Chapter LXVI: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (63)

PENANG LAWYER, s. The popular name of a handsome and hard (but sometimes brittle) walking-stick, exported from Penang and Singapore. It is the stem of a miniature palm (_Licuala acutifida_, Griffith). The sticks are prepared by scraping the young stem with glass, so as to remove the epidermis and no more. The sticks are then straightened by fire and polished (_Balfour_). The name is popularly thought to have originated in a jocular supposition that law-suits in Penang were decided by the _lex baculina_. But there can be little doubt that it is a corruption of some native term, and _pinang liyar_, 'wild areca' [or _pinang lāyor_, "fire-dried areca," which is suggested in _N.E.D._], may almost be assumed to be the real name. [Dennys (_Descr. Dict._ s.v.) says from "_Layor_, a species of cane furnishing the sticks so named." But this is almost certainly wrong.]

1883.—(But the book—an excellent one—is without date—more shame to the
_Religious Tract Society_ which publishes it). "Next morning, taking my
'PENANG LAWYER' to defend myself from dogs...." The following note is
added: "A PENANG LAWYER is a heavy walking-stick, supposed to be so
called from its usefulness in settling disputes in Penang."—_Gilmour,
Among the Mongols_, 14.

PENGUIN, s. Popular name of several species of birds belonging to the genera _Aptenodytes_ and _Spheniscus_. We have not been able to ascertain the etymology of this name. It may be from the Port. _pingue_, 'fat.' See Littré. He quotes Clausius as picturing it, who says they were called a _pinguedine_. It is surely not that given by Sir Thomas Herbert in proof of the truth of the legend of Madoc's settlement in America; and which is indeed implied 60 years before by the narrator of Drake's voyage; though probably borrowed by Herbert direct from Selden.

1578.—"In these Islands we found greate relief and plenty of good
victuals, for infinite were the number of fowle which the Welsh men named
PENGUIN, and Magilanus tearmed them geese...."—_Drake's Voyage_, by _F.
Fletcher_, Hak. Soc. p. 72.

1593.—"The PENGWIN described."—_Hawkins, V. to S. Sea_, p. 111, Hak. Soc.

1606.—"The PENGWINES bee as bigge as our greatest Capons we have in
England, they have no winges nor cannot flye ... they bee exceeding
fatte, but their flesh is verie ranke...."—_Middleton_, f. B. 4.

1609.—"Nous trouvâmes beaucoup de Chiẽs de Mer, et Oyseaux qu'on appelle
PENGUYNS, dont l'Escueil en estait quasi couvert."—_Houtman_, p. 4.

c. 1610.—"... le reste est tout couvert ... d'vne quantité d'Oyseaux
nommez PINGUY, qui font là leurs oeufs et leurs petits, et il y en a une
quantité si prodigieuse qu'on ne sçauroit mettre ... le pied en quelque
endroit que ce soit sans toucher."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 73; [Hak. Soc.
i. 97, also see i. 16].

1612.—"About the year CIↃ. C.LXX. Madoc brother to _David ap Owen_,
prince of Wales, made this sea voyage (to _Florida_); and by probability
these names of _Capo de Briton_ in _Norumbeg_, and PENGWIN in part of the
Northern America, for a _white_ rock, and a _white-headed_ bird,
according to the _British_, were relicks of this discovery."—_Selden,
Notes on Drayton's Polyolbion_, in _Works_ (ed. 1726), iii. col. 1802.

1616.—"The Island called PEN-GUIN Island, probably so named by some
Welshman, in whose Language PEN-GUIN signifies a white head; and there
are many great lazy fowls upon, and about, this Island, with great
cole-black bodies, and very white heads, called PENGUINS."—_Terry_, ed.
1665, p. 334.

1638.—"... that this people (of the Mexican traditions) were Welsh rather
than Spaniards or others, the Records of this Voyage writ by many Bardhs
and Genealogists confirme it ... made more orthodoxall by Welsh names
given there to birds, rivers, rocks, beasts, &c., as ... PENGWYN, refer'd
by them to a bird that has a white head...."—_Herbert, Some Yeares
Travels_, &c., p. 360.

Unfortunately for this etymology the head is precisely that part which
seems in all species of the bird to be black! But M. Roulin, quoted by
Littré, maintains the Welsh (or Breton) etymology, thinking the name was
first given to some short-winged sea-bird with a white head, and then
transferred to the penguin. And _Terry_, if to be depended on, supports
this view. [So Prof. Skeat (_Concise Dict._, s.v.): "In that case, it
must first have been given to another bird, such as the auk (the puffin
is common in Anglesey), since the penguin's head is black."]

1674.—

"So Horses they affirm to be
Mere Engines made by Geometry,
And were invented first from Engins,
As _Indian Britons_ were from PENGUINS."
_Hudibras_, Pt. I. Canto ii. 57.

[1869.—In Lombock ducks "are very cheap and are largely consumed by the
crews of the rice ships, by whom they are called Baly-soldiers, but are
more generally known elsewhere as PENGUIN-_ducks_."—_Wallace, Malay
Archip._ ed. 1890, p. 135.]

PEON, s. This is a Portuguese word _peão_ (Span. _peon_); from _pé_, 'foot,' and meaning a 'footman' (also a _pawn_ at chess), and is not therefore a corruption, as has been alleged, of Hind. _piyāda_, meaning the same; though the words are, of course ultimately akin in root. It was originally used in the sense of 'a foot-soldier'; thence as 'orderly' or messenger. The word _Sepoy_ was used within our recollection, and perhaps is still, in the same sense in the city of Bombay. The transition of meaning comes out plainly in the quotation from Ives. In the sense of 'orderly,' _peon_ is the word usual in S. India, whilst CHUPRASSY (q.v.) is more common in N. India, though _peon_ is also used there. The word is likewise very generally employed for men on police service (see BURKUNDAUZE). [Mr. Skeat notes that _Piyun_ is used in the Malay States, and _Tambi_ or _Tanby_ at Singapore]. The word had probably become unusual in Portugal by 1600; for Manoel Correa, an early commentator on the Lusiads (d. 1613), thinks it necessary to explain PIÕES by 'gente de pé.'

1503.—"The Çamorym ordered the soldier (PIÃO) to take the letter away,
and strictly forbade him to say anything about his having seen
it."—_Correa, Lendas_, I. i. 421.

1510.—"So the Sabayo, putting much trust in this (Rumi), made him captain
within the city (Goa), and outside of it put under him a captain of his
with two thousand soldiers (PIÃES) from the Balagate...."—_Ibid._ II. i.
51.

1563.—"The pawn (PIÃO) they call _Piada_, which is as much as to say a
man who travels on foot."—_Garcia_, f. 37.

1575.—

"O Rey de Badajos era alto Mouro
Con quatro mil cavallos furiosos,
Innumeros PIÕES, darmas e de ouro,
Guarnecidos, guerreiros, e lustrosos."
_Camões_, iii. 66.

By Burton:

"The King of Badajos was a Moslem bold,
with horse four thousand, fierce and furious knights,
and countless PEONS, armed and dight with gold,
whose polisht surface glanceth lustrous light."

1609.—"The first of February the Capitaine departed with fiftie
PEONS...."—_W. Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 421.

c. 1610.—"Les PIONS marchent après le prisonnier, lié avec des cordes
qu'ils tiennent."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii. 11; [Hak. Soc. ii. 17; also i.
428, 440; ii. 16].

