
and with these made a clean leap over the fence."—_Barros_, II. vi. 1.
Lest I am doing the great historian wrong as to this Munchausen-like
story, I give the original: "E jà aconteceo ... saltar hum tigre em hum
quintal cercado de madeira bem alto, e levou hum tronco de madeira com
trez (tres?) escravos que estavam prezos nelle, com os quaes saltou de
claro em claro per cima da cerca."

1583.—"We also escaped the peril of the multitude of TIGERS which infest
those tracts" (the Pegu delta) "and prey on whatever they can get at. And
although we were on that account anchored in midstream, nevertheless it
was asserted that the ferocity of these animals was such that they would
press even into the water to seize their prey."—_Gasparo Balbi_, f.
94_v_.

1586.—"We went through the wildernesse because the right way was full of
thieves, when we passed the country of _Gouren_, where we found but few
Villages, but almost all Wildernesse, and saw many Buffes, Swine, and
Deere, Grasse longer than a man, and very many TIGRES."—_R. Fitch_, in
_Purchas_, ii. 1736.

1675.—"Going in quest whereof, one of our Soldiers, a Youth, killed a
TIGRE-ROYAL; it was brought home by 30 or 40 _Combies_ (KOONBEE), the
Body tied to a long Bamboo, the Tail extended ... it was a TIGRE of the
Biggest and Noblest Kind, Five Feet in Length beside the Tail, Three and
a Half in Height, it was of a light Yellow, streaked with Black, like a
Tabby Cat ... the Visage Fierce and Majestick, the Teeth
gnashing...."—_Fryer_, 176.

1683.—"In y^e afternoon they found a great TIGER, one of y^e black men
shot a barbed arrow into his Buttock. Mr. Frenchfeild and Capt. Raynes
alighted off their horses and advanced towards the thicket where y^e
Tiger lay. The people making a great noise, y^e Tiger flew out upon Mr.
Frenchfeild, and he shot him with a brace of Bullets into y^e breast: at
which he made a great noise, and returned again to his den. The Black Men
seeing of him wounded fell upon him, but the Tiger had so much strength
as to kill 2 men, and wound a third, before he died. At Night y^e Ragea
sent me the Tiger."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 66-67.

1754.—"There was a _Charter_ granted to the _East India Company_. Many
Disputes arose about it, which came before Parliament; all Arts were used
to corrupt or delude the Members; among others a TYGER _was baited_ with
Solemnity, on the Day the great Question was to come on. This was such a
Novelty, that several of the Members were drawn off from their
Attendance, and absent on the Division...."—_A Collection of Letters
relating to the E.I. Company_, &c. (Tract), 1754, p. 13.

1869.—"Les TIGRES et les léopards sont considérés, autant par les Hindous
que par les musalmans, comme étant la propriété des _pirs_ (see PEER):
aussi les naturels du pays ne sympathisent pas avec les Européens pour la
chasse du TIGRE."—_Garcin de Tassy, Rel. Mus._ p. 24.

1872.—"One of the Frontier Battalion soldiers approached me, running for
his life.... This was his story:—

'Sahib, I was going along with the letters ... which I had received from
your highness ... a great TIGER came out and stood in the path. Then I
feared for my life; and the TIGER stood, and I stood, and we looked at
each other. I had no weapon but my kukri (KOOKRY) ... and the Government
letters. So I said, 'My lord TIGER, here are the Government letters, the
letters of the Honourable Kumpany Bahadur ... and it is necessary for me
to go on with them.' The tiger never ceased looking at me, and when I had
done speaking he growled, but he never offered to get out of the way. On
this I was much more afraid, so I kneeled down and made obeisance to him;
but he did not take any more notice of that either, so at last I told him
I should report the matter to the Sahib, and I threw down the letters in
front of him, and came here as fast as I was able. Sahib, I now ask for
your justice against that TIGER.'"—_Lt.-Col. T. Lewin, A Fly on the
Wheel_, p. 444.

TINCALL, s. Borax. Pers. _tinkār_, but apparently originally Skt. _ṭaṇkaṇa_, and perhaps from the people so called who may have supplied it, in the Himālaya—Τάγγανοι of Ptolemy. [Mr. Atkinson (_Himalayan Gazz._ ii. 357) connects the name of this people with that of the TANGUN pony.]

1525.—"TYMQUALL, small, 60 tangas a maund."—_Lembrança_, 50.

1563.—"It is called _borax_ and _crisocola_; and in Arabic TINCAR, and so
the Guzeratis call it...."—_Garcia_, f. 78.

c. 1590.—"Having reduced the _k'haral_ to small bits, he adds to every
_man_ of it 1½ _sers_ of TANGÁR (borax) and 3 _sers_ of pounded _natrum_,
and kneads them together."—_Āīn_, i. 26.

