Chapter XXII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (19)

1696.—"Mr. Bowyear says the Prince of CHAMPA whom he met at the _Cochin
Chinese Court_ was very polite to him, and strenuously exhorted him to
introduce the English to the dominions of _Champa_."—In _Dalrymple's Or.
Repert._ i. 67.

CHAMPANA, s. A kind of small vessel. (See SAMPAN.)

CHANDAUL, s. H. _Chaṇḍāl_, an outcaste, 'used generally for a man of the lowest and most despised of the mixt tribes' (_Williams_); 'properly one sprung from a Sudra father and Brahman mother' (_Wilson_). [The last is the definition of the _Āīn_ (ed. _Jarrett_, iii. 116). Dr. Wilson identifies them with the _Kandali_ or _Gondali_ of Ptolemy (_Ind. Caste_, i. 57).]

712.—"You have joined those _Chandáls_ and coweaters, and have become one
of them."—_Chach-Nāmah_, in _Elliot_, i. 193.

[1810.—"CHANDELA," see quotation under HALALCORE.]

CHANDERNAGORE, n.p. The name of the French settlement on the Hoogly, 24 miles by river above Calcutta, originally occupied in 1673. The name is alleged by Hunter to be properly _Chandan(a)-nagara_, 'Sandalwood City,' but the usual form points rather to _Chandra-nagara_, 'Moon City.' [Natives prefer to call it _Farash-danga_, or 'The gathering together of Frenchmen.']

1727.—"He forced the Ostenders to quit their Factory, and seek protection
from the French at CHARNAGUR.... They have a few private Families
dwelling near the Factory, and a pretty little Church to hear Mass in,
which is the chief Business of the French in Bengal."—_A. Hamilton_, ii.
18.

[1753.—"SHANDERNAGOR." See quotation under CALCUTTA.]

CHANK, CHUNK, s. H. _sankh_, Skt. _sankha_, a large kind of shell (_Turbinella rapa_) prized by the Hindus, and used by them for offering libations, as a horn to blow at the temples, and for cutting into armlets and other ornaments. It is found especially in the Gulf of Manaar, and the _Chank_ fishery was formerly, like that of the pearl-oysters, a Government monopoly (see _Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 556, and the references). The abnormal _chank_, with its spiral opening to the right, is of exceptional value, and has been sometimes priced, it is said, at a lakh of rupees!

c. 545.—"Then there is Sielediba, _i.e._ Taprobane ... and then again on
the continent, and further back is _Marallo_, which exports CONCH-shells
(κοχλίους)."—_Cosmas_, in _Cathay_, I. clxxviii.

851.—"They find on its shores (of Ceylon) the pearl, and the SHANK, a
name by which they designate the great shell which serves for a trumpet,
and which is much sought after."—_Reinaud, Relations_, i. 6.

1563.—"... And this CHANCO is a ware for the Bengal trade, and formerly
it produced more profit than now.... And there was formerly a custom in
Bengal that no virgin in honour and esteem could be corrupted unless it
were by placing bracelets of CHANCO on her arms; but since the Patans
came in this usage has more or less ceased; and so the chanco is rated
lower now...."—_Garcia_, f. 141.

1644.—"What they chiefly bring (from Tuticorin) are cloths called
_cachas_[59] ... a large quantity of CHANQUO; these are large shells
which they fish in that sea, and which supply Bengal, where the blacks
make of them bracelets for the arm; also the biggest and best fowls in
all these Eastern parts."—_Bocarro_, MS. 316.

1672.—"Garroude flew in all haste to Brahma, and brought to Kisna the
CHIANKO, or _kinkhorn_, twisted to the right."—_Baldaeus_, Germ. ed. 521.

1673.—"There are others they call CHANQUO; the shells of which are the
Mother of Pearl."—_Fryer_, 322.

1727.—"It admits of some Trade, and produces Cotton, Corn, coars Cloth,
and CHONK, a Shell-fish in shape of a Periwinkle, but as large as a Man's
Arm above the Elbow. In _Bengal_ they are saw'd into Rings for Ornaments
to Women's Arms."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 131.

1734.—"Expended towards digging a foundation, where CHANKS were buried
with accustomed ceremonies."—In _Wheeler_, iii. 147.

1770.—"Upon the same coast is found a shell-fish called XANXUS, of which
the Indians at Bengal make bracelets."—_Raynal_ (tr. 1777) i. 216.

1813.—"A CHANK opening to the right hand is highly valued ... always
sells for its weight in gold."—_Milburn_, i. 357.

[1871.—"The conch or CHUNK shell."—_Mateer, Land of Charity_, 92.]

1875.—

"CHANKS. Valuation
Large for Cameos. per 100 10 Rs.
White, live " " 6 "
" dead " " 3 "
_Table of Customs Duties on Imports
into British India up to 1875._"

CHARPOY, s. H. _chārpāī_, from P. _chihār-pāī_ (_i.e._ four-feet), the common Indian bedstead, sometimes of very rude materials, but in other cases handsomely wrought and painted. It is correctly described in the quotation from Ibn Batuta.

c. 1350.—"The beds in India are very light. A single man can carry one,
and every traveller should have his own bed, which his slave carries
about on his head. The bed consists of four conical legs, on which four
staves are laid; between they plait a sort of ribbon of silk or cotton.
When you lie on it you need nothing else to render the bed sufficiently
elastic."—iii. 380.

c. 1540.—"Husain Khan Tashtdár was sent on some business from Bengal. He
went on travelling night and day. Whenever sleep came over him he placed
himself on a bed (CHAHĀR-PĀĪ) and the villagers carried him along on
their shoulders."—MS. quoted in _Elliot_, iv. 418.

1662.—"Turbans, long coats, trowsers, shoes, and sleeping on CHÁRPÁIS,
are quite unusual."—_H. of Mir Jumla's Invasion of Assam_, transl. by
_Blochmann, J.A.S.B._ xli. pt. i. 80.

