Chapter LXXIII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (70)

[1813.—"In this camp HACKERIES and RUTHS, as they are called when they
have four wheels, are always drawn by bullocks, and are used, almost
exclusively, by the _Baees_, the Nach girls, and the
bankers."—_Broughton, Letters_, ed. 1892, p. 117.]

1829.—"This being the case I took the liberty of taking the RUT and horse
to camp as prize property."—_Mem. of John Shipp_, ii. 183.

RUTTEE, RETTEE, s. Hind. _rattī_, _ratī_, Skt. _raktikā_, from _rakta_, 'red.' The seed of a leguminous creeper (_Abrus precatorius_, L.) sometimes called country liquorice—a pretty scarlet pea with a black spot—used from time immemorial in India as a goldsmith's weight, and known in England as 'Crab's eyes.' Mr. Thomas has shown that the ancient _rattī_ may be taken as equal to 1.75 grs. Troy (_Numismata Orientalia_, New ed., Pt. I. pp. 12-14). This work of Mr. Thomas's contains interesting information regarding the old Indian custom of basing standard weights upon the weight of seeds, and we borrow from his paper the following extract from Manu (viii. 132): "The very small mote which may be discerned in a sunbeam passing through a lattice is the first of quantities, and men call it a _trasareṇu_. 133. Eight of these _trasareṇus_ are supposed equal in weight to one minute poppy-seed (_likhyá_), three of those seeds are equal to one black mustard-seed (_raja-sarshapa_), and three of these last to a white mustard-seed (_gaura-sarshapa_). 134. Six white mustard-seeds are equal to a middle-sized barley-corn (_yava_), three such barley-corns to one _krishṇala_ (or RAKTIKA), five _krishṇalas_ of gold are one _másha_, and sixteen such _máshas_ one _suvarna_," &c. (_ibid._ p. 13). In the _Āīn_, Abul Faẓl calls the RATTI _surkh_, which is a translation (Pers. for 'red'). In Persia the seed is called _chashm-i-khurūs_, 'Cock's eye' (see _Blochmann's_ E.T., i. 16 n., and _Jarrett_, ii. 354). Further notices of the _ratī_ used as a weight for precious stones will be found in Sir W. Elliot's _Coins of Madras_ (p. 49). Sir Walter's experience is that the _ratī_ of the gem-dealers is a _double ratī_, and an approximation to the _maṇjāḍi_ (see MANGELIN). This accounts for Tavernier's valuation at 3½ grs. [Mr. Ball gives the weight at 2.66 Troy grs. (_Tavernier_, ii. 448).]

c. 1676.—"At the mine of _Soumelpour_ in _Bengala_, they weigh by RATI'S, and the RATI is seven eighths of a Carat, or three grains and a half."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 140; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 89].

RYOT, s. Ar. _ra'īyat_, from _ra'ā_, 'to pasture,' meaning originally, according to its etymology, 'a herd at pasture'; but then 'subjects' (collectively). It is by natives used for 'a subject' in India, but its specific Anglo-Indian application is to 'a tenant of the soil'; an individual occupying land as a farmer or cultivator. In Turkey the word, in the form _raiya_, is applied to the Christian subjects of the Porte, who are not liable to the conscription, but pay a poll-tax in lieu, the _Kharāj_, or _Jizya_ (see JEZYA).

[1609.—"RIATS or clownes." (See under DOAI.)]

1776.—"For some period after the creation of the world there was neither
Magistrate nor Punishment ... and the RYOTS were nourished with piety and
morality."—_Halhed, Gentoo Code_, 41.

1789.—

"To him in a body the RYOTS complain'd
That their houses were burnt, and their cattle distrain'd."
_The Letters of Simpkin the Second_, &c. 11.

1790.—"A RAIYOT is rather a farmer than a husbandman."—_Colebrooke_, in
_Life_, 42.

1809.—"The RYOTS were all at work in their fields."—_Lord Valentia_, ii.
127.

1813.—

"And oft around the cavern fire
On visionary schemes debate,
To snatch the RAYAHS from their fate."
_Byron, Bride of Abydos._

1820.—"An acquaintance with the customs of the inhabitants, but
particularly of the RAYETS, the various tenures ... the agreements usual
among them regarding cultivation, and between them and soucars (see
SOWCAR) respecting loans and advances ... is essential to a judge."—_Sir
T. Munro_, in _Life_, ii. 17.

1870.—"RYOT is a word which is much ... misused. It is Arabic, but no
doubt comes through the Persian. It means 'protected one,' 'subject,' 'a
commoner,' as distinguished from '_Raees_' or 'noble.' In a native mouth,
to the present day, it is used in this sense, and not in that of
tenant."—_Systems of Land Tenure_ (Cobden Club), 166.

The title of a newspaper, in English but of native editing, published for some years back in Calcutta, corresponds to what is here said; it is _Raees and_ RAIYAT.

1877.—"The great financial distinction between the followers of Islam ...
and the RAYAHS or infidel subjects of the Sultan, was the payment of
_haratch_ or capitation tax."—_Finlay, H. of Greece_, v. 22 (ed. 1877).

1884.—"Using the rights of conquest after the fashion of the Normans in
England, the Turks had everywhere, except in the Cyclades, ... seized on
the greater part of the most fertile lands. Hence they formed the
landlord class of Greece; whilst the RAYAHS, as the Turks style their
non-Mussulman subjects, usually farmed the territories of their masters
on the _metayer_ system."—_Murray's Handbook for Greece_ (by A. F. Yule),
p. 54.

RYOTWARRY, adj. A technicality of modern coinage. Hind. from Pers. _ra'iyatwār_, formed from the preceding. The _ryotwarry_ system is that under which the settlement for land revenue is made directly by the Government agency with each individual cultivator holding land, not with the village community, nor with any middleman or landlord, payment being also received directly from every such individual. It is the system which chiefly prevails in the Madras Presidency; and was elaborated there in its present form mainly by Sir T. Munro.

1824.—"It has been objected to the RYOTWÁRI system that it produces
unequal assessment and destroys ancient rights and privileges: but these
opinions seem to originate in some misapprehension of its
nature."—_Minutes_, &c., of _Sir T. Munro_, i. 265. We may observe that
the spelling here is not Munro's. The Editor, Sir A. Arbuthnot, has
followed a system (see Preface, p. x.); and we see in _Gleig's Life_
(iii. 355) that Munro wrote 'RAYETWAR.'

