Chapter XLVII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (44)

1780-90.—"The party on the plain below have, during this interval, been
completely occupied in forming the KEDDAH or enclosure."—_Lives of the
Lindsays_, iii. 191.

1810.—"A trap called a KEDDAH."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 436.

1860.—"The custom in Bengal is to construct a strong enclosure (called a
KEDDAH) in the heart of the forest."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 342.

KEDGEREE, KITCHERY, s. Hind. _khichṛī_, a mess of rice, cooked with butter and _dāl_ (see DHALL), and flavoured with a little spice, shred onion, and the like; a common dish all over India, and often served at Anglo-Indian breakfast tables, in which very old precedent is followed, as the first quotation shows. The word appears to have been applied metaphorically to mixtures of sundry kinds (see _Fryer_, below), and also to mixt jargon or _lingua franca_. In England we find the word is often applied to a mess of re-cooked fish, served for breakfast; but this is inaccurate. Fish is frequently eaten _with kedgeree_, but is no part of it. ["Fish _Kitcherie_" is an old Anglo-Indian dish, see the recipe in _Riddell, Indian Domestic Economy_, p. 437.]

c. 1340.—"The munj (MOONG) is boiled with rice, and then buttered and
eaten. This is what they call KISHRĪ, and on this dish they breakfast
every day."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 131.

c. 1443.—"The elephants of the palace are fed upon
KITCHRI."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in XVth Cent._ 27.

c. 1475.—"Horses are fed on pease; also on KICHIRIS, boiled with sugar
and oil; and early in the morning they get _shishenivo_" (?).—_Athan.
Nikitin_, in _do._, p. 10.

The following recipe for KEDGEREE is by Abu'l Faẓl:—

c. 1590.—"KHICHRI, Rice, split _dál_, and _ghí_, 5 _ser_ of each; ⅓ _ser_
salt; this gives 7 dishes."—_Āīn_, i. 59.

1648.—"Their daily gains are very small, ... and with these they fill
their hungry bellies with a certain food called KITSERYE."—_Van Twist_,
57.

1653.—"KICHERI est vne sorte de legume dont les Indiens se nourissent
ordinairement."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 545.

1672.—Baldaeus has KITZERY, Tavernier QUICHERI [ed. _Ball_, i. 282, 391].

1673.—"The Diet of this Sort of People admits not of great Variety or
Cost, their delightfullest Food being only CUTCHERRY a sort of Pulse and
Rice mixed together, and boiled in Butter, with which they grow
fat."—_Fryer_, 81.

Again, speaking of pearls in the Persian Gulf, he says: "Whatever is of
any Value is very dear. Here is a great Plenty of what they call
KETCHERY, a mixture of all together, or Refuse of Rough, Yellow, and
Unequal, which they sell by Bushels to the Russians."—_Ibid._ 320.

1727.—"Some Doll and Rice, being mingled together and boiled make
KITCHEREE, the common Food of the Country. They eat it with Butter and
Atchar (see ACHAR)."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 161; [ed. 1744, i. 162].

1750-60.—"KITCHAREE is only rice stewed, with a certain pulse they call
Dholl, and is generally eaten with salt-fish, butter, and pickles of
various sorts, to which they give the general name of _Atchar_."—_Grose_,
i. 150.

[1813.—"He was always a welcome guest ... and ate as much of their rice
and CUTCHEREE as he chose."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 502.]

1880.—"A correspondent of the _Indian Mirror_, writing of the annual
religious fair at Ajmere, thus describes a feature in the proceedings:
"There are two tremendous copper pots, one of which is said to contain
about eighty maunds of rice and the other forty maunds. To fill these
pots with rice, sugar, and dried fruits requires a round sum of money,
and it is only the rich who can afford to do so. This year His Highness
the Nawab of Tonk paid Rs. 3,000 to fill up the pots.... After the pots
filled with KHICHRI had been inspected by the Nawab, who was accompanied
by the Commissioner of Ajmere and several Civil Officers, the
distribution, or more properly the plunder, of KHICHRI commenced, and men
well wrapped up with clothes, stuffed with cotton, were seen leaping down
into the boiling pot to secure their share of the booty."—_Pioneer Mail_,
July 8. [See the reference to this custom in _Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii.
314, and a full account in _Rajputana Gazetteer_, ii. 63.]

KEDGEREE, n.p. _Khijirī_ or _Kijarī_, a village and police station on the low lands near the mouth of the Hoogly, on the west bank, and 68 miles below Calcutta. It was formerly well known as a usual anchorage of the larger Indiamen.

1683.—"This morning early we weighed anchor with the tide of Ebb, but
having little wind, got no further than the Point of KEGARIA
Island."—_Hedges, Diary_, Jan. 26; [Hak. Soc. i. 64].

1684.—"Sign^r Nicolo Pareres, a Portugall Merchant, assured me their
whole community had wrott y^e Vice King of Goa ... to send them 2 or 3
Frigates with ... Soldiers to possess themselves of ye Islands of KEGERIA
and _Ingellee_."—_Ibid._ Dec. 17; [Hak. Soc. i. 172].

1727.—"It is now inhabited by Fishers, as are also _Ingellie_ and
KIDGERIE, two neighbouring Islands on the West Side of the Mouth of the
Ganges."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 2; [ed. 1744]. (See HIDGELEE.)

1753.—"De l'autre côté de l'entré, les rivières de CAJORI et de
l'_Ingeli_ (see HIDGELEE), puis plus au large la rivière de Pipli et
celle de Balasor (see BALASORE), sont avec _Tombali_ (see TUMLOOK),
rivière mentionné plus haut, et qu'on peut ajouter ici, des dérivations
d'un grand fleuve, dont le nom de Ganga lui est commun avec le Gange....
Une carte du Golfe de Bengale inserée dans Blaeu, fera même distinguer
les rivières d'_Ingeli_ et de CAJORI (si on prend la peine de l'examiner)
comme des bras du Ganga."—_D'Anville_, p. 66.

As to the origin of this singular error, about a river Ganga flowing
across India from W. to E., see some extracts under GODAVERY. The
Rupnarain River, which joins the Hoogly from the W. just above Diamond
Harbour, is the _grand fleuve_ here spoken of. The name _Gunga_ or _Old
Gunga_ is applied to this in charts late in the 18th century. It is thus
mentioned by A. Hamilton, 1727: "About five leagues farther up on the
West Side of the River of _Hughly_, is another Branch of the _Ganges_,
called _Ganga_, it is broader than that of the _Hughly_, but much
shallower."—ii. 3; [ed. 1744].

KEDGEREE-POT, s. A vulgar expression for a round pipkin such as is in common Indian use, both for holding water and for cooking purposes. (See CHATTY, GHURRA.)

1811.—"As a memorial of such misfortunes, they plant in the earth an oar
bearing a CUDGERI, or earthen pot."—_Solvyns, Les Hindous_, iii.

1830.—"Some natives were in readiness with a small raft of KEDGEREE-POTS,
on which the palkee was to be ferried over."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_,
110.

KENNERY, n.p. The site of a famous and very extensive group of cave-temples on the Island of SALSETTE, near Bombay, properly _Kāṇherī_.