1876.—"A syce at Mozuffernuggar, lying asleep on a CHARPOY ... was killed
by a tame buck goring him in the side ... it was supposed in
play."—_Baldwin, Large and Small Game of Bengal_, 195.

1883.—"After a gallop across country, he would rest on a CHARPOY, or
country bed, and hold an impromptu _levee_ of all the village folk."—_C.
Raikes_, in _L. of L. Lawrence_, i. 57.

CHATTA, s. An umbrella; H. _chhātā_, _chhatr_; Skt. _chhatra_.

c. 900.—"He is clothed in a waist-cloth, and holds in his hand a thing
called a JATRA; this is an umbrella made of peacock's
feathers."—_Reinaud, Relations_, &c. 154.

c. 1340.—"They hoist upon these elephants as many CHATRĀS, or umbrellas
of silk, mounted with many precious stones, and with handles of pure
gold."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 228.

c. 1354.—"But as all the Indians commonly go naked, they are in the habit
of carrying a thing like a little tent-roof on a cane handle, which they
open out at will as a protection against sun and rain. This they call a
CHATYR. I brought one home to Florence with me...."—_John Marignolli_, in
_Cathay_, &c. p. 381.

1673.—"Thus the chief Naik with his loud Musick ... an Ensign of Red,
Swallow-tailed, several CHITORIES, little but rich _Kitsolls_ (which are
the Names of several Countries for Umbrelloes)...."—_Fryer_, 160.

[1694.—"3 CHATTERS."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cclxv.

[1826.—"Another as my CHITREE-burdar or umbrella-carrier."—_Pandurang
Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 28.]

CHATTY, s. An earthen pot, spheroidal in shape. It is a S. Indian word, but is tolerably familiar in the Anglo-Indian parlance of N. India also, though the H. GHURRA (_ghaṛā_) is more commonly used there. The word is Tam. _shāṭi_, _shaṭṭi_, Tel. _chatti_, which appears in Pali as _chāḍi_.

1781.—"In honour of His Majesty's birthday we had for dinner fowl cutlets
and a flour pudding, and drank his health in a CHATTY of sherbet."—_Narr.
of an Officer of Baillie's Detachment_, quoted in _Lives of the
Lindsays_, iii. 285.

1829.—"The CHATTIES in which the women carry water are globular earthen
vessels, with a bell-mouth at top."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 97.

CHAW, s. For _chā_, _i.e._ TEA (q.v.).

1616.—"I sent ... a silver CHAW pot and a fan to Capt. China
wife."—_Cock's Diary_, i. 215.

CHAWBUCK, s. and v. A whip; to whip. An obsolete vulgarism from P. _chābuk_, 'alert'; in H. 'a horse-whip.' It seems to be the same as the _sjambok_ in use at the Cape, and apparently carried from India (see the quotation from Van Twist). [Mr. Skeat points out that Klinkert gives _chambok_ or _sambok_, as Javanese forms, the standard Malay being _chabok_ or _chabuk_; and this perhaps suggests that the word may have been introduced by Malay grooms once largely employed at the Cape.]

1648.—"... Poor and little thieves are flogged with a great whip (called
SIAMBACK) several days in succession."—_Van Twist_, 29.

1673.—"Upon any suspicion of default he has a Black Guard that by a
CHAWBUCK, a great Whip, extorts Confession."—_Fryer_, 98.

1673.—"The one was of an Armenian, CHAWBUCKED through the City for
selling of Wine."—_Ibid._ 97.

1682.—"... Ramgivan, our _Vekeel_ there (at Hugly) was sent for by
Permesuradass, Bulchund's servant, who immediately clapt him in prison.
Ye same day was brought forth and slippered; the next day he was beat on
ye soles of his feet, ye third day CHAWBUCKT, and ye 4th drub'd till he
could not speak, and all to force a writing in our names to pay Rupees
50,000 for custome of ye Silver brought out this year."—_Hedges, Diary_,
Nov. 2; [Hak. Soc. i. 45].

[1684-5.—"Notwithstanding his being a great person was soon stripped and
CHAWBUCKT."—_Pringle, Madras Consns._ iv. 4.]

1688.—"Small offenders are only whipt on the Back, which sort of
Punishment they call CHAWBUCK."—_Dampier_, ii. 138.

1699.—"The Governor of Surrat ordered the cloth Broker to be tyed up and
CHAWBUCKED."—_Letter from General and Council at Bombay to E. I. C._ (in
Record Office), 23rd March, 1698-9.

1726.—"Another Pariah he CHAWBUCKED 25 blows, put him in the Stocks, and
kept him there an hour."—_Wheeler_, ii. 410.

1756.—"... a letter from Mr. Hastings ... says that the Nabob to engage
the Dutch and French to purchase also, had put peons upon their Factories
and threatened their _Vaquills_ with the CHAUBAC."—In _Long_, 79.

1760.—"Mr. Barton, laying in wait, seized Benautrom Chattogee opposite to
the door of the Council, and with the assistance of his bearer and his
peons tied his hands and his feet, swung him upon a bamboo like a hog,
carried him to his own house, there with his own hand CHAWBOOKED him in
the most cruel manner, almost to the deprivation of life; endeavoured to
force beef into his mouth, to the irreparable loss of his Bramin's caste,
and all this without giving ear to, or suffering the man to speak in his
own defence...."—_Fort Wm. Consn._, in _Long_, 214-215.

1784.—

"The sentinels placed at the door
Are for our security bail;
With Muskets and CHAUBUCKS secure,
They guard us in Bangalore Jail."
_Song_, by a _Gentleman of the Navy_
(prisoner with Hyder) in _Seton-Karr_, i. 18.

1817.—"... ready to prescribe his favourite regimen of the CHABUK for
every man, woman, or child who dared to think otherwise."—_Lalla Rookh._

CHAWBUCKSWAR, s. H. from P. _chābuk-suwār_, a rough-rider.

