Chapter XLI: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (38)

GYM-KHANA, s. This word is quite modern, and was unknown 40 years ago. The first use that we can trace is (on the authority of Major John Trotter) at Rūrkī in 1861, when a _gymkhana_ was instituted there. It is a factitious word, invented, we believe, in the Bombay Presidency, and probably based upon _gend-khāna_ ('ball-house'), the name usually given in Hind. to an English racket-court. It is applied to a place of public resort at a station, where the needful facilities for athletics and games of sorts are provided, including (when that was in fashion) a skating-rink, a lawn-tennis ground, and so forth. The _gym_ may have been simply a corruption of _gend_ shaped by _gymnastics_, [of which the English public school short form _gym_ passed into Anglo-Indian jargon]. The word is also applied to a meeting for such sports; and in this sense it has travelled already as far as Malta, and has since become common among Englishmen abroad. [The suggestion that the word originated in the P.—H. _jamā'at-khana_, 'a place of assemblage,' is not probable.]

1877.—"Their proposals are that the Cricket Club should include in their
programme the games, &c., proposed by the promoters of a GYMKHANA Club,
so far as not to interfere with cricket, and should join in making a rink
and lawn-tennis, and badminton courts, within the cricket-ground
enclosure."—_Pioneer Mail_, Nov. 3.

1879.—"Mr. A—— F—— can always be depended on for epigram, but not for
accuracy. In his letters from Burma he talks of the GYMKHANA at Rangoon
as a sort of _establissement_ [_sic_] where people have pleasant little
dinners. In the 'Oriental Arcadia,' which Mr. F—— tells us is flavoured
with naughtiness, people may do strange things, but they do _not_ dine at
GYMKHANAS."—_Ibid._ July 2.

1881.—"R. E. GYMKHANA at Malta, for Polo and other Ponies, 20th June,
1881."—Heading in _Royal Engineer Journal_, Aug. 1, p. 159.

1883.—"I am not speaking of Bombay people with their clubs and GYMKHANAS
and other devices for oiling the wheels of existence...."—_Tribes on My
Frontier_, 9.

GYNEE, s. H. _gainī_. A very diminutive kind of cow bred in Bengal. It is, when well cared for, a beautiful creature, is not more than 3 feet high, and affords excellent meat. It is mentioned by Aelian:

c. 250.—"There are other bullocks in India, which to look at are no
bigger than the largest goats; these also are yoked, and run very
swiftly."—_De Nat. Anim._, xv. 24.

c. 1590.—"There is also a species of oxen called GAINI, small like _gūt_
(see GOONT) horses, but very beautiful."—_Āīn_, i. 149.

[1829.—"... I found that the said tiger had feasted on a more delicious
morsel,—a nice little GHINEE, a small cow."—_Mem. of John Shipp_, iii.
132.]

1832.—"We have become great farmers, having sown our crop of oats, and
are building outhouses to receive some 34 dwarf cows and oxen (GYNEES)
which are to be fed up for the table."—_F. Parkes, Wanderings of a
Pilgrim_, i. 251.

H

HACKERY, s. In the Bengal Presidency this word is now applied only to the common native bullock-cart used in the slow draught of goods and materials. But formerly in Bengal, as still in Western India and Ceylon, the word was applied to lighter carriages (drawn by bullocks) for personal transport. In Broughton's _Letters from a Mahratta Camp_ (p. 156; [ed. 1892, p. 117]) the word is used for what in Upper India is commonly called an EKKA (q.v.), or light native pony-carriage; but this is an exceptional application. Though the word is used by Englishmen almost universally in India, it is unknown to natives, or if known is regarded as an English term; and its origin is exceedingly obscure. The word seems to have originated on the west side of India, where we find it in our earliest quotations. It is probably one of those numerous words which were long in use, and undergoing corruption by illiterate soldiers and sailors, before they appeared in any kind of literature. Wilson suggests a probable Portuguese origin, _e.g._ from _acarretar_, 'to convey in a cart.' It is possible that the mere Portuguese article and noun '_a carreta_' might have produced the Anglo-Indian _hackery_. Thus in Correa, under 1513, we have a description of the Surat hackeries; "and the carriages (_as carretas_) in which he and the Portuguese travelled, were elaborately wrought, and furnished with silk hangings, covering them from the sun; and these carriages (_as carretas_) run so smoothly (the country consisting of level plains) that the people travelling in them sleep as tranquilly as on the ground" (ii. 369).

But it is almost certain that the origin of the word is the H. _chhakra_, 'a two-wheeled cart'; and it may be noted that in old Singhalese _chakka_, 'a cart-wheel,' takes the forms _haka_ and _saka_ (see _Kuhn, On Oldest Aryan Elements of Singhalese_, translated by D. Ferguson in _Indian Ant._ xii. 64). [But this can have no connection with _chhakra_, which represents Skt. _śakaṭa_, 'a waggon.']

1673.—"The Coach wherein I was breaking, we were forced to mount the
Indian HACKERY, a Two-wheeled Chariot, drawn by swift little
Oxen."—_Fryer_, 83. [For these swift oxen, see quot. from Forbes below,
and from Aelian under GYNEE].

1690.—"Their HACKERIES likewise, which are a kind of Coach, with two
Wheels, are all drawn by Oxen."—_Ovington_, 254.

1711.—"The Streets (at Surat) are wide and commodious; otherwise the
HACKERYS, which are very common, would be an Inconveniency. These are a
sort of Coaches drawn by a Pair of Oxen."—_Lockyer_, 259.

1742.—"The bridges are much worn, and out of repair, by the number of
HACKARIES and other carriages which are continually passing over
them."—In _Wheeler_, iii. 262.

1756.—"The 11th of July the Nawab arrived in the city, and with him
Bundoo Sing, to whose house we were removed that afternoon in a
HACKERY."—_Holwell_, in _Wheeler's Early Records_, 249.

c. 1760.—"The HACKREES are a conveyance drawn by oxen, which would at
first give an idea of slowness that they do not deserve ... they are open
on three sides, covered a-top, and are made to hold two people sitting
cross-legged."—_Grose_, i. 155-156.

1780.—"A HACKERY is a small covered carriage upon two wheels drawn by
bullocks, and used generally for the female part of the family."—_Hodges,
Travels_, 5.

c. 1790.—"Quant aux palankins et HAKKARIES (voitures à deux roues), on
les passe sur une double SANGARIE" (see JANGAR).—_Haafner_, ii. 173.

1793.—"To be sold by Public Auction ... a new Fashioned HACKERY."—_Bombay
Courier_, April 13.

1798.—"At half-past six o'clock we each got into a
HACKERAY."—_Stavorinus_, tr. by _Wilcocks_, iii. 295.

1811.—Solvyns draws and describes the HACKERY in the modern Bengal sense.

" "Il y a cependant quelques endroits où l'on se sert de charettes
couvertes à deux roues, appelées HICKERIS, devant lesquelles on attèle
des bœufs, et qui servent à voyager."—Editor of _Haafner, Voyages_, ii.
3.

1813.—"Travelling in a light HACKAREE, at the rate of five miles an
hour."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii. 376; [2nd ed. ii. 352; in i. 150,
HACKERIES, ii. 253, HACKAREES]. Forbes's engraving represents such an
ox-carriage as would be called in Bengal a _bailī_ (see BYLEE).