1602.—"Holding some conversation with certain very aged Christians, who
had been among the first converts there of Padre Fr. Antonio do Porto,
... one of them, who alleged himself to be more than 120 years old, and
who spoke Portuguese very well, and read and wrote it, and was
continually reading the _Flos Sanctorum_, and the Lives of the Saints,
assured me that without doubt the work of the Pagoda of CANARI was made
under the orders of the father of Saint Josafat the Prince, whom Barlaam
converted to the Faith of Christ...."—_Couto_, VII. iii. cap. 10.

1673.—"Next Morn before Break of Day we directed our steps to the
anciently fam'd, but now ruin'd City of CANOREIN ... all cut out of a
Rock," &c.—_Fryer_, 71-72.

1825.—"The principal curiosities of Salsette ... are the cave temples of
KENNERY. These are certainly in every way remarkable, from their number,
their beautiful situation, their elaborate carving, and their marked
connection with Buddh and his religion."—_Heber_, ii. 130.

KERSEYMERE, s. This is an English draper's term, and not Anglo-Indian. But it is through forms like _cassimere_ (also in English use), a corruption of _cashmere_, though the corruption has been shaped by the previously existing English word _kersey_ for a kind of woollen cloth, as if _kersey_ were one kind and _kerseymere_ another, of similar goods. _Kersey_ is given by Minsheu (2nd ed. 1627), without definition, thus: "KERSIE _cloth_, G. (_i.e._ French) _carizé_." The only word like the last given by Littré is "_Carisil_, sorte de canevas."... This does not apply to _kersey_, which appears to be represented by "_Creseau_—Terme de Commerce; étoffe de laine croissée à deux envers; etym. _croiser_." Both words are probably connected with _croiser_ or with _carré_. Planché indeed (whose etymologies are generally worthless) says: "made originally at Kersey, in Suffolk, whence its name." And he adds, equal to the occasion, "_Kerseymere_, so named from the position of the original factory on the _mere_, or water which runs through the village of Kersey" (!) Mr. Skeat, however, we see, thinks that Kersey, in Suffolk, is perhaps the origin of the word _Kersey_: [and this he repeats in the new ed. (1901) of his _Concise Etym. Dict._, adding, "Not from Jersey, which is also used as the name of a material." _Kerseymere_, he says, is "a corruption of _Cashmere_ or _Cassimere_, by confusion with _kersey_"].

1495.—"Item the xv day of Februar, bocht fra Jhonne Andersoun x ellis of
quhit CARESAY, to be tua coitis, ane to the King, and ane to the Lard of
Balgony; price of ellne vjs.; summa ... iij. _li._"—_Accts. of the Ld. H.
Treasurer of Scotland_, 1877, p. 225.

1583.—"I think cloth, KERSEYS and tinne have never bene here at so lowe
prices as they are now."—_Mr. John Newton_, from Babylon (_i.e._ Bagdad)
July 20, in _Hakl._ 378.

1603.—"I had as lief be a list of an English KERSEY, as be pil'd as thou
art pil'd, for a French velvet."—_Measure for Measure_, i. 2.

1625.—"Ordanet the thesaurer to tak aff to ilk ane of the officeris and
to the drummer and pyper, ilk ane of thame, fyve elne of reid KAIRSIE
claithe."—_Exts. from Recds. of Glasgow_, 1876, p. 347.

1626.—In a contract between the Factor of the King of Persia and a Dutch
"Opper Koopman" for goods we find: "2000 Persian ells of CARSAY at 1
_eocri_ (?) the ell."—_Valentijn_, v. 295.

1784.—"For sale—superfine cambrics and edgings ... scarlet and blue
KASSIMERES."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 47.

c. 1880.—(no date given) "KERSEYMERE. _Cassimere._ A finer description of
kersey ... (then follows the absurd etymology as given by Planché).... It
is principally a manufacture of the west of England, and except in being
tweeled (_sic_) and of narrow width it in no respect differs from
superfine cloth."—_Draper's Dict._ s.v.

KHADIR, s. H. _khādar_; the recent alluvial bordering a large river. (See under BANGUR).

[1828.—"The river ... meanders fantastically ... through a KHADER, or
valley between two ranges of hills."—_Mundy, Pen and Pencil Sketches_,
ed. 1858, p. 130.

[The KHADIR Cup is one of the chief racing trophies open to pig-stickers
in upper India.]

KHAKEE, vulgarly KHARKI, KHARKEE, s. or adj. Hind. _khākī_, 'dusty or dust-coloured,' from Pers. _khāk_, 'earth,' or 'dust'; applied to a light drab or chocolate-coloured cloth. This was the colour of the uniform worn by some of the Punjab regiments at the siege of Delhi, and became very popular in the army generally during the campaigns of 1857-58, being adopted as a convenient material by many other corps. [Gubbins (_Mutinies in Oudh_, 296) describes how the soldiers at Lucknow dyed their uniforms a light brown or dust colour with a mixture of black and red office inks, and Cave Brown (_Punjab and Delhi_, ii. 211) speaks of its introduction in place of the red uniform which gave the British soldier the name of "_Lal Coortee Wallahs_."]

[1858.—A book appeared called "Service and Adventures with the KHAKEE
Ressalah, or Meerut Volunteer Horse during the Mutinies in 1857-8," by
_R. H. W. Dunlop_.

[1859.—"It has been decided that the full dress will be of dark blue
cloth, made up, not like the tunic, but as the native ungreekah
(_angarkha_), and set off with red piping. The undress clothing will be
entirely of KHAKEE."—_Madras Govt. Order_, Feb. 18, quoted in _Calcutta
Rev._ ciii. 407.

[1862.—"KHARKEE does not catch in brambles so much as other
stuffs."—_Brinckman, Rifle in Cashmere_, 136.]

1878.—"The Amir, we may mention, wore a KHAKI suit, edged with gold, and
the well-known Herati cap."—_Sat. Review_, Nov. 30, 683.

[1899.—"The batteries to be painted with the KIRKEE colour, which being
similar to the roads of the country, will render the vehicles
invisible."—_Times_, July 12.

[1890-91.—The newspapers have constant references to a KHAKI election,
that is an election started on a war policy, and the War Loan for the
Transvaal Campaign has been known as "KHAKIS."]

Recent military operations have led to the general introduction of KHAKI as the service uniform. Something like this has been used in the East for clothing from a very early time:—

[1611.—"See if you can get me a piece of very fine brown calico to make
me clothes."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 109.]

KHALSA, s. and adj. Hind. from Ar. _khālṣa_ (properly _khāliṣa_) 'pure, genuine.' It has various technical meanings, but, as we introduce the word, it is applied by the Sikhs to their community and church (so to call it) collectively.

1783.—"The _Sicques_ salute each other by the expression _Wah Gooroo_,
without any inclination of the body, or motion of the hand. The
Government at large, and their armies, are denominated KHALSA, and
KHALSAJEE."—_Forster's Journey_, ed. 1808, i. 307.

1881.—

"And all the Punjab knows me, for my father's name was known
In the days of the conquering KHALSA, when I was a boy half-grown."
_Attar Singh loquitur_, by _Sowar_, in an
Indian paper; name and date lost.