[1820.—"As I turned him short, he threw up his head, which came in
contact with mine and made my CHABOOKSWAR exclaim, _Ali mudat_, 'the help
of Ali.'"—_Tod, Personal Narr._ Calcutta rep. ii. 723.

[1892.—"A sort of high-stepping caper is taught, the CHABUKSOWAR
(whip-rider), or breaker, holding, in addition to the bridle, cords tied
to the fore fetlocks."—_Kipling, Beast and Man in India_, 171.]

CHEBULI. The denomination of one of the kinds of MYROBOLANS (q.v.) exported from India. The true etymology is probably _Kābulī_, as stated by Thevenot, _i.e._ 'from Cabul.'

c. 1343.—"CHEBULI _mirabolani_."—_List of Spices_, &c., in _Pegolotti_
(Della Decima, iii. 303).

c. 1665.—"De la Province de Caboul ... les Mirabolans croissent dans les
Montagnes et c'est la cause pourquoi les Orientaux les appelent
CABULY."—_Thevenot_, v. 172.

CHEECHEE, adj. A disparaging term applied to half-castes or EURASIANS (q.v.) (corresponding to the LIP-LAP of the Dutch in Java) and also to their manner of speech. The word is said to be taken from _chī_ (Fie!), a common native (S. Indian) interjection of remonstrance or reproof, supposed to be much used by the class in question. The term is, however, perhaps also a kind of onomatopœia, indicating the mincing pronunciation which often characterises them (see below). It should, however, be added that there are many well-educated East Indians who are quite free from this mincing accent.

1781.—

"Pretty little Looking-Glasses,
Good and cheap for CHEE-CHEE Misses."
_Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, March 17.

1873.—"He is no favourite with the pure native, whose language he speaks
as his own in addition to the hybrid minced English (known as CHEE-CHEE),
which he also employs."—_Fraser's Magazine_, Oct., 437.

1880.—"The Eurasian girl is often pretty and graceful.... 'What though
upon her lips there hung The accents of her TCHI-TCHI tongue.'"—_Sir Ali
Baba_, 122.

1881.—"There is no doubt that the 'CHEE CHEE twang,' which becomes so
objectionable to every Englishman before he has been long in the East,
was originally learned in the convent and the Brothers' school, and will
be clung to as firmly as the queer turns of speech learned in the same
place."—_St. James's Gazette_, Aug. 26.

CHEENAR, s. P. _chīnār_, the Oriental Plane (_Platanus orientalis_) and _platanus_ of the ancients; native from Greece to Persia. It is often by English travellers in Persia miscalled _sycamore_ from confusion with the common British tree (_Acer pseudoplatanus_), which English people also habitually miscall _sycamore_, and Scotch people miscall _plane-tree_! Our quotations show how old the confusion is. The tree is not a native of India, though there are fine _chīnārs_ in Kashmere, and a few in old native gardens in the Punjab, introduced in the days of the Moghul emperors. The tree is the _Arbre Sec_ of Marco Polo (see 2nd ed. vol. i. 131, 132). _Chīnārs_ of especial vastness and beauty are described by Herodotus and Pliny, by Chardin and others. At Buyukdereh near Constantinople, is still shown the Plane under which Godfrey of Boulogne is said to have encamped. At Tejrīsh, N. of Teheran, Sir H. Rawlinson tells us that he measured a great _chīnār_ which has a girth of 108 feet at 5 feet from the ground.

c. 1628.—"The gardens here are many ... abounding in lofty pyramidall
cypresses, broad-spreading CHENAWRS...."—_Sir T. Herbert_, 136.

1677.—"We had a fair Prospect of the City (Ispahan) filling the one half
of an ample Plain, few Buildings ... shewing themselves by reason of the
high CHINORS, or Sicamores shading the choicest of them...."—_Fryer_,
259.

" "We in our Return cannot but take notice of the famous Walk
between the two Cities of _Jelfa_ and _Ispahaun_; it is planted with two
rows of Sycamores (which is the tall Maple, not the Sycamore of
_Alkair_)."—_Ibid._ 286.

1682.—"At the elegant villa and garden at Mr. Bohun's at Lee. He shewed
me the ZINNAR tree or platanus, and told me that since they had planted
this kind of tree about the Citty of Ispahan ... the plague ... had
exceedingly abated of its mortal effects."—_Evelyn's Diary_, Sept. 16.

1726.—"... the finest road that you can imagine ... planted in the middle
with 135 SENNAAR trees on one side and 132 on the other."—_Valentijn_, v.
208.

1783.—"This tree, which in most parts of Asia is called the CHINAUR,
grows to the size of an oak, and has a taper straight trunk, with a
silver-coloured bark, and its leaf, not unlike an expanded hand, is of a
pale green."—_G. Forster's Journey_, ii. 17.

1817.—

"... they seem
Like the CHENAR-tree grove, where winter throws
O'er all its tufted heads its feathery snows."
_Mokanna._

[1835.—"... the island Char CHÚNAR ... a skilful monument of the Moghul
Emperor, who named it from the four plane trees he planted on the
spot."—_Hügel, Travels in Kashmir_, 112.

[1872.—"I ... encamped under some enormous CHUNAR or oriental plane
trees."—_Wilson, Abode of Snow_, 370.]

_Chīnār_ is alleged to be in Badakhshān applied to a species of poplar.

CHEENY, s. See under SUGAR.

1810.—"The superior kind (of raw sugar) which may often be had nearly
white ... and sharp-grained, under the name of CHEENY."—_Williamson, V.
M._ ii. 134.

