Chapter IX: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (6)

[1614.—"I have 30 fardels ANIL Geree." _Foster_, _Letters_, ii. 140. Here
_Geree_ is probably H. _jaṛi_ (from _jaṛ_, 'the root'), the crop of
indigo growing from the stumps of the plants left from the former year.]

1622.—"E conforme a dita pauta se dispachará o dito ANIL e canella."—In
_Archiv. Port. Orient._, fasc. 2, 240.

1638.—"Les autres marchandises, que l'on y débite le plus, sont ... du
sel ammoniac, et de l'indigo, que ceux de pais appellent
ANIL."—_Mandelslo_, Paris, 1659, 138.

1648.—"... and a good quantity of ANIL, which, after the place where most
of it is got, is called _Chirchees_ Indigo."—_Van Twist_, 14. Sharkej or
Sirkej, 5 m. from Ahmedabad. "Cirquez Indigo" (1624) occurs in
_Sainsbury_, iii. 442. It is the "_Sercase_" of Forbes [_Or. Mem._ 2nd
ed. ii. 204]. The Dutch, about 1620, established a factory there on
account of the indigo. Many of the Sultans of Guzerat were buried there
(_Stavorinus_, iii. 109). Some account of the "Sarkhej _Rozas_," or
Mausolea, is given in H. Brigg's _Cities of Gujaráshtra_ (Bombay, 1849,
pp. 274, _seqq._). ["Indigo of Bian (Biana) _Sicchese_" (1609), _Danvers,
Letters_, i. 28; "Indico, of Laher, here worth viij^s the pounde
_Serchis_."—_Birdwood, Letter Book_, 287.]

1653.—"Indico est un mot Portugais, dont l'on appelle une teinture bleüe
qui vient des Indes Orientales, qui est de contrabande en France, les
Turqs et les Arabes la nomment NIL."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, 543.

[1670.—"The neighbourhood of Delhi produces ANIL or Indigo."—_Bernier_
(ed. _Constable_), 283.]

ANNA, s. Properly H. _āna_, _ānah_, the 16th part of a rupee. The term belongs to the Mohammedan monetary system (RUPEE). There is no coin of one _anna_ only, so that it is a money of account only. The term _anna_ is used in denoting a corresponding fraction of any kind of property, and especially in regard to coparcenary shares in land, or shares in a speculation. Thus a one-_anna_ share is 1/16 of such right, or a share of 1/16 in the speculation; a four-_anna_ is ¼, and so on. In some parts of India the term is used as subdivision (1/16) of the current land measure. Thus, in Saugor, the _anna_ = 16 _rūsīs_, and is itself 1/16 of a _kancha_ (_Elliot, Gloss._ s.v.). The term is also sometimes applied colloquially to persons of mixt parentage. 'Such a one has at least 2 _annas_ of dark blood,' or 'coffee-colour.' This may be compared with the Scotch expression that a person of deficient intellect 'wants twopence in the shilling.'

1708.—"Provided ... that a debt due from Sir Edward Littleton ... of
80,407 Rupees and Eight ANNAS Money of _Bengal_, with Interest and
Damages to the said English Company shall still remain to them...."—_Earl
of Godolphin's Award_ between the Old and the New E. I. Co., in
_Charters_, &c., p. 358.

1727.—"The current money in Surat:

Bitter Almonds go 32 to a _Pice_:
1 ANNOE is 4 Pice.
1 Rupee 16 ANNOES.

* * * * *

In Bengal their Accounts are kept in _Pice_:

12 to an Annoe.
16 ANNOES to a Rupee."
_A. Hamilton_, ii. App. pp. 5, 8.

ANT, WHITE, s. The insect (_Termes bellicosus_ of naturalists) not properly an ant, of whose destructive powers there are in India so many disagreeable experiences, and so many marvellous stories. The phrase was perhaps taken up by the English from the Port. _formigas branchas_, which is in Bluteau's Dict. (1713, iv. 175). But indeed exactly the same expression is used in the 14th century by our medieval authority. It is, we believe, a fact that these insects have been established at Rochelle in France, for a long period, and more recently at St. Helena. They exist also at the Convent of Mt. Sinai, and a species in Queensland.

A.D. c. 250.—It seems probable that Aelian speaks of White Ants.—"But the
Indian ants construct a kind of heaped-up dwellings, and these not in
depressed or flat positions easily liable to be flooded, but in lofty and
elevated positions...."—_De Nat. Animal._ xvi. cap. 15.

c. 1328.—"Est etiam unum genus parvissimarum _formicarum_ sicut lana
_albarum_, quarum durities dentium tanta est quod etiam ligna rodunt et
venas lapidum; et quotquot breviter inveniunt siccum super terram, et
pannos laneos, et bombycinos laniant; et faciunt ad modum muri crustam
unam de arenâ minutissimâ, ita quod sol non possit eas tangere; et sic
remanent coopertae; verum est quod si contingat illam crustam frangi, et
solem eas tangere, quam citius moriuntur."—_Fr. Jordanus_, p. 53.

1679.—"But there is yet a far greater inconvenience in this Country,
which proceeds from the infinite number of WHITE EMMETS, which though
they are but little, have teeth so sharp, that they will eat down a
wooden Post in a short time. And if great care be not taken in the places
where you lock up your Bales of Silk, in four and twenty hours they will
eat through a Bale, as if it had been saw'd in two in the
middle."—_Tavernier's Tunquin_, E. T., p. 11.

1688.—"Here are also abundance of Ants of several sorts, and Wood-lice,
called by the English in the East Indies, WHITE ANTS."—_Dampier_, ii.
127.

1713.—"On voit encore des fourmis de plusieurs espèces; la plus
pernicieuse est celle que les Européens ont nommé FOURMI
BLANCHE."—_Lettres Edifiantes_, xii. 98.

1727.—"He then began to form Projects how to clear Accounts with his
Master's Creditors, without putting anything in their Pockets. The first
was on 500 chests of _Japon_ Copper ... and they were brought into
Account of Profit and Loss, for so much eaten up by the WHITE ANTS."—_A.
Hamilton_, ii. 169.

1751.—"... concerning the Organ, we sent for the Revd. Mr. Bellamy, who
declared that when Mr. Frankland applied to him for it that he told him
that it was not in his power to give it, but wished it was removed from
thence, as Mr. Pearson informed him it was eaten up by the WHITE
ANTS."—_Ft. Will. Cons._, Aug. 12. In _Long_, 25.

1789.—"The WHITE ANT is an insect greatly dreaded in every house; and
this is not to be wondered at, as the devastation it occasions is almost
incredible."—_Munro, Narrative_, 31.

1876.—"The metal cases of his baggage are disagreeably suggestive of
WHITE ANTS, and such omnivorous vermin."—_Sat. Review_, No. 1057, p. 6.

APĪL, s. Transfer of Eng. 'Appeal'; in general native use, in connection with our Courts.

1872.—"There is no Sindi, however wild, that cannot now understand
'Rasíd' (receipt) [RASEED] and 'APĪL' (appeal)."—_Burton, Sind
Revisited_, i. 283.