[1616.—"This Shawbunder (see SHABUNDER) imperiously by a couple of PYONS
commanded him from me."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 351.]

c. 1630.—"The first of _December_, with some PE-UNES (or black
Foot-boyes, who can pratle some English) we rode (from Swally) to
Surat."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed. 1638, p. 35. [For "black" the ed. of 1677
reads "olive-coloured," p. 42.]

1666.—"... siete cientos y treinta y tres mil PEONES."—_Faria y Sousa_,
i. 195.

1673.—"The Town is walled with Mud, and Bulwarks for Watch-Places for the
English PEONS."—_Fryer_, 29.

" "... PEONS or servants to wait on us."—_Ibid._ 26.

1687.—"Ordered that ten PEONS be sent along the coast to Pulicat ... and
enquire all the way for goods driven ashore."—In _Wheeler_, i. 179.

1689.—"At this Moors Town, they got a PEUN to be their guide to the
Mogul's nearest Camp.... These PEUNS are some of the Gentous or
_Rashbouts_ (see RAJPOOT), who in all places along the Coast, especially
in Seaport Towns, make it their business to hire themselves to wait upon
Strangers."—_Dampier_, i. 508.

" "A PEON of mine, named _Gemal_, walking abroad in the Grass after
the Rains, was unfortunately bit on a sudden by one of them" (a
snake).—_Ovington_, 260.

1705.—"... PIONS qui sont ce que nous appellons ici des
Gardes...."—_Luillier_, 218.

1745.—"Dès le lendemain je fis assembler dans la Forteresse où je
demeurois en qualité d'Aumonier, le Chef des PIONS, chez qui s'étaient
fait les deux mariages."—_Norbert, Mém._ iii. 129.

1746.—"As the Nabob's behaviour when Madras was attacked by De la
Bourdonnais, had caused the English to suspect his assurances of
assistance, they had 2,000 PEONS in the defence of Cuddalore...."—_Orme_,
i. 81.

c. 1760.—"PEON. One who waits about the house to run on messages; and he
commonly carries under his arm a sword, or in his sash a _krese_, and in
his hand a ratan, to keep the rest of the servants in subjection. He also
walks before your palanquin, carries CHITS (q.v.) or notes, and is your
bodyguard."—_Ives_, 50.

1763.—"Europeans distinguish these undisciplined troops by the general
name of PEONS."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, i. 80.

1772.—Hadley, writing in Bengal, spells the word PUNE; but this is
evidently phonetic.

c. 1785.—"... PEONS, a name for the infantry of the
Deckan."—_Carraccioli's Life of Clive_, iv. 563.

1780-90.—"I sent off annually from Sylhet from 150 to 200 (elephants)
divided into 4 distinct flocks.... They were put under charge of the
common PEON. These people were often absent 18 months. On one occasion my
servant Manoo ... after a twelve-months' absence returned ... in
appearance most miserable; he unfolded his girdle, and produced a scrap
of paper of small dimensions, which proved to be a banker's bill
amounting to 3 or 4,000 pounds,—his own pay was 30 shillings a month....
When I left India Manoo was still absent on one of these excursions, but
he delivered to my agents as faithful an account of the produce as he
would have done to myself...."—_Hon. R. Lindsay_, in _Lives of the
Lindsays_, iii. 77.

1842.—"... he was put under arrest for striking, and throwing into the
Indus, an inoffensive PEON, who gave him no provocation, but who was
obeying the orders he received from Captain ——. The Major General has
heard it said that the supremacy of the British over the native must be
maintained in India, and he entirely concurs in that opinion, but it must
be maintained by justice."—_Gen. Orders, &c., of Sir Ch. Napier_, p. 72.

1873.—"Pandurang is by turns a servant to a shopkeeper, a PEON, or
orderly, a groom to an English officer ... and eventually a pleader
before an English Judge in a populous city."—_Saturday Review_, May 31,
p. 728.

PEPPER, s. The original of this word, Skt. _pippali_, means not the ordinary pepper of commerce ('black pepper') but _long pepper_, and the Sanskrit name is still so applied in Bengal, where one of the long-pepper plants, which have been classed sometimes in a different genus (_Chavica_) from the black pepper, was at one time much cultivated. There is still indeed a considerable export of long pepper from Calcutta; and a kindred species grows in the Archipelago. Long pepper is mentioned by Pliny, as well as white and black pepper; the three varieties still known in trade, though with the kind of error that has persisted on such subjects till quite recently, he misapprehends their relation. The proportion of their ancient prices will be found in a quotation below.

The name must have been transferred by foreign traders to black pepper, the staple of export, at an early date, as will be seen from the quotations. _Pippalimūla_, the root of long pepper, still a stimulant medicine in the native pharmacopoeia, is probably the πεπέρεως ῥίζα of the ancients (_Royle_, p. 86).

We may say here that _Black pepper_ is the fruit of a perennial climbing shrub, _Piper nigrum_, L., indigenous in the forests of Malabar and Travancore, and thence introduced into the Malay countries, particularly Sumatra.

_White pepper_ is prepared from the black by removing the dark outer layer of pericarp, thereby depriving it of a part of its pungency. It comes chiefly _viâ_ Singapore from the Dutch settlement of Rhio, but a small quantity of fine quality comes from Tellicherry in Malabar.

_Long pepper_ is derived from two shrubby plants, _Piper officinarum_, C.D.C., a native of the Archipelago, and _Piper longum_, L., indigenous in Malabar, Ceylon, E. Bengal, Timor, and the Philippines. Long pepper is the fruit-spike gathered and dried when not quite ripe (_Hanbury and Flückiger, Pharmacographia_). All these kinds of pepper were, as has been said, known to the ancients.

c. 70 A.D.—"The cornes or graines ... lie in certaine little huskes or
cods.... If that be plucked from the tree before they gape and open of
themselves, they make that spice which is called LONG PEPPER; but if as
they do ripen, they cleave and chawne by little and little, they shew
within the WHITE PEPPER: which afterwards beeing parched in the Sunne,
chaungeth colour and waxeth blacke, and therewith riveled also.... LONG
PEPPER is soone sophisticated, with the senvie or mustard seed of
Alexandria: and a pound of it is worth fifteen Roman deniers. The WHITE
costeth seven deniers a pound, and the BLACK is sold after foure deniers
by the pound."—_Pliny_, tr. by _Phil. Holland_, Bk. xii. ch. 7.

c. 80-90.—"And there come to these marts great ships, on account of the
bulk and quantity of PEPPER and MALABATHRUM.... The PEPPER is brought (to
market) here, being produced largely only in one district near these
marts, that which is called _Kottonarikē_."—_Periplus_, § 56.

c. A.D. 100.—"The PEPPER-tree (πέπερι δένδρον) is related to grow in
India; it is short, and the fruit as it first puts it forth is long,
resembling pods; and this LONG PEPPER has within it (grains) like small
millet, which are what grow to be the perfect (BLACK) PEPPER. At the
proper season it opens and puts forth a cluster bearing the berries such
as we know them. But those that are like unripe grapes, which constitute
the WHITE PEPPER, serve the best for eye-remedies, and for antidotes, and
for theriacal potencies."—_Dioscorides, Mat. Med._ ii. 188.

c. 545.—"This is the PEPPER-tree" (there is a drawing). "Every plant of
it is twined round some lofty forest tree, for it is weak and slim like
the slender stems of the vine. And every bunch of fruit has a double leaf
as a shield; and it is very green, like the green of rue."—_Cosmas_, Book
xi.

c. 870.—"The mariners say every bunch of PEPPER has over it a leaf that
shelters it from the rain. When the rain ceases the leaf turns aside; if
rain recommences the leaf again covers the fruit."—_Ibn Khurdādba_, in
_Journ. As._ 6th ser. tom. v. 284.