CHEESE, s. This word is well known to be used in modern English slang for "anything good, first-rate in quality, genuine, pleasant, or advantageous" (_Slang Dict._). And the most probable source of the term is P. and H. _chīz_, 'thing.' For the expression used to be common among Anglo-Indians, _e.g._, "My new Arab is the real _chīz_"; "These cheroots are the real _chīz_," _i.e._ the real thing. The word may have been an Anglo-Indian importation, and it is difficult otherwise to account for it. [This view is accepted by the _N.E.D._; for other explanations see 1 ser. _N. & Q._ viii. 89; 3 ser. vii. 465, 505.]

CHEETA, s. H. _chītā_, the _Felis jubata_, Schreber, [_Cynaelurus jubatus_, Blanford], or 'Hunting Leopard,' so called from its being commonly trained to use in the chase. From Skt. _chitraka_, or _chitrakāya_, lit. 'having a speckled body.'

1563.—"... and when they wish to pay him much honour they call him _Ráo_;
as for example Chita-Ráo, whom I am acquainted with; and this is a proud
name, for CHITA signifies 'Ounce' (or panther) and this _Chita_-Rao means
'King as strong as a Panther.'"—_Garcia_, f. 36.

c. 1596.—"Once a leopard (CHĪTA) had been caught, and without previous
training, on a mere hint by His Majesty, it brought in the prey, like
trained leopards."—_Āīn-i-Akbarī_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 286.

1610.—Hawkins calls the CHEETAS at Akbar's Court 'ounces for game.'—In
_Purchas_, i. 218.

[1785.—"The CHEETAH-connah, the place where the Nabob's panthers and
other animals for hunting are kept."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 450.]

1862.—"The true CHEETAH, the Hunting Leopard of India, does not exist in
Ceylon."—_Tennent_, i. 140.

1879.—"Two young CHEETAHS had just come in from Bombay; one of these was
as tame as a house-cat, and like the puma, purred beautifully when
stroked."—"_Jamrach's_," in _Sat. Review_, May 17, p. 612.

It has been ingeniously suggested by Mr. Aldis Wright that the word _cheater_, as used by Shakspere, in the following passage, refers to this animal:—

_Falstaff_: "He's no swaggerer, Hostess; a _tame_ CHEATER i' faith; you
may stroke him gently as a puppy greyhound; he'll not swagger."—2nd Part
_King Henry IV._ ii. 4.

Compare this with the passage just quoted from the _Saturday Review_! And the interpretation would rather derive confirmation from a parallel passage from Beaumont & Fletcher:

"... if you give any credit to the juggling rascal, you are worse than
simple widgeons, and will be drawn into the net by this decoy-duck, this
_tame_ CHEATER."—_The Fair Maid of the Inn_, iv. 2.

But we have not been able to trace any possible source from which Shakspere could have derived the name of the animal at all, to say nothing of the familiar use of it. [The _N.E.D._ gives no support to the suggestion.]

CHELING, CHELI, s. The word is applied by some Portuguese writers to the traders of Indian origin who were settled at Malacca. It is not found in the Malay dictionaries, and it is just possible that it originated in some confusion of _Quelin_ (see KLING) and _Chuli_ (see CHOOLIA), or rather of _Quelin_ and _Chetin_ (see CHETTY).

1567.—"From the cohabitation of the CHELINS of Malaqua with the
Christians in the same street (even although in divers houses) spring
great offences against God our Lord."—_Decrees of the Sacred Council of
Goa_, in _Archiv. Port. Orient._, Dec. 23.

1613.—"E depois daquelle porto aberto e franqueado aportarão mercadores
de Choromandel; mormente aquelles CHELIS com roupas...."—_Godinho de
Eredia_, 4_v_.

" "This settlement is divided into two parishes, S. Thome and S.
Estevão, and that part of S. Thome called _Campon_ CHELIM extends from
the shore of the _Jaos_ Bazar to the N.W. and terminates at the Stone
Bastion; in this part dwell the CHELIS of Choromandel."—_Godinho de
Eredia_, 5_v_. See also f. 22, [and under CAMPOO].

CHELINGO, s. Arab. _shalandī_, [whence Malayāl. _chalanti_, Tam. _shalangu_;] "_djalanga_, qui va sur l'eau; _chalangue_, barque, bateau dont les planches sont clouées" (_Dict. Tam. Franc._, Pondichéry, 1855). This seems an unusual word, and is perhaps connected through the Arabic with the medieval vessel _chelandia_, _chelandria_, _chelindras_, _chelande_, &c., used in carrying troops and horses. [But in its present form the word is S. Indian.]

1726.—"... as already a CHIALENG (a sort of small native row-boat, which
is used for discharging and loading cargo)...."—_Valentijn, V. Chor._ 20.

1746.—

"CHILLINGA hire . . . . . . . 0 22 0"
_Account charges at Fort St. David_,
Decr. 31, MS. in India Office.

1761.—"It appears there is no more than one frigate that has escaped;
therefore don't lose an instant to send us CHELINGOES upon CHELINGOES
loaded with rice...."—_Lally to Raymond at Pulicat._ In _Comp. H. of the
War in India_ (Tract), 1761, p. 85.

" "No more than one frigate has escaped; lose not an instant in
sending CHELINGOES upon CHELINGOES loaded with rice."—_Carraccioli's Life
of Clive_, i. 58.

CHEROOT, s. A cigar; but the term has been appropriated specially to cigars truncated at both ends, as the Indian and Manilla cigars always were in former days. The word is Tam. _shuruṭṭu_, [Mal. _churuṭṭu_,] 'a roll (of tobacco).' In the South cheroots are chiefly made at Trichinopoly and in the Godavery Delta, the produce being known respectively as TRICHIES and LUNKAS. The earliest occurrence of the word that we know is in Father Beschi's Tamil story of Parmartta Guru (c. 1725). On p. 1 one of the characters is described as carrying a firebrand to light his _pugaiyailai shshuruṭṭu_, 'roll (cheroot) of tobacco.' [The _N.E.D._ quotes CHEROOTA in 1669.] Grose (1750-60), speaking of Bombay, whilst describing the cheroot does not use that word, but another which is, as far as we know, entirely obsolete in British India, viz. BUNCUS (q.v.).