[1757.—"A small quantity of _Tutenegg_ (TOOTNAGUE), TINKAL and _Japan
Copper_ was also found here...."—_Ives_, 105.]

TINDAL, s. Malayāl. _taṇḍal_, Telug. _taṇḍelu_, also in Mahr. and other vernaculars _ṭaṇḍel_, _ṭaṇḍail_, [which Platts connects with _ṭānḍā_, Skt. _tantra_, 'a line of men,' but the _Madras Gloss._ derives the S. Indian forms from Mal. _tandu_, 'an oar,' _valli_, 'to pull.'] The head or commander of a body of men; but in ordinary specific application a native petty officer of LASCARS, whether on board ship (boatswain) or in the ordnance department, and sometimes the head of a gang of labourers on public works.

c. 1348.—"The second day after our arrival at the port of Kailukari this
princess invited the _nākhodah_ (NACODA) or owner of the ship, the
_karāni_ (see CRANNY) or clerk, the merchants, the persons of
distinction, the TANDĪL...."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 250. The Moorish traveller
explains the word as _muḳaddam_ (MOCUDDUM, q.v.) _al-rajāl_, which the
French translators render as "général des piétons," but we may hazard the
correction of "Master of the crew."

c. 1590.—"In large ships there are twelve classes. 1. The _Nákhudá_, or
owner of the ship.... 3. The TANDÍL, or chief of the _khaláçis_ (see
CLASSY) or sailors...."—_Āīn_, i. 280.

1673.—"The Captain is called NUCQUEDAH, the boatswain
TINDAL...."—_Fryer_, 107.

1758.—"One TINDAL, or Corporal of Lascars."—_Orme_, ii. 339.

[1826.—"I desired the TINDAL, or steersman to answer,
'Bombay.'"—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, ii. 157.]

TINNEVELLY, n.p. A town and district of Southern India, probably _Tiru-nel-vēli_, 'Sacred Rice-hedge.' [The _Madras Gloss._ gives 'Sacred Paddy-village.'] The district formed the southern part of the Madura territory, and first became a distinct district about 1744, when the Madura Kingdom was incorporated with the territories under the Nawāb of Arcot (_Caldwell, H. of Tinnevelly_).

TIPARRY, s. Beng. and Hind. _tipārī_, _tepārī_, the fruit of _Physalis peruviana_, L., N.O. _Solanaceae_. It is also known in India as 'Cape gooseberry,' [which is usually said to take its name from the Cape of Good Hope, but as it is a native of tropical America, Mr. Ferguson (8 ser. _N. & Q._ xii. 106) suggests that the word may really be _cape_ or _cap_, from the peculiarity of its structure noted below.] It is sometimes known as 'Brazil cherry.' It gets its generic name from the fact that the inflated calyx encloses the fruit as in a bag or bladder (φύσα). It has a slightly acid gooseberry flavour, and makes excellent jam. We have seen a suggestion somewhere that the Bengali name is connected with the word _tenpā_, 'inflated,' which gives its name to a species of _tetrodon_ or globe-fish, a fish which has the power of dilating the œsophagus in a singular manner. The native name of the fruit in N.W. India is _māk_ or _māko_, but _tipārī_ is in general Anglo-Indian use. The use of an almost identical name for a gooseberry-like fruit, in a Polynesian Island (Kingsmill group) quoted below from Wilkes, is very curious, but we can say no more on the matter.

1845.—"On Makin they have a kind of fruit resembling the gooseberry,
called by the natives 'TEIPARU'; this they pound, after it is dried, and
make with molasses into cakes, which are sweet and pleasant to the
taste."—_U.S. Expedition_, by _C. Wilkes_, U.S.N., v. 81.

1878.—"... The enticing TIPARI in its crackly covering...."—_P. Robinson,
In My Indian Garden_, 49-50.

TIPPOO SAHIB, n.p. The name of this famous enemy of the English power in India was, according to C. P. Brown, taken from that of _Tipū Sultān_, a saint whose tomb is near Hyderabad. [Wilks (_Hist. Sketches_, i. 522, ed. 1869), says that the tomb is at Arcot.]

TIRKUT, s. Foresail. Sea Hind. from Port. _triquette_ (_Roebuck_).

TIYAN, n.p. Malayāl. _Tīyan_, or _Tīvan_, pl. _Tīyar_ or _Tīvar_. The name of what may be called the third caste (in rank) of Malabar. The word signifies 'islander,' [from Mal. _tīvu_, Skt. _dvīpa_, 'an island']; and the people are supposed to have come from Ceylon (see TIER CUTTY).