APOLLO BUNDER, n.p. A well-known wharf at Bombay. A street near it is called Apollo Street, and a gate of the Fort leading to it 'the Apollo Gate.' The name is said to be a corruption, and probably is so, but of what it is a corruption is not clear. The quotations given afford different suggestions, and Dr Wilson's dictum is entitled to respect, though we do not know what _pālawā_ here means. Sir G. Birdwood writes that it used to be said in Bombay, that _Apollo-bandar_ was a corr. of _palwa_-bandar, because the pier was the place where the boats used to land _palwa_ fish. But we know of no fish so called; it is however possible that the _palla_ or _Sable-fish_ (HILSA) is meant, which is so called in Bombay, as well as in Sind. [The _Āīn_ (ii. 338) speaks of "a kind of fish called _palwah_ which comes up into the Indus from the sea, unrivalled for its fine and exquisite flavour," which is the HILSA.] On the other hand we may observe that there was at Calcutta in 1748 a frequented tavern called the Apollo (see _Long_, p. 11). And it is not impossible that a house of the same name may have given its title to the Bombay street and wharf. But Sir Michael Westropp's quotation below shows that _Pallo_ was at least the native representation of the name more than 150 years ago. We may add that a native told Mr W. G. Pedder, of the Bombay C.S., from whom we have it, that the name was due to the site having been the place where the "_poli_" cake, eaten at the Holi festival, was baked. And so we leave the matter.

[1823.—"Lieut. Mudge had a tent on APOLLO-green for astronomical
observations."—_Owen, Narrative_, i. 327.]

1847.—"A little after sunset, on 2nd Jan. 1843, I left my domicile in
Ambrolie, and drove to the PÁLAWÁ BANDAR, which receives from our
accommodative countrymen the more classical name of _Apollo_
pier."—_Wilson, Lands of the Bible_, p. 4.

1860.—"And atte what place ye Knyghte came to Londe, theyre ye ffolke ...
worschyppen II Idolys in cheefe. Ye ffyrste is APOLLO, wherefore yē
cheefe londynge place of theyr Metropole is hyght APOLLO-BUNDAR...."—Ext.
from a MS. of Sir John Mandeville, lately discovered. (A friend here
queries: 'By Mr. Shapira?')

1877.—"This bunder is of comparatively recent date. Its name 'APOLLO' is
an English corruption of the native word _Pallow_ (fish), and it was
probably not extended and brought into use for passenger traffic till
about the year 1819...."—_Maclean, Guide to Bombay_, 167. The last work
adds a note: "Sir Michael Westropp gives a different derivation....:
_Polo_, a corruption of _Pálwa_, derived from _Pál_, which _inter alia_
means a fighting vessel, by which kind of craft the locality was probably
frequented. From _Pálwa_ or _Pálwar_, the bunder now called Apollo is
supposed to take its name. In the memorial of a grant of land, dated 5th
Dec., 1743, the _pákhádé_ in question is called _Pallo_."—_High Court
Reports_, iv. pt. 3.

[1880.—"His mind is not prehensile like the tail of the APOLLO
BUNDAR."—_Aberigh-Mackay, Twenty-one Days in India_, p. 141.]

APRICOT, s. _Prunus Armeniaca_, L. This English word is of curious origin, as Dozy expounds it. The Romans called it _Malum Armeniacum_, and also (_Persicum_?) _praecox_, or 'early.' Of this the Greeks made πραικόκκιον, &c., and the Arab conquerors of Byzantine provinces took this up as _birḳōḳ_ and _barḳōḳ_, with the article _al-barḳōḳ_, whence Sp. _albarcoque_, Port. _albricoque_, _alboquorque_, Ital. _albercocca_, _albicocca_, Prov. _aubricot_, _ambricot_, Fr. _abricot_, Dutch _abricock_, _abrikoos_, Eng. _apricock_, APRICOT. Dozy mentions that Dodonaeus, an old Dutch writer on plants, gives the vernacular name as _Vroege Persen_, 'Early Peaches,' which illustrates the origin. In the Cyprus bazars, apricots are sold as χρυσόμηλα; but the less poetical name of '_kill-johns_' is given by sailors to the small hard kinds common to St. Helena, the Cape, China, &c. _Zard ālū_ [ALOO] (Pers.) 'yellow-plum' is the common name in India.

1615.—"I received a letter from Jorge Durois ... with a baskit of
APRECOCKES for my selfe...."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 7.

1711.—"APRICOCKS—the Persians call _Kill Franks_, because Europeans not
knowing the Danger are often hurt by them."—_Lockyer_, p. 231.

1738.—"The common APRICOT ... is ... known in the Frank language (in
Barbary) by the name of _Matza Franca_, or the Killer of
Christians."—_Shaw's Travels_, ed. 1757, p. 144.

ARAB, s. This, it may be said, in Anglo-Indian always means 'an Arab horse.'

1298.—"Car il va du port d'Aden en Inde moult grant quantité de bons
destriers ARRABINS et chevaus et grans roncins de ij selles."—_Marco
Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 36. [See _Sir H. Yule's_ note, 1st ed., vol. ii.
375.]

1338.—"Alexandre descent du destrier ARRABIS."—_Rommant d'Alexandre_
(Bodl. MS.).

c. 1590.—"There are fine horses bred in every part of the country; but
those of Cachh excell, being equal to ARABS."—_Āīn_, i. 133.

1825.—"ARABS are excessively scarce and dear; and one which was sent for
me to look at, at a price of 800 rupees, was a skittish, cat-legged
thing."—_Heber_, i. 189 (ed. 1844).

c. 1844.—A local magistrate at Simla had returned from an unsuccessful
investigation. An acquaintance hailed him next day: 'So I hear you came
back _re infectâ_?' 'No such thing,' was the reply; 'I came back on my
grey ARAB!'

1856.—

"... the true blood-royal of his race,
The silver ARAB with his purple veins
Translucent, and his nostrils caverned wide,
And flaming eye...."
_The Banyan Tree._

ARAKAN, ARRACAN, n.p. This is an European form, perhaps through Malay [which Mr Skeat has failed to trace], of _Rakhaing_, the name which the natives give themselves. This is believed by Sir Arthur Phayre [see _Journ. As. Soc. Ben._ xii. 24 _seqq._] to be a corruption of the Skt. _rākshasa_, Pali _rakkhaso_, _i.e._ 'ogre' or the like, a word applied by the early Buddhists to unconverted tribes with whom they came in contact. It is not impossible that the Ἀργυρῆ of Ptolemy, which unquestionably represents Arakan, may disguise the name by which the country is still known to foreigners; at least no trace of the name as 'Silver-land' in old Indian Geography has yet been found. We may notice, without laying any stress upon it, that in Mr. Beal's account of early Chinese pilgrims to India, there twice occurs mention of an Indo-Chinese kingdom called _O-li-ki-lo_, which transliterates fairly into some name like _Argyrē_, and not into any other yet recognisable (see _J.R.A.S._ (N.S.) xiii. 560, 562).

c. 1420-30.—"Mari deinceps cum mense integro ad ostium RACHANI fluvii
pervenisset."—_N. Conti_, in _Poggius, De Varietate Fortunae_.

1516.—"Dentro fra terra del detto regno di Verma, verso tramontana vi è
vn altro regno di Gentili molto grande ... confina similmente col regno
di Bẽgala e col regno di Aua, e chiamasi ARACAN."—_Barbosa_, in
_Ramusio_, i. 316.

[c. 1535.—"_Arquam_": See CAPELAN.]