1759.—In the expenses of the Nabob's entertainment at Calcutta in this
year we find:

"60 lbs. of Masulipatam CHEROOTS, Rs. 500."—In _Long_, 194.

1781.—"... am tormented every day by a parcel of gentlemen coming to the
end of my berth to talk politics and smoke CHEROOTS—advise them rather to
think of mending the holes in their old shirts, like me."—_Hon. J.
Lindsay_ (in _Lives of the Lindsays_), iii. 297.

" "Our evening amusements instead of your stupid Harmonics, was
playing Cards and Backgammon, chewing Beetle and smoking CHERUTES."—_Old
Country Captain_, in _India Gazette_, Feby. 24.

1782.—"Le tabac y réussit très bien; les CHIROUTES de Manille sont
renommées dans toute l'Inde par leur goût agréable; aussi les Dames dans
ce pays fument-elles toute la journée."—_Sonnerat, Voyage_, iii. 43.

1792.—"At that time (c. 1757) I have seen the officers mount guard many's
the time and oft ... neither did they at that time carry your fusees, but
had a long Pole with an iron head to it.... With this in one Hand and a
CHIROOT in the other you saw them saluting away at the Main
Guard."—_Madras Courier_, April 3.

1810.—"The lowest classes of Europeans, as also of the natives ...
frequently smoke CHEROOTS, exactly corresponding with the Spanish
_segar_, though usually made rather more bulky."—_Williamson, V. M._ i.
499.

1811.—"Dire que le T'CHEROUT est la cigarre, c'est me dispenser d'en
faire la description."—_Solvyns_, iii.

[1823.—"He amused himself by smoking several CARROTES."—_Owen, Narr._ ii.
50.]

1875.—"The meal despatched, all who were not on duty lay down ... almost
too tired to smoke their CHEROOTS before falling asleep."—_The Dilemma_,
ch. xxxvii.

CHERRY FOUJ, s. H. _charī-fauj_? This curious phrase occurs in the quotations, the second of which explains its meaning. I am not certain what the first part is, but it is most probably _charī_, in the sense of 'movable,' 'locomotive,' so that the phrase was equivalent to 'flying brigade.' [It may possibly be _chaṛhī_, for _chaṛhnī_, in the sense of 'preparation for battle.'] It was evidently a technicality of the Mahratta armies.

1803.—"The object of a CHERRY FOUJ, without guns, with two armies after
it, must be to fly about and plunder the richest country it can find, not
to march through exhausted countries, to make revolutions in
cities."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i. 59.

1809.—"Two detachments under ... Mahratta chiefs of some consequence, are
now employed in levying contributions in different parts of the Jypoor
country. Such detachments are called CHUREE FUOJ; they are generally
equipped very lightly, with but little artillery; and are equally
formidable in their progress to friend and foe."—_Broughton, Letters from
a Mahratta Camp_, 128; [ed. 1892, p. 96].

CHETTY, s. A member of any of the trading castes in S. India, answering in every way to the BANYANS of W. and N. India. Malayāl. _cheṭṭi_, Tam. _sheṭṭi_, [Tel. _seṭṭi_, in Ceylon _seḍḍi_]. These have all been supposed to be forms from the Skt. _śreshṭi_; but C. P. Brown (MS.) denies this, and says "_Shetti_, a shop-keeper, is plain Telegu," and quite distinct from _śreshṭi_. [The same view is taken in the _Madras Gloss._] Whence then the H. _Seṭh_ (see SETT)? [The word was also used for a 'merchantman': see the quotations from Pyrard on which Gray notes: "I do not know any other authority for the use of the word for merchantships, though it is analogous to our merchantmen.'"]

c. 1349.—The word occurs in Ibn Batuta (iv. 259) in the form ṢĂTI, which
he says was given to very rich merchants in _China_; and this is one of
his questionable statements about that country.

1511.—"The great Afonso Dalboquerque ... determined to appoint Ninachatu,
because he was a Hindoo, Governor of the Quilins (CHELING) and
CHETINS."—_Comment. of Af. Dalboq._, Hak. Soc. iii. 128; [and see
quotation from _ibid._ iii. 146, under KLING].

1516.—"Some of these are called CHETTIS, who are Gentiles, natives of the
province of Cholmender."—_Barbosa_, 144.

1552.—"... whom our people commonly call CHATIS. These are men with such
a genius for merchandise, and so acute in every mode of trade, that among
our people when they desire either to blame or praise any man for his
subtlety and skill in merchant's traffic they say of him, 'he is a
CHATIM'; and they use the word CHATINAR for 'to trade,'—which are words
now very commonly received among us."—_Barros_, I. ix. 3.

c. 1566.—"Ui sono uomini periti che si chiamano CHITINI, li quali metteno
il prezzo alle perle."—_Cesare Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 390.

1596.—"The vessels of the CHATINS of these parts never sail along the
coast of Malavar nor towards the north, except in a _cafilla_, in order
to go and come more securely, and to avoid being cut off by the Malavars
and other corsairs, who are continually roving in those seas."—_Viceroy's
Proclamation at Goa_, in _Archiv. Port. Or._, fasc. 3, 661.

1598.—"The Souldiers in these dayes give themselves more to be CHETTIJNS
[var. lect. CHATIINS] and to deale in Marchandise, than to serve the King
in his Armado."—_Linschoten_, 58; [Hak. Soc. i. 202].

[ " "Most of these vessels were CHETILS, that is to say,
merchantmen."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 345.

[c. 1610.—"Each is composed of fifty or sixty war galiots, without
counting those of CHETIE, or merchantmen."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc.
ii. 117.]

1651.—"The SITTY are merchant folk."—_Rogerius_, 8.

1686.—"... And that if the CHETTY Bazaar people do not immediately open
their shops, and sell their grain, etc., as usually, that the goods and
commodities in their several ships be confiscated."—In _Wheeler_, i. 152.