1510.—"The third class of Pagans are called TIVA, who are
artizans."—_Varthema_, 142.

1516.—"The cleanest of these low and rustic people are called _Tuias_
(read TIVAS), who are great labourers, and their chief business is to
look after the palm-trees, and gather their fruit, and carry everything
... for hire, because there are no draught cattle in the
country."—_Barbosa_, Lisbon ed. 335.

[1800.—"All TIRS can eat together, and intermarry. The proper duty of the
cast is to extract the juice from palm-trees, to boil it down to _Jagory_
(JAGGERY), and to distil it into spirituous liquors; but they are also
very diligent as cultivators, porters, and cutters of
firewood."—_Buchanan, Mysore_, ii. 415; and see _Logan, Malabar_, i. 110,
142.]

TOBACCO, s. On this subject we are not prepared to furnish any elaborate article, but merely to bring together a few quotations touching on the introduction of tobacco into India and the East, or otherwise of interest.

[? c. 1550.—"... Abū Kīr would carry the cloth to the market-street and
sell it, and with its price buy meat and vegetables and
TOBACCO...."—_Burton, Arab. Nights_, vii. 210. The only mention in the
_Nights_ and the insertion of some scribe.]

" "It has happened to me several times, that going through the
provinces of Guatemala and Nicaragua I have entered the house of an
Indian who had taken this herb, which in the Mexican language is called
TABACCO, and immediately perceived the sharp fetid smell of this truly
diabolical and stinking smoke, I was obliged to go away in haste, and
seek some other place."—_Girolamo Benzoni_, Hak. Soc. p. 81. [The word
_tabaco_ is from the language of Hayti, and meant, first, the pipe,
secondly, the plant, thirdly, the sleep which followed its use (_Mr. J.
Platt_, 9 ser. _N. & Q._ viii. 322).]

1585.—"Et hi" (viz. Ralph Lane and the first settlers in Virginia)
"reduces Indicam illam plantam quam TABACCAM vocant et _Nicotiam_, qua
contra cruditates ab Indis edocti, usi erant, in Angliam primi, quod
suam, intulerunt. Ex illo sane tempore usu coepit esse creberrimo, et
magno pretio, dum quam plurimi graveolentem illius fumum, alii
lascivientes, alii valetudini consulentes, per tubulum testaceum
inexplebili aviditate passim hauriunt, et mox e naribus efflant; adeo ut
tabernae TABACCANAE non minus quam cervisiariae et vinariae passim per
oppida habeantur. Ut Anglorum corpora (quod salse ille dixit) qui hac
plantâ tantopere delectantur in Barbarorum naturam degenerasse videantur;
quum iisdem quibus Barbari delectentur et sanari se posse credant."—_Gul.
Camdeni, Annal. Rerum Anglicanum_ ... regn. _Elizabetha_, ed. 1717, ii.
449.

1592.—

"Into the woods thence forth in haste shee went
To seeke for hearbes that mote him remedy;
For shee of herbes had great intendiment,
Taught of the Nymphe which from her infancy
Her nourced had in true Nobility:
This whether yt divine TOBACCO were,
Or Panachaea, or Polygony,
Shee fownd, and brought it to her patient deare
Who al this while lay bleding out his hart-blood neare."
_The Faerie Queen_, III. v. 32.

1597.—"His Lordship" (E. of Essex at Villafranca) "made no answer, but
called for TOBACCO, seeming to give but small credit to this alarm; and
so on horseback, with these noblemen and gentlemen on foot beside him,
took TOBACCO, whilst I was telling his Lordship of the men I had sent
forth, and the order I had given them. Within some quarter of an hour, we
might hear a good round volley of shot betwixt the 30 men I had sent to
the chapel, and the enemy, which made his Lordship cast his pipe from
him, and listen to the shooting."—_Commentaries of Sir Francis Vere_, p.
62.

1598.—"_Cob._ Ods me I marle what pleasure or felicity they have in
taking this roguish TOBACCO. It is good for nothing but to choke a man,
and fill him full of smoke and embers: there were four died out of one
house last week with taking of it, and two more the bell went for
yesternight; one of them they say will never scape it; he voided a bushel
of soot yesterday upward and downward ... its little better than
rats-bane or rosaker."—_Every Man in his Humour_, iii. 2.

1604.—"Oct. 19. Demise to Tho. Lane and Ph. Bold of the new Impost of
6_s._ 8_d._, and the old Custom of 2_d._ per pound on TOBACCO."—_Calendar
of State Papers, Domestic_, James I., p. 159.