S

SABAIO, ÇABAIO, &c., n.p. The name generally given by the Portuguese writers to the Mahommedan prince who was in possession of Goa when they arrived in India, and who had lived much there. He was in fact that one of the captains of the Bāhmanī kingdom of the Deccan who, in the division that took place on the decay of the dynasty towards the end of the 15th century, became the founder of the 'Adil Shāhī family which reigned in Bijapur from 1489 to the end of the following century (see IDALCAN). His real name was Abdul Muẓaffar Yūsuf, with the surname _Sabāī_ or _Savāī_. There does not seem any ground for rejecting the intelligent statement of De Barros (II. v. 2) that he had this name from being a native of _Sāvā_ in Persia [see _Bombay Gazetteer_, xxiii. 404]. Garcia de Orta does not seem to have been aware of this history, and he derives the name from _Sāḥib_ (see below), apparently a mere guess, though not an unnatural one. Mr. Birch's surmise (_Alboquerque_, ii. 82), with these two old and obvious sources of suggestion before him, that "the word may possibly be connected with _sipāhī_, Arabic, a soldier," is quite inadmissible (nor is _sipāhī_ Arabic). [On this word Mr. Whiteway writes: "In his explanation of this word Sir H. Yule has been misled by Barros. Couto (Dec. iv. Bk. 10 ch. 4) is conclusive, where he says: 'This Çufo extended the limits of his rule as far as he could till he went in person to conquer the island of Goa, which was a valuable possession for its income, and was in possession of a lord of Canara, called _Savay_, a vassal of the King of Canara, who then had his headquarters at what we call Old Goa.... As there was much jungle here, _Savay_, the lord of Goa, had certain houses where he stayed for hunting.... These houses still preserve the memory of the Hindu _Savay_, as they are called the SAVAYO'S house, where for many years the Governors of India lived. As our João de Barros could not get true information of these things, he confounded the name of the Hindu _Savay_ with that of _Çufo_ (? Yūsuf) Adil Shāh, saying in the 5th Book of his 2nd Decade that when we went to India a Moor called SOAY was lord of Goa, that we ordinarily called him SABAYO, and that he was a vassal of the King of the Deccan, a Persian, and native of the city of _Sawa_. At this his sons laughed heartily when we read it to them, saying that their father was anything but a Turk, and his name anything but Çufo.' This passage makes it clear that the origin of the word is the Hindu title _Siwāī_, Hind. _Sawāī_, 'having the excess of a fourth,' 'a quarter better than other people,' which is one of the titles of the Mahārājā of Jaypur. To show that it was more or less well known, I may point to the little State of Sunda, which lay close to Goa on the S.E., of which the Rāja was of the Vijayanagar family. This little State became independent after the destruction of Vijayanagar, and remained in existence till absorbed by Tippoo Sultan. In this State _Siwāī_ was a common honorific of the ruling family. At the same time Barros was not alone in calling Adil Shāh the SABAIO (see _Alboquerque, Cartas_, p. 24), where the name occurs. The mistake having been made, everyone accepted it."]

There is a story, related as unquestionable by Firishta, that the Sabaio was in reality a son of the Turkish Sultan Agā Murād (or 'Amurath') II., who was saved from murder at his father's death, and placed in the hands of 'Imād-ud-dīn, a Persian merchant of Sāvā, by whom he was brought up. In his youth he sought his fortune in India, and being sold as a slave, and going through a succession of adventures, reached his high position in the Deccan (_Briggs, Firishta_, iii. 7-8).

1510.—"But when Afonso Dalboquerque took Goa, it would be about 40 years
more or less since the ÇABAIO had taken it from the
Hindoos."—_Dalboquerque_, ii. 96.

" "In this island (Goa called _Goga_) there is a fortress near the
sea, walled round after our manner, in which there is sometimes a captain
called SAVAIU, who has 400 Mamelukes, he himself being also a
Mameluke...."—_Varthema_, 116.

1516.—"Going further along the coast there is a very beautiful river,
which sends two arms into the sea, making between them an island, on
which stands the city of Goa belonging to _Daquem_ (DECCAN), and it was a
principality of itself with other districts adjoining in the interior;
and in it there was a great Lord, as vassal of the said King (of Deccan)
called SABAYO, who being a good soldier, well mannered and experienced in
war, this lordship of Goa was bestowed upon him, that he might
continually make war on the King of Narsinga, as he did until his death.
And then he left this city to his son ÇABAYM HYDALÇAN...."—_Barros_,
Lisbon ed. 287.

1563.—"_O._ ... And returning to our subject, as Adel in Persian means
'justice,' they called the prince of these territories _Adelham_, as it
were 'Lord of Justice.'

"_R._ A name highly inappropriate, for neither he nor the rest of them
are wont to do justice. But tell me also why in Spain they call him the
SABAIO?

"_O._ Some have told me that he was so called because they used to call a
Captain by this name; but I afterwards came to know that in fact _saibo_
in Arabic means 'lord.'..."—_Garcia_, f. 36.

SABLE-FISH. See HILSA.

SADRAS, SADRASPATÁM, n.p. This name of a place 42 m. south of Madras, the seat of an old Dutch factory, was probably shaped into the usual form in a sort of conformity with MADRAS or _Madraspatam_. The correct name is _Sadurai_, but it is sometimes made into _Sadrang-_ and _Shatranj-patam_. [The _Madras Gloss._ gives _Tam. Shathurangappaṭanam_, Skt. _chatur-anga_, 'the four military arms, infantry, cavalry, elephants and cars.'] Fryer (p. 28) calls it _Sandraslapatam_, which is probably a misprint for _Sandrastapatam_.

1672.—"From Tirepoplier you come ... to SADRASPATAM, where our people
have a Factory."—_Baldaeus_, 152.

1726.—"The name of the place is properly SADRANGAPATAM; but for short it
is also called SADRAMPATAM, and most commonly SADRASPATAM. In the
Tellinga it indicates the name of the founder, and in Persian it means
'thousand troubles' or the Shah-board which we call chess."—_Valentijn,
Choromandel_, 11. The curious explanation of _Shatranj_ or 'chess,' as 'a
thousand troubles,' is no doubt some popular etymology; such as P.
_sad-ranj_, 'a hundred griefs.' The word is really of Sanskrit origin,
from _Chaturangam_, literally, 'quadripartite'; the four constituent
parts of an army, viz. horse, foot, chariots and elephants.

[1727.—"SADERASS, or SADERASS PATAM." (See under LONG-CLOTH.)]

c. 1780.—"J'avois pensé que SADRAS auroit été le lieu où devoient finir
mes contrarietés et mes courses."—_Haafner_, i. 141.

" "'Non, je ne suis point Anglois,' m'écriai-je avec indignation et
transport; 'je suis un Hollandois de SADRINGAPATNAM.'"—_Ibid._ 191.

1781.—"The chief officer of the French now despatched a summons to the
English commandant of the Fort to surrender, and the commandant, not
being of opinion he could resist ... evacuated the fort, and proceeded by
sea in boats to SUDRUNG PUTTUN."—_H. of Hydur Naik_, 447.