1545.—"They told me that coming from India in the ship of Jorge Manhoz
(who was a householder in Goa), towards the Port of Chatigaon in the
kingdom of Bengal, they were wrecked upon the shoals of RACAON owing to a
badly-kept watch."—_Pinto_, cap. clxvii.

1552.—"Up to the Cape of Negraes ... will be 100 leagues, in which space
are these populated places, Chocoriá, Bacalá, ARRACÃO City, capital of
the kingdom so styled...."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1568.—"Questo Re di RACHAN ha il suo stato in mezzo la costa, tra il
Regno di Bengala e quello di Pegù, ed è il maggiore nemico che habbia il
Re del Pegù."—_Cesare de' Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 396.

1586.—"... Passing by the Island of Sundiua, Porto grande, or the
Countrie of Tippera, the Kingdom of RECON and _Mogen_ (MUGG) ... our
course was S. and by E. which brought vs to the barre of Negrais."—_R.
Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 391.

c. 1590.—"To the S.E. of Bengal is a large country called ARKUNG to which
the Bunder of Chittagong properly belongs."—_Gladwin's Ayeen_, ed. 1800,
ii. 4. [Ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 119] in orig. (i. 388) ARKHANG.

[1599.—ARRACAN. See MACAO.

[1608.—RAKHANG. See CHAMPA.

[c. 1069.—ARACAN. See PROME.

[1659.—Aracan. See TALAPOIN.]

1660.—"Despatches about this time arrived from Mu'azzam Khān, reporting
his successive victories and the flight of Shuja to the country of
RAKHANG, leaving Bengal undefended."—_Khāfī Khān_, in _Elliot_, vii. 254.

[c. 1660.—"The Prince ... sent his eldest son, Sultan Banque, to the King
of RACAN, or Mog."—_Bernier_ (ed. _Constable_), 109.]

c. 1665.—"Knowing that it is impossible to pass any Cavalry by Land, no,
not so much as any Infantry, from _Bengale_ into RAKAN, because of the
many channels and rivers upon the Frontiers ... he (the Governor of
Bengal) thought upon this experiment, viz. to engage the _Hollanders_ in
his design. He therefore sent a kind of Ambassador to
Batavia."—_Bernier_, E. T., 55 [(ed. _Constable_, 180)].

1673.—"... A mixture of that Race, the most accursedly base of all
Mankind who are known for their Bastard-brood lurking in the Islands at
the Mouths of the Ganges, by the name of RACANNERS."—_Fryer_, 219. (The
word is misprinted _Buccaneers_; but see Fryer's _Index_.)

1726.—"It is called by some Portuguese ORRAKAN, by others among them
ARRAKAON, and by some again RAKAN (after its capital) and also Mog
(MUGG)."—_Valentijn_, v. 140.

1727.—"ARACKAN has a Conveniency of a noble spacious River."—_A.
Hamilton_, ii. 30.

ARBOL TRISTE, s. The tree or shrub, so called by Port. writers, appears to be the _Nyctanthes arbor tristis_, or _Arabian jasmine_ (N. O. _Jasmineae_), a native of the drier parts of India. [The quotations explain the origin of the name.]

[c. 1610.—"Many of the trees they call TRISTES, of which they make
saffron."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc., i. 411.

" "That tree called TRISTE, which is produced in the East Indies,
is so named because it blooms only at night."—_Ibid._ ii. 362; and see
Burnell's _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 58-62.

1624.—"I keep among my baggage to show the same in Italy, as also some of
the tree TRIFOE (in orig. _Arbor Trisoe_, a misprint for _Tristo_) with
its odoriferous flowers, which blow every day and night, and fall at the
approach of day."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 406.]

ARCOT, n.p. _Arkāt_, a famous fortress and town in the Madras territory, 65 miles from Madras. The name is derived by Bp. Caldwell from Tam. _āṛkāḍ_, the 'Six Forests,' confirmed by the Tam.-Fr. Dict. which gives a form _āṛukāḍu_ = 'Six forêts' ["the abode of six Rishis in former days. There are several places of this name in the southern districts besides the town of Arcot near Vellore. One of these in Tanjore would correspond better than that with Harkatu of Ibn Batuta, who reached it on the first evening of his march inland after landing from Ceylon, apparently on the shallow coast of Madura or Tanjore."—_Madras Ad. Man._ ii. 211]. Notwithstanding the objection made by Maj.-Gen. Cunningham in his _Geog. of Ancient India_, it is probable that Arcot is the Ἀρκατοῦ βασίλειον Σῶρα of Ptolemy, 'Arkatu, residence of K. Sora.'

c. 1346.—"We landed with them on the beach, in the country of Ma'bar ...
we arrived at the fortress of HARKĀTŪ, where we passed the night."—_Ibn
Batuta_, iv. 187, 188.

1785.—"It may be said that this letter was written by the Nabob of ARCOT
in a moody humour.... Certainly it was; but it is in such humours that
the truth comes out."—_Burke's Speech_, Feb. 28th.

ARECA, s. The seed (in common parlance the nut) of the palm _Areca catechu_, L., commonly, though somewhat improperly, called 'betel-nut'; the term BETEL belonging in reality to the leaf which is chewed along with the _areca_. Though so widely cultivated, the palm is unknown in a truly indigenous state. The word is Malayāl. _aḍakka_ [according to Bp. Caldwell, from _adai_ 'close arrangement of the cluster,' _kay_, 'nut' _N.E.D._], and comes to us through the Port.

1510.—"When they eat the said leaves (betel), they eat with them a
certain fruit which is called _coffolo_, and the tree of the said
_coffolo_ is called ARECHA."—_Varthema_, Hak. Soc., 144.

1516.—"There arrived there many zambucos [SAMBOOK] ... with
ARECA."—_Barbosa_, Hak. Soc., 64.

1521.—"They are always chewing ARECCA, a certaine Fruit like a Peare, cut
in quarters and rolled up in leaves of a Tree called _Bettre_ (or
_Vettele_), like Bay leaves; which having chewed they spit forth. It
makes the mouth red. They say they doe it to comfort the heart, nor could
live without it."—_Pigafetta_, in _Purchas_, i. 38.

1548.—"In the _Renda do Betel_, or Betel duties at Goa are included
Betel, AREQUA, jacks, green ginger, oranges, lemons, figs, coir, mangos,
citrons."—_Botelho, Tombo_, 48. The Port. also formed a word _ariqueira_
for the tree bearing the nuts.

1563.—"... and in Malabar they call it _pac_ (Tam. _pāk_); and the Nairs
(who are the gentlemen) call it ARECA."—_Garcia D'O._, f. 91 _b._

c. 1566.—"Great quantitie of ARCHA, which is a fruite of the bignesse of
nutmegs, which fruite they eate in all these parts of the Indies, with
the leafe of an Herbe, which they call _Bettell_."—_C. Frederike_,
transl. in _Hakl._ ii. 350.

1586.—"Their friends come and bring gifts, cocos, figges, ARRECAES, and
other fruits."—_Fitch_, in _Hakl._, ii. 395.

[1624.—"And therewith they mix a little ashes of sea-shells and some
small pieces of an Indian nut sufficiently common, which they here call
_Foufel_, and in other places ARECA; a very dry fruit, seeming within
like perfect wood; and being of an astringent nature they hold it good to
strengthen the Teeth."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 36. Mr Grey says:
"As to the Port. name, _Foufel_ or _Fofel_, the origin is uncertain. In
Sir J. Maundeville's Travels it is said that black pepper "is called
_Fulful_," which is probably the same word as "_Foufel_." But the Ar.
_Fawfal_ or _Fufal_ is 'betel-nut.'"]