1604 or 1605.—"In Bijápúr I had found some TOBACCO. Never having seen the
like in India, I brought some with me, and prepared a handsome pipe of
jewel work.... His Majesty (Akbar) was enjoying himself after receiving
my presents, and asking me how I had collected so many strange things in
so short a time, when his eye fell upon the tray with the pipe and its
appurtenances: he expressed great surprise and examined the TOBACCO,
which was made up in pipefuls; he inquired what it was, and where I had
got it. The Nawab Khán-i-'Azam replied: 'This is TOBACCO, which is well
known in Mecca and Medina, and this doctor has brought it as a medicine
for your Majesty.' His Majesty looked at it, and ordered me to prepare
and take him a pipeful. He began to smoke it, when his physician
approached and forbade his doing so" ... (omitting much that is curious).
"As I had brought a large supply of tobacco and pipes, I sent some to
several of the nobles, while others sent to ask for some; indeed all,
without exception, wanted some, and the practice was introduced. After
that the merchants began to sell it, so the custom of smoking spread
rapidly."—_Asad Beg_, in _Elliot_, vi. 165-167.

1610.—"The _Turkes_ are also incredible takers of Opium ... carrying it
about with them both in peace and in warre; which they say expelleth all
feare, and makes them couragious; but I rather think giddy headed.... And
perhaps for the self same cause they also delight in TOBACCO; they take
it through reeds that have ioyned vnto them great heads of wood to
containe it: I doubt not but lately taught them, as brought them by the
English: and were it not sometimes lookt into (for _Morat Bassa_ not long
since commanded a pipe to be thrust through the nose of a _Turke_, and so
to be led in derision through the Citie,) no question but it would prove
a principall commodity. Neverthelesse they will take it in corners, and
are so ignorant therein, that that which in England is not saleable, doth
passe here amongst them for most excellent."—_Sandys, Journey_, 66.

1615.—"Il TABACCO ancora usano qui" (at Constantinople) "di pigliar in
conversazione per gusto: ma io non ho voluto mai provarne, e ne avera
cognizione in Italia che molti ne pigliano, ed in particolare il signore
cardinale Crescenzio qualche volta per medicamento insegnatogli dal
Signor don Virginio Orsino, che primo di tutti, se io non fallo, gli anni
addietro lo portò in Roma d'Inghilterra."—_P. della Valle_, i. 76.

1616.—"Such is the miraculous omnipotence of our strong tasted TOBACCO,
as it cures al sorts of diseases (which neuer any drugge could do before)
in all persons and at all times.... It cures the gout in the feet and
(which is miraculous) in that very instant when the smoke thereof, as
light, flies vp into the head, the virtue thereof, as heauy, runs down to
the litle toe. It helps all sorts of agues. It refreshes a weary man, and
yet makes a man hungry. Being taken when they goe to bed, it makes one
sleepe soundly, and yet being taken when a man is sleepie and drousie, it
will, as they say, awake his braine, and quicken his vnderstanding.... O
omnipotent power of TOBACCO! And if it could by the smoake thereof chase
out deuils, as the smoake of _Tobias_ fish did (which I am sure could
smell no stronglier) it would serve for a precious Relicke, both for the
Superstitious Priests, and the insolent Puritanes, to cast out deuils
withall."—_K. James I., Counterblaste to Tobacco_, in _Works_, pp.
219-220.

1617.—"As the smoking of tobacco (TAMBÁKÚ) had taken very bad effect upon
the health and mind of many persons, I ordered that no one should
practise the habit. My brother Sháh 'Abbás, also being aware of its evil
effects, had issued a command against the use of it in Irán. But
Khán-i-'Alam was so much addicted to smoking, that he could not abstain
from it, and often smoked."—_Memoirs of Jahángír_, in _Elliot_, v. 851.
See the same passage rendered by _Blochmann_, in _Ind. Antiq._ i. 164.

1623.—"Incipit nostro seculo in immensum crescere usus TOBACCO, atque
afficit homines occulta quidem delectatione, ut qui illi semel assueti
sint, difficile postea abstinent."—_Bacon, H. Vitae et Mortis_, in _B.
Montague's_ ed. x. 189.