SAFFLOWER, s. The flowers of the annual _Carthamus tinctorius_, L. (N.O. _Compositae_), a considerable article of export from India for use of a red dye, and sometimes, from the resemblance of the dried flowers to saffron, termed 'bastard saffron.' The colouring matter of safflower is the basis of _rouge_. The name is a curious modification of words by the 'striving after meaning.' For it points, in the first half of the name, to the analogy with saffron, and in the second half, to the object of trade being a flower. But neither one nor the other of these meanings forms any real element in the word. _Safflower_ appears to be an eventual corruption of the Arabic name of the thing, _'us̤fūr_. This word we find in medieval trade-lists (_e.g._ in Pegolotti) to take various forms such as _asfiore_, _asfrole_, _astifore_, _zaffrole_, _saffiore_; from the last of which the transition to _safflower_ is natural. In the old Latin translation of Avicenna it seems to be called _Crocus hortulanus_, for the corresponding Arabic is given _hasfor_. Another Arabic name for this article is _ḳurṭum_, which we presume to be the origin of the botanist's _carthamus_. In Hind. it is called _kusumbha_ or _kusum_. Bretschneider remarks that though the two plants, saffron and safflower, have not the slightest resemblance, and belong to two different families and classes of the nat. system, there has been a certain confusion between them among almost all nations, including the Chinese.

c. 1200.—"'USFUR ... _Abu Hanifa_. This plant yields a colouring matter,
used in dyeing. There are two kinds, cultivated and wild, both of which
grow in Arabia, and the seeds of which are called _al-ḳurṭum_."—_Ibn
Baithar_, ii. 196.

c. 1343.—"AFFIORE vuol esser fresco, e asciutto, e colorito rosso in
colore di buon zafferano, e non giallo, e chiaro a modo di femminella di
zafferano, e che non sia trasandato, che quando è vecchio e trasandato si
spolverizza, e fae vermini."—_Pegolotti_, 372.

1612.—"The two Indian ships aforesaid did discharge these goods following
... OOSFAR, which is a red die, great quantitie."—_Capt. Saris_, in
_Purchas_, i. 347.

[1667-8.—"... madder, SAFFLOWER, argoll, castoreum...."—_List of Goods
imported_, in _Birdwood, Report on Old Records_, 76.]

1810.—"Le safran bâtard ou carthame, nommé dans le commerce _safranon_,
est appelé par les Arabes ... OSFOUR ou ... _Kortom_. Suivant M. Sonnini,
le premier nom désigne la plante; et le second, ses graines."—_Silv. de
Sacy_, Note on _Abdallatif_, p. 123.

1813.—"SAFFLOWER (_Cussom_, Hind., _Asfour_, Arab.) is the flower of an
annual plant, the _Carthamus tinctorius_, growing in Bengal and other
parts of India, which when well-cured is not easily distinguishable from
saffron by the eye, though it has nothing of its smell or
taste."—_Milburn_, ii. 238.

SAFFRON, s. Arab. _za'farān_. The true saffron (_Crocus sativus_, L.) in India is cultivated in Kashmīr only. In South India this name is given to _turmeric_, which the Portuguese called _açafrão da terra_ ('country saffron.') The Hind. name is _haldī_, or in the Deccan _halad_, [Skt. _haridra_, _hari_, 'green, yellow']. Garcia de Orta calls it _croco Indiaco_, 'Indian saffron.' Indeed, Dozy shows that the Arab. _kurkum_ for turmeric (whence the bot. Lat. _curcuma_) is probably taken from the Greek κρόκος or obl. κρόκον. Moodeen Sherif says that _kurkum_ is applied to saffron in many Persian and other writers.

c. 1200.—"The Persians call this root _al-Hard_, and the inhabitants of
Basra call it _al-Kurkum_, and _al-Kurkum_ is SAFFRON. They call these
plants SAFFRON because they dye yellow in the same way as Saffron
does."—_Ibn Baithar_, ii. 370.

1563.—"_R._ Since there is nothing else to be said on this subject, let
us speak of what we call 'country SAFFRON.'

"_O._ This is a medicine that should be spoken of, since it is in use by
the Indian physicians; it is a medicine and article of trade much
exported to Arabia and Persia. In this city (Goa) there is little of it,
but much in Malabar, _i.e._ in Cananor and Calecut. The Canarins call the
root _alad_; and the Malabars sometimes give it the same name, but more
properly call it _mangale_, and the Malays _cunhet_; the Persians,
_darzard_, which is as much as to say 'yellow-wood.' The Arabs call it
_habet_; and all of them, each in turn, say that this saffron does not
exist in Persia, nor in Arabia, nor in Turkey, except what comes from
India."—_Garcia_, f. 78_v_. Further on he identifies it with _curcuma_.

1726.—"Curcuma, or Indian SAFFRON."—_Valentijn, Chor._ 42.

SAGAR-PESHA, s. Camp-followers, or the body of servants in a private establishment. The word, though usually pronounced in vulgar Hind. as written above, is Pers. _shāgird-pesha_ (lit. _shāgird_, 'a disciple, a servant,' and _pesha_, 'business').

[1767.—"SAGGUR DEPESSAH-pay...."—In _Long_, 513.]

SAGO, s. From Malay _sāgū_. The farinaceous pith taken out of the stem of several species of a particular genus of palm, especially _Metroxylon laeve_, Mart., and _M. Rumphii_, Willd., found in every part of the Indian Archipelago, including the Philippines, wherever there is proper soil. They are most abundant in the eastern part of the region indicated, including the Moluccas and N. Guinea, which probably formed the original habitat; and in these they supply the sole bread of the natives. In the remaining parts of the Archipelago, _sago_ is the food only of certain wild tribes, or consumed (as in Mindanao) by the poor only, or prepared (as at Singapore, &c.) for export. There are supposed to be five species producing the article.

1298.—"They have a kind of trees that produce flour, and excellent flour
it is for food. These trees are very tall and thick, but have a very thin
bark, and inside the bark they are crammed with flour."—_Marco Polo_, Bk.
iii. ch. xi.

1330.—"But as for the trees which produce flour, tis after this
fashion.... And the result is the best _pasta_ in the world, from which
they make whatever they choose, cates of sorts, and excellent bread, of
which I, Friar Odoric, have eaten."—_Fr. Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c., 32.

1522.—"Their bread (in Tidore) they make of the wood of a certain tree
like a palm-tree, and they make it in this way. They take a piece of this
wood, and extract from it certain long black thorns which are situated
there; then they pound it, and make bread of it which they call SAGU.
They make provision of this bread for their sea voyages."—_Pigafetta_,
Hak. Soc. p. 136. This is a bad description, and seems to refer to the
SAGWIRE, not the true sago-tree.

1552.—"There are also other trees which are called ÇAGUS, from the pith
of which bread is made."—_Castanheda_, vi. 24.

1553.—"Generally, although they have some millet and rice, all the people
of the Isles of Maluco eat a certain food which they call SAGUM, which is
the pith of a tree like a palm-tree, except that the leaf is softer and
smoother, and the green of it is rather dark."—_Barros_, III. v. 5.

1579.—"... and a Kind of meale which they call SAGO, made of the toppes
of certaine trees, tasting in the Mouth like some curds, but melts away
like sugar."—_Drake's Voyage_, Hak. Soc. p. 142.

" Also in a list of "Certaine Wordes of the Naturall Language of
Iaua"; "SAGU, bread of the Countrey."—_Hakl._ iv. 246.

c. 1690.—"Primo SAGUS genuina, Malaice SAGU, sive _Lapia tuni_, h.e. vera
_Sagu_."—_Rumphius_, i. 75. (We cannot make out the language of _lapia
tuni_.)