1689.—"... the _Neri_ which is drawn from the AREQUIES Tree in a fresh
earthen vessel, is as sweet and pleasant as Milk."—_Ovington_, 237.
[_Neri_ = H. and Mahr. _nīr_, 'sap,' but _neri_ is, we are told, Guzerati
for toddy in some form.]

ARGEMONE MEXICANA. This American weed (N.O. _Papaveraceae_) is notable as having overrun India, in every part of which it seems to be familiar. It is known by a variety of names, _Firinghī dhatūra_, gamboge thistle, &c. [See Watt, _Dict. Econ. Prod._, i. 306 _seqq._]

ARGUS PHEASANT, s. This name, which seems more properly to belong to the splendid bird of the Malay Peninsula (_Argusanus giganteus_, Tem., _Pavo argus_, Lin.), is confusingly applied in Upper India to the Himālayan horned pheasant _Ceriornis_ (Spp. _satyra_, and _melanocephala_) from the round white eyes or spots which mark a great part of the bird's plumage.—See remark under MOONAUL.

ARRACK, RACK, s. This word is the Ar. _'araḳ_, properly 'perspiration,' and then, first the exudation or sap drawn from the date palm (_'araḳ al-tamar_); secondly any strong drink, 'distilled spirit,' 'essence,' etc. But it has spread to very remote corners of Asia. Thus it is used in the forms _ariki_ and _arki_ in Mongolia and Manchuria, for spirit distilled from grain. In India it is applied to a variety of common spirits; in S. India to those distilled from the fermented sap of sundry palms; in E. and N. India to the spirit distilled from cane-molasses, and also to that from rice. The Turkish form of the word, _rāḳi_, is applied to a spirit made from grape-skins; and in Syria and Egypt to a spirit flavoured with aniseed, made in the Lebanon. There is a popular or slang Fr. word, _riquiqui_, for brandy, which appears also to be derived from _araḳī_ (_Marcel Devic_). Humboldt (_Examen_, &c., ii. 300) says that the word first appears in Pigafetta's Voyage of Magellan; but this is not correct.

c. 1420.—"At every _yam_ (post-house) they give the travellers a sheep, a
goose, a fowl ... 'ARAK...."—_Shah Rukh's Embassy to China_, in N. & E.,
xiv. 396.

1516.—"And they bring cocoa-nuts, HURRACA (which is something to
drink)...."—_Barbosa_, Hak. Soc. 59.

1518.—"—que todos os mantimentos asy de pão, como vinhos, ORRACAS,
arrozes, carnes, e pescados."—In _Archiv. Port. Orient._, fasc. 2, 57.

1521.—"When these people saw the politeness of the captain, they
presented some fish, and a vessel of palm-wine, which they call in their
language URACA...."—_Pigafetta_, Hak. Soc. 72.

1544.—"Manueli a cruce ... commendo ut plurimum invigilet duobus illis
Christianorum Carearum pagis, diligenter attendere ... nemo potu ORRACAE
se inebriet ... si ex hoc deinceps tempore Punicali ORRACHA potetur,
ipsos ad mihi suo gravi damno luituros."—_Scti. Fr. Xav. Epistt._, p.
111.

1554.—"And the excise on the _orraquas_ made from palm-trees, of which
there are three kinds, viz., _çura_, which is as it is drawn; ORRAQUA,
which is _çura_ once boiled (_cozida_, qu. distilled?); _sharab_
(_xarao_) which is boiled two or three times and is stronger than
_orraqua_."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 50.

1563.—"One kind (of coco-palm) they keep to bear fruit, the other for the
sake of the _çura_, which is _vino mosto_; and this when it has been
distilled they call ORRACA."—_Garcia D'O._, f. 67. (The word _surā_, used
here, is a very ancient importation from India, for Cosmas (6th century)
in his account of the coco-nut, confounding (it would seem) the milk with
the toddy of that palm, says: "The _Argellion_ is at first full of a very
sweet water, which the Indians drink from the nut, using it instead of
wine. This drink is called _rhoncosura_, and is extremely pleasant." It
is indeed possible that the RHONCO here may already be the word
_arrack_).

1605.—"A Chines borne, but now turned Iauan, who was our next neighbour
... and brewed ARACKE which is a kind of hot drinke, that is vsed in most
of these parts of the world, instead of Wine...."—_E. Scot_, in
_Purchas_, i. 173.

1631.—"... jecur ... a potu istius maledicti ARAC, non tantum in
temperamento immutatum, sed etiam in substantiâ suâ corrumpitur."—_Jac.
Bontius_, lib. ii. cap. vii. p. 22.

1687.—"Two jars of ARACK (made of rice as I judged) called by the Chinese
_Samshu_ [SAMSHOO]."—_Dampier_, i. 419.

1719.—"We exchanged some of our wares for opium and some
ARRACK...."—_Robinson Crusoe_, Pt. II.

1727.—"Mr Boucher had been 14 Months soliciting to procure his
_Phirmaund_; but his repeated Petitions ... had no Effect. But he had an
_Englishman_, one _Swan_, for his Interpreter, who often took a large
Dose of ARRACK.... Swan got pretty near the King (Aurungzeb) ... and
cried with a loud Voice in the Persian Language that his Master wanted
Justice done him" (see DOAI).—_A. Hamilton_, i. 97.

RACK is a further corruption; and RACK-PUNCH is perhaps not quite obsolete.

1603.—"We taking the But-ends of Pikes and Halberts and Faggot-sticks,
drave them into a RACKE-house."—_E. Scot_, in _Purchas_, i. 184.

Purchas also has VRACA and other forms; and at i. 648 there is mention of
a strong kind of spirit called RACK-_apee_ (Malay _āpī_ = 'fire'). See
FOOL'S RACK.

1616.—"Some small quantitie of Wine, but not common, is made among them;
they call it RAACK, distilled from Sugar and a spicie Rinde of a Tree
called _Iagra_ [JAGGERY]."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1470.

1622.—"We'll send him a jar of RACK by next conveyance."—Letter in
_Sainsbury_, iii. 40.

1627.—"Java hath been fatal to many of the English, but much through
their own distemper with RACK."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 693.

1848.—"Jos ... finally insisted upon having a bowl of RACK PUNCH.... That
bowl of RACK PUNCH was the cause of all this history."—_Vanity Fair_, ch.
vi.

ARSENAL, s. An old and ingenious etymology of this word is _arx navalis_. But it is really Arabic. Hyde derives it from _tars-khānah_, 'domus terroris,' contracted into _tarsānah_, the form (as he says) used at Constantinople (_Syntagma Dissertt._, i. 100). But it is really the Ar. _dār-al-ṣinā'a_, 'domus artificii,' as the quotations from Mas'ūdī clearly show. The old Ital. forms _darsena_, _darsinale_ corroborate this, and the Sp. _ataraçana_, which is rendered in Ar. by Pedro de Alcala, quoted by Dozy, as _dar a cinaa_.—(See details in _Dozy, Oosterlingen_, 16-18.)