1166.—"The trees which bear this fruit are planted in the fields which
surround the towns, and every one knows his plantation. The trees are
small, and the PEPPER is originally white, but when they collect it they
put it into basons and pour hot water upon it; it is then exposed to the
heat of the sun, and dried ... in the course of which process it becomes
of a black colour."—_Rabbi Benjamin_, in _Wright_, p. 114.

c. 1330.—"L'albore che fa il PEPE è fatto come l'elera che nasce su per
gli muri. Questo pepe sale su per gli arbori che l'uomini piantano a modo
de l'elera, e sale sopra tutti li arbori più alti. Questo pepe fa rami a
modo dell'uve; ... e maturo si lo vendemiano a modo de l'uve e poi
pongono il pepe al sole a seccare come uve passe, e nulla altra cosa si
fa del PEPE."—_Odoric_, in _Cathay_, App. xlvii.

PERGUNNAH, s. Hind. _pargana_ [Skt. _pragaṇ_, 'to reckon up'], a subdivision of a 'District' (see ZILLAH).

c. 1500.—"The divisions into _súbas_ (see SOUBA) and PARGANAS, which are
maintained to the present day in the province of Tatta, were made by
these people" (the Samma Dynasty).—_Tárikh-i-Táhirí_, in _Elliot_, i.
273.

1535.—"Item, from the three PRAGUANAS, viz., Anzor, Cairena, Panchenaa
133,260 _fedeas_."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 139.

[1614.—"I wrote him to stay in the PREGONAS near Agra."—_Foster,
Letters_, ii. 106.]

[1617.—"For that Muckshud had also newly answered he had mist his
PRIGANY."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 415.]

1753.—"Masulipatnam ... est capitale de ce qu'on appelle dans l'Inde un
Sercar (see SIRCAR), qui comprend plusieurs PERGANÉS, ou districts
particuliers."—_D'Anville_, 132.

1812.—"A certain number of villages with a society thus organised, formed
a PERGUNNAH."—_Fifth Report_, 16.

PERGUNNAHS, THE TWENTY-FOUR, n.p. The official name of the District immediately adjoining and inclosing, though not administratively including, Calcutta. The name is one of a character very ancient in India and the East. It was the original 'Zemindary of Calcutta' granted to the English Company by a 'Subadar's Perwana' in 1757-58. This grant was subsequently confirmed by the Great Mogul as an unconditional and rent-free JAGHEER (q.v.). The quotation from Sir Richard Phillips' _Million of Facts_, illustrates the development of 'facts' out of the moral consciousness. The book contains many of equal value. An approximate parallel to this statement would be that London is divided into Seven Dials.

1765.—"The lands of the TWENTY-FOUR PURGUNNAHS, ceded to the Company by
the treaty of 1757, which subsequently became Colonel _Clive's_ jagghier,
were rated on the King's books at 2 lac and 22,000 rupees."—_Holwell,
Hist. Events_, 2nd ed., p. 217.

1812.—"The number of convicts confined at the six stations of this
division (independent of _Zillah_ TWENTY-FOUR PERGUNNAHS), is about
4,000. Of them probably nine-tenths are dacoits."—_Fifth Report_, 559.

c. 1831.—"Bengal is divided in 24 PERGUNNAHS, each with its judge and
magistrate, registrar, &c."—_Sir R. Phillips, Million of Facts_, stereot.
ed. 1843, 927.

PERI, s. This Persian word for a class of imaginary sprites, rendered familiar in the verses of Moore and Southey, has no blood-relationship with the English _Fairy_, notwithstanding the exact compliance with Grimm's Law in the change of initial consonant. The Persian word is _parī_, from _par_, 'a feather, or wing'; therefore 'the winged one'; [so F. Johnson, _Pers. Dict._; but the derivation is very doubtful;] whilst the genealogy of _fairy_ is apparently Ital. _fata_, French _fée_, whence _féerie_ ('fay-dom') and thence _fairy_.

[c. 1500?—"I am the only daughter of a Jinn chief of noblest strain and
my name is PERI-Banu."—_Arab. Nights, Burton_, x. 264.]

1800.—

"From cluster'd henna, and from orange groves,
That with such perfumes fill the breeze
As PERIS to their Sister bear,
When from the summit of some lofty tree
She hangs encaged, the captive of the Dives."
_Thalaba_, xi. 24.

1817.—

"But nought can charm the luckless PERI;
Her soul is sad—her wings are weary."
_Moore, Paradise and the_ PERI.

PERPET, PERPETUANO, s. The name of a cloth often mentioned in the 17th and first part of the 18th centuries, as an export from England to the East. It appears to have been a light and glossy twilled stuff of wool, [which like another stuff of the same kind called '_Lasting_,' took its name from its durability. (See _Draper's Dict._ s.v.)]. In France it was called _perpétuanne_ or _sempiterne_, in Ital. _perpetuana_.

[1609.—"Karsies, PERPETUANOS and other woollen Comodities."—_Birdwood,
Letter Book_, 288.

[1617.—"PERPETUANO, 1 bale."—_Cocks's Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 293.

[1630.—"... Devonshire kersies or PERPETUITIES...."—_Forrest, Bombay
Letters_, i. 4.

[1680.—"PERPETUANCES."—_Ibid._ ii. 401.]

1711.—"Goods usually imported (to China) from _Europe_ are Bullion
Cloths, Clothrash, PERPETUANO'S, and Camblets of Scarlet, black, blew,
sad and violet Colours, which are of late so lightly set by; that to bear
the Dutys, and bring the prime Cost, is as much as can reasonably be
hoped for."—_Lockyer_, 147.

[1717.—"... a Pavilion lined with Imboss'd PERPETS."—In _Yule, Hedges'
Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. ccclix.]

1754.—"Being requested by the Trustees of the Charity Stock of this place
to make an humble application to you for an order that the children upon
the Foundation to the number of 12 or 14 may be supplied at the expense
of the Honorable Company with a coat of blue PERPETS or some ordinary
cloth...."—_Petition of Revd. R. Mapletoft_, in _Long_, p. 29.

1757.—Among the presents sent to the King of Ava with the mission of
Ensign Robert Lester, we find:

"2 Pieces of ordinary Red Broad Cloth.
3 Do. of PÉRPETUÁNOES Popingay."
In _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 203.

PERSAIM, n.p. This is an old form of the name of BASSEIN (q.v.) in Pegu. It occurs (_e.g._) in _Milburn_, ii. 281.

1759.—"The Country for 20 miles round PERSAIM is represented as capable
of producing Rice, sufficient to supply the Coast of CHOROMANDEL from
_Pondicherry_ to _Masulipatam_."—Letter in _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 110.
Also in a Chart by Capt. G. Baker, 1754.