1727.—"And the inland people subsist mostly on SAGOW, the Pith of a small
Twig split and dried in the Sun."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 93; [ed. 1744].

SAGWIRE, s. A name applied often in books, and, formerly at least, in the colloquial use of European settlers and traders, to the GOMUTI palm or _Arenga saccharifera_, Labill., which abounds in the Ind. Archipelago, and is of great importance in its rural economy. The name is Port. _sagueira_ (analogous to _palmeira_), in Span. of the Indies _saguran_, and no doubt is taken from _sagu_, as the tree, though not the SAGO-palm of commerce, affords a sago of inferior kind. Its most important product, however, is the sap, which is used as TODDY (q.v.), and which in former days also afforded almost all the sugar used by natives in the islands. An excellent cordage is made from a substance resembling black horse-hair, which is found between the trunk and the fronds, and this is the GOMUTI of the Malays, which furnished one of the old specific names (_Borassus Gomutus_, Loureiro). There is also found in a like position a fine cotton-like substance which makes excellent tinder, and strong stiff spines from which pens are made, as well as arrows for the blow-pipe, or Sumpitan (see SARBATANE). "The seeds have been made into a confection, whilst their pulpy envelope abounds in a poisonous juice—used in the barbarian wars of the natives—to which the Dutch gave the appropriate name of 'hell-water'" (_Crawfurd, Desc. Dict._ p. 145). The term _sagwire_ is sometimes applied to the toddy or palm-wine, as will be seen below.

1515.—"They use no sustenance except the meal of certain trees, which
trees they call SAGUR, and of this they make bread."—_Giov. da Empoli_,
86.

1615.—"Oryza tamen magna hic copia, ingens etiam modus arborum quas
SAGURAS vocant, quaeque varia suggerunt commoda."—_Jarric_, i. 201.

1631.—"... tertia frequens est in Banda ac reliquis insulis Moluccis,
quae distillat ex arbore non absimili Palmae Indicae, isque potus
indigenis SAGUËR vocatur...."—_Jac. Bontii, Dial._ iv. p. 9.

1784.—"The natives drink much of a liquor called SAGUIRE, drawn from the
palm-tree."—_Forrest, Mergui_, 73.

1820.—"The Portuguese, I know not for what reason, and other European
nations who have followed them, call the tree and the liquor
SAGWIRE."—_Crawfurd, Hist._ i. 401.

SAHIB, s. The title by which, all over India, European gentlemen, and it may be said Europeans generally, are addressed, and spoken of, when no disrespect is intended, by natives. It is also the general title (at least where Hindustani or Persian is used) which is affixed to the name or office of a European, corresponding thus rather to _Monsieur_ than to Mr. For _Colonel Ṣāḥib_, _Collector Ṣāḥib_, _Lord Ṣāḥib_, and even _Sergeant Ṣāḥib_ are thus used, as well as the general vocative _Ṣāḥib!_ 'Sir!' In other Hind. use the word is equivalent to 'Master'; and it is occasionally used as a specific title both among Hindus and Musulmans, _e.g._ _Appa Ṣāḥib_, _Tīpū Ṣāḥib_; and generically is affixed to the titles of men of rank when indicated by those titles, as _Khān Ṣāḥib_, _Nawāb Ṣāḥib_, _Rājā Ṣāḥib_. The word is Arabic, and originally means 'a companion'; (sometimes a companion of Mahommed). [In the _Arabian Nights_ it is the title of a Wazīr (_Burton_, i. 218).]

1673.—"... To which the subtle Heathen replied, SAHAB (i.e. Sir), why
will you do more than the Creator meant?"—_Fryer_, 417.

1689.—"Thus the distracted Husband in his _Indian_ English confest,
_English fashion_, SAB, best fashion, have one Wife best for one
Husband."—_Ovington_, 326.

1853.—"He was told that a 'SAHIB' wanted to speak with him."—_Oakfield_,
ii. 252.

1878.—"... forty Elephants and five SAHIBS with guns and innumerable
followers."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i. 194.

[ST. DEAVES, n.p. A corruption of the name of the island of _Sandwīp_ in the Bay of Bengal, situated off the coast of Chittagong and Noakhālī, which is best known in connection with the awful loss of life and property in the cyclone of 1876.

[1688.—"From Chittagaum we sailed away the 29th January, after had sent
small vessels to search round the Island ST. DEAVES."—In _Yule, Hedges'
Diary_, Hak. Soc. II. lxxx.]

SAINT JOHN'S, n.p.

A. An English sailor's corruption, which for a long time maintained its place in our maps. It is the _Sindān_ of the old Arab Geographers, and was the first durable settling-place of the Parsee refugees on their emigration to India in the 8th century. [Dosabhai Framji, _Hist. of the Parsis_, i. 30.] The proper name of the place, which is in lat. 20° 12′ and lies 88 m. north of Bombay, is apparently _Sajām_ (see _Hist. of Cambay_, in _Bo. Govt. Selections_, No. xxvi., N.S., p. 52), but it is commonly called _Sanjān_. E. B. Eastwick in _J. Bo. As. Soc. R._ i. 167, gives a Translation from the Persian of the "_Kiṣṣah-i_-SANJĀN, or History of the arrival and settlement of the Parsees in India." Sanjān is about 3 m. from the little river-mouth port of Umbargām. "Evidence of the greatness of Sanjān is found, for miles around, in old foundations and bricks. The bricks are of very superior quality."—_Bomb. Gazetteer_, vol. xiv. 302, [and for medieval references to the place, _ibid._ I. Pt. i. 262, 520 _seq._].

c. 1150.—"SINDĀN is 1½ mile from the sea.... The town is large and has an
extensive commerce both in exports and imports."—_Edrisi_, in _Elliot_,
i. 85.

c. 1599.—

"When the Dastur saw the soil was good,
He selected the place for their residence:
The Dastur named the spot SANJAN,
And it became populous as the Land of Iran."
—_Kiṣṣah_, &c., as above, p. 179.

c. 1616.—"The aldea Nargol ... in the lands of Daman was infested by
Malabar Moors in their _parós_, who commonly landed there for water and
provisions, and plundered the boats that entered or quitted the river,
and the passengers who crossed it, with heavy loss to the aldeas
adjoining the river, and to the revenue from them, as well as to that
from the custom-house of SANGENS."—_Bocarro, Decada_, 670.

1623.—"La mattina seguente, fatto giorno, scoprimmo terra di lontano ...
in un luogo poco discosto da Bassain, che gl'Inglesi chiamano _Terra di_
SAN GIOVANNI; ma nella carta da navigare vidi esser notato, in lingua
Portoghese, col nome d'_ilhas das vaccas_, o 'isole delle vacche' al modo
nostro."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 500; [Hak. Soc. i. 16].

1630.—"It happened that in safety they made to the land of ST. IOHNS on
the shoares of India."—_Lord, The Religion of the Persees_, 3.