A.D. 943-4.—"At this day in the year of the Hijra 332, Rhodes (_Rodas_)
is an arsenal (_dār-ṣinā'a_) where the Greeks build their
war-vessels."—_Mas'ūdī_, ii. 423. And again "_dār-ṣinā'at al marākib_,"
'an arsenal of ships,' iii. 67.

1573.—"In this city (Fez) there is a very great building which they call
DARAÇANA, where the Christian captives used to labour at blacksmith's
work and other crafts under the superintendence and orders of renegade
headmen ... here they made cannon and powder, and wrought swords,
cross-bows, and arquebusses."—_Marmol, Desc. General de Affrica_, lib.
iii. f. 92.

1672.—"On met au TERSHANA deux belles galères à l'eau."—_Antoine Galland,
Journ._, i. 80.

ART, EUROPEAN. We have heard much, and justly, of late years regarding the corruption of Indian art and artistic instinct by the employment of the artists in working for European patrons, and after European patterns. The copying of such patterns is no new thing, as we may see from this passage of the brightest of writers upon India whilst still under Asiatic government.

c. 1665.—"... not that the Indians have not wit enough to make them
successful in Arts, they doing very well (as to some of them) in many
parts of India, and it being found that they have inclination enough for
them, and that some of them make (even without a Master) very pretty
workmanship and imitate so well our work of Europe, that the difference
thereof will hardly be discerned."—_Bernier_, E. T., 81-82 [ed.
_Constable_, 254].

ARTICHOKE, s. The genealogy of this word appears to be somewhat as follows: The Ar. is AL-ḤARSHŪF (perhaps connected with _ḥarash_, 'rough-skinned') or _al-kharshūf_; hence Sp. ALCARCHOFA and It. _carcioffo_ and _arciocco_, Fr. _artichaut_, Eng. _artichoke_.

c. 1348.—"The Incense (benzoin) tree is small ... its branches are like
those of a thistle or an artichoke (AL-KHARSHAF)."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 240.
AL-KHARSHAF in the published text. The spelling with _ḥ_ instead of
_k̲h̲_ is believed to be correct (see _Dozy_, s.v. _Alcarchofa_); [also
see _N.E.D._ s.v. _Artichoke_].

ARYAN, adj. Skt. _Ārya_, 'noble.' A term frequently used to include all the races (Indo-Persic, Greek, Roman, Celtic, Sclavonic, &c.) which speak languages belonging to the same family as Sanskrit. Much vogue was given to the term by Pictet's publication of _Les Origines Indo-Européennes, ou les Aryas Primitifs_ (Paris, 1859), and this writer seems almost to claim the name in this sense as his own (see quotation below). But it was in use long before the date of his book. Our first quotation is from Ritter, and there it has hardly reached the full extent of application. Ritter seems to have derived the use in this passage from Lassen's _Pentapotamia_. The word has in great measure superseded the older term _Indo-Germanic_, proposed by F. Schlegel at the beginning of the last century. The latter is, however, still sometimes used, and M. Hovelacque, especially, prefers it. We may observe here that the connection which evidently exists between the several languages classed together as Aryan cannot be regarded, as it was formerly, as warranting an assumption of identity of race in all the peoples who speak them.

It may be noted as curious that among the Javanese (a people so remote in blood from what we understand by Aryan), the word _ārya_ is commonly used as an honorary prefix to the names of men of rank; a survival of the ancient Hindu influence on the civilisation of the island.

The earliest use of _Aryan_ in an ethnic sense is in the Inscription on the tomb of Darius, in which the king calls himself an Aryan, and of Aryan descent, whilst Ormuzd is in the Median version styled, 'God of the Aryans.'

B.C. c. 486.—"_Adam Dáryavush Khsháyathiya vazarka ... Pársa, Pársahiyá
putra_, ARIYA, ARIYA _chitra_." _i.e._ "I (am) Darius, the Great King,
the King of Kings, the King of all inhabited countries, the King of this
great Earth far and near, the son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a
Persian, an ARIAN, of _Arian_ descent."—In _Rawlinson's Herodotus_, 3rd
ed., iv. 250.

"These Medes were called anciently by all people ARIANS, but when Medêa,
the Colchian, came to them from Athens, they changed their
name."—_Herodot._, vii. 62 (Rawlins).

1835.—"Those eastern and proper Indians, whose territory, however,
Alexander never touched by a long way, call themselves in the most
ancient period _Arians_ (ARIER) (_Manu_, ii. 22, x. 45), a name
coinciding with that of the ancient Medes."—_Ritter_, v. 458.

1838.—See also _Ritter_, viii. 17 seqq.; and Potto's art. in _Ersch &
Grueber's Encyc._, ii. 18, 46.

1850.—"The ARYAN tribes in conquering India, urged by the Brahmans, made
war against the Turanian demon-worship, but not always with complete
success."—_Dr. J. Wilson_, in _Life_, 450.

1851.—"We must request the patience of our readers whilst we give a short
outline of the component members of the great ARIAN family. The first is
the Sanskrit.... The second branch of the Arian family is the Persian....
There are other scions of the Arian stock which struck root in the soil
of Asia, before the Arians reached the shores of Europe...."—(_Prof. Max
Müller_) _Edinburgh Review_, Oct. 1851, pp. 312-313.

1853.—"Sur les sept premières civilisations, qui sont celles de l'ancien
monde, six appartiennent, en partie au moins, à la race
ARIANE."—_Gobineau, De l'Inégalité des Races Humaines_, i. 364.

1855.—"I believe that all who have lived in India will bear testimony ...
that to natives of India, of whatever class or caste, Mussulman, Hindoo,
or Parsee, 'ARYAN or Tamulian,' unless they have had a special training,
our European paintings, prints, drawings, and photographs, plain or
coloured, if they are landscapes, are absolutely unintelligible."—_Yule,
Mission to Ava_, 59 (publ. 1858).

1858.—"The ARYAN tribes—for that is the name they gave themselves, both
in their old and new homes—brought with them institutions of a simplicity
almost primitive."—_Whitney, Or. & Ling. Studies_, ii. 5.

1861.—"Latin, again, with Greek, and the Celtic, the Teutonic, and
Slavonic languages, together likewise with the ancient dialects of India
and Persia, must have sprung from an earlier language, the mother of the
whole Indo-European or ARYAN family of speech."—_Prof. Max Müller,
Lectures_, 1st Ser. 32.

We also find the verb _Aryanize_:

1858.—"Thus all India was brought under the sway, physical or
intellectual and moral, of the alien race; it was thoroughly
ARYANIZED."—_Whitney, u. s._ 7.

ASHRAFEE, s. Arab. _ashrafī_, 'noble,' applied to various gold coins (in analogy with the old English 'noble'), especially to the _dīnār_ of Egypt, and to the Gold MOHUR of India.—See XERAFINE.

c. 1550.—"There was also the sum of 500,000 Falory ASHRAFIES equal in the
currency of Persia to 50,000 royal Irak tomāns."—_Mem. of Humayun_, 125.
A note suggests that _Falory_, or _Flori_, indicates _florin_.

ASSAM, n.p. The name applied for the last three centuries or more to the great valley of the Brahmaputra River, from the emergence of its chief sources from the mountains till it enters the great plain of Bengal. The name _Āsām_ and sometimes _Āshām_ is a form of _Āhām_ or _Āhom_, a dynasty of Shan race, who entered the country in the middle ages, and long ruled it. Assam politically is now a province embracing much more than the name properly included.

c. 1590.—"The dominions of the Rajah of ASHAM join to Kamroop; he is a
very powerful prince, lives in great state, and when he dies, his
principal attendants, both male and female, are voluntarily buried alive
with his corpse."—_Gladwin's Ayeen_ (ed. 1800) ii. 3; [_Jarrett_, trans.
ii. 118].