1795.—"Having ordered presents of a trivial nature to be presented, in
return for those brought from Negrais, he referred the deputy ... to the
Birman Governor of PERSAIM for a ratification and final adjustment of the
treaty."—_Symes_, p. 40. But this author also uses _Bassien_ (_e.g._ 32),
and "PERSAIM or _Bassien_" (39), which alternatives are also in the chart
by Ensign Wood.

PERSIMMON, s. This American name is applied to a fruit common in China and Japan, which in a dried state is imported largely from China into Tibet. The tree is the _Diospyros kaki_, L. fil., a species of the same genus which produces ebony. The word is properly the name of an American fruit and tree of the same genus (_D. virginiana_), also called date-plum, and, according to the Dictionary of Worcester, belonged to the Indian language of Virginia. [The word became familiar in 1896 as the name of the winner of the Derby.]

1878.—"The finest fruit of Japan is the _Kaki_ or PERSIMMON (_Diospyros
Kaki_), a large golden fruit on a beautiful tree."—_Miss Bird's Japan_,
i. 234.

PERUMBAUCUM, n.p. A town 14 m. N.W. of Conjevaram, in the district of Madras [Chingleput]. The name is perhaps _perum-pākkam_, Tam., 'big village.'

PESCARIA, n.p. The coast of Tinnevelly was so called by the Portuguese, from the great pearl 'fishery' there.

[c. 1566.—See under BAZAAR.]

1600.—"There are in the Seas of the East three principal mines where they
fish pearls.... The third is between the Isle of Ceilon and Cape Comory,
and on this account the Coast which runs from the said Cape to the shoals
of Ramanancor and Manâr is called, in part, PESCARIA...."—_Lucena_, 80.

[1616.—"PESQUERIA." See under CHILAW.]

1615.—"Iam nonnihil de orâ _Piscariâ_ dicamus quae iam inde a promontorio
Commorino in Orientem ad usque breuia Ramanancoridis extenditur, quod
haud procul inde celeberrimus, maximus, et copiosissimus toto Oriente
Margaritarum piscatus instituitur...."—_Jarric, Thes._ i. 445.

1710.—"The Coast of the PESCARIA of the mother of pearl which runs from
the Cape of Camorim to the Isle of Manar, for the space of seventy
leagues, with a breadth of six inland, was the first debarcation of this
second conquest."—_Sousa, Orient. Conquist._ i. 122.

PESHAWUR, n.p. _Peshāwar_. This name of what is now the frontier city and garrison of India towards Kābul, is sometimes alleged to have been given by Akbar. But in substance the name is of great antiquity, and all that can be alleged as to Akbar is that he is said to have modified the old name, and that since his time the present form has been in use. A notice of the change is quoted below from Gen. Cunningham; we cannot give the authority on which the statement rests. Peshāwar could hardly be called a frontier town in the time of Akbar, standing as it did according to the administrative division of the _Āīn_, about the middle of the Sūba of Kābul, which included Kashmīr and all west of it. We do not find that the modern form occurs in the text of the _Āīn_ as published by Prof. Blochmann. In the translation of the _Ṭabaḳāt-i-Akbarī_ of Nizāmu-d-din Ahmad (died 1594-95), in Elliot, we find the name transliterated variously as _Pesháwar_ (v. 448), _Parsháwar_ (293), _Parshor_ (423), _Pershor_ (424). We cannot doubt that the Chinese form _Folausha_ in Fah-hian already expresses the name _Parashāwar_, or _Parshāwar_.

c. 400.—"From Gandhâra, going south 4 days' journey, we arrive at the
country of FO-LAU-SHA. In old times Buddha, in company with all his
disciples, travelled through this country."—_Fah-hian_, by _Beal_, p. 34.

c. 630.—"The Kingdom of Kien-to-lo (Gândhâra) extends about 1000 _li_
from E. to W. and 800 _li_ from S. to N. On the East it adjoins the river
_Sin_ (Indus). The capital of this country is called PU-LU-SHA-PU-LO
(Purashapura).... The towns and villages are almost deserted.... There
are about a thousand convents, ruined and abandoned; full of wild plants,
and presenting only a melancholy solitude...."—_Hwen T'sang, Pèl. Boud._
ii. 104-105.

c. 1001.—"On his (Mahmúd's) reaching PURSHAUR, he pitched his tent
outside the city. There he received intelligence of the bold resolve of
Jaipál, the enemy of God, and the King of Hind, to offer
opposition."—_Al-Utbi_, in _Elliot_, ii. 25.

c. 1020.—"The aggregate of these waters forms a large river opposite the
city of PARSHÁWAR."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Elliot_, i. 47. See also 63.

1059.—"The Amír ordered a letter to be despatched to the minister,
telling him 'I have determined to go to Hindustán, and pass the winter in
Waihind, and Marminára, and BARSHÚR...."—_Baihaki_, in _Elliot_, ii. 150.

c. 1220.—"FARSHĀBŪR. The vulgar pronunciation is BARSHĀWŪR. A large tract
between Ghazna and Lahor, famous in the history of the Musulman
conquest."—_Yāḳūt_, in _Barbier de Maynard, Dict. de la Perse_, 418.

1519.—"We held a consultation, in which it was resolved to plunder the
country of the Aferîdî Afghâns, as had been proposed by Sultan Bayezîd,
to fit up the fort of PERSHÂWER for the reception of their effects and
corn, and to leave a garrison in it."—_Baber_, 276.

c. 1555.—"We came to the city of PURSHAWAR, and having thus fortunately
passed the _Kotal_ we reached the town of Joshāya. On the Kotal we saw
rhinoceroses, the size of a small elephant."—_Sidi 'Ali_, in _J. As._
Ser. i. tom. ix. 201.

c. 1590.—"Tumān Bagrām, which they call PARSHĀWAR; the spring here is a
source of delight. There is in this place a great place of worship which
they call Gorkhatri, to which people, especially Jogis, resort from great
distances."—_Āīn_ (orig.), i. 592; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 404. In iii. 69,
PARASHÁWAR].

1754.—"On the news that PEISHOR was taken, and that Nadir Shah was
preparing to pass the Indus, the Moghol's court, already in great
disorder, was struck with terror."—_H. of Nadir Shah_, in _Hanway_, ii.
363.

1783.—"The heat of PESHOUR seemed to me more intense, than that of any
country I have visited in the upper parts of India. Other places may be
warm; hot winds blowing over tracts of sand may drive us under the
shelter of a wetted skreen; but at PESHOUR, the atmosphere, in the summer
solstice, becomes almost inflammable."—_G. Forster_, ed. 1808, ii. 57.

1863.—"Its present name we owe to Akbar, whose fondness for innovation
led him to change the ancient PARASHÂWARA, of which he did not know the
meaning, to PESHÂWAR, or the 'frontier town.' Abul Fazl gives both
names."—_Cunningham, Arch. Reports_, ii. 87. Gladwin does in his
translation give both names; but see above.