KHAN, s. A. Turki through Pers. _Khān_. Originally this was a title, equivalent to Lord or Prince, used among the Mongol and Turk nomad hordes. Besides this sense, and an application to various other chiefs and nobles, it has still become in Persia, and still more in Afghanistan, a sort of vague title like "Esq.," whilst in India it has become a common affix to, or in fact part of, the name of Hindustānis out of every rank, properly, however of those claiming a Pathān descent. The tendency of swelling titles is always thus to degenerate, and when the value of _Khān_ had sunk, a new form, _Khān-Khānān_ (Khān of Khāns) was devised at the Court of Delhi, and applied to one of the high officers of State.

[c. 1610.—The "_Assant_ CAOUNAS" of Pyrard de Laval, which Mr. Gray fails
to identify, is probably _Hasan-Khan_, Hak. Soc. i. 69.

[1616.—"All the Captayens, as CHANNA CHANA (Khān-Khānān), Mahobet CHAN,
CHAN John (Khān Jahān)."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. i. 192.

[1675.—"CAWN." See under GINGI.]

B. Pers. _khān_. A public building for the accommodation of travellers, a caravanserai. [The word appears in English as early as about 1400; see _Stanf. Dict._ s.v.]

1653.—"HAN est vn Serrail ou enclos que les Arabes appellent _fondoux_ où
se retirent les Carauanes, ou les Marchands Estrangers, ... ce mot de HAN
est Turq, et est le mesme que _Kiarauansarai_ ou _Karbasara_ (see
CARAVANSERAY) dont parle Belon...."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657,
p. 540.

1827.—"He lost all hope, being informed by his late fellow-traveller,
whom he found at the KHAN, that the Nuwaub was absent on a secret
expedition."—_W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xiii.

KHANNA, CONNAH, &c. s. This term (Pers. _khāna_, 'a house, a compartment, apartment, department, receptacle,' &c.) is used almost _ad libitum_ in India in composition, sometimes with most incongruous words, as _bobachee_ (for _bāwarchī_) CONNAH, 'cook-house,' BUGGY-CONNAH, 'buggy, or coach-house,' BOTTLE-KHANNA, TOSHA-KHANA (q.v.), &c. &c.

1784.—"The house, cook-room, BOTTLE-CONNAH, godown, &c., are all pucka
built."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 41.

KHANSAMA. See CONSUMAH.

KHANUM, s. Turki, through Pers. _khānum_ and _khānim_, a lady of rank; the feminine of the title KHĀN, A (q.v.)

1404.—"... la mayor delles avia nõbre CAÑON, que quiere dezir Reyna, o
Señora grande."—_Clavijo_, f. 52_v_.

" "The great wall and tents were for the use of the chief wife of
the Lord, who was called CAÑO, and the other was for the second wife,
called _Quinchi_ CAÑO, which means 'the little lady.'"—_Markham's
Clavijo_, 145.

1505.—"The greatest of the Begs of the Sagharichi was then Shîr Haji
_Beg_, whose daughter, Ais-doulet _Begum_, Yunīs Khan married.... The
_Khan_ had three daughters by Ais-doulet Begum.... The second daughter,
Kullûk Nigar KHÂNUM, was my mother.... Five months after the taking of
Kabul she departed to God's mercy, in the year 911" (1505).—_Baber_, p.
12.

1619.—"The King's ladies, when they are not married to him ... and not
near relations of his house, but only concubines or girls of the Palace,
are not called _begum_, which is a title of queens and princesses, but
only CANUM, a title given in Persia to all noble ladies."—_P. della
Valle_, ii. 13.

KHASS, KAUSS, &c., adj. Hind. from Ar. _khāṣṣ_, 'special, particular, Royal.' It has many particular applications, one of the most common being to estates retained in the hands of Goyernment, which are said to be held _khāṣṣ_. The _khāṣṣ-maḥal_ again, in a native house, is the women's apartment. Many years ago a white-bearded _khānsamān_ (see CONSUMAH), in the service of one of the present writers, indulging in reminiscences of the days when he had been attached to Lord Lake's camp, in the beginning of the last century, extolled the _sāhibs_ of those times above their successors, observing (in his native Hindustani): "In those days I think the Sahibs all came from London _khāṣṣ_; now a great lot of _Liverpoolwālās_ come to the country!"

There were in the Palaces of the Great Mogul and other Mahommedan Princes of India always two Halls of Audience, or Durbar, the _Dewān-i-'Ām_, or Hall of the Public, and the _Dewān-i-Khāṣṣ_, the Special or Royal Hall, for those who had the _entrée_, as we say.

In the _Indian Vocabulary_, 1788, the word is written _Coss_.

KHĀSYA, n.p. A name applied to the oldest existing race in the cis-Tibetan Himālaya, between Nepal and the Ganges, _i.e._ in the British Districts of Kumāun and Garhwāl. The Khāsyas are Hindu in religion and customs, and probably are substantially Hindu also in blood; though in their aspect there is some slight suggestion of that of their Tibetan neighbours. There can be no ground for supposing them to be connected with the Mongoloïd nation of Kasias (see COSSYA) in the mountains south of Assam.

[1526.—"About these hills are other tribes of men. With all the
investigation and enquiry I could make.... All that I could learn was
that the men of these hills were called KAS. It struck me that as the
Hindustanis frequently confound _shīn_ and _sīn_ and as Kashmīr is the
chief ... city in those hills, it may have taken its name from that
circumstance."—_Leyden's Baber_, 313.]

1799.—"The Vakeel of the rajāh of _Comanh_ (i.e. _Kumāun_) of _Almora_,
who is a learned Pandit, informs me that the greater part of the
zemindars of that country are C'HASAS.... They are certainly a very
ancient tribe, for they are mentioned as such in the Institutes of MENU;
and their great ancestor C'HASA or C'HASYA is mentioned by Sanchoniathon,
under the name of CASSIUS. He is supposed to have lived before the Flood,
and to have given his name to the mountains he seized upon."—_Wilford_
(Wilfordizing!), in _As. Res._ vi. 456.

1824.—"The KHASYA nation pretend to be all Rajpoots of the highest caste
... they will not even sell one of their little mountain cows to a
stranger.... They are a modest, gentle, respectful people, honest in
their dealings."—_Heber_, i. 264.

KHELÁT, n.p. The capital of the Bilūch State upon the western frontier of Sind, which gives its name to the State itself. The name is in fact the Ar. _ḳal'a_, 'a fort.' (See under KILLADAR.) The terminal _t_ of the Ar. word (written _ḳal'at_) has for many centuries been pronounced only when the word is the first half of a compound name meaning 'Castle of ——.' No doubt this was the case with the Bilūch capital, though in its case the second part has been completely dropt out of use. _Khelát (Ḳal'at)-i-Ghiljī_ is an example where the second part remains, though sometimes dropt.

KHIRÁJ, s. Ar. _kharāj_ (usually pron. in India _khirāj_), is properly a tribute levied by a Musulman lord upon conquered unbelievers, also land-tax; in India it is almost always used for the land-revenue paid to Government; whence a common expression (also Ar.) _lā khirāj_, treated as one word, _lākhirāj_, 'rent-free.'

[c. 1590.—"In ancient times a capitation tax was imposed, called
KHIRÁJ."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 55. "Some call the whole produce of
the revenue KHIRÁJ."—_Ibid._ ii. 57.]