1682.—"Ye Nabob was very busy dispatching and vesting divers principal
officers sent with all possible diligence with recruits for their army,
lately overthrown in ASHAM and _Sillet_, two large plentiful countries 8
days' journey distant from this city (Dacca)."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct.
29th; [Hak. Soc. i. 43].

1770.—"In the beginning of the present century, some Bramins of Bengal
carried their superstitions to ASHAM, where the people were so happy as
to be guided solely by the dictates of natural religion."—_Raynal_ (tr.
1777) i. 420.

1788.—"M. Chevalier, the late Governor of Chandernagore, by permission of
the King, went up as high as the capital of ASSAM, about the year
1762."—_Rennell's Mem._, 3rd ed. p. 299.

ASSEGAY, s. An African throwing-spear. Dozy has shown that this is Berber _zaghāya_, with the Ar. article prefixed (p. 223). Those who use it often seem to take it for a S. African or Eastern word. So Godinho de Eredia seems to use it as if Malay (f. 21_v_). [Mr Skeat remarks that the nearest word in Malay is _seligi_, explained by Klinkert as 'a short wooden throwing-spear,' which is possibly that referred to by G. de Eredia.]

c. 1270.—"There was the King standing with three 'exortins' (or men of
the guard) by his side armed with javelins [_ab lur_
ATZAGAYES]".—_Chronicle of K. James of Aragon_, tr. by Mr. Foster, 1883,
i. 173.

c. 1444.—"... They have a quantity of AZAGAIAS, which are a kind of light
darts."—_Cadamosto, Navegação primeira_, 32.

1552.—"But in general they all came armed in their fashion, some with
AZAGAIAS and shields and others with bows and quivers of
arrows."—_Barros_, I. iii. 1.

1572.—

"Hum de escudo embraçado, e de AZAGAIA,
Outro de arco encurvado, e setta ervada."
_Camões_, i. 86.

By Burton:

"this, targe on arm and ASSEGAI in hand,
that, with his bended bow, and venom'd reed."

1586.—"I loro archibugi sono belli, e buoni, come i nostri, e le lance
sono fatte con alcune canne piene, e forti, in capo delle quali mettono
vn ferro, come uno di quelli delle nostri ZAGAGLIE."—_Balbi_, 111.

1600.—"These they use to make Instruments of wherewith to fish ... as
also to make weapons, as Bows, Arrowes, Aponers, and ASSAGAYEN."—_Disc.
of Guinea_, from the Dutch, in _Purchas_, ii. 927.

1608.—"Doncques voyant que nous ne pouvions passer, les deux hommes sont
venu en nageant auprès de nous, et ayans en leurs mains trois Lancettes
ou ASAGAYES."—_Houtman_, 5_b_.

[1648.—"The ordinary food of these Cafres is the flesh of this animal
(the elephant), and four of them with their ASSEGAIS (in orig.
AGEAGAYES), which are a kind of short pike, are able to bring an elephant
to the ground and kill it."—_Tavernier_ (ed. _Ball_), ii. 161, cf. ii.
295.]

1666.—"Les autres armes offensives (in India) sont l'arc et la flêche, le
javelot ou ZAGAYE...."—_Thevenot_, v. 132 (ed. 1727).

1681.—"... encontraron diez y nueve hombres bazos armados con dardas, y
AZAGAYAS, assi llaman los Arabes vnas lanças pequeñas arrojadizas, y
pelearon con ellos."—_Martinez de la Puente, Compendio_, 87.

1879.—

"Alert to fight, athirst to slay,
They shake the dreaded ASSEGAI,
And rush with blind and frantic will
On all, when few, whose force is skill."
_Isandlana_, by _Ld. Stratford de
Redcliffe, Times_, March 29.

ATAP, ADAP, s. Applied in the Malayo-Javanese regions to any palm-fronds used in thatching, commonly to those of the NIPA (_Nipa fruticans_, Thunb.). [_Atap_, according to Mr Skeat, is also applied to any roofing; thus tiles are called _atap batu_, 'stone _ataps_.'] The Nipa, "although a wild plant, for it is so abundant that its culture is not necessary, it is remarkable that its name should be the same in all the languages from Sumatra to the Philippines."—(_Crawfurd, Dict. Ind. Arch._ 301). ATĔP is Javanese for 'thatch.'

1672.—"ATAP or leaves of Palm-trees...."—_Baldaeus, Ceylon_, 164.

1690.—"ADAPOL (quae folia sunt sicca et vetusta)...."—_Rumphius, Herb.
Amb._ i. 14.

1817.—"In the maritime districts, ĀTAP or thatch is made ... from the
leaves of the _nipa_."—_Raffles, Java_, i. 166; [2nd ed. i. 186].

1878.—"The universal roofing of a Perak house is ATTAP stretched over
bamboo rafters and ridge-poles. This _attap_ is the dried leaf of the
nipah palm, doubled over a small stick of bamboo, or _nibong_."—_McNair,
Perak, &c._, 164.

ATLAS, s. An obsolete word for 'satin,' from the Ar. _aṭlas_, used in that sense, literally 'bare' or 'bald' (comp. the Ital. _raso_ for 'satin'). The word is still used in German. [The _Draper's Dict._ (s.v.) says that "a silk stuff wrought with threads of gold and silver, and known by this name, was at one time imported from India." Yusuf Ali (_Mon. on Silk Fabrics_, p. 93) writes: "_Atlas_ is the Indian satin, but the term _satan_ (corrupted from the English) is also applied, and sometimes specialised to a thicker form of the fabric. This fabric is always substantial, _i.e._ never so thin or netted as to be semi-transparent; more of the weft showing on the upper surface than of the warp."]

1284.—"Cette même nuit par ordre du Sultan quinze cents de ses Mamlouks
furent revêtus de robes d'ATLAS rouges brodées...."—_Makrizi_, t. ii. pt.
i. 69.

" "The Sultan Mas'ūd clothed his dogs with trappings of AṬLAS of
divers colours, and put bracelets upon them."—_Fakhrī_, p. 68.

1505.—"Raso por seda rasa."—ATLĀS, _Vocabular Arauigo of Fr. P. de
Alcala_.

1673.—"They go Rich in Apparel, their Turbats of Gold, Damask'd Gold
ATLAS Coats to their Heels, Silk, _Alajah_ or Cuttanee
breeches."—_Fryer_, 196.

1683.—"I saw ye _Taffaties_ and ATLASSES in ye Warehouse, and gave
directions concerning their several colours and stripes."—_Hedges,
Diary_, May 6; [Hak. Soc. i. 85].

1689.—(Surat) "is renown'd for ... rich Silks, such as ATLASSES ... and
for Zarbafts [ZERBAFT]...."—_Ovington_, 218.

1712.—In the _Spectator_ of this year are advertised "a purple and gold
ATLAS gown" and "a scarlet and gold ATLAS petticoat edged with
silver."—Cited in _Malcolm's Anecdotes_ (1808), 429.