1726.—"The SITTIS are merchant folk and also porters...."—_Valentijn,
Choro._ 88.

" "The strength of a Bramin is Knowledge; the strength of a King is
Courage; the strength of a _Bellale_ (or Cultivator) is Revenue; the
strength of a CHETTI is Money."—_Apophthegms of Ceylon_, tr. in
_Valentijn_, v. 390.

c. 1754.—"CHITTIES are a particular kind of merchants in Madras, and are
generally very rich, but rank with the _left-hand cast_."—_Ives_, 25.

1796.—"CETTI, mercanti astuti, diligenti, laboriosi, sobrii, frugali,
ricchi."—_Fra Paolino_, 79.

[CHEYLA, s. "Originally a H. word (_chelā_, Skt. _cheṭaka_, _cheḍaka_) meaning 'a servant,' many changes have been rung upon it in Hindu life, so that it has meant a slave, a household slave, a family retainer, an adopted member of a great family, a dependant relative and a soldier in its secular senses; a follower, a pupil, a disciple and a convert in its ecclesiastical senses. It has passed out of Hindu usage into Muhammadan usage with much the same meanings and ideas attached to it, and has even meant a convert from Hinduism to Islam." (_Col. Temple_, in _Ind. Ant._, July, 1896, pp. 200 _seqq._). In Anglo-Indian usage it came to mean a special battalion made up of prisoners and converts.

[c. 1596.—"The CHELAHS or Slaves. His Majesty from religious motives
dislikes the name _bandah_ or slave.... He therefore calls this class of
men CHELAHS, which Hindi term signifies a faithful disciple."—_Āīn,
Blochmann_, i. 253 _seqq._

[1791.—"(The Europeans) all were bound on the parade and rings (_boly_)
the badge of slavery were put into their ears. They were then
incorporated into a battalion of CHEYLAS."—In _Seton-Karr_, ii. 311.

[1795.—"... a Havildar ... compelled to serve in one of his CHELA
Corps."—_Ibid._ ii. 407.]

CHIAMAY, n.p. The name of an imaginary lake, which in the maps of the 16th century, followed by most of those of the 17th, is made the source of most of the great rivers of Further India, including the Brahmaputra, the Irawadi, the Salwen, and the Menam. Lake Chiamay was the counterpart of the African lake of the same period which is made the source of all the great rivers of Africa, but it is less easy to suggest what gave rise to this idea of it. The actual name seems taken from the State of ZIMMÉ (see JANGOMAY) or Chiang-mai.

c. 1544.—"So proceeding onward, he arrived at the Lake of _Singipamor_,
which ordinarily is called CHIAMMAY...."—_F. M. Pinto, Cogan's_ tr., p.
271.

1552.—"The Lake of CHIAMAI, which stands to the northward, 200 leagues in
the interior, and from which issue six notable streams, three of which
combining with others form the great river which passes through the midst
of Siam, whilst the other three discharge into the Gulf of
Bengala."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1572.—

"Olha o rio Menão, que se derrama
Do grande lago, que CHIAMAI se chama."
_Camões_, x. 125.

1652.—"The Countrey of these Brames ... extendeth Northwards from the
neerest _Peguan_ Kingdomes ... watered with many great and remarkable
Rivers, issuing from the Lake CHIAMAY, which though 600 miles from the
Sea, and emptying itself continually into so many Channels, contains 400
miles in compass, and is nevertheless full of waters for the one or the
other."—_P. Heylin's Cosmographie_, ii. 238.

CHICANE, CHICANERY, ss. These English words, signifying pettifogging, captious contention, taking every possible advantage in a contest, have been referred to Spanish _chico_, 'little,' and to Fr. _chic_, _chicquet_, 'a little bit,' as by Mr. Wedgwood in his _Dict. of Eng. Etymology_. See also quotation from _Saturday Review_ below. But there can be little doubt that the words are really traceable to the game of _chaugān_, or horse-golf. This game is now well known in England under the name of POLO (q.v.). But the recent introduction under that name is its second importation into Western Europe. For in the Middle Ages it came from Persia to Byzantium, where it was popular under a modification of its Persian name (verb τζυκανίζειν, playing ground τζυκανιστήριον), and from Byzantium it passed, as a pedestrian game, to Languedoc, where it was called, by a further modification, _chicane_ (see _Ducange, Dissertations sur l'Histoire de St. Louis_, viii., and his _Glossarium Graecitatis_, s.v. τζυκανίζειν; also _Ouseley's Travels_, i. 345). The analogy of certain periods of the game of golf suggests how the figurative meaning of _chicaner_ might arise in taking advantage of the petty accidents of the surface. And this is the strict meaning of _chicaner_, as used by military writers.

Ducange's idea was that the Greeks had borrowed both the game and the name from France, but this is evidently erroneous. He was not aware of the Persian _chaugān_. But he explains well how the tactics of the game would have led to the application of its name to "those tortuous proceedings of pleaders which we old practitioners call _barres_." The indication of the Persian origin of both the Greek and French words is due to W. Ouseley and to Quatremère. The latter has an interesting note, full of his usual wealth of Oriental reading, in his translation of Makrizi's _Mameluke Sultans_, tom. i. pt. i. pp. 121 _seqq._

The preceding etymology was put forward again in Notes upon Mr. Wedgwood's Dictionary published by one of the present writers in _Ocean Highways_, Sept. 1872, p. 186. The same etymology has since been given by Littré (s.v.), who says: "Dès lors, la série des sens est: jeu de mail, puis action de disputer la partie, et enfin manœuvres processives"; [and is accepted by the _N.E.D._ with the reservation that "evidence actually connecting the French with the Greek word appears not to be known"].