1644.—"Besides these four posts there are in the said district four
_Tanadarias_ (see TANADAR), or different Captainships, called SAMGÊS (St.
John's), Danū, Maim, and Trapor."—_Bocarro_ (Port. MS.).

1673.—"In a Week's Time we turned it up, sailing by Baçein, Tarapore,
Valentine's Peak, ST. JOHN'S, and Daman, the last City northward on the
Continent, belonging to the Portuguese."—_Fryer_, 82.

1808.—"They (the Parsee emigrants) landed at Dieu, and lived there 19
years; but, disliking the place ... the greater part of them left it and
came to the Guzerat coast, in vessels which anchored off SEYJAN, the name
of a town."—_R. Drummond._

1813.—"The Parsees or Guebres ... continued in this place (Diu) for some
time, and then crossing the Gulph, landed at SUZAN, near Nunsaree, which
is a little to the southward of Surat."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 109; [2nd
ed. i. 78].

1841.—"The high land of ST. JOHN, about 3 leagues inland, has a regular
appearance...."—_Horsburgh's Directory_, ed. 1841, i. 470.

1872.—"In connexion with the landing of the Parsis at SANJÂN, in the
early part of the 8th century, there still exist copies of the 15
Sanskrit _Ślokas_, in which their Mobeds explained their religion to Jadé
Rânâ, the Râja of the place, and the reply he gave them."—_Ind. Antiq._
i. 214. The Ślokas are given. See them also in _Dosabhai Framji's Hist.
of the Parsees_, i. 31.

B. ST. JOHN'S ISLAND, n.p. This again is a corruption of _San-Shan_, or more correctly _Shang-chuang_, the Chinese name of an island about 60 or 70 miles S.W. of Macao, and at some distance from the mouth of the Canton River, the place where St. Francis Xavier died, and was originally buried.

1552.—"Inde nos ad SANCIANUM, Sinarum insulam a Cantone millia pas.
circiter cxx Deus perduxit incolumes."—_Scti. Franc. Xaverii Epistt._,
Pragae 1667, IV. xiv.

1687.—"We came to Anchor the same Day, on the N.E. end of ST. JOHN'S
Island. This Island is in Lat. about 32 d. 30 min. North, lying on the S.
Coast of the Province of Quantung or Canton in _China_."—_Dampier_, i.
406.

1727.—"A Portuguese Ship ... being near an Island on that Coast, called
after ST. JUAN, some Gentlemen and Priests went ashore for Diversion, and
accidentally found the Saint's Body uncorrupted, and carried it Passenger
to Goa."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 252; [ed. 1744, ii. 255].

1780.—"ST. JOHN'S," in _Dunn's New Directory_, 472.

C. ST. JOHN'S ISLANDS. This is also the chart-name, and popular European name, of two islands about 6 m. S. of Singapore, the chief of which is properly Pulo _Sikajang_, [or as Dennys (_Desc. Dict._ 321) writes the word, Pulo _Skijang_].

SAIVA, s. A worshipper of _Śiva_; Skt. _Śaiva_, adj., 'belonging to Siva.'

1651.—"The second sect of the Bramins, 'SEIVIÁ' ... by name, say that a
certain _Eswara_ is the supreme among the gods, and that all the others
are subject to him."—_Rogerius_, 17.

1867.—"This temple is reckoned, I believe, the holiest shrine in India,
at least among the SHAIVITES."—_Bp. Milman_, in _Memoirs_, p. 48.

SALA, s. Hind. _sālā_, 'brother-in-law,' _i.e._ wife's brother; but used elliptically as a low term of abuse.

[1856.—"Another reason (for infanticide) is the blind pride which makes
them hate that any man should call them SALA, or Sussoor—brother-in-law,
or father-in-law."—_Forbes, Rās Mālā_, ed. 1878, 616.]

1881.—"Another of these popular Paris sayings is '_et ta sœur?_' which is
as insulting a remark to a Parisian as the apparently harmless remark
SĀLĀ, 'brother-in-law,' is to a Hindoo."—_Sat. Rev._, Sept. 10, 326.

SALAAM, s. A salutation; properly oral salutation of Mahommedans to each other. Arab. _salām_, 'peace.' Used for any act of salutation; or for 'compliments.'

[c. 60 B.C.—

"Ἀλλ' εἰ μὲν Σύρος ἐσσὶ "Σαλὰμ," εἰ δ' οὗν σύ γε φοίνιξ
"Ναίδιος," εἰ δ' Ἕλλην "Χαῖρε"· τὸ δ' αὐτὸ φράσον."
—_Meleagros_, in _Anthologia Palatina_, vii. 149.

The point is that he has been a bird of passage, and says good-bye now to
his various resting-places in their own tongue.]

1513.—"The ambassador (of Bisnagar) entering the door of the chamber, the
Governor rose from the chair on which he was seated, and stood up while
the ambassador made him great ÇALEMA."—_Correa, Lendas_, II. i. 377. See
also p. 431.

1552.—"The present having been seen he took the letter of the Governor,
and read it to him, and having read it told him how the Governor sent him
his ÇALEMA, and was at his command with all his fleet, and with all the
Portuguese...."—_Castanheda_, iii. 445.

1611.—"ÇALEMA. The salutation of an inferior."—_Cobarruvias, Sp. Dict._
s.v.

1626.—"Hee (Selim _i.e._ Jahāngīr) turneth ouer his Beades, and saith so
many words, to wit three thousand and two hundred, and then presenteth
himself to the people to receive their SALAMES or good
morrow...."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 523.

1638.—"En entrant ils se salüent de leur SALOM qu'ils accompagnent d'vne
profonde inclination."—_Mandelslo_, Paris, 1659, 223.

1648.—"... this salutation they call SALAM; and it is made with bending
of the body, and laying of the right hand upon the head."—_Van Twist_,
55.

1689.—"The SALEM of the Religious Bramins, is to join their Hands
together, and spreading them first, make a motion towards their Head, and
then stretch them out."—_Ovington_, 183.

1694.—"The Town CONICOPOLIES, and chief inhabitants of Egmore, came to
make their SALAAM to the President."—_Wheeler_, i. 281.

1717.—"I wish the Priests in Tranquebar a Thousand fold
SCHALAM."—_Philipp's Acct._ 62.

1809.—"The old priest was at the door, and with his head uncovered, to
make his SALAAMS."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 273.

1813.—

"'Ho! who art thou?'—'This low SALAM
Replies, of Moslem faith I am.'"
_Byron, The Giaour._

1832.—"Il me rendit tous les SALAMS que je fis autrefois au Grand
Mogol."—_Jacquemont, Corresp._ ii. 137.

1844.—"All chiefs who have made their SALAM are entitled to carry arms
personally."—_G. O. of Sir C. Napier_, 2.

SALAK, s. A singular-looking fruit, sold and eaten in the Malay regions, described in the quotation. It is the fruit of a species of ratan (_Salacca edulis_), of which the Malay name is _rotan-salak_.