PESHCUBZ, s. A form of dagger, the blade of which has a straight thick back, while the edge curves inwardly from a broad base to a very sharp point. Pers. _pesh-ḳabz_, 'fore-grip.' The handle is usually made of _shirmāhī_, 'the white bone (tooth?) of a large cetacean'; probably morse-tooth, which is repeatedly mentioned in the early English trade with Persia as an article much in demand (_e.g._ see _Sainsbury_, ii. 65, 159, 204, 305; iii. 89, 162, 268, 287, &c.). [The _peshḳubz_ appears several times in Mr. Egerton's _Catalogue of Indian Arms_, and one is illustrated, Pl. xv. No. 760.]

1767.—

"Received for sundry jewels, &c. (Rs.) 7326 0 0
Ditto for knife, or PESHCUBZ
(misprinted _pesheolz_) 3500 0 0."
_Lord Clive's Accounts_, in _Long_, 497.

PESHCUSH, s. Pers. _pesh-kash_. Wilson interprets this as literally 'first-fruits.' It is used as an offering or tribute, but with many specific and technical senses which will be found in Wilson, _e.g._ a fine on appointment, renewal, or investiture; a quit-rent, a payment exacted on lands formerly rent-free, or in substitution for service no longer exacted; sometimes a present to a great man, or (loosely) for the ordinary Government demand on land. PESHCUSH, in the old English records, is most generally used in the sense of a present to a great man.

1653.—"PESKET est vn presant en Turq."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed.
1657, p. 553.

1657.—"As to the PISCASH for the King of Golcundah, if it be not already
done, we do hope with it you may obteyn our liberty to coyne silver
Rupees and copper Pice at the Fort, which would be a great accommodation
to our Trade. But in this and all other PISCASHES be as sparing as you
can."—_Letter of Court to Ft. St. Geo._, in _Notes and Exts._, No. i. p.
7.

1673.—"Sometimes sending PISHCASHES of considerable value."—_Fryer_, 166.

1675.—"Being informed that Mr. Mohun had sent a PISCASH of Persian Wine,
Cases of Stronge Water, &c. to ye Great Governour of this Countrey, that
is 2_d._ or 3_d._ pson in ye kingdome, I went to his house to speake abt.
it, when he kept me to dine with him."—_Puckle's Diary_, MS. in India
Office.

[1683.—"PISCASH." (See under FIRMAUN.)]

1689.—"But the PISHCUSHES or Presents expected by the _Nabobs_ and
_Omrahs_ retarded our Inlargement for some time
notwithstanding."—_Ovington_, 415.

1754.—"After I have refreshed my army at DELHIE, and received the subsidy
(_Note._—'This is called a PEISCHCUSH, or present from an inferior to a
superior. The sum agreed for was 20 crores') which must be paid, I will
leave you in possession of his dominion."—_Hist. of Nadir Shah_, in
_Hanway_, ii. 371.

1761.—"I have obtained a promise from his Majesty of his royal
confirmation of all your possessions and priviledges, provided you pay
him a proper PISHCUSH...."—_Major Carnac_ to the Governor and Council, in
_Van Sittart_, i. 119.

1811.—"By the _fixed or regulated sum_ ... the Sultan ... means the
PAISHCUSH, or tribute, which he was bound by former treaties to pay to
the Government of Poonah; but which he does not think proper to ...
designate by any term denotive of inferiority, which the word _Paishcush_
certainly is."—_Kirkpatrick_, Note on _Tippoo's Letters_, p. 9.

PESH-KHĀNA, PESH-KHIDMAT, ss. Pers. 'Fore-service.' The tents and accompanying retinue sent on over-night, during a march, to the new camping ground, to receive the master on his arrival. A great personage among the natives, or among ourselves, has a complete double establishment, one portion of which goes thus every night in advance. [Another term used is PESHKHAIMA Pers. 'advance tents,' as below.]

1665.—"When the King is in the field, he hath usually two Camps ... to
the end that when he breaketh up and leaveth one, the other may have
passed before by a day and be found ready when he arriveth at the place
design'd to encamp at; and 'tis therefore that they are called
PEICHE-KANES, as if you should say, Houses going before...."—_Bernier_,
E.T. 115; [ed. _Constable_, 359].

[1738.—"PEISH-KHANNA is the term given to the royal tents and their
appendages in India."—_Hanway_, iv. 153.

[1862.—"The result of all this uproarious bustle has been the erection of
the Sardár's peshkhaima, or advanced tent."—_Bellew, Journal of Mission_,
409.]

PESHWA, s. from Pers. 'a leader, a guide.' The chief minister of the Mahratta power, who afterwards, supplanting his master, the descendant of Sivaji, became practically the prince of an independent State and chief of the Mahrattas. The Peshwa's power expired with the surrender to Sir John Malcolm of the last Peshwa, Bājī Rāo, in 1817. He lived in wealthy exile, and with a _jāgīr_ under his own jurisdiction, at Bhitūr, near Cawnpoor, till January 1851. His adopted son, and the claimant of his honours and allowances, was the infamous Nānā Sāhib.

Mr C. P. Brown gives a feminine _peshwīn_: "The princess Gangā Bāī was _Peshwīn_ of Purandhar." (MS. notes).

1673.—"He answered, it is well, and referred our Business to _Moro
Pundit_ his PESHUA, or Chancellour, to examine our Articles, and give an
account of what they were."—_Fryer_, 79.

1803.—"But how is it with the PESHWAH? He has no minister; no person has
influence over him, and he is only guided by his own
caprices."—_Wellington Desp._, ed. 1837, ii. 177.

In the following passage (_quandoquidem dormitans_) the Great Duke had forgotten that things were changed since he left India, whilst the editor perhaps did not know:

1841.—"If you should draw more troops from the Establishment of Fort St.
George, you will have to place under arms the subsidiary force of the
Nizam, the PEISHWAH, and the force in Mysore, and the districts ceded by
the Nizam in 1800-1801."—Letter from the _D. of Wellington_, in _Ind.
Adm. of Lord Ellenborough_, 1874. (Dec. 29). The Duke was oblivious when
he spoke of the Peshwa's Subsidiary Force in 1841.

PETERSILLY, s. This is the name by which 'parsley' is generally called in N. India. We have heard it quoted there as an instance of the absurd corruption of English words in the mouths of natives. But this case at least might more justly be quoted as an example of accurate transfer. The word is simply the Dutch term for 'parsley,' viz. PETERSILIE, from the Lat. _petroselinum_, of which _parsley_ is itself a double corruption through the French _persil_. In the Arabic of Avicenna the name is given as _fatrasiliūn_.

PETTAH, s. Tam. _pēṭṭai_. The extramural suburb of a fortress, or the town attached and adjacent to a fortress. The _pettah_ is itself often separately fortified; the fortress is then its citadel. The Mahratti _peṭh_ is used in like manner; [it is Skt. _peṭaka_, and the word possibly came to the Tamil through the Mahr.]. The word constantly occurs in the histories of war in Southern India.

1630.—"'Azam Khán, having ascended the Pass of Anjan-dúdh, encamped 3
_kos_ from Dhárúr. He then directed Multafit Khán ... to make an attack
upon ... Dhárúr and its PETTA, where once a week people from all parts,
far and near, were accustomed to meet for buying and selling."—_Abdul
Hamīd_, in _Elliot_, vii. 20.

1763.—"The pagoda served as a citadel to a large PETTAH, by which name
the people on the Coast of Coromandel call every town contiguous to a
fortress."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, i. 147.