1653.—"Le Sultan souffre les Chrétiens, les Iuifs, et les Indou sur ses
terres, auec toute liberté de leur Loy, en payant cinq Reales d'Espagne
ou plus par an, et ce tribut s'appelle KARACHE...."—_De la
Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 48.

1784.—"... 136 beegahs, 18 of which are LACKHERAGE land, or land paying
no rent."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 49.

KHOA, s. Hind. and Beng. _khoā_, a kind of concrete, of broken brick, lime, &c., used for floors and terrace-roofs.

KHOT, s. This is a Mahrātī word, _khot_, in use in some parts of the Bombay Presidency as the designation of persons holding or farming villages on a peculiar tenure called _khotī_, and coming under the class legally defined as 'superior holders.'

The position and claims of the _khots_ have been the subject of much debate and difficulty, especially with regard to the rights and duties of the tenants under them, whose position takes various forms; but to go into these questions would carry us much more deeply into local technicalities than would be consistent with the scope of this work, or the knowledge of the editor. Practically it would seem that the _khot_ is, in the midst of provinces where RYOTWARRY is the ruling system, an exceptional person, holding much the position of a petty zemindar in Bengal (apart from any question of permanent settlement); and that most of the difficult questions touching _khotī_ have arisen from this its exceptional character in Western India.

The KHOT occurs especially in the Konkan, and was found in existence when, in the early part of the last century, we occupied territory that had been subject to the Mahratta power. It is apparently traceable back at least to the time of the 'Adil Shāhī (see IDALCAN) dynasty of the Deccan. There are, however, various denominations of _khot_. In the Southern Konkan the _khoti_ has long been a hereditary zemindar, with proprietary rights, and also has in many cases replaced the ancient PATEL as headman of the village; a circumstance that has caused the _khoti_ to be sometimes regarded and defined as the holder of an office, rather than of a property. In the Northern Konkan, again, the _Khotis_ were originally mere revenue-farmers, without proprietary or hereditary rights, but had been able to usurp both.

As has been said above, administrative difficulties as to the _Khotis_ have been chiefly connected with their rights over, or claims from, the ryots, which have been often exorbitant and oppressive. At the same time it is in evidence that in the former distracted state of the country, a KHOTI was sometimes established in compliance with a petition of the cultivators. The _Khoti_ "acted as a _buffer_ between them and the extortionate demands of the revenue officers under the native Government. And this is easily comprehended, when it is remembered that formerly districts used to be farmed to the native officials, whose sole object was to squeeze as much revenue as possible out of each village. The _Khot_ bore the brunt of this struggle. In many cases he prevented a new survey of his village, by consenting to the imposition of some new _patti_.[149] This no doubt he recovered from the ryots, but he gave them their own time to pay, advanced them money for their cultivation, and was a milder master than a rapacious revenue officer would have been" (_Candy_, pp. 20-21). See _Selections from Records of Bombay Government_, No. cxxxiv., N.S., viz., _Selections with Notes, regarding the Khoti Tenure_, compiled by _E. T. Candy_, Bo. C. S. 1873; also _Abstract of Proceedings of the Govt. of Bombay in the Revenue Dept._, April 24, 1876, No. 2474.

KHOTI, s. The holder of the peculiar KHOT tenure in the Bombay Presidency.

KHUDD, KUDD, s. This is a term chiefly employed in the Himālaya, _khadd_, meaning a precipitous hill-side, also a deep valley. It is not in the dictionaries, but is probably allied to the Hind. _khāt_, 'a pit,' Dakh.—Hind. _khaḍḍā_. [Platts gives Hind. _khaḍ_. This is from Skt. _khaṇḍa_, 'a gap, a chasm,' while _khāt_ comes from Skt. _khāta_, 'an excavation.'] The word is in constant Anglo-Indian colloquial use at Simla and other Himālayan stations.

1837.—"The steeps about Mussoori are so very perpendicular in many
places, that a person of the strongest nerve would scarcely be able to
look over the edge of the narrow footpath into the KHUD, without a
shudder."—_Bacon, First Impressions_, ii. 146.

1838.—"On my arrival I found one of the ponies at the estate had been
killed by a fall over the precipice, when bringing up water from the
KHUD."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, ii. 240.

1866.—"When the men of the 43d Regt. refused to carry the guns any
longer, the EURASIAN gunners, about 20 in number, accompanying them, made
an attempt to bring them on, but were unequal to doing so, and under the
direction of this officer (Capt. Cockburn, R.A.) threw them down a KHUD,
as the ravines in the Himalaya are called...."—_Bhotan and the H. of the
Dooar War_, by _Surgeon Rennie_, M.D. p. 199.

1879.—"The commander-in-chief ... is perhaps alive now because his horse
so judiciously chose the spot on which suddenly to swerve round that its
hind hoofs were only half over the CHUD" (_sic_).—_Times Letter_, from
Simla, Aug. 15.

KHURREEF, s. Ar. _kharīf_, 'autumn'; and in India the crop, or harvest of the crop, which is sown at the beginning of the rainy season (April and May) and gathered in after it, including rice, the tall millets, maize, cotton, rape, sesamum, &c. The obverse crop is RUBBEE (q.v.).

[1809.—"Three weeks have not elapsed since the KUREEF crop, which
consists of _Bajru_ (see BAJRA), _Jooar_ (see JOWAUR), several smaller
kinds of grain, and cotton, was cleared from off the fields, and the same
ground is already ploughed ... and sown for the great RUBBEE crop of
wheat, barley and _chunu_ (see GRAM)."—_Broughton, Letters from a
Mahratta Camp_, ed. 1892, p. 215.]

KHUTPUT, s. This is a native slang term in Western India for a prevalent system of intrigue and corruption. The general meaning of _khaṭpaṭ_ in Hind. and Mahr. is rather 'wrangling' and 'worry,' but it is in the former sense that the word became famous (1850-54) in consequence of Sir James Outram's struggles with the rascality, during his tenure of the Residency of Baroda.

[1881.—"KHUTPUT, or court intrigue, rules more or less in every native
State, to an extent incredible among the more civilised nations of
Europe."—_Frazer, Records of Sport_, 204.]

KHUTTRY, KHETTRY, CUTTRY, s. Hind. _Khattrī_, _Khatrī_, Skt. _Kshatriya_. The second, or military caste, in the theoretical or fourfold division of the Hindus. [But the word is more commonly applied to a mercantile caste, which has its origin in the Punjab, but is found in considerable numbers in other parts of India. Whether they are really of Kshatriya descent is a matter on which there is much difference of opinion. See _Crooke, Tribes and Castes of N.W.P._, iii. 264 _seqq._] The Χατριαῖοι whom Ptolemy locates apparently towards Rājputānā are probably _Kshatriyas_.

[1623.—"They told me CIAUTRU was a title of honour."—_P. della Valle_,
Hak. Soc. ii. 312.]

1630.—"And because CUTTERY was of a martiall temper God gave him power to
sway Kingdomes with the scepter."—_Lord, Banians_, 5.

1638.—"Les habitans ... sont la pluspart _Benyans_ et KETTERIS,
tisserans, teinturiers, et autres ouuriers en coton."—_Mandelslo_, ed.
1659, 130.