1829.—"The genuine vehicle of the country is the HACKERY. This is a sort
of wee tent, covered more or less with tinsel and scarlet, and bells and
gilding, and placed upon a clumsy two-wheeled carriage with a pole that
seems to be also a kind of boot, as it is at least a foot deep. This is
drawn by a pair of white bullocks."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 2nd ed., 84.

1860.—"Native gentlemen, driving fast trotting oxen in little HACKERY
carts, hastened home from it."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 140.

[HADDY, s. A grade of troops in the Mogul service. According to Prof. Blochmann (_Āīn_, i. 20, note) they corresponded to our "Warranted officers." "Most clerks of the Imperial offices, the painters of the Court, the foremen in Akbar's workshops, &c., belonged to this corps. They were called _Aḥadīs_, or single men, because they stood under Akbar's immediate orders." And Mr. Irvine writes: "Midway between the nobles or leaders (_mansabdārs_) with the horsemen under them (_tābīnān_) on the one hand, and the _Aḥshām_ (see EYSHAM), or infantry, artillery, and artificers on the other, stood the _Aḥadī_, or gentleman trooper. The word is literally 'single' or 'alone' (A. _aḥad_, 'one'). It is easy to see why this name was applied to them; they offered their services singly, they did not attach themselves to any chief, thus forming a class apart from the _tābīnān_; but as they were horsemen, they stood equally apart from the specialised services included under the remaining head of _Aḥshām_." (_J. R. As. Soc._, July 1896, p. 545.)

[c. 1590.—"Some soldiers are placed under the care and guidance of _one_
commander. They are called AHADIS, because they are fit for a harmonious
_unity_."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 231.

[1616.—"The Prince's HADDY ... betrayed me."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii.
383.

[1617.—"A HADDEY of horse sent down to see it effected."—_Ibid._ ii. 450.

[c. 1625.—"The day after, one of the King's HADDYS finding the
same."—_Coryat_, in _Purchas_, i. 600.]

HADGEE, s. Ar. _Ḥājj_, a pilgrim to Mecca; from _ḥajj_, the pilgrimage, or visit to a venerated spot. Hence _Hājjī_ and _Hājī_ used colloquially in Persian and Turkish. Prof. Robertson Smith writes: "There is current confusion about the word _ḥājj_. It is originally the participle of _ḥajj_, 'he went on the _ḥajj_.' But in modern use _ḥājij_ is used as part., and _ḥājj_ is the title given to one who has made the pilgrimage. When this is prefixed to a name, the double _j_ cannot be pronounced without inserting _a_ short vowel and the a is shortened; thus you say '_el-Hajjĕ_ Soleimān,' or the like. The incorrect form _Hājjī_ is however used by Turks and Persians."

[1609.—"Upon your order, if HOGHEE Careen so please, I purpose to delve
him 25 pigs of lead."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 26.

[c. 1610.—"Those who have been to Arabia ... are called AGY."—_Pyrard de
Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 165.

[c. 1665.—"_Aureng-Zebe_ once observed perhaps by way of joke, that
_Sultan Sujah_ was become at last an AGY or pilgrim."—_Bernier_, ed.
_Constable_, 113.

[1673.—"HODGE, a Pilgrimage to Mecca." (See under A MUCK.)

[1683.—"HODGEE Sophee Caun." See under FIRMAUN.]

1765.—"HODGEE acquired this title from his having in his early years made
a pilgrimage to HODGE (or the tomb of _Mahommed_ at _Mecca_)."—_Holwell,
Hist. Events_, &c., i. 59.

[c. 1833.—"The very word in Hebrew _Khog_, which means 'festival,'
originally meant 'pilgrimage,' and corresponds with what the Arabs call
HATCH...."—_Travels of Dr. Wolff_, ii. 155.]

HÁKIM, s. H. from Ar. _ḥākim_, 'a judge, a ruler, a master'; 'the authority.' The same Ar. root _ḥakm_, 'bridling, restraining, judging,' supplies a variety of words occurring in this Glossary, viz. _Ḥākim_ (as here); _Ḥakīm_ (see HUCKEEM); _Ḥukm_ (see HOOKUM); _Ḥikmat_ (see HICKMAT).

[1611.—"Not standing with his greatness to answer every HACCAM, which is
as a Governor or petty King."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 158. In _ibid._ i.
175, HACKUM is used in the same way.]

1698.—"HACKUM, a Governor."—_Fryer's Index Explanatory_.

c. 1861.—

"Then comes a settlement HAKIM, to teach me to plough and weed—
I sowed the cotton he gave me—but first I boiled the seed...."
_Sir A. C. Lyall, The Old Pindaree._

HALÁLCORE, s. Lit. Ar.—P. _ḥalāl-khor_, 'one who eats what is lawful,' [_ḥalāl_ being the technical Mahommedan phrase for the slaying of an animal to be used for food according to the proper ritual], applied euphemistically to a person of very low caste, a sweeper or scavenger, implying 'to whom all is lawful food.' Generally used as synonymous with BUNGY (q.v.). [According to Prof. Blochmann, "_Ḥalālkhūr_, _i.e._ one who eats that which the ceremonial law allows, is a euphemism for _ḥarāmkhūr_, one who eats forbidden things, as pork, &c. The word _ḥalālkhūr_ is still in use among educated Muhammadans; but it is doubtful whether (as stated in the _Āīn_) it was Akbar's invention." (_Āīn_, i. 139 note.)]

1623.—"Schiah Selim nel principio ... si sdegnò tanto, che poco mancò che
per dispetto non la desse per forza in matrimonio ad uno della razza che
chiamano HALAL CHOR, quasi dica 'mangia lecito,' cioè che ha per lecito
di mangiare ogni cosa...." (See other quotation under HAREM).—_P. della
Valle_, ii. 525; [Hak. Soc. i. 54].

1638.—"... sont obligez de se purifier depuis la teste i'usqu'aux pieds
si quelqu'vn de ces gens qu'ils appellent ALCHORES, leur a
touché."—_Mandelslo_, Paris, 1659, 219.

1665.—"Ceux qui ne parlent que Persan dans les Indes, les appellent
HALALCOUR, c'est à dire celui qui se donne la liberté de manger de tout
ce qu'il lui plait, ou, selon quelques uns, celui qui mange ce qu'il a
légitimement gagné. Et ceux qui approuvent cette dernière explication,
disent qu'autrefois HALALCOURS s'appellent _Haramcours_, mangeurs de
Viande defenduës."—_Thevenot_, v. 190.

1673.—"That they should be accounted the Offscum of the People, and as
base as the HOLENCORES (whom they account so, because they defile
themselves by eating anything)."—_Fryer_, 28; [and see under BOY, B].

1690.—"The HALALCHORS ... are another Sort of Indians at Suratt, the most
contemptible, but extremely necessary to be there."—_Ovington_, 382.

1763.—"And now I must mention the HALLACHORES, whom I cannot call a
Tribe, being rather the refuse of all the Tribes. These are a set of poor
unhappy wretches, destined to misery from their birth...."—_Reflexions_,
&c., by _Luke Scrafton_, Esq., 7-8. It was probably in this passage that
Burns (see below) picked up the word.

1783.—"That no HOLLOCORE, Derah, or Chandala caste, shall upon any
consideration come out of their houses after 9 o'clock in the morning,
lest they should taint the air, or touch the superior Hindoos in the
streets."—_Mahratta Proclamation at Baroch_, in _Forbes, Or. Mem._ iv.
232.