The P. forms of the name are _chaugān_ and _chauigān_; but according to the _Bahāri 'Ajam_ (a great Persian dictionary compiled in India, 1768) the primitive form of the word is _chulgān_ from _chūl_, 'bent,' which (as to the form) is corroborated by the Arabic _sawljān_. On the other hand, a probable origin of _chaugān_ would be an Indian (Prakrit) word, meaning 'four corners' [Platts gives _chaugāna_, 'four-fold'], viz. as a name for the polo-ground. The _chulgān_ is possibly a 'striving after meaning.' The meanings are according to Vüllers (1) any stick with a crook; (2) such a stick used as a drumstick; (3) a crook from which a steel ball is suspended, which was one of the royal insignia, otherwise called _kaukaba_ [see _Blochmann, Āīn_, vol. i. plate ix. No. 2.]; (4) (The golf-stick, and) the game of horse-golf.

The game is now quite extinct in Persia and Western Asia, surviving only in certain regions adjoining India, as is specified under POLO. But for many centuries it was the game of kings and courts over all Mahommedan Asia. The earliest Mahommedan historians represent the game of _chaugān_ as familiar to the Sassanian kings; Ferdusi puts the _chaugān_-stick into the hands of Siāwūsh, the father of Kai Khusrū or Cyrus; many famous kings were devoted to the game, among whom may be mentioned Nūruddīn the Just, Atābek of Syria and the great enemy of the Crusaders. He was so fond of the game that he used (like Akbar in after days) to play it by lamp-light, and was severely rebuked by a devout Mussulman for being so devoted to a mere amusement. Other zealous _chaugān_-players were the great Saladin, Jalāluddīn Mankbarni of Khwārizm, and Malik Bībars, Marco Polo's "Bendocquedar Soldan of Babylon," who was said more than once to have played _chaugān_ at Damascus and at Cairo within the same week. Many illustrious persons also are mentioned in Asiatic history as having met their death by accidents in the _maidān_, as the _chaugān_-field was especially called; _e.g._ Ḳutbuddīn Ībak of Delhi, who was killed by such a fall at Lahore in (or about) 1207. In Makrizi (I. i. 121) we read of an Amīr at the Mameluke Court called Husāmuddīn Lajīn 'Azīzī the _Jukāndār_ (or Lord High Polo-stick).

It is not known when the game was conveyed to Constantinople, but it must have been not later than the beginning of the 8th century.[60] The fullest description of the game as played there is given by Johannes Cinnamus (c. 1190), who does not however give the barbarian name:

"The winter now being over and the gloom cleared away, he (the Emperor
Manuel Comnenus) devoted himself to a certain sober exercise which from
the first had been the custom of the Emperors and their sons to practise.
This is the manner thereof. A party of young men divide into two equal
bands, and in a flat space which has been measured out purposely they
cast a leather ball in size somewhat like an apple; and setting this in
the middle as if it were a prize to be contended for they rush into the
contest at full speed, each grasping in his right hand a stick of
moderate length which comes suddenly to a broad rounded end, the middle
of which is closed by a network of dried catgut. Then each party strives
who shall first send the ball beyond the goal planted conspicuously on
the opposite side, for whenever the ball is struck by the netted sticks
through the goal at either side, that gives the victory to the other
side. This is the kind of game, evidently a slippery and dangerous one.
For a player must be continually throwing himself right back, or bending
to one side or the other, as he turns his horse short, or suddenly dashes
off at speed, with such strokes and twists as are needed to follow up the
ball.... And thus as the Emperor was rushing round in furious fashion in
this game, it so happened that the horse which he rode came violently to
the ground. He was prostrate below the horse, and as he struggled vainly
to extricate himself from its incumbent weight his thigh and hand were
crushed beneath the saddle and much injured...."—In Bonn ed. pp. 263-264.

We see from this passage that at Byzantium the game was played with a kind of racket, and not with a polo-stick.

We have not been able to find an instance of the medieval French _chicane_ in this sense, nor does Littré's Dictionary give any. But Ducange states positively that in his time the word in this sense survived in Languedoc, and there could be no better evidence. From Henschel's _Ducange_ also we borrow a quotation which shows _chuca_, used for some game of ball, in French-Latin, surely a form of _chaugān_ or _chicane_.

The game of _chaugān_, the ball (_gū_ or _gavī_) and the playing-ground (_maidān_) afford constant metaphors in Persian literature.

c. 820.—"If a man dream that he is on horseback along with the King
himself, or some great personage, and that he strikes the ball home, or
wins the CHUKĀN (ἤτοι τζυκανίζει) he shall find grace and favour
thereupon, conformable to the success of his ball and the dexterity of
his horse." Again: "If the King dream that he has won in the CHUKĀN (ὅτι
ἐτζυκανίζεν) he shall find things prosper with him."—_The Dream Judgments
of Achmet Ibn Seirim_, from a MS. Greek version quoted by _Ducange_ in
_Gloss. Graecitatis_.

c. 940.—Constantine Porphyrogenitus, speaking of the rapids of the
_Danapris_ or Dnieper, says: "ὁ δὲ τούτο φραγμὸς τοσοῦτον ἐστι στενὸς
ὅσον τὸ πλάτος τοῦ τζυκανιστηρίου ("The defile in this case is as narrow
as the width of the _chukan_-ground.")—_De Adm. Imp._, cap. ix. (Bonn ed.
iii. 75).

969.—"Cumque inquisitionis sedicio non modica petit pro Constantino ...
ex ea parte qua ZUCANISTRI magnitudo portenditur, Constantinus crines
solutus per cancellos caput exposuit, suaque ostensione populi mox
tumultum sedavit."—_Liudprandus_, in _Pertz, Mon. Germ._, iii. 333.