1791.—"... The PETTA or town (at Bangalore) of great extent to the north
of the fort, was surrounded by an indifferent rampart and excellent
ditch, with an intermediate berm ... planted with impenetrable and
well-grown thorns.... Neither the fort nor the PETTA had
drawbridges."—_Wilks, Hist. Sketches_, iii. 123.

1803.—"The PETTAH wall was very lofty, and defended by towers, and had no
rampart."—_Wellington_, ed. 1837, ii. 193.

1809.—"I passed through a country little cultivated ... to Kingeri, which
has a small mud-fort in good repair, and a PETTAH apparently well filled
with inhabitants."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 412.

1839.—"The English ladies told me this PETTAH was 'a horrid place—quite
native!' and advised me never to go into it; so I went next day, of
course, and found it most curious—really _quite native_."—_Letters from
Madras_, 289.

PHANSEEGAR, s. See under THUG.

[PHOOLKAREE, s. Hind. _phūl-kārī_, 'flowered embroidery.' The term applied in N. India to the cotton sheets embroidered in silk by village women, particularly Jats. Each girl is supposed to embroider one of these for her marriage. In recent years a considerable demand has arisen for specimens of this kind of needlework among English ladies, who use them for screens and other decorative purposes. Hence a considerable manufacture has sprung up of which an account will be found in a note by Mrs. F. A. Steel, appended to Mr. H. C. Cookson's _Monograph on the Silk Industry of the Punjab_ (1886-7), and in the _Journal of Indian Art_, ii. 71 _seqq._

[1887.—"They (native school girls) were collected in a small inner court,
which was hung with the pretty PHULCARRIES they make here (Rawal Pindi),
and which ... looked very Oriental and gay."—_Lady Dufferin, Viceregal
Life_, 336.]

[PHOORZA, s. A custom-house; Gujarātī _phurjā_, from Ar. _furẓat_ 'a notch,' then 'a bight,' 'river-mouth,' 'harbour'; hence 'a tax' or 'custom-duty.'

[1791.—The East India Calendar (p. 131) has "John Church, PHOORZA-Master,
Surat."

[1727.—"And the Mogul's FURZA or custom-house is at this place
(Hughly)."—_A. Hamilton_, ed. 1744, ii. 19.

[1772.—"But as they still insisted on their people sitting at the gates
on the PHOORZER Coosky ..."—_Forrest, Bombay Letters_, i. 386, and see
392, "PHOORZE Master." _Coosky_ = P.—Mahr. _Khushkī_, "inland
transit-duties."

[1813.—"... idols ... were annually imported to a considerable number at
the Baroche PHOORZA, when I was custom-master at that
settlement."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 334.]

PIAL, s. A raised platform on which people sit, usually under the verandah, or on either side of the door of the house. It is a purely S. Indian word, and partially corresponds to the N. Indian _chabūtra_ (see CHABOOTRA). Wilson conjectures the word to be Telugu, but it is in fact a form of the Portuguese _poyo_ and _poyal_ (Span. _poyo_), 'a seat or bench.' This is again, according to Diez (i. 326), from the Lat. _podium_, 'a projecting base, a balcony.' Bluteau explains _poyal_ as 'steps for mounting on horseback' (_Scoticè_, 'a louping-on stone') [see _Dalboquerque_, Hak. Soc. ii. 68]. The quotation from Mr. Gover describes the S. Indian thing in full.

1553.—"... paying him his courtesy in Moorish fashion, which was seating
himself along with him on a POYAL."—_Castanheda_, vi. 3.

1578.—"In the public square at Goa, as it was running furiously along, an
infirm man came in its way, and could not escape; but the elephant took
him up in his trunk, and without doing him any hurt deposited him on a
POYO."—_Acosta, Tractado_, 432.

1602.—"The natives of this region who are called Iaos, are men so
arrogant that they think no others their superiors ... insomuch that if a
Iao in passing along the street becomes aware that any one of another
nation is on a POYAL, or any place above him, if the person does not
immediately come down, ... until he is gone by, he will kill
him."—_Couto_, IV. iii. 1. [For numerous instances of this superstition,
see _Frazer, Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. i. 360 _seqq._]

1873.—"Built against the front wall of every Hindu house in southern
India ... is a bench 3 feet high and as many broad. It extends along the
whole frontage, except where the house-door stands.... The posts of the
VERANDA or PANDAL are fixed in the ground a few feet in front of the
bench, enclosing a sort of platform: for the basement of the house is
generally 2 or 3 feet above the street level. The raised bench is called
the PYAL, and is the lounging-place by day. It also serves in the hot
months as a couch for the night.... There the visitor is received; there
the bargaining is done; there the beggar plies his trade, and the _Yogi_
(see JOGEE) sounds his CONCH; there also the members of the household
clean their teeth, amusing themselves the while with belches and other
frightful noises...."—_Pyal Schools in Madras_, by _E. C. Gover_, in
_Ind. Antiq._ ii. 52.

PICAR, s. Hind. _paikār_, [which again is a corruption of Pers. _pā'e-kār_, _pā'e_, 'a foot'], a retail-dealer, an intermediate dealer or broker.

1680.—"PICAR." See under DUSTOOR.

1683.—"Y^e said Naylor has always corresponded with Mr. Charnock, having
been always his intimate friend; and without question either provides him
goods out of the Hon. Comp.'s Warehouse, or connives at the Weavers and
PICCARS doing of it."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 133.

[1772.—"PYKÂRS (_Dellols_ (see DELOLL) and Gomastahs) are a chain of
agents through whose hands the articles of merchandize pass from the loom
of the manufacturer, or the store-house of the cultivator, to the public
merchant, or exporter."—_Verelst, View of Bengal, Gloss._ s.v.]

PICE, s. Hind. _paisā_, a small copper coin, which under the Anglo-Indian system of currency is ¼ of an anna, 1/64 of a rupee, and somewhat less than 3/2 of a farthing. _Pice_ is used slangishly for money in general. By Act XXIII. of 1870 (cl. 8) the following copper coins are current:—1. Double _Pice_ or Half-anna. 2. _Pice_ or ¼ anna. 3. _Half-pice_ or ⅛ anna. 4. _Pie_ or 1/12 anna. No. 2 is the only one in very common use. As with most other coins, weights, and measures, there used to be PUCKA pice, and CUTCHA pice. The distinction was sometimes between the regularly minted copper of the Government and certain amorphous pieces of copper which did duty for small change (_e.g._ in the N.W. Provinces within memory), or between single and double pice, _i.e._ ¼ anna-pieces and ½ anna-pieces. [Also see PIE.]

c. 1590.—"The _dám_ ... is the fortieth part of the rupee. At first this
coin was called PAISAH."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 31.

[1614.—"Another coin there is of copper, called a PIZE, whereof you have
commonly 34 in the mamudo."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 11.]

1615.—"PICE, which is a Copper Coyne; twelve Drammes make one PICE. The
English Shilling, if weight, will yeeld thirtie three _Pice_ and a
halfe."—_W. Peyton_, in _Purchas_, i. 530.

1616.—"Brasse money, which they call PICES, whereof three or thereabouts
countervail a Peny."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1471.

1648.—"... de PEYSEN zijn kooper gelt...."—_Van Twist_, 62.

1653.—"PEÇA est vne monnoye du Mogol de la valeur de 6 deniers."—_De la
Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 553.