1786.—"When all my schoolfellows and youthful compeers (those misguided
few excepted who joined, to use a Gentoo phrase, the HALLACHORES of the
human race) were striking off with eager hope and earnest intent, in some
one or other of the many paths of a busy life, I was 'standing idle in
the market-place.'"—_Letter of Robert Burns_, in A. Cunningham's ed. of
_Works and Life_, vi. 63.

1788.—The _Indian Vocabulary_ also gives HALLACHORE.

1810.—"For the meaner offices we have a HALLALCOR or Chandela (one of the
most wretched Pariahs)."—_Maria Graham_, 31.

HALÁLLCUR. V. used in the imperative for infinitive, as is common in the Anglo-Indian use of H. verbs, being Ar.—H. _ḥalāl-kar_, 'make lawful,' _i.e._ put (an animal) to death in the manner prescribed to Mahommedans, when it is to be used for food.

[1855.—"Before breakfast I bought a moderately sized sheep for a dollar.
Shaykh Hamid 'HALALED' (butchered) it according to rule...."—_Burton,
Pilgrimage_, ed. 1893, i. 255.]

1883.—"The diving powers of the poor duck are exhausted.... I have only
... to seize my booty, which has just enough of life left to allow Peer
Khan to MAKE IT HALAL, by cutting its throat in the name of Allah, and
dividing the webs of its feet."—_Tribes on My Frontier_, 167.

HALF-CASTE, s. A person of mixt European and Indian blood. (See MUSTEES; EURASIAN.)

1789.—"Mulattoes, or as they are called in the East Indies,
HALF-CASTS."—_Munro's Narrative_, 51.

1793.—"They (the Mahratta Infantry) are commanded by HALF-CAST people of
Portuguese and French extraction, who draw off the attention of the
spectators from the bad clothing of their men, by the profusion of
antiquated lace bestowed on their own."—_Dirom, Narrative_, ii.

1809.—"The Padre, who is a HALF-CAST Portuguese, informed me that he had
three districts under him."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 329.

1828.—"An invalid sergeant ... came, attended by his wife, a very pretty
young HALF-CASTE."—_Heber_, i. 298.

1875.—"Othello is black—the very tragedy lies there; the whole force of
the contrast, the whole pathos and extenuation of his doubts of
Desdemona, depend on this blackness. Fechter makes him a HALF-CASTE."—_G.
H. Lewes, On Actors and the Art of Acting._

HANGER, s. The word in this form is not in Anglo-Indian use, but (with the Scotch _whinger_, Old Eng. _whinyard_, Fr. _cangiar_, &c., other forms of the same) may be noted here as a corruption of the Arab. _khanjar_, 'a dagger or short falchion.' This (vulg. CUNJUR) is the Indian form. [According to the _N.E.D._ though '_hanger_' has sometimes been employed to translate _khanjar_ (probably with a notion of etymological identity) there is no connection between the words.] The _khanjar_ in India is a large double-edged dagger with a very broad base and a slight curve. [See drawings in _Egerton, Handbook of Indian Arms_, pl. X. Nos. 504, 505, &c.]

1574.—"Patrick Spreull ... being persewit be Johne Boill Chepman ... in
invadyng of him, and stryking him with ane QUHINGER ... throuch the
quhilk the said Johnes neis wes woundit to the effusioun of his
blude."—_Exts. from Records of the Burgh of Glasgow_ (1876), p. 2.

1601.—"The other day I happened to enter into some discourse of a HANGER,
which I assure you, both for fashion and workmanship was most peremptory
beautiful and gentlemanlike...."—_B. Jonson, Every Man in His Humour_, i.
4.

[c. 1610.—"The islanders also bore their arms, viz., ALFANGES
(_al-khanjar_) or scimitars."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 43.]

1653.—"GANGEARD est en Turq, Persan et Indistanni vn poignard
courbé."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 539.

1672.—"... il s'estoit emporté contre elle jusqu'à un tel excès qu'il luy
avoit porté quelques coups de CANGIAR dans les mamelles...."—_Journal
d'Ant. Galland_, i. 177.

1673.—"... HANDJAR de diamants...."—_App._ to _do._ ii. 189.

1676.—

"His pistol next he cock'd anew
And out his nutbrown WHINYARD drew."
_Hudibras_, Canto iii.

1684.—"The Souldiers do not wear HANGERS or Scimitars like the
_Persians_, but broad Swords like the Switzers...."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii.
65; [ed. _Ball_, i. 157].

1712.—"His Excy ... was presented by the Emperor with a Hindoostany
CANDJER, or dagger, set with fine stones."—_Valentijn_, iv. (Suratte),
286.

[1717.—"The 23rd ultimo, John Surman received from his Majesty a horse
and a CUNGER...."—In _Wheeler, Early Records_, 183.]

1781.—"I fancy myself now one of the most formidable men in Europe; a
blunderbuss for Joe, a pair of double barrels to stick in my belt, and a
cut and thrust HANGER with a little pistol in the hilt, to hang by my
side."—_Lord Minto, in Life_, i. 56.

" "Lost out of a buggy on the Road between Barnagur and Calcutta, a
steel mounted HANGER with a single guard."—_Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, June
30.

1883.—"... by _farrashes_, the carpet-spreader class, a large CANJAR, or
curved dagger, with a heavy ivory handle, is carried; less for use than
as a badge of office."—_Wills, Modern Persia_, 326.

HANSALERI, s. Table-servant's Hind. for 'horse-radish'! "A curious corruption, and apparently influenced by _saleri_, 'celery'"; (_Mr. M. L. Dames_, in _Panjab N. and Q._ ii. 184).

HANSIL, s. A hawser, from the English (_Roebuck_).

HANSPEEK, USPUCK, &c., s. Sea Hind. _Aspak_. A handspike, from the English.

HARAKIRI, s. This, the native name of the Japanese rite of suicide committed as a point of honour or substitute for judicial execution, has long been interpreted as "happy despatch," but what the origin of this curious error is we do not know. [The _N.E.D._ s.v. _dispatch_, says that it is humorous.] The real meaning is realistic in the extreme, viz., _hara_, 'belly,' _kiri_, 'to cut.'

[1598.—"And it is often seene that they RIP their own BELLIES
open."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 153.

[1615.—"His mother CUT her own BELLY."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 45.]

1616.—"Here we had news how Galsa Same was to passe this way to morrow to
goe to a church near Miaco, called Coye; som say to CUT HIS BELLIE,
others say to be shaved a prist and to remeane theare the rest of his
dais."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 164.

1617.—"The King demanded 800 _tais_ from Shosque Dono, or else to CUT HIS
BELLY, whoe, not having it to pay, did it."—_Ibid._ 337, see also ii.
202.

[1874.—See the elaborate account of the rite in _Mitford, Tales of Old
Japan_, 2nd ed. 329 _seqq._ For a similar custom among the Karens, see
_M‘Mahon, Karens of the Golden Chersonese_, 294.]

HARAMZADA, s. A scoundrel; literally 'misbegotten'; a common term of abuse. It is Ar.—P. _ḥarām-zāda_, 'son of the unlawful.' _Ḥarām_ is from a root signifying _sacer_ (see under HAREM), and which appears as Hebrew in the sense of 'devoting to destruction,' and of 'a ban.' Thus in Numbers xxi. 3: "They utterly destroyed them and their cities; and he called the name of the place _Hormah_." [See _Encycl. Bibl._ i. 468; ii. 2110.]