We are unable to give the date or Persian author of the following extract (though clearly of the 17th century), which with an introductory sentence we have found in a fragmentary note in the handwriting of the late Major William Yule, written in India about the beginning of last century:[270]

"Although TOBACCO be the produce of an European Plant, it has
nevertheless been in use by our Physicians medicinally for some time
past. Nay, some creditable People even have been friendly to the use of
it, though from its having been brought sparingly in the first instance
from Europe, its rarity prevented it from coming into general use. The
Culture of this Plant, however, became speedily almost universal, within
a short period after its introduction into Hindostaun; and the produce of
it rewarded the Cultivator far beyond every other article of Husbandry.
This became more especially the case in the reign of Shah Jehaun
(commenced A.H. 1037) when the Practice of Smoking pervaded all Ranks and
Classes within the Empire. Nobles and Beggars, Pious and Wicked, Devotees
and Free-thinkers, poets, historians, rhetoricians, doctors and patients,
high and low, rich and poor, all! all seemed intoxicated with a decided
preference over every other luxury, nay even often over the necessaries
of life. To a stranger no offering was so acceptable as a Whiff, and to a
friend one could produce nothing half so grateful as a CHILLUM. So rooted
was the habit that the confirmed Smoker would abstain from Food and Drink
rather than relinquish the gratification he derived from inhaling the
Fumes of this deleterious Plant! Nature recoils at the very idea of
touching the Saliva of another Person, yet in the present instance our
Tobacco smokers pass the moistened Tube from one mouth to another without
hesitation on the one hand, and it is received with complacency on the
other! The more acrid the Fumes so much the more grateful to the Palate
of the Connoisseur. The Smoke is a Collyrium to the Eyes, whilst the
Fire, they will tell you, supplies to the Body the waste of radical Heat.
Without doubt the HOOKAH is a most pleasing Companion, whether to the
Wayworn Traveller or to the solitary Hermit. It is a Friend in whose
Bosom we may repose our most confidential Secrets; and a Counsellor upon
whose advice we may rely in our most important Concerns. It is an elegant
Ornament in our private Appartments: it gives joy to the Beholder in our
public Halls. The Music of its sound puts the warbling of the Nightingale
to Shame, and the Fragrance of its Perfume brings a Blush on the Cheek of
the Rose. Life in short is prolonged by the Fumes inhaled at each
inspiration, whilst every expiration of them is accompanied with extatic
delight...."—(_cætera desunt_).

c. 1760.—"TAMBÁKÚ. It is known from the _Maásir-i-Rahímí_ that the
TOBACCO came from Europe to the Dakhin, and from the Dakhin to Upper
India, during the reign of Akbar Sháh (1556-1605), since which time it
has been in general use."—_Bahár-i'-Ajam_, quoted by _Blochmann_, in
_Ind. Antiq._ i. 164.

1878.—It appears from Miss Bird's _Japan_ that tobacco was not cultivated
in that country till 1605. In 1612 and 1615 the Shogun prohibited both
culture and use of TABAKO.—See the work, i. 276-77. [According to Mr.
Chamberlain (_Things Japanese_, 3rd ed. p. 402) by 1651 the law was so
far relaxed that smoking was permitted, but only out-of-doors.]

TOBRA, s. Hind. _tobṛā_, [which, according to Platts, is Skt. _protha_, 'nose of a horse,' inverted]. The leather nose-bag in which a horse's feed is administered. "In the Nerbudda valley, in Central India, the women wear a profusion of toe-rings, some standing up an inch high. Their shoes are consequently curiously shaped, and are called TOBRAS" (_M.-Gen. R. H. Keatinge_). As we should say, 'buckets.' [The use of the nosebag is referred to by Sir T. Herbert (ed. 1634): "The horses (of the Persians) feed usually of barley and chopt-straw put into a bag, and fastened about their heads, which implyes the manger." Also see TURA.]

1808.—"... stable-boys are apt to serve themselves to a part out of the
poor beasts allowance; to prevent which a thrifty housewife sees it put
into a TOBRA, or mouth bag, and spits thereon to make the Hostler loathe
and leave it alone."—_Drummond, Illustrations_, &c.

[1875.—"One of the horsemen dropped his TOBRA or nose-bag."—_Drew,
Jummoo_, 240.]

TODDY, s. A corruption of Hind. _tāṛī_, _i.e._ the fermented sap of the _tāṛ_ or palmyra, Skt. _tāla_, and also of other palms, such as the date, the coco-palm, and the _Caryota urens_; palm-wine. _Toddy_ is generally the substance used in India as yeast, to leaven bread. The word, as is well known, has received a new application in Scotland, the immediate history of which we have not traced. The _tāla_-tree seems to be indicated, though confusedly, in this passage of Megasthenes from Arrian:

c. B.C. 320.—"Megasthenes tells us ... the Indians were in old times
nomadic ... were so barbarous that they wore the skins of such wild
animals as they could kill, and subsisted (?) on the bark of trees; that
these trees were called in the Indian speech TALA, and that there grew on
them as there grows at the tops of the (date) palm trees, a fruit
resembling balls of wool."—_Arrian, Indica_, vii., tr. by McCrindle.

c. 1330.—"... There is another tree of a different species, which ...
gives all the year round a white liquor, pleasant to drink, which tree is
called TARI."—_Fr. Jordanus_, 16.