1768-71.—"The SALAC (_Calamus rotang zalacca_) which is the fruit of a
prickly bush, and has a singular appearance, being covered with scales,
like those of a lizard; it is nutritious and well tasted, in flavour
somewhat resembling a raspberry."—_Stavorinus_, E.T. i. 241.

SALEB, SALEP, s. This name is applied to the tubers of various species of _orchis_ found in Europe and Asia, which from ancient times have had a great reputation as being restorative and highly nutritious. This reputation seems originally to have rested on the 'doctrine of signatures,' but was due partly no doubt to the fact that the mucilage of saleb has the property of forming, even with the addition of 40 parts of water, a thick jelly. Good modern authorities quite disbelieve in the virtues ascribed to _saleb_, though a decoction of it, spiced and sweetened, makes an agreeable drink for invalids. Saleb is identified correctly by Ibn Baithar with the Satyrium of Dioscorides and Galen. The full name in Ar. (analogous to the Greek _orchis_) is _Khuṣī-al-tha'lab_, i.e. '_testiculus vulpis_'; but it is commonly known in India as _s̤a'lab miṣrī_, i.e. Salep of Egypt, or popularly _salep-misry_. In Upper India _s̤aleb_ is derived from various species of _Eulophia_, found in Kashmīr and the Lower Himālaya. SALOOP, which is, or used to be, supplied hot in winter mornings by itinerant vendors in the streets of London, is, we believe, a representative of Saleb; but we do not know from what it is prepared. [In 1889 a correspondent to _Notes & Queries_ (7 ser. vii. 35) stated that "within the last twenty years SALOOP vendors might have been seen plying their trade in the streets of London. The term SALOOP was also applied to an infusion of the sassafras bark or wood. In Pereira's _Materia Medica_, published in 1850, it is stated that 'sassafras tea, flavoured with milk and sugar, is sold at daybreak in the streets of London under the name of SALOOP.' SALOOP in balls is still sold in London, and comes mostly from Smyrna."]

In the first quotation it is doubtful what is meant by _salīf_; but it seems possible that the traveller may not have recognised the _tha'lab_, _s̤a'lab_ in its Indian pronunciation.

c. 1340.—"After that, they fixed the amount of provision to be given by
the Sultan, viz. 1000 Indian _riṭls_ of flour ... 1000 of meat, a large
number of _riṭls_ (how many I don't now remember) of sugar, of ghee, of
SALĪF, of areca, and 1000 leaves of betel."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 382.

1727.—"They have a fruit called SALOB, about the size of a Peach, but
without a stone. They dry it hard ... and being beaten to Powder, they
dress it as Tea and Coffee are.... They are of opinion that it is a great
restorative."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 125; [ed. 1744, i. 126].

[1754.—In his list of Indian drugs Ives (p. 44) gives "Rad. SALOP, Persia
Rs. 35 per maund."]

1838.—"SALEB MISREE, a medicine, comes (a little) from Russia. It is
considered a good nutritive for the human constitution, and is for this
purpose powdered and taken with milk. It is in the form of flat oval
pieces of about 80 grains each.... It is sold at 2 or 3 Rupees per
ounce."—_Desc. of articles found in Bazars of Cabool._ In _Punjab Trade
Report_, 1862, App. vi.

1882 (?).—"Here we knock against an ambulant SALEP-shop (a kind of tea
which people drink on winter mornings); there against roaming oil, salt,
or water-vendors, bakers carrying brown bread on wooden trays, pedlars
with cakes, fellows offering dainty little bits of meat to the knowing
purchaser."—_Levkosia, The Capital of Cyprus_, ext. in _St. James's
Gazette_, Sept. 10.

SALEM, n.p. A town and inland district of S. India. Properly _Shelam_, which is perhaps a corruption of _Chera_, the name of the ancient monarchy in which this district was embraced. ["According to one theory the town of Salem is said to be identical with Seran or Sheran, and occasionally to have been named Sheralan; when S. India was divided between the three dynasties of Chola, Sera and Pandia, according to the generally accepted belief, Karur was the place where the three territorial divisions met; the boundary was no doubt subject to vicissitudes, and at one time possibly Salem or Serar was a part of Sera."—_Le Fanu, Man. of Salem_, ii. 18.]

SALEMPOORY, s. A kind of chintz. See allusions under PALEMPORE. [The _Madras Gloss._, deriving the word from Tel. _sāle_, 'weaver,' _pura_, Skt. 'town,' describes it as "a kind of cotton cloth formerly manufactured at Nellore; half the length of ordinary Punjums" (see PIECE-GOODS). The third quotation indicates that it was sometimes white.]

[1598.—"SARAMPURAS."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 95.

[1611.—"I ... was only doubtful about the white BETTEELAS and
SALEMPURYS."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 155.

[1614.—"SALAMPORA, being a broad white cloth."—_Foster_, _ibid._ ii. 32.]

1680.—"Certain goods for Bantam priced as follows:—

"SALAMPORES, Blew, at 14 Pagodas per corge...."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consn._,
April 22. In _Notes and Exts._ iii. 16; also _ibid._ p. 24.

1747.—"The Warehousekeeper reported that on the 1st inst. when the French
entered our Bounds and attacked us ... it appeared that 5 Pieces of Long
Cloth and 10 Pieces of SALAMPORES were stolen, That Two Pieces of
SALAMPORES were found upon a Peon ... and the Person detected is ordered
to be severely whipped in the Face of the Publick...."—_Ft. St. David
Consn._, March 30 (MS. Records in India Office).

c. 1780.—"... en l'on y fabriquoit différentes espèces de toiles de
coton, telles que SALEMPOURIS."—_Haafner_, ii. 461.

SALIGRAM, s. Skt. _Śālagrāma_ (this word seems to be properly the name of a place, 'Village of the Sāl-tree'—a real or imaginary _tīrtha_ or place of sacred pilgrimage, mentioned in the _Mahābhārata_). [Other and less probable explanations are given by Oppert, _Anc. Inhabitants_, 337.] A pebble having mystic virtues, found in certain rivers, _e.g._ Gandak, Son, &c. Such stones are usually marked by containing a fossil ammonite. The _śālagrāma_ is often adopted as the representative of some god, and the worship of any god may be performed before it.[235] It is daily worshipped by the Brahmans; but it is especially connected with Vaishnava doctrine. In May 1883 a _śālagrāma_ was the ostensible cause of great popular excitement among the Hindus of Calcutta. During the proceedings in a family suit before the High Court, a question arose regarding the identity of a _śālagrāma_, regarded as a household god. Counsel on both sides suggested that the thing should be brought into court. Mr. Justice Norris hesitated to give this order till he had taken advice. The attorneys on both sides, Hindus, said there could be no objection; the Court interpreter, a high-caste Brahman, said it could not be brought into Court, _because of the coir-matting_, but it might with perfect propriety be brought into the corridor for inspection; which was done. This took place during the excitement about the "Ilbert Bill," giving natives magisterial authority in the provinces over Europeans; and there followed most violent and offensive articles in several native newspapers reviling Mr. Justice Norris, who was believed to be hostile to the Bill. The editor of the _Bengallee_ newspaper, an educated man, and formerly a member of the covenanted Civil Service, the author of one of the most unscrupulous and violent articles, was summoned for contempt of court. He made an apology and complete retractation, but was sentenced to two months' imprisonment.

c. 1590.—"SALGRAM is a black stone which the Hindoos hold sacred.... They
are found in the river Sown, at the distance of 40 cose from the
mouth."—_Ayeen, Gladwin's_ E.T. 1800, ii. 25; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 150].