[1671.—"There are also CUTTAREES, another Sect Principally about Agra and
those parts up the Country, who are as the Banian Gentoos here."—In
_Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cccxi.]

1673.—"Opium is frequently eaten in great quantities by the Rashpoots,
QUETERIES, and Patans."—_Fryer_, 193.

1726.—"The second generation in rank among these heathen is that of the
SETTRE'AS."—_Valentijn, Chorom._ 87.

1782.—"The CHITTERY occasionally betakes himself to traffic, and the
Sooder has become the inheritor of principalities."—_G. Forster's
Journey_, ed. 1808, i. 64.

1836.—"The Banians are the mercantile caste of the original Hindoos....
They call themselves SHUDDERIES, which signifies innocent or harmless
(!)"—_Sir R. Phillips, Million of Facts_, 322.

KHYBER PASS, n.p. The famous gorge which forms the chief gate of Afghanistan from Peshawar, properly _Khaibar_. [The place of the same name near Al-Madinah is mentioned in the _Āīn_ (iii. 57), and Sir R. Burton writes: "Khaybar in Hebrew is supposed to mean a castle. D'Herbelot makes it to mean a pact or association of the Jews against the Moslems." (_Pilgrimage_, ed. 1893, i. 346, note).]

1519.—"Early next morning we set out on our march, and crossing the
KHEIBER PASS, halted at the foot of it. The Khizer-Khail had been
extremely licentious in their conduct. Both on the coming and going of
our army they had shot upon the stragglers, and such of our people as
lagged behind, or separated from the rest, and carried off their horses.
It was clearly expedient that they should meet with a suitable
chastisement."—_Baber_, p. 277.

1603.—"On Thursday Jamrúd was our encamping ground.

"On Friday we went through the KHAIBAR PASS, and encamped at 'Alí
Musjid."—_Jahángír_, in _Elliot_, vi. 314.

1783.—"The stage from Timrood (read _Jimrood_) to Dickah, usually called
the HYBER-PASS, being the only one in which much danger is to be
apprehended from banditti, the officer of the escort gave orders to his
party to ... march early on the next morning.... Timur Shah, who used to
pass the winter at Peshour ... never passed through the territory of the
HYBERS, without their attacking his advanced or rear guard."—_Forster's
Travels_, ed. 1808, ii. 65-66.

1856.—

"... See the booted Moguls, like a pack
Of hungry wolves, burst from their desert lair,
And crowding through the KHYBER'S rocky strait,
Sweep like a bloody harrow o'er the land."
_The Banyan Tree_, p. 6.

KIDDERPORE, n.p. This is the name of a suburb of Calcutta, on the left bank of the Hoogly, a little way south of Fort William, and is the seat of the Government Dockyard. This establishment was formed in the 18th century by Gen. Kyd, "after whom," says the _Imperial Gazetteer_, "the village is named." This is the general belief, and was mine [H.Y.] till recently, when I found from the chart and directions in the _English Pilot_ of 1711 that the village of Kidderpore (called in the same chart _Kitherepore_) then occupied the same position, _i.e._ immediately below "_Gobarnapore_" and that immediately below "_Chittanutte_" (_i.e._ Govindpūr and Chatānatī (see CHUTTANUTTY)).

1711.—"... then keep Rounding _Chitti Poe_ (Chitpore) Bite down to
_Chitty Nutty_ Point (see CHUTTANUTTY).... The Bite below _Gover Napore_
(_Govindpūr_) is Shoal, and below the Shoal is an Eddy; therefore from
Gover Napore, you must stand over to the Starboard-Shore, and keep it
aboard till you come up almost with the Point opposite to KIDDERY-PORE,
but no longer...."—_The English Pilot_, p. 65.

KIL, s. Pitch or bitumen. Tam. and Mal. _kīl_, Ar. _ḳīr_, Pers. _ḳīr_ and _ḳīl_.

c. 1330.—"In Persia are some springs, from which flows a kind of pitch
which is called _kic_ (read KIR) (_pix dico seu pegua_), with which they
smear the skins in which wine is carried and stored."—_Friar Jordanus_,
p. 10.

c. 1560.—"These are pitched with a bitumen which they call QUIL, which is
like pitch."—_Correa_, Hak. Soc. 240.

KILLADAR, s. P.—H. _ḳil'adār_, from Ar. _ḳal'a_, 'a fort.' The commandant of a fort, castle, or garrison. The Ar. _ḳal'a_ is always in India pronounced _ḳil'a_. And it is possible that in the first quotation Ibn Batuta has misinterpreted an Indian title; taking it as from Pers. _kilīd_, 'a key.' It may be noted with reference to _ḳal'a_ that this Ar. word is generally represented in Spanish names by _Alcala_, a name borne by nine Spanish towns entered in K. Johnstone's _Index Geographicus_; and in Sicilian ones by _Calata_, e.g. _Calatafimi_, _Caltanissetta_, _Caltagirone_.

c. 1340.—"... Kādhi Khān, Sadr-al-Jihān, who became the chief of the
Amīrs, and had the title of KALĪT-DĀR, _i.e._ Keeper of the keys of the
Palace. This officer was accustomed to pass every night at the Sultan's
door, with the bodyguard."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 196.

1757.—"The fugitive garrison ... returned with 500 more, sent by the
KELLIDAR of Vandiwash."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, ii. 217.

1817.—"The following were the terms ... that Arni should be restored to
its former governor or KILLEDAR."—_Mill_, iii. 340.

1829.—"Among the prisoners captured in the Fort of Hattrass, search was
made by us for the KEELEDAR."—_Mem. of John Shipp_, ii. 210.

KILLA-KOTE, s. pl. A combination of Ar.—P. and Hind. words for a fort (_ḳil'a_ for _ḳal'a_, and _kōṭ_), used in Western India to imply the whole fortifications of a territory (_R. Drummond_).

KILLUT, KILLAUT, &c., s. Ar.—H. _khil'at_. A dress of honour presented by a superior on ceremonial occasions; but the meaning is often extended to the whole of a ceremonial present of that nature, of whatever it may consist. [The Ar. _khil-a'h_ properly means 'what a man strips from his person.' "There were (among the later Moguls) five degrees of _khila't_, those of three, five, six, or seven pieces; or they might as a special mark of favour consist of clothes that the emperor had actually worn." (See for further details Mr. Irvine in _J.R.A.S._, N.S., July 1896, p. 533).] The word has in Russian been degraded to mean the long loose gown which forms the most common dress in Turkistan, called generally by Schuyler 'a dressing-gown' (Germ. _Schlafrock_). See _Fraehn, Wolga Bulgaren_, p. 43.

1411.—"Several days passed in sumptuous feasts. KHIL'ATS and girdles of
royal magnificence were distributed."—_Abdurazzāk_, in _Not. et Exts._
xiv. 209.

1673.—"Sir George Oxenden held it.... He defended himself and the
Merchants so bravely, that he had a COLLAT or SEERPAW, (q.v.) a Robe of
Honour from Head to Foot, offered him from the _Great Mogul_."—_Fryer_,
87.

1676.—"This is the Wardrobe, where the Royal Garments are kept; and from
whence the King sends for the CALAAT, or a whole Habit for a Man, when he
would honour any Stranger...."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 46; [ed. _Ball_, ii.
98].