1673.—"PICE, a sort of Copper Money current among the Poorer sort of
People ... the Company's Accounts are kept in Book-rate PICE, viz. 32 to
the Mam. [i.e. _Mamoodee_, see GOSBECK], and 80 PICE to the
Rupee."—_Fryer_, 205.

1676.—"The Indians have also a sort of small Copper-money; which is
called PECHA.... In my last Travels, a _Roupy_ went at Surat for nine and
forty PECHA'S."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 22; [ed. _Ball_, i. 27].

1689.—"Lower than these (pice), bitter-Almonds here (at Surat) pass for
Money, about Sixty of which make a PICE."—_Ovington_, 219.

1726.—"1 _Ana_ makes 1½ stuyvers or 2 PEYS."—_Valentijn_, v. 179. [Also
see under MOHUR GOLD.]

1768.—"Shall I risk my cavalry, which cost 1000 rupees each horse,
against your cannon balls that cost two PICE?—No.—I will march your
troops until their legs become the size of their bodies."—_Hyder Ali_,
Letter to _Col. Wood_, in _Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii. 287; [2nd ed. ii. 300].

c. 1816.—"'Here,' said he, 'is four PUCKER-PICE for Mary to spend in the
bazar; but I will thank you, Mrs. Browne, not to let her have any
fruit....'"—_Mrs. Sherwood's Stories_, 16, ed. 1863.

PICOTA, s. An additional allowance or percentage, added as a handicap to the weight of goods, which varied with every description,—and which the editor of the _Subsidios_ supposes to have lead to the varieties of BAHAR (q.v.). Thus at Ormuz the bahar was of 20 farazolas (see FRAZALA), to which was added, as _picota_, for cloves and mace 3 maunds (of Ormuz), or about 1/72 additional; for cinnamon 1/20 additional; for benzoin 1/5 additional, &c. See the _Pesos_, &c. of _A. Nunes_ (1554) _passim_. We have not been able to trace the origin of this term, nor any modern use.

[1554.—"PICOTAA." (See under BRAZIL-WOOD, DOOCAUN.)]

PICOTTAH, s. This is the term applied in S. India to that ancient machine for raising water, which consists of a long lever or yard, pivotted on an upright post, weighted on the short arm and bearing a line and bucket on the long arm. It is the _ḍhenklī_ of Upper India, the _shādūf_ of the Nile, and the old English _sweep_, _swape_, or _sway-pole_. The machine is we believe still used in the Terra Incognita of market-gardens S.E. of London. The name is Portuguese, _picota_, a marine term now applied to the handle of a ship's pump and post in which it works—a 'pump-brake.' The _picota_ at sea was also used as a pillory, whence the employment of the word as quoted from Correa. The word is given in the Glossary attached to the "Fifth Report" (1812), but with no indication of its source. Fryer (1673, pub. 1698) describes the thing without giving it a name. In the following the word is used in the marine sense:

1524.—"He (V. da Gama) ordered notice to be given that no seaman should
wear a cloak, except on Sunday ... and if he did, that it should be taken
from him by the constables (_lhe serra tomada polos meirinhos_), and the
man put in the PICOTA in disgrace, for one day. He found great fault with
men of military service wearing cloaks, for in that guise they did not
look like soldiers."—_Correa, Lendas_, II. ii. 822.

1782.—"Pour cet effet (arroser les terres) on emploie une machine
appellée PICÔTE. C'est une bascule dressée sur le bord d'un puits ou d'un
réservoir d'eaux pluviales, pour en tirer l'eau, et la conduire ensuite
où l'on veut."—_Sonnerat, Voyage_, i. 188.

c. 1790.—"Partout les PAKOTIÉS, ou puits à bascule, étoient en mouvement
pour fournir l'eau nécessaire aux plantes, et partout on entendoit les
jardiniers égayer leurs travaux par des chansons."—_Haafner_, ii. 217.

1807.—"In one place I saw people employed in watering a rice-field with
the _Yatam_, or PACOTA, as it is called by the English."—_Buchanan,
Journey through Mysore_, &c., i. 15. [Here _Yatam_, is Can. _yāta_, Tel.
_ētamu_, Mal. _ēttam_.]

[1871.—

"Aye, e'en PICOTTA-work would gain
By using such bamboos."
_Gover, Folk Songs of S. India_, 184.]

PIE, s. Hind. _pā'ī_, the smallest copper coin of the Anglo-Indian currency, being 1/12 of an anna, 1/192 of a rupee, = about ½ a farthing. This is now the authorised meaning of _pie_. But _pā'ī_ was originally, it would seem, the fourth part of an anna, and in fact identical with PICE (q.v.). It is the H.—Mahr. _pā'ī_, 'a quarter,' from Skt. _pad_, _pādikā_ in that sense.

[1866.—"... his father has a one PIE share in a small village which may
yield him perhaps 24 rupees per annum."—_Confessions of an Orderly_,
201.]

PIECE-GOODS. This, which is now the technical term for Manchester cottons imported into India, was originally applied in trade to the Indian cottons exported to England, a trade which appears to have been deliberately killed by the heavy duties which Lancashire procured to be imposed in its own interest, as in its own interest it has recently procured the abolition of the small import duty on English piece-goods in India.[223] [In 1898 a duty at the rate of 3 per cent. on cotton goods was reimposed.]

Lists of the various kinds of Indian piece-goods will be found in Milburn (i. 44, 45, 46, and ii. 90, 221), and we assemble them below. It is not in our power to explain their peculiarities, except in very few cases, found under their proper heading. [In the present edition these lists have been arranged in alphabetical order. The figures before each indicate that they fall into the following classes: 1. Piece-goods formerly exported from Bombay and Surat; 2. Piece-goods exported from Madras and the Coast; 3. Piece-goods: the kinds imported into Great Britain from Bengal. Some notes and quotations have been added. But it must be understood that the classes of goods now known under these names may or may not exactly represent those made at the time when these lists were prepared. The names printed in capitals are discussed in separate articles.]

1665.—"I have sometimes stood amazed at the vast quantity of Cotton-Cloth
of all sorts, fine and others, tinged and white, which the _Hollanders_
alone draw from thence and transport into many places, especially into
_Japan_ and _Europe_; not to mention what the _English_, _Portingal_ and
_Indian_ merchants carry away from those parts."—_Bernier_, E.T. 141;
[ed. _Constable_, 439].

1785.—(Res^n. of Court of Directors of the E.I.C., 8th October) "... that
the Captains and Officers of all ships that shall sail from any part of
India, after receiving notice hereof, shall be allowed to bring 8000
pieces of PIECE-GOODS and no more ... that 5000 pieces and no more, may
consist of white Muslins and Callicoes, stitched or plain, or either of
them, of which 5000 pieces only 2000 may consist of any of the following
sorts, viz., _Alliballies_, _Alrochs_ (?), _Cossaes_, _Doreas_,
_Jamdannies_, _Mulmuls_, _Nainsooks_, _Neckcloths_, _Tanjeebs_, and
_Terrindams_, and that 3000 pieces and no more, may consist of coloured
piece-goods...." &c., &c.—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 83.