1782.—"Avant de finir l'histoire de Vichenou, je ne puis me dispenser de
parler de la pierre de SALAGRAMAN. Elle n'est autre chose qu'une coquille
petrifiée du genre des _cornes d'Ammon_: les Indiens prétendent qu'elle
represente Vichenou, parcequ'ils en ont découvert de neuf nuances
différentes, ce qu'ils rapportent aux neuf incarnations de ce Dieu....
Cette pierre est aux sectateurs de Vichenou ce que le Lingam est à ceux
de Chiven."—_Sonnerat_, i. 307.

[1822.—"In the Nerbuddah are found those types of Shiva, called
SOLGRAMMAS, which are sacred pebbles held in great estimation all over
India."—_Wallace, Fifteen Years in India_, 296.]

1824.—"The SHALGRAMŬ is black, hollow, and nearly round; it is found in
the Gunduk River, and is considered a representation of Vishnoo.... The
SHALGRAMŬ is the only stone that is naturally divine; all the other
stones are rendered sacred by incantations."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_,
i. 43.

1885.—"My father had one (a SALAGRAM). It was a round, rather flat, jet
black, small, shining stone. He paid it the greatest reverence possible,
and allowed no one to touch it, but worshipped it with his own hands.
When he became ill, and as he would not allow a woman to touch it, he
made it over to a Brahman ascetic with a money present."—_Sundrábái_, in
_Punjab Notes and Queries_, ii. 109. The ŚĀLAGRĀMA is in fact a Hindu
fetish.

SALLABAD, s. This word, now quite obsolete, occurs frequently in the early records of English settlements in India, for the customary or prescriptive exactions of the native Governments, and for native prescriptive claims in general. It is a word of Mahratti development, _sālābād_, 'perennial,' applied to permanent collections or charges; apparently a factitious word from Pers. _sāl_, 'year,' and Ar. _ābād_, 'ages.'

[1680.—"SALABAD." See under ROOCKA.]

1703.—"... although these are hardships, yet by length of time become
SALLABAD (as we esteem them), there is no great demur made now, and are
not recited here as grievances."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 19.

1716.—"The Board upon reading them came to the following
resolutions:—That for anything which has yet appeared the Comatees
(COMATY) may cry out their Pennagundoo Nagarum ... at their houses,
feasts, and weddings, &c., according to SALABAD but not before the Pagoda
of Chindy Pillary...."—_Ibid._ 234.

1788.—"SALLABAUD. (Usual Custom). A word used by the Moors Government to
enforce their demand of a present."—_Indian Vocabulary (Stockdale)_.

SALOOTREE, SALUSTREE, s. Hind. _Sālotar_, _Sālotrī_. A native farrier or horse-doctor. This class is now almost always Mahommedan. But the word is taken from the Skt. name _Sālihotra_, the original owner of which is supposed to have written in that language a treatise on the Veterinary Art, which still exists in a form more or less modified and imperfect. "A knowledge of Sanskrit must have prevailed pretty generally about this time (14th century), for there is in the Royal Library at Lucknow a work on the veterinary art, which was translated from the Sanskrit by order of Ghiyásu-d dín Muhammad Sháh Khiljí. This rare book, called _Kurrutu-l-Mulk_, was translated as early as A.H. 783 (A.D. 1381), from an original styled _Sálotar_, which is the name of an Indian, who is said to have been a Bráhman, and the tutor of Susruta. The Preface says the translation was made 'from the barbarous Hindi into the refined Persian, in order that there may be no more need of a reference to infidels.'"[236] (_Elliot_, v. 573-4.)

[1831.—"'... your aloes are not genuine.' 'Oh yes, they are,' he
exclaimed. 'My SALUTREE got them from the Bazaar.'"—_Or. Sport. Mag._,
reprint 1873, ii. 223.]

SALSETTE, n.p.

A. A considerable island immediately north of Bombay. The island of Bombay is indeed naturally a kind of pendant to the island of Salsette, and during the Portuguese occupation it was so in every sense. That occupation is still marked by the remains of numerous villas and churches, and by the survival of a large R. Catholic population. The island also contains the famous and extensive caves of Kāṇhērī (see KENNERY). The old city of TANA (q.v.) also stands upon Salsette. Salsette was claimed as part of the Bombay dotation of Queen Catherine, but refused by the Portuguese. The Mahrattas took it from them in 1739, and it was taken from these by us in 1774. The name has been by some connected with the salt-works which exist upon the islands (_Salinas_). But it appears in fact to be the corruption of a Mahratti name _Shāshṭī_, from _Shāshashṭī_, meaning 'Sixty-six' (Skt. _Shaṭ-shashṭi_), because (it is supposed) the island was alleged to contain that number of villages. This name occurs in the form SHATSASHTI in a stone inscription dated Sak. 1103 (A.D. 1182). See _Bo. J. R. As. Soc._ xii. 334. Another inscription on copper plates dated Sak. 748 (A.D. 1027) contains a grant of the village of Naura, "one of the 66 of _Śri Sthānaka_ (Thana)," thus entirely confirming the etymology (_J. R. As. Soc._ ii. 383). I have to thank Mr. J. M. Campbell, C.S.I., for drawing my attention to these inscriptions.

B. SALSETTE is also the name of the three provinces of the Goa territory which constituted the _Velhas Conquistas_ or Old Conquests. These lay all along the coast, consisting of (1) the _Ilhas_ (viz. the island of Goa and minor islands divided by rivers and creeks), (2) _Bardez_ on the northern mainland, and (3) _Salsette_ on the southern mainland. The port of Marmagaon, which is the terminus of the Portuguese Indian Railway, is in this Salsette. The name probably had the like origin to that of the Island Salsette; a parallel to which was found in the old name of the Island of Goa, _Tiçoari_, meaning (Mahr.) _Tīs-wādī_, "30 hamlets." [See BARGANY.]

A.D. 1186.—"I, Aparāditya ("the paramount sovereign, the Ruler of the
Koṅkana, the most illustrious King") have given with a libation of water
24 drachms, after exempting other taxes, from the fixed revenue of the
oart in the village of Mahauli, connected with
SHAṬ-SHASHṬI."—_Inscription_ edited by _Pandit Bhagavānlāl Indraji_, in
_J. Bo. Br. R. A. S._ xii. 332. [And see _Bombay Gazetteer_, I. Pt. ii.
544, 567.]