1727.—"They are exquisite in the Weaver's Trade and Embroidery, which may
be seen in the rich ATLASSES ... made by them."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 160.

c. 1750-60.—"The most considerable (manufacture) is that of their
ATLASSES or satin flowered with gold and silver."—_Grose_, i. 117.

_Note._—I saw not long ago in India a Polish Jew who was called Jacob
ATLAS, and he explained to me that when the Jews (about 1800) were forced
to assume surnames, this was assigned to his grandfather, because he wore
a black satin gaberdine!—(_A. B._ 1879.)

ATOLL, s. A group of coral islands forming a ring or chaplet, sometimes of many miles in diameter, inclosing a space of comparatively shallow water, each of the islands being on the same type as the _atoll_. We derive the expression from the Maldive islands, which are the typical examples of this structure, and where the form of the word is _atoḷu_. [P. de Laval (Hak. Soc. i. 93) states that the provinces in the Maldives were known as _Atollon_.] It is probably connected with the Singhalese _ätul_, 'inside'; [or _etula_, as Mr Gray (_P. de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 94) writes the word. The _Mad. Admin. Man._ in the Glossary gives Malayāl. _attālam_, 'a sinking reef']. The term was made a scientific one by Darwin in his publication on Coral Reefs (see below), but our second quotation shows that it had been generalised at an earlier date.

c. 1610.—"Estant au milieu d'vn ATOLLON, vous voyez autour de vous ce
grand banc de pierre que jay dit, qui environne et qui defend les isles
contre l'impetuosité de la mer."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 71 (ed. 1679);
[Hak. Soc. i. 94].

1732.—"ATOLLON, a name applied to such a place in the sea as exhibits a
heap of little islands lying close together, and almost hanging on to
each other."—_Zeidler's_ (German) _Universal Lexicon_, s.v.

1842.—"I have invariably used in this volume the term ATOLL, which is the
name given to these circular groups of coral islets by their inhabitants
in the Indian Ocean, and is synonymous with 'lagoon-island.'"—_Darwin,
The Structure, &c., of Coral Reefs_, 2.

AUMIL, s. Ar. and thence H. _'āmil_ (noun of agency from _'amal_, 'he performed a task or office,' therefore 'an agent'). Under the native governments a collector of Revenue; also a farmer of the Revenue invested with chief authority in his District. Also

AUMILDAR. Properly _'amaldār_, 'one holding office'; (Ar. _'amal_, 'work,' with P. term of agency). A factor or manager. Among the Mahrattas the _'Amaldār_ was a collector of revenue under varying conditions—(See details in _Wilson_). The term is now limited to Mysore and a few other parts of India, and does not belong to the standard system of any Presidency. The word in the following passage looks as if intended for _'amaldār_, though there is a term _Māldār_, 'the holder of property.'

1680.—"The MAULDAR or _Didwan_ [DEWAN] that came with the _Ruccas_
[ROOCKA] from Golcondah sent forward to Lingappa at Conjiveram."—_Ft. St.
Geo. Cons._, 9th Novr. No. III., 38.

c. 1780.—"... having detected various frauds in the management of the
AMULDAR or renter ... (M. Lally) paid him 40,000 rupees."—_Orme_, iii.
496 (ed. 1803).

1793.—"The AUMILDARS, or managers of the districts."—_Dirom_, p. 56.

1799.—"I wish that you would desire one of your people to communicate
with the AMILDAR of Soondah respecting this road."—_A. Wellesley_ to T.
Munro, in _Munro's Life_, i. 335.

1804.—"I know the character of the Peshwah, and his ministers, and of
every Mahratta AMILDAR sufficiently well...."—_Wellington_, iii. 38.

1809.—"Of the AUMIL I saw nothing."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 412.

AURUNG, s. H. from P. _aurang_, 'a place where goods are manufactured, a depôt for such goods.' During the Company's trading days this term was applied to their factories for the purchase, on advances, of native piece-goods, &c.

1778.—"... Gentoo-factors in their own pay to provide the investments at
the different AURUNGS or cloth markets in the province."—_Orme_, ii. 51.

1789.—"I doubt, however, very much whether he has had sufficient
experience in the commercial line to enable him to manage so difficult
and so important an AURUNG as Luckipore, which is almost the only one of
any magnitude which supplies the species of coarse cloths which do not
interfere with the British manufacture."—_Cornwallis_, i. 435.

AVA, n.p. The name of the city which was for several centuries the capital of the Burmese Empire, and was applied often to that State itself. This name is borrowed, according to Crawfurd, from the form _Awa_ or _Awak_ used by the Malays. The proper Burmese form was _Eng-wa_, or 'the Lake-Mouth,' because the city was built near the opening of a lagoon into the Irawadi; but this was called, even by the Burmese, more popularly _A-wā_, 'The Mouth.' The city was founded A.D. 1364. The first European occurrence of the name, so far as we know, is (c. 1440) in the narrative of Nicolo Conti, and it appears again (no doubt from Conti's information) in the great World-Map of Fra Mauro at Venice (1459).

c. 1430.—"Having sailed up this river for the space of a month he arrived
at a city more noble than all the others, called AVA, and the
circumference of which is 15 miles."—_Conti_, in _India in the XVth
Cent._ 11.

c. 1490.—"The country (Pegu) is distant 15 days' journey by land from
another called AVA in which grow rubies and many other precious
stones."—_Hier. di Sto. Stefano_, u. s. p. 6.

1516.—"Inland beyond this Kingdom of Pegu ... there is another Kingdom of
Gentiles which has a King who resides in a very great and opulent city
called AVA, 8 days' journey from the sea; a place of rich merchants, in
which there is a great trade of jewels, rubies, and spinel-rubies, which
are gathered in this Kingdom."—_Barbosa_, 186.

c. 1610.—"... The King of OVÁ having already sent much people, with
cavalry, to relieve Porão (Prome), which marches with the Pozão (?) and
city of OVÁ or ANVÁ, (which means 'surrounded on all sides with
streams')...."—_Antonio Bocarro, Decada_, 150.

1726.—"The city AVA is surpassing great.... One may not travel by land to
Ava, both because this is permitted by the Emperor to none but envoys, on
account of the Rubies on the way, and also because it is a very perilous
journey on account of the tigers."—_Valentijn, V._ (_Chorom._) 127.

AVADAVAT, s. Improperly for _Amadavat_. The name given to a certain pretty little cage-bird (_Estrelda amandava_, L. or 'Red Wax-Bill') found throughout India, but originally brought to Europe from _Aḥmadābād_ in Guzerat, of which the name is a corruption. We also find Aḥmadābād represented by _Madava_: as in old maps _Astarābād_ on the Caspian is represented by _Strava_ (see quotation from _Correa_ below). [One of the native names for the bird is _lāl_, 'ruby,' which appears in the quotation from Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali below.]

1538.—"... o qual veyo d'AMADAVA principall cidade do reino."—In _S.
Botelho, Tombo_, 228.

1546.—"The greater the resistance they made, the more of their blood was
spilt in their defeat, and when they took to flight, we gave them chase
for the space of half a league. And it is my belief that as far as the
will of the officers and lascarys went, we should not have halted on this
side of MADAVÁ; but as I saw that my people were much fatigued, and that
the Moors were in great numbers, I withdrew them and brought them back to
the city."—D. João de Castro's despatch to the City of Goa respecting the
victory at Diu.—_Correa_, iv. 574.