[1857.—"I am no advocate for slaying Shahzadas or any such-like
HARAMZADAS without trial."—_Bosworth Smith, L. of Ld. Lawrence_, ii.
251.]

HAREM, s. Ar. _ḥaram_, _ḥarīm_, _i.e._ _sacer_, applied to the women of the family and their apartment. This word is not now commonly used in India, ZENANA (q.v.) being the common word for 'the women of the family,' or their apartments.

1298.—"... car maintes homes emorurent e mantes dames en furent veves ...
e maintes autres dames ne furent à toz jorz mès en plores et en lermes:
ce furent les meres et les ARAINES de homes qe hi morurent."—_Marco
Polo_, in Old Text of _Soc. de Géographie_, 251.

1623.—"Non so come sciah Selim ebbe notizia di lei e s'innamorò. Volle
condurla nel suo HARAM o _gynaeceo_, e tenerla quivi appresso di sè come
una delle altre concubine; ma questa donna (Nurmahal) che era sopra modo
astuta ... ricusò."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 525; [Hak. Soc. i. 53].

1630.—"This Duke here and in other seralios (or HARAMS as the Persians
term them) has above 300 concubines."—_Herbert_, 139.

1676.—"In the midst of the large Gallery is a Nich in the Wall, into
which the King descends out of his HARAM by a private pair of
Stairs."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 49; [ed. _Ball_, i. 101].

1726.—"On the Ganges also lies a noble fortress, with the Palace of the
old Emperor of Hindostan, with his HHARAAM or women's
apartment...."—_Valentijn_, v. 168.

[1727.—"The King ... took his Wife into his own HARRAN or
Seraglio...."—_A. Hamilton_, ed. 1744, i. 171.

[1812.—"Adjoining to the Chel Sitoon is the HAREM; the term in Persia is
applied to the establishments of the great, _zenana_ is confined to those
of inferior people."—_Morier, Journey through Persia_, &c., 166.]

HARRY, s. This word is quite obsolete. Wilson gives _Hāṛī_ as Beng. 'A servant of the lowest class, a sweeper.' [The word means 'a collector of bones,' Skt. _haḍḍa_, 'a bone'; for the caste, see _Risley, Tribes of Bengal_, i. 314 _seqq._] M.-Gen. Keatinge remarks that they are the goldsmiths of Assam; they are village watchmen in Bengal. (See under PYKE.) In two of the quotations below, _Harry_ is applied to a _woman_, in one case employed to carry water. A female servant of this description is not now known among English families in Bengal.

1706.—

"2 Tendells (see TINDAL) 6 0 0
* * * * *
1 _Hummummee_[142] 2 0 0
* * * * *
4 MANJEES 10 0 0
5 _Dandees_ (see DANDY) 8 0 0
* * * * *
5 HARRYS 9 8 0
* * * * *

_List of Men's Names, &c., immediately in the Service of the Honble.
the_ Vnited Compy. _in their Factory of_ Fort William, Bengall,
_November, 1706_" (MS. in India Office).

c. 1753.—Among the expenses of the Mayor's Court at Calcutta we find: "A
HARRY ... Rs. 1."—_Long_, 43.

c. 1754.—"A HARRY or water-wench...." (at Madras).—_Ives_, 50.

[ " "HARRIES are the same at Bengal, as _Frosts_ (see FARASH) are at
Bombay. Their women do all the drudgery at your houses, and the men carry
your Palanquin."—_Ibid._ 26.]

" In a tariff of wages recommended by the "Zemindars of Calcutta,"
we have: "HARRY-woman to a Family ... 2 Rs."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 95.

1768-71.—"Every house has likewise ... a HARRY-maid or _matarani_ (see
MATRANEE) who carries out the dirt; and a great number of slaves, both
male and female."—_Stavorinus_, i. 523.

1781.—

"2 HARRIES or Sweepers ... 6 Rs.
* * * * *
2 _Beesties_ ... 8 Rs."

_Establishment ... under the Chief Magistrate of Banaris_, in Appendix to
_Narr. of Insurrection there_, Calcutta, 1782.

[1813.—"He was left to view a considerable time, and was then carried by
the HURRIES to the Golgotha."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 131.]

HATTY, s. Hind. _hāthī_, the most common word for an elephant; from Skt. _hasta_, 'the hand,' and _hastī_, 'the elephant,' come the Hind. words _hāth_ and _hāthī_, with the same meanings. The analogy of the elephant's trunk to the hand presents itself to Pliny:

"Mandunt ore; spirant et bibunt odoranturque haud inproprie appellatâ
MANU."—viii. 10.

and to Tennyson:

"... camels knelt
Unbidden, and the brutes of mountain back
That carry kings in castles, bow'd black knees
Of homage, ringing with their SERPENT HANDS,
To make her smile, her golden ankle-bells."
_Merlin and Vivien._

c. 1526.—"As for the animals peculiar to Hindustân, one is the elephant,
as the Hindustânis call it HATHÌ, which inhabits the district of Kalpi,
the more do the wild elephants increase in number. That is the tract in
which the elephant is chiefly taken."—_Baber_, 315. This notice of
Baber's shows how remarkably times have changed. No elephants now exist
anywhere near the region indicated. [On elephants in Hindustan, see
_Blochmann's Āīn_, i. 618].

[1838.—"You are of course aware that we habitually call elephants
HOTTIES, a name that might be safely applied to every other animal in
India, but I suppose the elephants had the first choice of names and took
the most appropriate."—_Miss Eden, Up the Country_, i. 269.]

HATTYCHOOK, s. Hind. _hāthīchak_, servant's and gardener's Hind. for the globe artichoke; [the Jerusalem artichoke is _hāthīpīch_]. This is worth producing, because our word (ARTICHOKE) is itself the corruption of an Oriental word thus carried back to the East in a mangled form.

HAUT, s.

A. Hind. _hāth_, (the hand or forearm, and thence) 'a cubit,' from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger; a measure of 18 inches, and sometimes more.

[1614.—"A godown 10 HAST high."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 112.

[c. 1810.—"... even in the measurements made by order of the collectors,
I am assured, that the only standards used were the different Kazis'
arms, which leaves great room for fraud.... All persons measuring cloth
know how to apply their arm, so as to measure a cubit of 18 inches with
wonderful exactness."—_Buchanan, Eastern India_, ii. 576.]

B. Hind. _hāṭ_, Skt. _haṭṭa_, 'a market held on certain days.'

[1800.—"In this Carnatic ... there are no fairs like the HAUTS of
Bengal."—_Buchanan, Mysore_, i. 19.

[1818.—"The Hindoos have also market days (HĂTŬS), when the buyers and
sellers assemble, sometimes in an open plain, but in general in market
places."—_Ward, Hindoos_, i. 151.]

HAVILDAR, s. Hind. _ḥavildār_. A sepoy non-commissioned officer, corresponding to a sergeant, and wearing the chevrons of a sergeant. This dating from about the middle of the 18th century is the only modern use of the term in that form. It is a corruption of Pers. _ḥawāladār_, or _ḥawāldār_, 'one holding an office of trust'; and in this form it had, in other times, a variety of applications to different charges and subordinate officers. Thus among the Mahrattas the commandant of a fort was so styled; whilst in Eastern Bengal the term was, and perhaps still is, applied to the holder of a _ḥawāla_, an intermediate tenure between those of zemindar and ryot.