[ABRAWAN, P. _āb-i-ravān_, 'flowing water'; a very fine kind of Dacca
muslin. 'Woven air' is the name applied in the _Arabian Nights_ to the
Patna gauzes, a term originally used for the produce of the Coan looms
(_Burton_, x. 247.) "The Hindoos amuse us with two stories, as instances
of the fineness of this muslin. One, that the Emperor Aurungzebe was
angry with his daughter for exposing her skin through her clothes;
whereupon the young princess remonstrated in her justification that she
had seven _jamahs_ (see JAMMA) or suits on; and another, in the Nabob
Allaverdy Khawn's time a weaver was chastised and turned out of the city
for his neglect, in not preventing his cow from eating up a piece of
ABROOAN, which he had spread and carelessly left on the grass."—_Bolt,
Considerations on Affairs of India_, 206.]

3. ADATIS.

2. ALLEJAS.

3. ALLIBALLIES.—"_Alaballee_ (signifying according to the weavers'
interpretation of the word 'very fine') is a muslin of fine
texture."—(_J. Taylor, Account of the Cotton Manufacture at Dacca_, 45).
According to this the word is perhaps from Ar. _ā'lā_, 'superior,' H.
_bhalā_, 'good.'

3. ALLIBANEES.—Perhaps from _ā'lā_, 'superior,' _bānā_, 'woof.'

1. ANNABATCHIES.

3. ARRAHS.—Perhaps from the place of that name in Shahābād, where,
according to Buchanan Hamilton (_Eastern India_, i. 548) there was a
large cloth industry.

3. AUBRAHS.

2. AUNNEKETCHIES.

3. BAFTAS.

3. BANDANNAS.

1. BEJUTAPAUTS.—H. _be-jūṭā_, 'without join,' _pāt_, 'a piece.'

1. BETEELAS.

3. BLUE CLOTH.

1. BOMBAY STUFFS.

1. BRAWL.—The _N.E.D._ describes Brawl as a 'blue and white striped cloth
manufactured in India.' In a letter of 1616 (_Foster_, iv. 306) we have
"Lolwee champell and BURRAL." The editor suggests H. _biral_, 'open in
texture, fine.' But Roquefort (s.v.) gives: "_Bure_, _Burel_, grosse
étoffe en laine de couleur rousse ou grisâtre, dont s'habillent
ordinairement les ramoneurs; cette étoffe est faite de brebis noire et
brune, sans aucune autre teinture." And see _N.E.D._ s.v. _Borrel_.

3. BYRAMPAUTS. (See BEIRAMEE.)

2. CALLAWAPORES.

3. CALLIPATTIES.—H. _Kālī_, 'black,' _pattī_, 'strip.'

3. CAMBAYS.

3. CAMBRICS.

3. CARPETS.

3. CARRIDARIES.

2. CATTAKETCHIES.

1. CHALIAS. (See under SHALEE.)

3. CHARCONNAES.—H. _chār-khāna_, 'chequered.' "The _charkana_, or
chequered muslin, is, as regards manufacture, very similar to the
_Doorea_ (see DOREAS below). They differ in the breadth of the stripes,
their closeness to each other, and the size of the squares." (_Forbes
Watson, Textile Man._ 78). The same name is now applied to a silk cloth.
"The word _chārkhāna_ simply means 'a check,' but the term is applied to
certain silk or mixed fabrics containing small checks, usually about 8 or
10 checks in a line to an inch." (_Yusuf Ali, Mon. on Silk_, 93. Also see
_Journ. Ind. Art_, iii. 6.)

1683.—"20 yards of CHARKONNAS."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. i.
94.

2. CHAVONIS.

1. CHELLOES. (See SHALEE.)

3. CHINECHURAS.—Probably cloth from CHINSURA.

1. CHINTZ, of sorts.

3. CHITTABULLIES.

3. CHOWTARS.—This is almost certainly not identical with CHUDDER. In a
list of cotton cloths in the _Āīn_ (i. 94) we have _chautār_, which may
mean 'made with four threads or wires.' _Chautāhī_, 'four-fold,' is a
kind of cloth used in the Punjab for counterpanes (_Francis, Man.
Cotton_, 7). This cloth is frequently mentioned in the early letters.

1610.—"CHAUTARES are white and well requested."—_Danvers, Letters_, i.
75.

1614.—"The CHAUTERS of Agra and fine baftas nyll doth not here
vend."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 45.

1615.—"Four pieces fine white COWTER."—_Ibid._ iv. 51.

3. CHUCLAES.—This may be H. _chaklā_, _chakrī_, which Platts defines as
'a kind of cloth made of silk and cotton.'

3. CHUNDERBANNIES.—This is perhaps H. _chandra_, 'the moon,' _bānā_,
'woof.'

3. CHUNDRACONAES.—Forbes Watson has: "_Chunderkana_, second quality
muslin for handkerchiefs": "Plain white bleached muslin called
_Chunderkora_." The word is probably _chandrakhāna_, 'moon checks.'

3. CLOUTS, common coarse cloth, for which see _N.E.D._

3. COOPEES.—This is perhaps H. _kaupin_, _kopin_, 'the small LUNGOOTY
worn by Fakirs.'

3. CORAHS.—H. _korā_, 'plain, unbleached, undyed.' What is now known as
Kora silk is woven in pieces for waist-cloths (see _Yusuf Ali_, _op.
cit._ 76).

3. COSSAES.—This perhaps represents Ar. _khāṣṣa_ 'special.' In the _Āīn_
we have _khāçah_ in the list of cotton cloths (i. 94). Mr. Taylor
describes it as a muslin of a close fine texture, and identifies it with
the fine muslin which, according to the _Āīn_ (ii. 124), was produced at
Sonārgāon. The finest kind he says is "_jungle-khasu_." (_Taylor_, _op.
cit._ 45.)

3. CUSHTAES.—These perhaps take their name from Kushtia, a place of
considerable trade in the Nadiya District.

3. CUTTANNEES. (See COTTON.)

1. DHOOTIES. (See DHOTY.)

3. DIAPERS.

3. DIMITIES.

3. DOREAS.—H. _ḍoriyā_, 'striped cloth,' _ḍor_, 'thread.' In the list in
the _Āīn_ (i. 95), _Doriyah_ appears among cotton stuffs. It is now also
made in silk: "The simplest pattern is the stripe; when the stripes are
longitudinal the fabric is a _doriya_.... The _doriya_ was originally a
cotton fabric, but it is now manufactured in silk, silk-and-cotton,
_tasar_, and other combinations." (_Yusuf Ali_, _op. cit._ 57, 94.)

1683.—"3 pieces DOOREAS."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 94.

3. DOSOOTIES.

3. DUNGAREES.

3. DYSUCKSOYS.

3. ELATCHES.—Platts gives H. _Ilāchā_, 'a kind of cloth woven of silk and
thread so as to present the appearance of cardamoms (_ilāchī_).' But it
is almost certainly identical with ALLEJA. It was probably introduced to
Agra, where now alone it is made, by the Moghuls. It differs from
_doriya_ (see DOREAS above) in having a substantial texture, whereas the
_doriya_ is generally flimsy. (_Yusuf Ali_, _op. cit._ 95.)

3. EMMERTIES.—This is H. _amratī_, _imratī_, 'sweet as nectar.'

2. GINGHAMS.

2. GUDELOOR (dimities).—There is a place of the name in the Neilgherry
District, but it does not seem to have any cloth manufacture.

1. GUINEA STUFFS.