[1554.—"There is in Gujaret a tree of the palm-tribe, called TARI agadji
(millet tree). From its branches cups are suspended, and when the cut end
of a branch is placed into one of these vessels, a sweet liquid,
something of the nature of ARRACK, flows out in a continuous stream ...
and presently changes into a most wonderful wine."—_Travels of Sidi Ali
Reïs, trans. A. Vambéry_, p. 29.]

[1609-10.—"TARREE." See under SURA.]

1611.—"Palmiti Wine, which they call TADDY."—_N. Dounton_, in _Purchas_,
i. 298.

[1614.—"A sort of wine that distilleth out of the Palmetto trees, called
TADIE."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 4.]

1615.—

"... And then more to glad yee
Weele have a health to al our friends in TADEE."
_Verses to T. Coryat_, in _Crudities_, iii. 47.

1623.—"... on board of which we stayed till nightfall, entertaining with
conversation and drinking TARI, a liquor which is drawn from the coco-nut
trees, of a whitish colour, a little turbid, and of a somewhat rough
taste, though with a blending in sweetness, and not unpalatable,
something like one of our _vini piccanti_. It will also intoxicate, like
wine, if drunk over freely."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 530; [Hak. Soc. i.
62].

[1634.—"The TODDY-tree is like the Date of Palm; the Wine called TODDY is
got by wounding and piercing the Tree, and putting a Jar or Pitcher under
it, so as the Liquor may drop into it."—_Sir T. Herbert_, in _Harris_, i.
408.]

1648.—"The country ... is planted with palmito-trees, from which a sap is
drawn called TERRY, that they very commonly drink."—_Van Twist_, 12.

1653.—"... le TARI qui est le vin ordinaire des Indes."—_De la
Boullaye-le-Gouz_, 246.

1673.—"The Natives singing and roaring all Night long; being drunk with
TODDY, the Wine of the Cocoe."—_Fryer_, 53.

" "As for the rest, they are very respectful, unless the Seamen and
Soldiers get drunk, either with TODDY or Bang."—_Ibid._ 91.

1686.—"Besides the Liquor or Water in the Fruit, there is also a sort of
Wine drawn from the Tree called TODDY, which looks like Whey."—_Dampier_,
i. 293.

1705.—"... cette liqueur s'appelle TARIF."—_Luillier_, 43.

1710.—This word was in common use at Madras.—_Wheeler_, ii. 125.

1750.—"_J._ Was vor Leute trincken TADDY? _C._ Die Soldaten, die Land
Portugiesen, die Parreier (see PARIAH) und Schiffleute trincken diesen
TADDY."—_Madras, oder Fort St. George_, &c., Halle, 1750.

1857.—"It is the unfermented juice of the Palmyra which is used as food:
when allowed to ferment, which it will do before midday, if left to
itself, it is changed into a sweet, intoxicating drink called 'kal' or
'TODDY.'"—_Bp. Caldwell, Lectures on Tinnevelly Mission_, p. 33.

¶ "The Rat, returning home full of TODDY, said, If I meet the Cat, I will
tear him in pieces."—Ceylon Proverb, in _Ind. Antiq._ i. 59.

Of the Scotch application of the word we can find but one example in Burns, and, strange to say, no mention in Jameson's Dictionary:

1785.—

"The lads an' lasses, blythely bent
To mind baith saul an' body,
Sit round the table, weel content
An' steer about the TODDY...."
_Burns, The Holy Fair._

1798.—"Action of the case, for giving her a dose in some TODDY, to
intoxicate and inflame her passions."—_Roots's Reports_, i. 80.

1804.—

"... I've nae fear for't;
For siller, faith, ye ne'er did care for't,
Unless to help a needful body,
An' get an antrin glass o' TODDY."
_Tannahill, Epistle to James Barr._

TODDY-BIRD, s. We do not know for certain what bird is meant by this name in the quotation. The nest would seem to point to the BAYA, or Weaver-bird (_Ploceus Baya_, Blyth): but the _size_ alleged is absurd; it is probably a blunder. [Another bird, the _Artamus fuscus_, is, according to Balfour (_Cycl._ s.v.) called the TODDY shrike.]

[1673.—"For here is a Bird (having its name from the Tree it chuses for
its Sanctuary, the TODDY-TREE)...."—_Fryer_, 76.]

c. 1750-60.—"It is in this tree (see PALMYRA, BRAB) that the TODDY-BIRDS,
so called from their attachment to that tree, make their exquisitely
curious nests, wrought out of the thinnest reeds and filaments of
branches, with an inimitable mechanism, and are about the bigness of a
partridge (?) The birds themselves are of no value...."—_Grose_, i. 48.