1672.—Regarding the COWLE obtained from the Nabob of Golcondah for the
Fort and Town of Chinapatnam. 11,000 Pagodas to be paid in full of all
demands for the past, and in future Pagodas 1200 per annum rent, "and so
to hold the Fort and Town free from any AVILDAR or DIVAN'S People, or any
other imposition for ever."—_Fort St. George Consn._, April 11, in _Notes
and Exts._, No. i. 25.

1673.—"We landed at about Nine in the Morning, and were civilly treated
by the Customer in his _Choultry_, till the HAVILDAR could be acquainted
of my arrival."—_Fryer_, 123.

[1680.—"AVALDAR." See under JUNCAMEER.]

1696.—"... the HAVILDAR of St. Thomé and Pulecat."—_Wheeler_, i. 308.

[1763.—"Three _avaldars_ (AVALDARES) or receivers."—India Office MSS.
_Conselho, Ultramarino_, vol. i.

[1773.—"One or two Hircars, one HAVILDAH, and a company of
sepoys...."—_Ives_, 67.]

1824.—"Curreem Musseeh was, I believe, a HAVILDAR in the Company's army,
and his sword and sash were still hung up, with a not unpleasing vanity,
over the desk where he now presided as catechist."—_Heber_, i. 149.

HAVILDAR'S GUARD, s. There is a common way of cooking the fry of fresh-water fish (a little larger than whitebait) as a breakfast dish, by frying them in rows of a dozen or so, spitted on a small skewer. On the Bombay side this dish is known by the whimsical name in question.

HAZREE, s. This word is commonly used in Anglo-Indian households in the Bengal Presidency for 'breakfast.' It is not clear how it got this meaning. [The earlier sense was religious, as below.] It is properly _ḥāẓirī_, 'muster,' from the Ar. _ḥāẓir_, 'ready or present.' (See CHOTA-HAZRY.)

[1832.—"The Sheeahs prepare HAZREE (breakfast) in the name of his
holiness Abbas Allee Ullum-burdar, Hosein's step-brother; _i.e._ they
cook _polaoo_, _rotee_, curries, &c., and distribute them."—_Herklots,
Qanoon-e-Islam_, ed. 1863, p. 183.]

HENDRY KENDRY, n.p. Two islands off the coast of the Concan, about 7 m. south of the entrance to Bombay Harbour, and now belonging to Kolāba District. The names, according to Ph. Anderson, are _Haneri_ and _Khaneri_; in the Admy. chart they are _Oonari_, and _Khundari_. They are also variously written (the one) _Hundry_, _Ondera_, _Hunarey_, _Henery_, and (the other) _Kundra_, _Cundry_, _Cunarey_, _Kenery_. The real names are given in the _Bombay Gazetteer_ as _Underi_ and _Khanderi_. Both islands were piratically occupied as late as the beginning of the 19th century. Khanderi passed to us in 1818 as part of the Peshwa's territory; Underi lapsed in 1840. [Sir G. Birdwood (_Rep. on Old Records_, 83), describing the "Consultations" of 1679, writes: "At page 69, notice of 'Sevagee' fortifying 'Hendry Kendry,' the twin islets, now called Henery (_i.e._ _Vondarī_, 'Mouse-like,' _Kenery_ (_i.e._ _Khandarī_), _i.e._ 'Sacred to Khandaroo.'" The former is thus derived from Skt. _undaru_, _unduru_, 'a rat'; the latter from Mahr. _Khanḍerāv_, 'Lord of the Sword,' a form of Siva.]

1673.—"These islands are in number seven; viz. _Bombaim_, _Canorein_,
_Trumbay_, _Elephanto_, the _Putachoes_, _Munchumbay_, and _Kerenjau_,
with the Rock of HENRY KENRY...."—_Fryer_, 61.

1681.—"Although we have formerly wrote you that we will have no war for
HENDRY KENDRY, yet all war is so contrary to our constitution, as well as
our interest, that we cannot too often inculcate to you our aversion
thereunto."—_Court of Directors to Surat_, quoted in _Anderson's Western
India_, p. 175.

1727.—"... four Leagues south of _Bombay_, are two small Islands UNDRA,
and CUNDRA. The first has a Fortress belonging to the _Sedee_, and the
other is fortified by the _Sevajee_, and is now in the Hands of _Connajee
Angria_."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 243; [ed. 1744].

c. 1760.—"At the harbor's mouth lie two small fortified rocks, called
HENARA and CANARA.... These were formerly in the hands of Angria, and the
_Siddees_, or Moors, which last have long been dispossest of
them."—_Grose_, i. 58.

HERBED, s. A Parsee priest, not specially engaged in priestly duties. Pers. _hirbad_, from Pahlavi _aêrpat_.

1630.—"The HERBOOD or ordinary Churchman."—_Lord's Display_, ch. viii.

HICKMAT, s. Ar.—H. _ḥikmat_; an ingenious device or contrivance. (See under HAKIM.)

1838.—"The house has been roofed in, and my relative has come up from
Meerut, to have the slates put on after some peculiar HIKMAT of his
own."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, ii. 240.

HIDGELEE, n.p. The tract so called was under native rule a _chakla_, or district, of Orissa, and under our rule formerly a _zilla_ of Bengal; but now it is a part of the Midnapūr Zilla, of which it constitutes the S.E. portion, viz. the low coast lands on the west side of the Hoogly estuary, and below the junction of the Rūpnārāyan. The name is properly _Hijilī_; but it has gone through many strange phases in European records.

1553.—"The first of these rivers (from the E. side of the Ghauts) rises
from two sources to the east of Chaul, about 15 leagues distant, and in
an altitude of 18 to 19 degrees. The river from the most northerly of
these sources is called _Crusna_, and the more southerly _Benkora_, and
when they combine they are called _Ganga_: and this river discharges into
the illustrious stream of the Ganges between the two places called ANGELI
and Picholda in about 22 degrees."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1586.—"An haven which is called ANGELI in the Country of Orixa."—_Fitch_,
in _Hakl._ ii. 389.

1686.—"Chanock, on the 15th December (1686) ... burned and destroyed all
the magazines of salt, and granaries of rice, which he found in the way
between Hughley and the island of INGELEE."—_Orme_ (reprint), ii. 12.

1726.—"HINGELI."—_Valentijn_, v. 158.

1727.—... inhabited by Fishers, as are also INGELLIE and KIDGERIE (see
KEDGEREE), two neighbouring Islands on the West Side of the Mouth of the
Ganges."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 275; [ed. 1744, ii. 2].

1758.—In apprehension of a French Fleet the Select Committee at Fort
William recommend: "That the pagoda at INGELIE should be washed black,
the great tree at the place cut down, and the buoys removed."—In _Long_,
153.

1784.—"Ships laying at KEDGEREE, INGELLEE, or any other parts of the
great River."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 37.

HILSA, s. Hind. _hilsā_, Skt. _ilīśa_, _illiśa_; a rich and savoury fish of the shad kind (_Clupea ilisha_, Day), called in books the 'sable-fish' (a name, from the Port. _savel_, quite obsolete in India) and on the Indus _pulla_ (_palla_). The large shad which of late has been commonly sold by London fishmongers in the beginning of summer, is very near the _hilsa_, but not so rich. The _hilsa_ is a sea-fish, ascending the river to spawn, and is taken as high as Delhi on the Jumna, as high as Mandalay on the Irawadi (_Day_). It is also taken in the Guzerat rivers, though not in the short and shallow streams of the Concan, nor in the Deccan rivers, from which it seems to be excluded by the rocky obstructions. It is the special fish of Sind under the name of _palla_, and monopolizes the name of fish, just as salmon does on the Scotch rivers (_Dr. Macdonald's Acct. of Bombay Fisheries_, 1883).