1648.—"The capital (of Guzerat) lies in the interior of the country and
is named _Hamed-Ewat_, _i.e._ the City of King _Hamed_ who built it;
nowadays they call it _Amadavar_ or AMADABAT."—_Van Twist_, 4.

1673.—"From AMIDAVAD, small Birds, who, besides that they are spotted
with white and Red no bigger than Measles, the principal Chorister
beginning, the rest in Consort, Fifty in a Cage, make an admirable
Chorus."—_Fryer_, 116.

[1777.—"... a few presents now and then—china, shawls, congou tea,
AVADAVATS, and Indian crackers."—_The School for Scandal_, v. i.]

1813.—"... AMADAVATS, and other songsters are brought thither (Bombay)
from Surat and different countries."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 47. [The 2nd
ed. (i. 32) reads AMADAVADS.]

[1832.—"The lollah, known to many by the name of HAVER-DEWATT, is a
beautiful little creature, about one-third the size of a
hedge-sparrow."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Observat._ ii. 54.]

AVATAR, s. Skt. _Avatāra_, an incarnation on earth of a divine Being. This word first appears in Baldaeus (1672) in the form AUTAAR (_Afgoderye_, p. 52), which in the German version generally quoted in this book takes the corrupter shape of _Altar_.

[c. 1590.—"In the city of Sambal is a temple called Hari Mandal (the
temple of Vishnu) belonging to a Brahman, from among whose descendants
the tenth AVATAR will appear at this spot."—_Āīn_, tr. Jarrett, ii. 281.]

1672.—"Bey den Benjanen haben auch diese zehen Verwandlungen den Namen
daas sie ALTARE heissen, und also hat Mats _Altar_ als dieser erste,
gewähret 2500 Jahr."—_Baldaeus_, 472.

1784.—"The ten AVATÁRS or descents of the deity, in his capacity of
Preserver."—_Sir W. Jones_, in _Asiat. Res._ (reprint) i. 234.

1812.—"The AWATARS of Vishnu, by which are meant his descents upon earth,
are usually counted ten...."—_Maria Graham_, 49.

1821.—"The Irish AVATAR."—_Byron._

1845.—"In Vishnu-land what AVATAR?"—_Browning, Dramatic Romances, Works_,
ed. 1870, iv. pp. 209, 210.

1872.—"... all which cannot blind us to the fact that the Master is
merely another AVATAR of Dr Holmes himself."—_Sat. Review_, Dec. 14, p.
768.

1873.—"He ... builds up a curious History of Spiritualism, according to
which all matter is mediately or immediately the AVATAR of some
Intelligence, not necessarily the highest."—_Academy_, May 15th, 172_b_.

1875.—"Balzac's AVATARS were a hundredfold as numerous as those of
Vishnu."—_Ibid._, April 24th, p. 421.

AVERAGE, s. Skeat derives this in all its senses from L. Latin _averia_, used for cattle; for his deduction of meanings we must refer to his Dictionary. But it is worthy of consideration whether _average_, in its special marine use for a proportionate contribution towards losses of those whose goods are cast into the sea to save a ship, &c., is not directly connected with the Fr. _avarie_, which has quite that signification. And this last Dozy shows most plausibly to be from the Ar. '_awār_, spoilt merchandise.' [This is rejected by the _N.E.D._, which concludes that the Ar. _'awār_ is "merely a mod. Arabic translation and adaptation of the Western term in its latest sense."] Note that many European words of trade are from the Arabic; and that _avarie_ is in Dutch _avarij_, _averij_, or _haverij_.—(See Dozy, _Oosterlingen_.)

AYAH, s. A native lady's-maid or nurse-maid. The word has been adopted into most of the Indian vernaculars in the forms _āya_ or _āyā_, but it is really Portuguese (f. AIA, 'a nurse, or governess'; m. _aio_, 'the governor of a young noble'). [These again have been connected with L. Latin _aidus_, Fr. _aide_, 'a helper.']

1779.—"I was sitting in my own house in the compound, when the IYA came
down and told me that her mistress wanted a candle."—_Kitmutgar's
evidence_, in the case of _Grand v. Francis_. Ext. in _Echoes of Old
Calcutta_, 225.

1782.—(A Table of Wages):—

"_Consumah_.........10 (rupees a month).
* * * * * *
EYAH....................5."—_India Gazette_, Oct. 12.

1810.—"The female who attends a lady while she is dressing, etc., is
called an AYAH."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 337.

1826.—"The lieutenant's visits were now less frequent than usual; one
day, however, he came ... and on leaving the house I observed him slip
something, which I doubted not was money, into the hand of the AYAH, or
serving woman, of Jane."—_Pandurang Hari_, 71; [ed. 1873, i. 99].

1842.—"Here (at Simla) there is a great preponderence of Mahometans. I am
told that the guns produced absolute consternation, visible in their
countenances. One AYAH threw herself upon the ground in an agony of
despair.... I fired 42 guns for Ghuzni and Cabul; the 22nd (42nd?)
gun—which announced that all was finished—was what overcame the
Mahometans."—_Lord Ellenborough_, in _Indian Administration_ 295. This
stuff was written to the great Duke of Wellington!

1873.—"The white-robed AYAH flits in and out of the tents, finding a home
for our various possessions, and thither we soon retire."—_Fraser's
Mag._, June, i. 99.

1879.—"He was exceedingly fond of his two children, and got for them
servants; a man to cook their dinner, and an AYAH to take care of
them."—_Miss Stokes, Indian Fairy Tales_, 7.

B

BABA, s. This is the word usually applied in Anglo-Indian families, by both Europeans and natives, to the children—often in the plural form, _bābā lōg_ (_lōg_ = folk). The word is not used by the natives among themselves in the same way, at least not habitually: and it would seem as if our word _baby_ had influenced the use. The word _bābā_ is properly Turki = 'father'; sometimes used to a child as a term of endearment (or forming part of such a term, as in the P. _Bābājān_, 'Life of your Father'). Compare the Russian use of _batushka_. [_Bābājī_ is a common form of address to a Faḳīr, usually a member of one of the Musulman sects. And hence it is used generally as a title of respect.]

[1685.—"A Letter from the Pettepolle BOBBA."—_Pringle, Diary, Fort St.
Geo._ iv. 92.]

1826.—"I reached the hut of a Gossein ... and reluctantly tapped at the
wicket, calling, 'O BABA, O Maharaj.'"—_Pandurang Hari_ [ed. 1873, i.
76].

[1880.—"While SUNNY BABA is at large, and might at any time make a raid
on Mamma, who is dozing over a novel on the spider chair near the mouth
of the thermantidote, the Ayah and Bearer dare not leave their
charge."—_Aberigh-Mackay, Twenty-one Days_, p. 94.]

BABAGOOREE, s. H. _Bābāghūrī_, the white agate (or chalcedony?) of Cambay. [For these stones see _Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 323: _Tavernier_, ed. Ball, i. 68.] It is apparently so called from the patron saint or martyr of the district containing the mines, under whose special protection the miners place themselves before descending into the shafts. Tradition alleges that he was a prince of the great Ghori dynasty, who was killed in a great battle in that region. But this prince will hardly be found in history.

1516.—"They also find in this town (Limadura in Guzerat) much chalcedony,
which they call BABAGORE. They make beads with it, and other things which
they wear about them."—_Barbosa_, 67.