TODDY-CAT, s. This name is in S. India applied to the _Paradoxurus Musanga_, Jerdon: [the _P. niger_, the Indian Palm-Civet of Blanford (_Mammalia_, 106).] It infests houses, especially where there is a ceiling of cloth (see CHUTT). Its name is given for its fondness, real or supposed, for palm-juice.

[TOKO, s. Slang for 'a thrashing.' The word is imper. of Hind. _ṭoknā_, 'to censure, blame,' and has been converted into a noun on the analogy of BUNNOW and other words of the same kind.

[1823.—"TOCO _for yam_—Yams are food for negroes in the W. Indies ... and
if, instead of receiving his proper ration of these, blackee gets a whip
(TOCO) about his back, why 'he has caught TOCO' instead of yam."—_John
Bee, Slang Dict._

[1867.—"TOKO FOR YAM. An expression peculiar to negroes for crying out
before being hurt."—_Smyth, Sailor's Word-Book_, s.v.]

TOLA, s. An Indian weight (chiefly of gold or silver), not of extreme antiquity. Hind. _tolā_, Skt. _tulā_, 'a balance,' _tul_, 'to lift up, to weigh.' The Hindu scale is 8 _rattīs_ (see RUTTEE) = 1 _māsha_, 12 _māshas_ = 1 _tolā_. Thus the _tolā_ was equal to 96 _rattīs_. The proper weight of the _rattī_, which was the old Indian unit of weight, has been determined by Mr. E. Thomas as 1.75 grains, and the medieval _tanga_ which was the prototype of the rupee was of 100 _rattīs_ weight. "But ... the factitious _rattī_ of the Muslims was merely an aliquot part—1/96 of the comparatively recent _tola_, and 1/92 of the newly devised _rupee_." By the Regulation VII. of 1833, putting the British India coinage on its present footing (see under SEER) the _tolā_ weighing 180 grs., which is also the weight of the rupee, is established by the same Regulation, as the unit of the system of weights, 80 _tolas_ = 1 _ser_, 40 _sers_ = 1 MAUND.

1563.—"I knew a secretary of Nizamoxa (see NIZAMALUCO), a native of
Coraçon, who ate every day three TOLLAS (of opium), which is the weight
of ten cruzados and a half; but this Coraçoni (_Khorasānī_), though he
was a man of letters and a great scribe and official, was always nodding
or sleeping."—_Garcia_, f. 155_b_.

1610.—"A TOLE is a rupee _challany_ of silver, and ten of these TOLES are
the value of one of gold."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 217.

1615-16.—"Two TOLE and a half being an ounce."—_Sir T. Roe_, in
_Purchas_, i. 545; [Hak. Soc. i. 183].

1676.—"Over all the Empire of the Great _Mogul_, all the Gold and Silver
is weigh'd with Weights, which they call TOLLA, which amounts to 9
deniers and eight grains of our weight."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 18; [ed.
_Ball_, i. 14].

TOMAUN, s. A Mongol word, signifying 10,000, and constantly used in the histories of the Mongol dynasties for a division of an army theoretically consisting of that number. But its modern application is to a Persian money, at the present time worth about 7_s._ 6_d._ [In 1899 the exchange was about 53 CRANS to the £1; 10 _Crans_ = 1 tumān.] Till recently it was only a money of account, representing 10,000 _dīnārs_; the latter also having been in Persia for centuries only a money of account, constantly degenerating in value. The tomaun in Fryer's time (1677) is reckoned by him as equal to £3, 6_s._ 8_d._ P. della Valle's estimate 60 years earlier would give about £4, 10_s._ 0_d._, and is perhaps loose and too high. Sir T. Herbert's valuation (5 × 13_s._ 8_d._) is the same as Fryer's. In the first and third of the following quotations we have the word in the Tartar military sense, for a division of 10,000 men:

1298.—"You see when a Tartar prince goes forth to war, he takes with him,
say, 100,000 horse ... they call the corps of 100,000 men a _Tuc_; that
of 10,000 they call a TOMAN."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. 54.

c. 1340.—"Ces deux portions réunies formaient un total de 800 TOUMANS,
dont chacun vaut 10,000 DINARS courants, et le DINAR 6
dirhems."—_Shihābuddīn, Masālak-al Abṣār_, in _Not. et Exts._ xiii. 194.

c. 1347.—"I was informed ... that when the Kān assembled his troops, and
called the array of his forces together, there were with him 100
divisions of horse, each composed of 10,000 men, the chief of whom was
called Amīr TUMĀN, or lord of 10,000."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 299-300.