1539.—"... A little Island, called _Apofingua_ (_Ape-Fingan_) ...
inhabited by poor people who live by the fishing of _shads_ (_que vive de
la pescaria dos_ SAVEIS)."—_Pinto_ (orig. cap. xviii.), _Cogan_, p. 22.

1613.—"Na quella costa marittima occidental de Viontana (_Ujong-Tana_,
Malay Peninsula) habitavão Saletes pescadores que não tinhão outro tratto
... salvo de sua pescarya de SAVEIS, donde so aproveitarão das ovas
chamado _Turabos_ passados por salmeura."—_Eredia de Godinho_, 22. [On
this Mr. Skeat points out that "Saletes pescadores" must mean "Fishermen
of the Straits" (Mal. _selat_, "straits"); and when he calls them
"_Turabos_" he is trying to reproduce the Malay name of this fish,
_terubok_ (pron. _trubo_).]

1810.—"The HILSAH (or sable-fish) seems to be midway between a mackerel
and a salmon."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 154-5.

1813.—Forbes calls it the _sable_ or _salmon_-fish, and says "it a little
resembles the European fish (salmon) from which it is named."—_Or. Mem._
i. 53; [2nd ed. i. 36].

1824.—"The fishery, we were told by these people, was of the 'HILSA' or
'Sable-fish.'"—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 81.

HIMALÝA, n.p. This is the common pronunciation of the name of the great range

"Whose snowy ridge the roving Tartar bounds,"

properly _Himālăya_, 'the Abode of Snow'; also called _Himavat_, 'the Snowy'; _Himagiri_ and _Himaśaila_; _Himādri_, _Himakūta_, &c., from various forms of which the ancients made _Imaus_, _Emōdus_, &c. Pliny had got somewhere the true meaning of the name: "... a montibus Hemodis, quorum promontorium Imaus vocatur _nivosum_ significante ..." (vi. 17). We do not know how far back the use of the modern name is to be found. [The references in early Hindu literature are collected by _Atkinson_ (_Himalayan Gazetteer_, ii. 273 _seqq._).] We do not find it in Baber, who gives _Siwālak_ as the Indian name of the mountains (see SIWALIK). The oldest occurrence we know of is in the _Āīn_, which gives in the Geographical Tables, under the Third Climate, _Koh-i-_HIMĀLAH (orig. ii. 36); [ed. _Jarrett_, iii. 69]). This is disguised in Gladwin's version by a wrong reading into _Kerdehmaleh_ (ed. 1800, ii. 367).[143] This form (HIMMALEH) is used by Major Rennell, but hardly as if it was yet a familiar term. In Elphinstone's Letters HIMĀLEH or some other spelling of that form is always used (see below). When we get to Bishop Heber we find HIMALAYA, the established English form.

1822.—"What pleases me most is the contrast between your present
enjoyment, and your former sickness and despondency. Depend upon it
England will turn out as well as HEMALEH."—_Elphinstone_ to Major Close,
in _Life_, ii. 139; see also i. 336, where it is written HIMALLEH.

HINDEE, s. This is the Pers. adjective form from _Hind_, 'India,' and illustration of its use for a native of India will be found under HINDOO. By Europeans it is most commonly used for those dialects of Hindustani speech which are less modified by P. vocables than the usual Hindustani, and which are spoken by the rural population of the N.W. Provinces and its outskirts. The earliest literary work in Hindi is the great poem of Chand Bardai (c. 1200), which records the deeds of Prithirāja, the last Hindu sovereign of Delhi. [On this literature see Dr. G. A. Grierson, The _Modern Vernacular Literature of Hindustān_, in _J.A.S.B._ Part I., 1888.] The term HINDUWĪ appears to have been formerly used, in the Madras Presidency, for the Marāṭhī language. (See a note in _Sir A. Arbuthnot's_ ed. of _Munro's Minutes_, i. 133.)

HINDKĪ, HINDEKĪ, n.p. This modification of the name is applied to people of Indian descent, but converted to Islam, on the Peshawar frontier, and scattered over other parts of Afghanistan. They do the banking business, and hold a large part of the trade in their hands.

[1842.—"The inhabitants of Peshawer are of Indian origin, but speak
Pushtoo as well as HINDKEE."—_Elphinstone, Caubul_, i. 74.]

HINDOO, n.p. P. _Hindū_. A person of Indian religion and race. This is a term derived from the use of the Mahommedan conquerors (see under INDIA). The word in this form is Persian; _Hindī_ is that used in Arabic, _e.g._

c. 940.—"An inhabitant of Mansūra in Sind, among the most illustrious and
powerful of that city ... had brought up a young Indian or Sindian slave
(_Hindī_ aw Sindī)."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, vi. 264.

In the following quotation from a writer in Persian observe the distinction made between HINDŪ and Hindī:

c. 1290.—"Whatever live HINDÚ fell into the King's hands was pounded into
bits under the feet of elephants. The Musalmáns, who were _Hindís_
(country born), had their lives spared."—_Amīr Khosrū_, in _Elliot_, iii.
539.

1563.—"... moreover if people of Arabia or Persia would ask of the men of
this country whether they are Moors or Gentoos, they ask in these words:
'Art thou Mosalman or INDU?'"—_Garcia_, f. 137b.

1653.—"Les INDOUS gardent soigneusement dans leurs Pagodes les Reliques
de Ram, Schita (Sita), et les autres personnes illustres de
l'antiquité."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, 191.

_Hindu_ is often used on the Peshawar frontier as synonymous with _bunya_ (see under BANYAN). A soldier (of the tribes) will say: 'I am going to the HINDU,' _i.e._ to the _bunya_ of the company.

HINDOO KOOSH, n.p. _Hindū-Kūsh_; a term applied by our geographers to the whole of the Alpine range which separates the basins of the Kabul River and the Helmand from that of the Oxus. It is, as Rennell points out, properly that part of the range immediately north of Kabul, the _Caucasus_ of the historians of Alexander, who crossed and recrossed it somewhere not far from the longitude of that city. The real origin of the name is not known; [the most plausible explanation is perhaps that it is a corruption of _Indicus Caucasus_]. It is, as far as we know, first used in literature by Ibn Batuta, and the explanation of the name which he gives, however doubtful, is still popular. The name has been by some later writers modified into Hindu _Koh_ (mountain), but this is factitious, and throws no light on the origin of the name.

c. 1334.—"Another motive for our stoppage was the fear of snow; for there
is midway on the road a mountain called HINDŪ-KŪSH, _i.e._ 'the
Hindu-Killer,' because so many of the slaves, male and female, brought
from India, die in the passage of this mountain, owing to the severe cold
and quantity of snow."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 84.

1504.—"The country of Kâbul is very strong, and of difficult access....
Between Balkh, Kundez, and Badakshân on the one side, and Kâbul on the
other, is interposed the mountain of HINDÛ-KÛSH, the passes over which
are seven in number."—_Baber_, p. 139.

1548.—"From this place marched, and entered the mountains called
HINDŪ-KUSH."—_Mem. of Emp. Humayun_, 89.