A.—

1536.—

"Item—Revenue of the Cusba (Caçabe—see CUSBAH) of Maym:
R̃b^c lxbij _fedeas_ (40,567)
And the custom-house (_Mandovim_)
of the said Maym " (48,000)
And MAZAGONG (_Mazaguão_) " (11,500)
And BOMBAY (_Monbaym_) " (23,000)
And the _Cusba_ and Customs
of Caranja " (94,700)
And in PADDY (_baté_) xxi _muras_ (see MOORAH)
1 _candil_ (see CANDY)
And the Island of SALSETE fedeas (319,100)
And in paddy xxi _muras_ 1 _candil_."
_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 142.

1538.—"Beyond the Isle of ELEPHANTA (_do Alifante_) about a league
distant is the island of SALSETE. This island is seven leagues long by 5
in breadth. On the north it borders the Gulf of Cambay, on the south it
has the I. of Elephanta, on the east the mainland, and on the west the I.
of BOMBAI or of _Boa Vida_. This island is very fertile, abounding in
provisions, cattle, and game of sorts, and in its hills is great plenty
of timber for building ships and galleys. In that part of the island
which faces the S.W. wind is built a great and noble city called Thana;
and a league and a half in the interior is an immense edifice called the
Pagoda of SALSETE; both one and the other objects most worthy of note;
Thana for its decay (_destroição_) and the Pagoda as a work unique in its
way, and the like of which is nowhere to be seen."—_João de Castro, Primo
Roteiro da India_, 69-70.

1554.—"And to the TANADAR (_tenadar_) of SALSETE 30,000 _reis_.

"He has under him 12 PEONS (_piães_) of whom the said governor takes 7;
leaving him 5, which at the aforesaid rate amount to 10,800 _reis_.

"And to a _Parvu_ (see PARVOE) that he has, who is the country writer ...
and having the same pay as the Tenadar Mor, which is 3 pardaos a month,
amounting in a year at the said rate to 10,800 _reis_."—_Botelho, Tombo_,
in _Subsidios_, 211-212.

1610.—"Frey Manuel de S. Mathias, guardian of the convent of St. Francis
in Goa, writes to me that ... in Goa alone there are 90 resident friars;
and besides in Baçaim and its adjuncts, viz., in the island of SALSETE
and other districts of the north they have 18 parishes (FREGUEZIAS) of
native Christians with vicars; and five of the convents have colleges, or
seminaries where they bring up little orphans; and that the said Ward of
Goa extends 300 leagues from north to south."—_Livros das Monções_, 298.

[1674.—"From whence these Pieces of Land receive their general Name of
SALSET ... either because it signifies in _Canorein_ a
Granary...."—_Fryer_, 62.]

c. 1760.—"It was a melancholy sight on the loss of SALSETT, to see the
many families forced to seek refuge on Bombay, and among them some
Portuguese Hidalgos or noblemen, reduced of a sudden from very
flourishing circumstances to utter beggary."—_Grose_, i. 72.

[1768.—"Those lands are comprised in 66 villages, and from this number it
is called SALSETTE."—_Foral of Salsette_, India Office MS.]

1777.—"The acquisition of the Island of SALSET, which in a manner
surrounds the Island of Bombay, is sufficient to secure the latter from
the danger of a famine."—_Price's Tracts_, i. 101.

1808.—"The island of _Sashty_ (corrupted by the Portuguese into SALSETTE)
was conquered by that Nation in the year of Christ 1534, from the
Mohammedan Prince who was then its Sovereign; and thereupon parcelled
out, among the European subjects of Her Most Faithful Majesty, into
village allotments, at a very small Foro or quit-rent."—_Bombay, Regn._
I. of 1808, sec. ii.

B.—

1510.—"And he next day, by order of the Governor, with his own people and
many more from the Island (Goa) passed over to the mainland of SALSETE
and Antruz, scouring the districts and the TANADARIS, and placing in them
by his own hand TANADARS and collectors of revenue, and put all in such
order that he collected much money, insomuch that he sent to the factor
at Goa very good intelligence, accompanied by much money."—_Correa_, ii.
161.

1546.—"We agree in the manner following, to wit, that I Idalxaa (IDALCAN)
promise and swear on our Koran (_no noso moçaffo_), and by the head of my
eldest son, that I will remain always firm in the said amity with the
King of Portugal and with his governors of India, and that the lands of
SALSETE and Bardees, which I have made contract and donation of to His
Highness, I confirm and give anew, and I swear and promise by the oath
aforesaid never to reclaim them or make them the Subject of
War."—_Treaty_ between _D. John de Castro_ and _Idalxaa_, who was
formerly called Idalção (_Adil Khān_).—_Botelho, Tombo_, 40.

1598.—"On the South side of the Iland of _Goa_, wher the riuer runneth
againe into the Sea, there cometh euen out with the coast a land called
SALSETTE, which is also vnder the subiection of the Portingales, and is
... planted both with people and fruite."—_Linschoten_, 51; [Hak. Soc. i.
177].

1602.—"Before we treat of the Wars which in this year (c. 1546) Idalxa
(Adil Shāh) waged with the State about the mainland provinces of SALSETE
and Bardés, which caused much trouble to the Government of India, it
seems well to us to give an account of these Moor Kings of
Visiapor."—_Couto_, IV. x. 4.

SALWEN, n.p. The great river entering the sea near Martaban in British Burma, and which the Chinese in its upper course call _Lu-kiang_. The Burmese form is _Than-lwen_, but the original form is probably Shān. ["The SALWEEN River, which empties itself into the sea at Maulmain, rivals the Irrawaddy in length but not in importance" (_Forbes, British Burma_, 8).]

SAMBOOK, s. Ar. _sanbuḳ_, and _sunbūḳ_ (there is a Skt. word _śambūka_, 'a bivalve shell,' but we are unable to throw any light on any possible transfer); a kind of small vessel formerly used in Western India and still on the Arabian coast. [See _Bombay Gazetteer_, xiii. Pt. ii. 470.] It is smaller than the _bagalā_ (see BUGGALOW), and is chiefly used to communicate between a roadstead and the shore, or to go inside the reefs. Burton renders the word 'a foyst,' which is properly a smaller kind of galley. See description in the last but one quotation below.

c. 330.—"It is the custom when a vessel arrives (at Makdashau) that the
Sultan's ṢUNBŪḲ boards her to ask whence the ship comes, who is the
owner, and the skipper (or pilot), what she is laden with, and what
merchants or other passengers are on board."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 183; also
see pp. 17, 181, &c.

1498.—"The ZAMBUCO came loaded with doves'-dung, which they have in those
islands, and which they were carrying, it being merchandize for Cambay,
where it is used in dyeing cloths."—_Correa, Lendas_, i. 33-34.

" In the curious Vocabulary of the language of Calicut, at the end
of the _Roteiro_ of Vasco da Gama, we find: "Barcas; CAMBUCO."

[1502.—"ZAMBUCOS." See under NACODA.]

1506.—"Questo Capitanio si prese uno SAMBUCO molto ricco, veniva dalla
Mecha per Colocut."—_Leonardo Ca' Masser_, 17.

1510.—"As to the names of their ships, some are called SAMBUCHI, and
these are flat-bottomed."—_Varthema_, 154.