1774.—"A flowered satin gown was brought me, and I was dressed in it as a
KHILAT."—_Bogle_, in _Markham's Tibet_, 25.

1786.—"And he the said Warren Hastings did send KELLAUTS, or robes of
honour (the most public and distinguished mode of acknowledging merit
known in India) to the said ministers in testimony of his approbation of
their services."—_Articles of Charge against Hastings_, in _Burke's
Works_, vii. 25.

1809.—"On paying a visit to any Asiatic Prince, an inferior receives from
him a complete dress of honour, consisting of a KHELAUT, a robe, a
turban, a shield and sword, with a string of pearls to go round the
neck."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 99.

1813.—"On examining the KHELAUTS ... from the great Maharajah Madajee
Sindia, the serpeych (see SIRPECH) ... presented to Sir Charles Malet,
was found to be composed of false stones."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii. 50;
[2nd ed. ii. 418].

KINCOB, s. Gold brocade. P.—H. _kamkhāb_, _ḳamkhwāb_, vulgarly _kimkhwāb_. The English is perhaps from the Gujarātī, as in that language the last syllable is short.

This word has been twice imported from the East. For it is only another form of the medieval name of an Eastern damask or brocade, CAMMOCCA. This was taken from the medieval Persian and Arabic forms _kamkhā_ or _kīmkhwā_, 'damasked silk,' and seems to have come to Europe in the 13th century. F. Johnson's Dict. distinguishes between _kamkhā_, 'damask silk of one colour,' and _kimkhā_, 'damask silk of different colours.' And this again, according to Dozy, quoting Hoffmann, is originally a Chinese word _kin-kha_; in which doubtless _kin_, 'gold,' is the first element. _Kim_ is the Fuhkien form of the word; qu. _kim-hoa_, 'gold-flower'? We have seen _kimkhwāb_ derived from Pers. _kam-khwāb_, 'less sleep,' because such cloth is rough and prevents sleep! This is a type of many etymologies. ["The ordinary derivation of the word supposes that a man could not even dream of it who had not seen it (_kam_, 'little,' _khwāb_, 'dream')" (_Yusuf Ali, Mono. on Silk_, 86). Platts and the _Madras Gloss._ take it from _kam_, 'little,' _khwāb_, 'nap.'] Ducange appears to think the word survived in the French _mocade_ (or _moquette_); but if so the application of the term must have degenerated in England. (See in _Draper's Dict._ _mockado_, the form of which has suggested a sham stuff.)

c. 1300.—"Παὶδὸς γὰρ εὐδαιμονοῦντος, καὶ τὸν πάτερα δεῖ συνευδαιμονεῖν·
κατὰ τὴν ὑμνουμένην ἀντιπελάργωσιν. Ἐσθῆτα πηνοϋφη πεπομφῶς ἣν καμχᾶν ἡ
Περσῶν φησι γλῶττα, δράσων εὖ ἴσθι, οὐ δίπλακα μὲν οὐδὲ μαρμαρέην οἵαν
Ἑλένη ἐξύφαινεν, ἀλλ' ἠερειδῆ καὶ ποικίλην."—_Letter of Theodorus the
Hyrtacenian_ to _Lucites_, Protonotary and Protovestiary of the
Trapezuntians. In _Notices et Extraits_, vi. 38.

1330.—"Their clothes are of Tartary cloth, and CAMOCAS, and other rich
stuffs ofttimes adorned with gold and silver and precious stones."—_Book
of the Estate of the Great Kaan_, in _Cathay_, 246.

c. 1340.—"You may reckon also that in Cathay you get three or three and a
half pieces of damasked silk (CAMMOCCA) for a _sommo_."—_Pegolotti_,
_ibid._ 295.

1342.—"The King of China had sent to the Sultan 100 slaves of both sexes
for 500 pieces of KAMKHĀ, of which 100 were made in the City of
Zaitūn...."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 1.

c. 1375.—"Thei setten this Ydole upon a Chare with gret reverence, wel
arrayed with Clothes of Gold, of riche Clothes of Tartarye, of CAMACAA,
and other precious Clothes."—_Sir John Maundevill_, ed. 1866, p. 175.

c. 1400.—"In kyrtle of CAMMAKA kynge am I cladde."—_Coventry Mystery_,
163.

1404.—"... é quando se del quisieron partir los Embajadores, fizo vestir
al dicho Ruy Gonzalez una ropa de CAMOCAN, e dióle un sombrero, e dixole,
que aquello tomase en señal del amor que el Tamurbec tenia al Señor
Rey."—_Clavijo_, § lxxxviii.

1411.—"We have sent an ambassador who carries you from us KĪMKHĀ."—Letter
from _Emp. of Chian_ to Shah Rukh, in _Not. et Ext._ xiv. 214.

1474.—"And the King gave a signe to him that wayted, com̃aunding him to
give to the dauncer a peece of CAMOCATO. And he taking this peece threwe
it about the heade of the dauncer, and of the men and women: and useing
certain wordes in praiseng the King, threwe it before the
mynstrells."—_Josafa Barbaro, Travels in Persia_, E.T. Hak. Soc. p. 62.

1688.—"Καμουχᾶς, Χαμουχᾶς, Pannus sericus, sive ex bombyce confectus, et
more Damasceno contextus, Italis _Damasco_, nostris olim Camocas, de quâ
voce diximus in Gloss. Mediæ Latinit. hodie etiamnum _Mocade_." This is
followed by several quotations from Medieval Greek MSS.—_Du Cange, Gloss.
Med. et Inf. Graecitatis_, s.v.

1712.—In the _Spectator_ under this year see an advertisement of an
"Isabella-coloured KINCOB gown flowered with green and gold."—Cited in
_Malcolm's Anecdotes of Manners_, &c., 1808, p. 429.

1733.—"Dieser mal waren von Seiten des Bräutigams ein Stück rother KAMKA
... und eine rothe Pferdehaut; von Seiten der Braut aber ein Stück violet
KAMKA."—u. s. w.—_Gmelin, Reise durch Siberien_, i. 137-138.

1781.—"My holiday suit, consisting of a flowered Velvet Coat of the
Carpet Pattern, with two rows of broad Gold Lace, a rich KINGCOB
Waistcoat, and Crimson Velvet Breeches with Gold Garters, is now a butt
to the shafts of Macaroni ridicule."—Letter from _An Old Country
Captain_, in _India Gazette_, Feb. 24.

1786.—"... but not until the nabob's mother aforesaid had engaged to pay
for the said change of prison, a sum of £10,000 ... and that she would
ransack the _zenanah_ ... for KINCOBS, muslins, cloths, &c. &c.
&c...."—_Articles of Charge against Hastings_, in _Burke's Works_, 1852,
vii. 23.

1809.—"Twenty trays of shawls, KHEENKAUBS ... were tendered to me."—_Ld.
Valentia_, i. 117.

[1813.—Forbes writes KEEMCOB, KEEMCAB, _Or. Mem._ 2nd i. 311; ii. 418.]

1829.—"Tired of this service we took possession of the town of Muttra,
driving them out. Here we had glorious plunder—shawls, silks, satins,
KHEMKAUBS, money, &c."—_Mem. of John Shipp_, i. 124.