" "It was therefore determined to invade Badakhshan.... The
Emperor, passing over the heel of the HINDŪ-KUSH, encamped at
Shergirán."—_Tabakāt-i-Akbarī_, in _Elliot_, v. 223.

1753.—"Les montagnes qui donnent naissance à l'Indus, et à plusieurs des
rivières qu'il reçoit, se nomment HENDOU KESH, et c'est l'histoire de
Timur qui m'instruit de cette denomination. Elle est composée du nom
d'_Hendou_ ou _Hind_, qui désigne l'Inde ... et de _kush_ ou _kesh_ ...
que je remarque être propre à diverses montagnes."—_D'Anville_, p. 16.

1793.—"The term Hindoo-Kho, or HINDOO-KUSH, is not applied to the ridge
throughout its full extent; but seems confined to that part of it which
forms the N.W. boundary of Cabul; and this is the INDIAN CAUCASUS of
Alexander."—_Rennell, Mem._ 3rd ed. 150.

1817.—

"... those
Who dwell beyond the everlasting snows
Of HINDOO KOOSH, in stormy freedom bred."—_Mokanna._

HINDOSTAN, n.p. Pers. _Hindūstān_. (A) 'The country of the Hindūs,' India. In modern native parlance this word indicates distinctively (B) India north of the Nerbudda, and exclusive of Bengal and Behar. The latter provinces are regarded as _pūrb_ (see POORUB), and all south of the Nerbudda as _Dakhan_ (see DECCAN). But the word is used in older Mahommedan authors just as it is used in English school-books and atlases, viz. as (A) the equivalent of India Proper. Thus Baber says of Hindustān: "On the East, the South, and the West it is bounded by the Ocean" (310).

A.—

1553.—"... and so the Persian nation adjacent to it give it as at present
its proper name that of INDOSTĀN."—_Barros_, I. iv. 7.

1563.—"... and common usage in Persia, and Coraçone, and Arabia, and
Turkey, calls this country INDUSTAM ... for _istām_ is as much as to say
'region,' and _indu_ 'India.'"—_Garcia_, f. 137_b_.

1663.—"And thus it came to pass that the Persians called it
INDOSTAN."—_Faria y Sousa_, i. 33.

1665.—"La derniere parti est la plus connüe: c'est celle que l'on appelle
INDOSTAN, et dont les bornes naturelles au Couchant et au Levant, sont le
Gange et l'Indus."—_Thevenot_, v. 9.

1672.—"It has been from old time divided into two parts, _i.e._ the
Eastern, which is India beyond the Ganges, and the Western India within
the Ganges, now called INDOSTAN."—_Baldaeus_, 1.

1770.—"By INDOSTAN is properly meant a country lying between two
celebrated rivers, the Indus and the Ganges.... A ridge of mountains runs
across this long tract from north to south, and dividing it into two
equal parts, extends as far as Cape Comorin."—_Raynal_ (tr.), i. 34.

1783.—"In Macassar INDOSTAN is called _Neegree Telinga_."—_Forrest, V. to
Mergui_, 82.

B.—

1803.—"I feared that the dawk direct through HINDOSTAN would have been
stopped."—_Wellington_, ed. 1837, ii. 209.

1824.—"One of my servants called out to them,—'Aha! dandee folk, take
care! You are now in HINDOSTAN! The people of this country know well how
to fight, and are not afraid.'"—_Heber_, i. 124. See also pp. 268, 269.

In the following stanza of the good bishop's the application is apparently the same; but the accentuation is excruciating—'Hindóstan,' as if rhyming to 'Boston.'

1824.—

"Then on! then on! where duty leads,
My course be onward still,
O'er broad HINDOSTAN'S sultry meads,
Or bleak Almora's hill."—_Ibid._ 113.

1884.—"It may be as well to state that Mr. H. G. Keene's forthcoming
_History of Hindustan_ ... will be limited in its scope to the strict
meaning of the word 'HINDUSTAN' = India north of the Deccan."—_Academy_,
April 26, p. 294.

HINDOSTANEE, s. _Hindūstānī_, properly an adjective, but used substantively in two senses, viz. (A) a native of Hindustān, and (B) (_Hindūstānī zabān_) 'the language of that country,' but in fact the language of the Mahommedans of Upper India, and eventually of the Mahommedans of the Deccan, developed out of the Hindi dialect of the Doab chiefly, and of the territory round Agra and Delhi, with a mixture of Persian vocables and phrases, and a readiness to adopt other foreign words. It is also called OORDOO, _i.e._ the language of the Urdū ('Horde') or Camp. This language was for a long time a kind of Mahommedan _lingua franca_ over all India, and still possesses that character over a large part of the country, and among certain classes. Even in Madras, where it least prevails, it is still recognised in native regiments as the language of intercourse between officers and men. Old-fashioned Anglo-Indians used to call it the MOORS (q.v.).

A.—

1653.—(applied to a native.) "INDISTANNI est vn Mahometan noir des Indes,
ce nom est composé de _Indou_, Indien, et _stan_, habitation."—_De la
Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, 543.

B.—

1616.—"After this he (Tom Coryate) got a great mastery in the INDOSTAN,
or more vulgar language; there was a woman, a landress, belonging to my
Lord Embassador's house, who had such a freedom and liberty of speech,
that she would sometimes scould, brawl, and rail from the sun-rising to
the sun-set; one day he undertook her in her own language. And by eight
of the clock he so silenced her, that she had not one word more to
speak."—_Terry, Extracts relating to T. C._

1673.—"The Language at Court is _Persian_, that commonly spoke is
INDOSTAN (for which they have no proper Character, the written Language
being called _Banyan_), which is a mixture of _Persian_ and _Sclavonian_,
as are all the dialects of India."—_Fryer_, 201. This intelligent
traveller's reference to Sclavonian is remarkable, and shows a notable
perspicacity, which would have delighted the late Lord Strangford, had he
noticed the passage.

1677.—In Court's letter of 12th Dec. to Ft. St. Geo. they renew the offer
of a reward of £20, for proficiency in the Gentoo or INDOSTAN languages,
and sanction a reward of £10 each for proficiency in the Persian
language, "and that fit persons to teach the said language be
entertained."—_Notes and Exts._, No. i. 22.

1685.—"... so applyed myself to a Portuguese mariner who spoke INDOSTAN
(ye current language of all these Islands) [Maldives]."—_Hedges, Diary_,
March 9; [Hak. Soc. i. 191].

1697.—"Questions addressed to Khodja Movaad, Ambassador from Abyssinia.

* * * * *

4.—"What language he, in his audience made use of?

"The HINDUSTANI language (_Hindoestanze taal_), which the late Hon.
Paulus de Roo, then Secretary of their Excellencies the High Government
of Batavia, interpreted."—_Valentijn_, iv. 327.

[1699.—"He is expert in the HINDORSTAND or Moores Language."—In _Yule,
Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cclxvii.]

1726.—"The language here is HINDUSTANS or MOORS (so 'tis called there),
though he who can't speak any Arabic and Persian passes for an
ignoramus."—_Valentijn, Chor._ i. 37.

1727.—"This Persian ... and I, were discoursing one Day of my Affairs in
the INDUSTAN Language, which is the established Language spoken in the
Mogul's large Dominions."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 183; [ed. 1744, ii. 182].