A form of the Tartar word seems to have passed into Russian:

c. 1559.—"One thousand in the language of the people is called
_Tissutze_: likewise ten thousand in a single word TMA: twenty thousand
_Duue_TMA: thirty thousand _Ti_TMA."—_Herberstein, Della Moscovia,
Ramusio_, iii. 159.

[c. 1590.—In the Sarkár of Kandahár "eighteen DINÁRS make a TUMÁN, and
each tumán is equivalent to 800 dáms. The tumán of Khurasán is equal in
value to 30 rupees and the tumán of Irák to 40."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_,
ii. 393-94.]

1619.—"L'ambasciadore Indiano ... ordinò che donasse a tutti un TOMANO,
cioè dieci zecchini per uno."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 22.

c. 1630.—"But how miserable so ere it seemes to others, the Persian King
makes many happy harvests; filling every yeere his insatiate coffers with
above 350,000 TOMANS (a TOMAN is five markes sterlin)."—_Sir T. Herbert_,
p. 225.

[c. 1665.—In Persia "the abási is worth 4 sháhis, and the TOMÁN 50
_abásis_ or 200 _sháhis_."—_Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, i. 24.]

1677.—"... Receipt of Custom (at Gombroon) for which he pays the King
yearly Twenty-two thousand THOMANDS, every THOMAND making Three pound and
a Noble in our Accompt, Half which we have a Right to."—_Fryer_, 222.

1711.—"Camels, Houses, &c., are generally sold by the TOMAND, which is
200 Shahees or 50 Abassees; and they usually reckon their Estates that
way; such a man is worth so many TOMANDS, as we reckon by Pounds in
England."—_Lockyer_, 229.

[1858.—"Girwur Singh, TOMANDAR, came up with a detachment of the special
police."—_Sleeman, Journey through Oudh_, ii. 17.]

TOMBACK, s. An alloy of copper and zinc, _i.e._ a particular modification of brass, formerly imported from Indo-Chinese countries. Port. _tambaca_, from Malay _tāmbaga_ and _tămbaga_, 'copper,' which is again from Skt. _tamṛika_ and _tāmra_.

1602.—"Their drummes are huge pannes made of a metall called TOMBAGA,
which makes a most hellish sound."—_Scott, Discourse of Iaua_, in
_Purchas_, i. 180.

1690.—"This TOMBAC is a kind of Metal, whose scarcity renders it more
valuable than Gold.... 'Tis thought to be a kind of natural Compound of
Gold, Silver, and Brass, and in some places the mixture is very Rich, as
at _Borneo_, and the _Moneilloes_, in others more allayed, as at
Siam."—_Ovington_, 510.

1759.—"The _Productions_ of this _Country_ (Siam) are prodigious
quantities of Grain, Cotton, Benjamin ... and TAMBANCK."—In _Dalrymple_,
i. 119.

TOM-TOM, s. _Ṭamṭam_, a native drum. The word comes from India, and is chiefly used there. Forbes (_Rās-Mālā_, ii. 401) [ed. 1878, p. 665] says the thing is so called because used by criers who beat it _tām-tām_, 'place by place,' _i.e._ first at one place, then at another. But it is rather an _onomatopoeia_, not belonging to any language in particular. In Ceylon it takes the form _tamaṭṭama_, in Tel. _tappeta_, in Tam. _tambattam_; in Malay it is _toṅtoṅ_, all with the same meaning. [When badminton was introduced at Satāra natives called it _Ṭamṭam phūl khel_, _ṭam-ṭam_ meaning 'battledore,' and the shuttlecock looked like a flower (_phūl_). Tommy Atkins promptly turned this into "_Tom Fool_" (_Calcutta Rev._ xcvi. 346).] In French the word _tamtam_ is used, not for a drum of any kind, but for a Chinese GONG (q.v.). M. Littré, however, in the Supplement to his Dict., remarks that this use is erroneous.

1693.—"It is ordered that to-morrow morning the CHOULTRY Justices do
cause the TOM TOM to be beat through all the Streets of the Black
Town...."—In _Wheeler_, i. 268.

1711.—"Their small Pipes, and TOM TOMS, instead of Harmony made the
Discord the greater."—_Lockyer_, 235.

1755.—In the Calcutta Mayor's expenses we find:

"TOM TOM, R. 1 1 0."—In _Long_, 56.

1764.—"You will give strict orders to the Zemindars to furnish Oil and
Musshauls, and TOM TOMS and Pikemen, &c., according to custom."—_Ibid._
391.