KING-CROW, s. A glossy black bird, otherwise called Drongo shrike, about as large as a small pigeon, with a long forked tail, _Dicrurus macrocercus_, Vieillot, found all over India. "It perches generally on some bare branch, whence it can have a good look-out, or the top of a house, or post, or telegraph-wire, frequently also on low bushes, hedges, walks, or ant-hills" (_Jerdon_).

1883.—"... the KING-CROW ... leaves the whole bird and beast tribe far
behind in originality and force of character.... He does not come into
the house, the telegraph wire suits him better. Perched on it he can see
what is going on ... drops, beak foremost, on the back of the kite ...
spies a bee-eater capturing a goodly moth, and after a hot chase, forces
it to deliver up its booty."—_The Tribes on My Frontier_, 143.

KIOSQUE, s. From the Turki and Pers. _kūshk_ or _kushk_, 'a pavilion, a villa,' &c. The word is not Anglo-Indian, nor is it a word, we think, at all common in modern native use.

c. 1350.—"When he was returned from his expedition, and drawing near to
the capital, he ordered his son to build him a palace, or as those people
call it a KUSHK, by the side of a river which runs at that place, which
is called Afghanpūr."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 212.

1623.—"There is (in the garden) running water which issues from the
entrance of a great KIOSCK, or covered place, where one may stay to take
the air, which is built at the end of the garden over a great pond which
adjoins the outside of the garden, so that, like the one at Surat, it
serves also for the public use of the city."—_P. della Valle_, i. 535;
[Hak. Soc. i. 68].

KIRBEE, KURBEE, s. Hind. _karbī_, _kirbī_, Skt. _kaḍamba_, 'the stalk of a pot-herb.' The stalks of _juār_ (see JOWAUR), used as food for cattle.

[1809.—"We also fell in with large ricks of KURBEE, the dried stalks of
_Bajiru_ and _Jooar_, two inferior kinds of grain; an excellent fodder
for the camels."—_Broughton, Letters from a Mahratta Camp_, ed. 1892, p.
41.

[1823.—"Ordinary price of the straw (KIRBA) at harvest-time Rs. 1½ per
hundred sheaves...."—_Trans. Lit. Soc. Bombay_, iii. 243.]

KISHM, n.p. The largest of the islands in the Persian Gulf, called by the Portuguese _Queixome_ and the like, and sometimes by our old travellers, _Kishmish_. It is now more popularly called _Jazīrat-al-ṭawīla_, in Pers. _Jaz. darāz_, 'the Long Island' (like the Lewes), and the name of Kishm is confined to the chief town, at the eastern extremity, where still remains the old Portuguese fort taken in 1622, before which William Baffin the Navigator fell. But the oldest name is the still not quite extinct _Brokht_, which closely preserves the Greek _Oaracta_.

B.C. 325.—"And setting sail (from Harmozeia), in a run of 300 _stadia_
they passed a desert and bushy island, and moored beside another island
which was large and inhabited. The small desert island was named Organa
(no doubt _Gerun_, afterwards the site of N. Hormuz—see ORMUS); and the
one at which they anchored Ὀάρακτα, planted with vines and date-palms,
and with plenty of corn."—_Arrian, Voyage of Nearchus_, ch. xxxvii.

1538.—"... so I hasted with him in the company of divers merchants for to
go from Babylon (orig. _Babylonia_) to CAIXEM, whence he carried me to
Ormuz...."—_F. M. Pinto_, chap. vi. (_Cogan_, p. 9).

1553.—"Finally, like a timorous and despairing man ... he determined to
leave the city (Ormuz) deserted, and to pass over to the Isle of
QUEIXOME. That island is close to the mainland of Persia, and is within
sight of Ormuz at 3 leagues distance."—_Barros_, III. vii. 4.

1554.—"Then we departed to the Isle of Kais or Old Hormuz, and then to
the island of BRAKHTA, and some others of the Green Sea, _i.e._ in the
Sea of Hormuz, without being able to get any intelligence."—_Sidi 'Ali_,
67.

[1600.—"QUEIXIOME." See under RESHIRE.

[1623.—"They say likewise that _Ormuz_ and KESCHIOME are extremely well
fortified by the _Moors_."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 188; in i. 2,
KESOM.

[1652.—"KECKMISHE." See under CONGO BUNDER.]

1673.—"The next morning we had brought _Loft_ on the left hand of the
Island of KISMASH, leaving a woody Island uninhabited between KISMASH and
the Main."—_Fryer_, 320.

1682.—"The Island QUEIXOME, or QUEIXUME, or QUIZOME, otherwise called by
travellers and geographers _Kechmiche_, and by the natives
BROKT...."—_Nieuhof, Zee en Lant-Reize_, ii. 103.

1817.—

"... Vases filled with KISHMEE'S golden wine
And the red weepings of the Shiraz vine."—_Moore, Mokanna._

1821.—"We are to keep a small force at KISHMI, to make descents and
destroy boats and other means of maritime war, whenever any symptoms of
piracy reappear."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, ii. 121.

See also BASSADORE.

KISHMISH, s. Pers. Small stoneless raisins originally imported from Persia. Perhaps so called from the island KISHM. Its vines are mentioned by Arrian, and by T. Moore! (See under KISHM.) [For the manufacture of _Kishmish_ in Afghanistan, see _Watt, Econ. Dict._ VI. pt. iv. 284.]

[c. 1665.—"_Usbec_ being the country which principally supplies Delhi
with these fruits.... KICHMICHES, or raisins, apparently without
stones...."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 118.]

1673.—"We refreshed ourselves an entire Day at _Gerom_, where a small
White Grape, without any Stone, was an excellent Cordial ... they are
called KISMAS Grapes, and the Wine is known by the same Name farther than
where they grow."—_Fryer_, 242.

1711.—"I could never meet with any of the KISHMISHES before they were
turned. These are Raisins, a size less than our Malagas, of the same
Colour, and without Stones."—_Lockyer_, 233.

1883.—"KISHMISH, a delicious grape, of white elongated shape, also small
and very sweet, both eaten and used for wine-making. When dried this is
the Sultana raisin...."—_Wills, Modern Persia_, 171.

KISSMISS, s. Native servant's word for _Christmas_. But that festival is usually called _Baṛā din_, 'the great day.' (See BURRA DIN.)

KIST, s. Ar. _ḳist_. The yearly land revenue in India is paid by instalments which fall due at different periods in different parts of the country; each such instalment is called a _ḳist_, or quota. [The settlement of these instalments is _ḳist-bandī_.]

[1767.—"This method of comprising the whole estimate into so narrow a
compass ... will convey to you a more distinct idea ... than if we
transmitted a monthly account of the deficiency of each person's
KISTBUNDEE."—_Verelst, View of Bengal_, App. 56.]

1809.—"Force was always requisite to make him pay his KISTS or
tribute."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 347.

1810.—"The heavy KISTS or collections of Bengal are from August to
September."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 498.

1817.—"'So desperate a malady,' said the President, 'requires a remedy
that shall reach its source. And I have no hesitation in stating my
opinion that there is no mode of eradicating the disease, but by removing
the original cause; and placing these districts, which are pledged for
the security of the KISTS, beyond the reach of his Highness's
management.'"—_Mill_, vi. 55.