1745.—"Benjamini Schulzii Missionarii Evangelici, Grammatica HINDOSTANICA
... Edidit, et de suscipiendâ barbaricarum linguarum culturâ praefatus
est D. Jo. Henr. Callenberg, Halae Saxoniae."—Title from Catalogue of M.
Garcin de Tassy's Books, 1879. This is the earliest we have heard of.

1763.—"Two of the Council of Pondicherry went to the camp, one of them
was well versed in the INDOSTAN and Persic languages, which are the only
tongues used in the Courts of the Mahomedan Princes."—_Orme_, i. 144 (ed.
1803).

1772.—"Manuscripts have indeed been handed about, ill spelt, with a
confused mixture of Persian, INDOSTANS, and Bengals."—Preface to
_Hadley's Grammar_, xi. (See under MOORS.)

1777.—"Alphabetum Brammhanicum seu INDOSTANUM."—_Romae._

1778.—"Grammatica INDOSTANA—A mais Vulgar—Que se practica no Imperio do
gram Mogol—Offerecida—Aos muitos Reverendos—Padres Missionarios—Do dito
Imperio. Em Roma MDCCLXXVIII—Na Estamperia da Sagrada Congregação—de
Propaganda Fide."—(Title transcribed.) There is a reprint of this
(apparently) of 1865, in the Catalogue of Garcin de Tassy's books.

c. 1830.—"Cet ignoble patois d'HINDOUSTANI, qui ne servira jamais à rien
quand je serai retourné en Europe, est difficile."—_V. Jacquemont,
Correspondance_, i. 95.

1844.—"Hd. Quarters, Kurrachee, 12th February, 1844. The Governor
unfortunately does not understand HINDOOSTANEE, nor Persian, nor
Mahratta, nor any other eastern dialect. He therefore will feel
particularly obliged to Collectors, sub-Collectors, and officers writing
the proceedings of Courts-Martial, and all Staff Officers, to indite
their various papers in English, larded with as small a portion of the to
him unknown tongues as they conveniently can, instead of those he
generally receives—namely, papers written in HINDOSTANEE larded with
occasional words in English.

"Any Indent made for English Dictionaries shall be duly attended to, if
such be in the stores at Kurrachee; if not, gentlemen who have forgotten
the vulgar tongue are requested to procure the requisite assistance from
England."—_GG. OO._, by _Sir Charles Napier_, 85.

[Compare the following:

[1617.—(In answer to a letter from the Court not now extant). "Wee have
forbidden the severall Factoryes from wrighting words in this languadge
and refrayned itt our selues, though in bookes of Coppies wee feare there
are many which by wante of tyme for perusall wee cannot rectifie or
expresse."—_Surat Factors to Court_, February 26, 1617. (_I.O. Records_:
O. C., No. 450.)]

1856.—

"... they sound strange
As HINDOSTANEE to an Ind-born man
Accustomed many years to English speech."
_E. B. Browning, Aurora Leigh._

HING, s. Asafoetida. Skt. _hingu_, Hind. _hīng_, Dakh. _hīngu_. A repulsively smelling gum-resin which forms a favourite Hindu condiment, and is used also by Europeans in Western and Southern India as an ingredient in certain cakes eaten with curry. (See POPPER-CAKE). This product affords a curious example of the uncertainty which sometimes besets the origin of drugs which are the objects even of a large traffic. Hanbury and Flückiger, whilst describing Falconer's _Narthex Asafoetida_ (_Ferula Narthex_, Boiss.) and _Scorodosma foetidum_, Bunge; (_F. asafoetida_, Boiss.) two umbelliferous plants, both cited as the source of this drug, say that neither has been proved to furnish the _asafoetida_ of commerce. Yet the plant producing it has been described and drawn by Kaempfer, who saw the gum-resin collected in the Persian Province of Lāristān (near the eastern shore of the P. Gulf); and in recent years (1857) Surgeon-Major Bellew has described the collection of the drug near Kandahar. Asafoetida has been identified with the σίλφιον or _laserpitium_ of the ancients. The substance is probably yielded not only by the species mentioned above, but by other allied plants, _e.g._ _Ferula Jaeschkiana_, Vatke, of Kashmīr and Turkistan. The _hing_ of the Bombay market is the produce of _F. alliacea_, Boiss. [See _Watt, Econ. Dict._ iii. 328 _seqq._]

c. 645.—"This kingdom of Tsao-kiu-tcha (Tsāukūta?) has about 7000 _li_ of
compass,—the compass of the capital called _Ho-sí-na_ (Ghazna) is 30
_li_.... The soil is favourable to the plant _Yo-Kin_ (Curcuma, or
turmeric) and to that called HING-KIU."—_Pèlerins Boudd._, iii. 187.

1563.—"A Portuguese in Bisnagar had a horse of great value, but which
exhibited a deal of flatulence, and on that account the King would not
buy it. The Portuguese cured it by giving it this YMGU mixt with flour:
the King then bought it, finding it thoroughly well, and asked him how he
had cured it. When the man said it was with YMGU, the King replied: ''Tis
nothing then to marvel at, for you have given it to eat the food of the
gods' (or, as the poets say, nectar). Whereupon the Portuguese made
answer _sotto voce_ and in Portuguese: 'Better call it the food of the
devils!'"—_Garcia_, f. 21_b_. The Germans do worse than this Portuguese,
for they call the drug _Teufels dreck_, _i.e._ _diaboli non cibus sed
stercus_!

1586.—"I went from _Agra_ to _Satagam_ (see CHITTAGONG) in _Bengale_ in
the companie of one hundred and four score Boates, laden with Salt,
_Opium_, HINGE, Lead, Carpets, and divers other commodities down the
River Jemena."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 386.

1611.—"In the Kingdom of Gujarat and Cambaya, the natives put in all
their food INGU, which is Assafetida."—_Teixeira, Relaciones_, 29.

1631.—"... ut totas aedas foetore replerent, qui insuetis vix tolerandus
esset. Quod Javani et Malaii et caeteri Indiarum incolae negabant se
quicquam odoratius naribus unquam percepisse. Apud hos HIN his succus
nominatur."—_Jac. Bontii_, lib. iv. p. 41.

1638.—"Le HINGH, que nos droguistes et apoticaires appellent _Assa
foetida_, vient la plus part de Perse, mais celle que la Province d'Vtrad
(?) produit dans les Indes est bien meilleur."—_Mandelslo_, 230.

1673.—"In this Country _Assa Foetida_ is gathered at a place called
_Descoon_; some deliver it to be the Juice of a Cane or Reed inspissated;
others, of a Tree wounded: It differs much from the stinking Stuff called
HING, it being of the Province of _Carmania_; this latter is that the
_Indians_ perfume themselves with, mixing it in all their Pulse, and make
it up in Wafers to correct the Windiness of their Food."—_Fryer_, 239.

1689.—"The Natives at Suratt are much taken with _Assa Foetida_, which
they call HIN, and mix a little with the Cakes that they
eat."—_Ovington_, 397.

1712.—"... substantiam obtinet ponderosam, instar rapae solidam
candidissimamque, plenam succi pinguis, albissimi, foetidissimi, porraceo
odore nares horridé ferientis; qui ex eâ collectus, Persis Indisque
HINGH, Europaeis Asa foetida appellatur."—_Eng. Kaempfer Amoen. Exotic._
537.

1726.—"HING or _Assa Foetida_, otherwise called Devil's-dung
(_Duivelsdrek_)."—_Valentijn_, iv. 146.