KITMUTGAR, s. Hind. _khidmatgār_, from Ar.—P. _khidmat_, 'service,' therefore 'one rendering service.' The Anglo-Indian use is peculiar to the Bengal Presidency, where the word is habitually applied to a Musulman servant, whose duties are connected with serving meals and waiting at table under the CONSUMAH, if there be one. _Kismutgar_ is a vulgarism, now perhaps obsolete. The word is spelt by Hadley in his _Grammar_ (see under MOORS) _khuzmutgâr_. In the word _khidmat_, as in _khil'at_ (see KILLUT), the terminal _t_ in uninflected _Arabic_ has long been dropt, though retained in the form in which these words have got into foreign tongues.

1759.—The wages of a KHEDMUTGAR appear as 3 Rupees a month.—In _Long_, p.
182.

1765.—"... they were taken into the service of _Soujah Dowlah_ as
immediate attendants on his person; _Hodjee_ (see HADJEE) in capacity of
his first KISTMUTGAR (or valet)."—_Holwell, Hist. Events_, &c., i. 60.

1782.—"I therefore beg to caution strangers against those race of
vagabonds who ply about them under the denomination of CONSUMAHS and
KISMUTDARS."—_Letter in India Gazette_, Sept. 28.

1784.—"The Bearer ... perceiving a quantity of blood ... called to the
Hookaburdar and a KISTMUTGAR."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 13.

1810.—"The KHEDMUTGAR, or as he is often termed, the _Kismutgar_, is with
very few exceptions, a Mussulman; his business is to ... wait at
table."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 212.

c. 1810.—"The KITMUTGAUR, who had attended us from Calcutta, had done his
work, and made his harvests, though in no very large way, of the '_Tazee
Willaut_' or white people."—_Mrs. Sherwood, Autobiog._ 283. The phrase in
italics stands for _tāzī Wilāyatī_ (see BILAYUT), "fresh or green
Europeans"—GRIFFINS (q.v.).

1813.—"We ... saw nothing remarkable on the way but a KHIDMUTGAR of
Chimnagie Appa, who was rolling from Poona to Punderpoor, in performance
of a vow which he made for a child. He had been a month at it, and had
become so expert that he went on smoothly and without pausing, and kept
rolling evenly along the middle of the road, over stones and everything.
He travelled at the rate of two coss a day."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i.
257-8.

1878.—"We had each our own ... KITMUTGAR or table servant. It is the
custom in India for each person to have his own table servant, and when
dining out to take him with him to wait behind his chair."—_Life in the
Mofussil_, i. 32.

[1889.—"Here's the KHIT coming for the late change."—_R. Kipling, The
Gadsbys_, 24.]

KITTYSOL, KITSOL, s. This word survived till lately in the Indian Tariff, but it is otherwise long obsolete. It was formerly in common use for 'an umbrella,' and especially for the kind, made of bamboo and paper, imported from China, such as the English fashion of to-day has adopted to screen fire-places in summer. The word is Portuguese, _quita-sol_, 'bar-sun.' Also _tirasole_ occurs in Scot's _Discourse of Java_, quoted below from _Purchas_. See also _Hulsius, Coll. of Voyages_, in German, 1602, i. 27. [Mr. Skeat points out that in Howison's _Malay Dict._ (1801) we have, s.v. _Payong_: "A KITTASOL, sombrera," which is nearer to the Port. original than any of the examples given since 1611. This may be due to the strong Portuguese influence at Malacca.]

1588.—"The present was fortie peeces of silke ... a litter chaire and
guilt, and two QUITASOLES of silke."—_Parkes's Mendoza_, ii. 105.

1605.—"... Before the shewes came, the King was brought out vpon a man's
shoulders, bestriding his necke, and the man holding his legs before him,
and had many rich TYRASOLES carried ouer and round about him."—_E. Scot_,
in _Purchas_, i. 181.

1611.—"Of KITTASOLES of State for to shaddow him, there bee twentie" (in
the Treasury of Akbar).—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 215.

[1614.—"QUITTA SOLLS (or sombreros)."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 207.]

1615.—"The China Capt., Andrea Dittis, retorned from Langasaque and
brought me a present from his brother, viz., 1 faire
KITESOLL...."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 28.

1648.—"... above his head was borne two KIPPE-SOLES, or Sun-skreens, made
of Paper."—_Van Twist_, 51.

1673.—"Little but rich KITSOLLS (which are the names of several Countries
for Umbrelloes)."—_Fryer_, 160.

1687.—"They (the Aldermen of Madras) may be allowed to have KETTYSOLS
over them."—_Letter of Court of Directors_, in _Wheeler_, i. 200.

1690.—"nomen ... vulgo effertur _Peritsol_ ... aliquando paulo aliter
scribitur ... et utrumque rectius pronuntiandum est _Paresol_ vel potius
_Parasol_ cujus significatio Appellativa est, _i. q._ QUITTESOL seu _une
Ombrelle_, quâ in calidioribus regionibus utuntur homines ad caput a sole
tuendum."—_Hyde's_ Preface to _Travels of Abraham Peritsol_, p. vii., in
_Syntag. Dissertt._ i.

" "No Man in India, no not the _Mogul's_ Son, is permitted the
Priviledge of wearing a KITTISAL or Umbrella.... The use of the Umbrella
is sacred to the Prince, appropriated only to his use."—_Ovington_, 315.

1755.—"He carries a _Roundell_, or QUIT DE SOLEIL over your
head."—_Ives_, 50.

1759.—In Expenses of Nawab's entertainment at Calcutta, we find: "A China
KITYSOL ... Rs. 3½."—_Long_, 194.

1761.—A chart of Chittagong, by Barth. Plaisted, marks on S. side of
Chittagong R., an umbrella-like tree, called "KITTYSOLL Tree."

[1785.—"To finish the whole, a KITTESAW (a kind of umbrella) is suspended
not infrequently over the lady's head."—_Diary_, in _Busteed, Echoes_,
3rd ed. 112.]

1792.—"In those days the KETESAL, which is now sported by our very Cooks
and Boatswains, was prohibited, as I have heard, d'you see, to any one
below the rank of field officer."—_Letter_, in _Madras Courier_, May 3.

1813.—In the table of exports from Macao, we find:—

"KITTISOLLS, large, 2,000 to 3,000,
do. small, 8,000 to 10,000,"
_Milburn_, ii. 464.

1875.—"Umbrellas, Chinese, of paper, or KETTYSOLLS."—_Indian Tariff._

In another table of the same year "Chinese paper KETTISOLS, valuation Rs.
30 for a box of 110, duty 5 per cent." (See CHATTA, ROUNDEL, UMBRELLA.)

KITTYSOL-BOY, s. A servant who carried an umbrella over his master. See _Milburn_, ii. 62. (See examples under ROUNDEL.)

KLING, n.p. This is the name (_Kălīng_) applied in the Malay countries, including our Straits Settlements, to the people of Continental India who trade thither, or are settled in those regions, and to the descendants of those settlers. [Mr. Skeat remarks: "The standard Malay form is not _Kāling_, which is the Sumatran form, but _Kĕling_ (_K'ling_ or _Kling_). The Malay use of the word is, as a rule, restricted to Tamils, but it is very rarely used in a wider sense."]