"... he selected certain of his medicines and drugs, and made a
_goff-stick_ (JAUKAN?) [Burton, 'a bat'] with a hollow handle, into which
he introduced them; after which ... he went again to the King ... and
directed him to repair to the horse-course, and to play with the ball and
_goff-stick_...."—_Lane's Arabian Nights_, i. 85-86; [_Burton_, i. 43].

c. 1030-40.—"Whenever you march ... you must take these people with you,
and you must ... not allow them to drink wine or to play at
CHAUGHĀN."—_Baihaki_, in _Elliot_, ii. 120.

1416.—"Bernardus de Castro novo et nonnulli alii in studio Tholosano
studentes, ad ludum lignobolini sive CHUCARUM luderunt pro vino et
volema, qui ludus est quasi ludus billardi," &c.—MS. quoted in
_Henschel's Ducange_.

c. 1420.—"The Τζυκανιστήριον was founded by Theodosius the Less ...
Basilius the Macedonian extended and levelled the
Τζυκανιστήριον."—_Georgius Codinus de Antiq. Constant._, Bonn ed. 81-82.

1516.—Barbosa, speaking of the Mahommedans of Cambay, says: "Saom tam
ligeiros e manhosos na sela que a cavalo jogaom ha CHOQUA, ho qual joguo
eles tem antre sy na conta em que nos temos ho das canas"—(Lisbon ed.
271); _i.e._ "They are so swift and dexterous in the saddle that they
play CHOCA on horseback, a game which they hold in as high esteem as we
do that of the canes" (_i.e._ the _jereed_).

1560.—"They (the Arabs) are such great riders that they play tennis on
horseback" (_que jogão a_ CHOCA _a cavallo_).—_Tenreiro, Itinerario_, ed.
1762, p. 359.

c. 1590.—"His Majesty also plays at CHAUGÁN in dark nights ... the balls
which are used at night are set on fire.... For the sake of adding
splendour to the games ... His Majesty has knobs of gold and silver fixed
to the tops of the _chaugán_ sticks. If one of them breaks, any player
that gets hold of the pieces may keep them."—_Āīn-i-Akbarī_, i. 298; [ii.
303].

1837.—"The game of CHOUGHAN mentioned by Baber is still played everywhere
in Tibet; it is nothing but 'hockey on horseback,' and is excellent
fun."—_Vigne_, in _J. A. S. Bengal_, vi. 774.

In the following I would say, in justice to the great man whose words are quoted, that _chicane_ is used in the quasi-military sense of taking every possible advantage of the ground in a contest:

1761.—"I do suspect that some of the great Ones have had hopes given to
them that the Dutch may be induced to join us in this war against the
Spaniards,—if such an Event should take place I fear some sacrifices will
be made in the East Indies—I pray God my suspicions may be without
foundation. I think Delays and CHICANERY is allowable against those who
take Advantage of the times, our Distresses, and situation."—_Unpublished
Holograph Letter from Lord Clive_, in India Office Records. _Dated_
Berkeley Square, and indorsed 27th Decr. 1761.

1881.—"One would at first sight be inclined to derive the French _chic_
from the English 'cheek'; but it appears that the English is itself the
derived word, _chic_ being an old Romance word signifying _finesse_, or
subtlety, and forming the root of our own word CHICANERY."—_Sat. Rev._,
Sept. 10, p. 326 (Essay on French Slang).

CHICK, s.

A. H.—P. _chik_; a kind of screen-blind made of finely-split bamboo, laced with twine, and often painted on the outer side. It is hung or framed in doorways or windows, both in houses and in tents. The thing [which is described by Roe,] may possibly have come in with the Mongols, for we find in Kovalefski's Mongol Dict. (2174) "_Tchik_ = _Natte_." The Āīn (i. 226) has _chigh_. _Chicks_ are now made in London, as well as imported from China and Japan. _Chicks_ are described by Clavijo in the tents of Timour's chief wife:

1404.—"And this tent had two doors, one in front of the other, and the
first doors were of certain thin coloured wands, joined one to another
like in a hurdle, and covered on the outside with a texture of
rose-coloured silk, and finely woven; and these doors were made in this
fashion, in order that when shut the air might yet enter, whilst those
within could see those outside, but those outside could not see those who
were within."—§ cxxvi.

[1616.—His wives "whose Curiositye made them breake little holes in a
grate of reede that hung before it to gaze on mee."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak.
Soc. ii. 321.]

1673.—"Glass is dear, and scarcely purchaseable ... therefore their
Windows are usually folding doors, screened with CHEEKS or
latises."—_Fryer_, 92.

The pron. _cheek_ is still not uncommon among English people:—"The Coach
where the Women were was covered with CHEEKS, a sort of hanging Curtain,
made with Bents variously coloured with Lacker, and Checquered with
Packthred so artificially that you see all without, and yourself within
unperceived."—_Fryer_, 83.

1810.—"CHEEKS or Screens to keep out the glare."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii.
43.

1825.—"The CHECK of the tent prevents effectually any person from seeing
what passes within...."—_Heber_ (ed. 1844), i. 192.

B. Short for _chickeen_, a sum of four rupees. This is the Venetian _zecchino_, _cecchino_, or _sequin_, a gold coin long current on the shores of India, and which still frequently turns up in treasure-trove, and in hoards. In the early part of the 15th century Nicolo Conti mentions that in some parts of India, Venetian ducats, _i.e._ sequins, were current (p. 30). And recently, in fact in our own day, _chick_ was a term in frequent Anglo-Indian use, _e.g._ "I'll bet you a CHICK."

The word _zecchino_ is from the _Zecca_, or Mint at Venice, and that name is of Arabic origin, from _sikka_, 'a coining die.' The double history of this word is curious. We have just seen how in one form, and by what circuitous secular journey, through Egypt, Venice, India, it has gained a place in the Anglo-Indian Vocabulary. By a directer route it has also found a distinct place in the same repository under the form SICCA (q.v.), and in this shape it still retains a ghostly kind of existence at the India Office. It is remarkable how first the spread of Saracenic power and civilisation, then the spread of Venetian commerce and coinage, and lastly the spread of English commerce and power, should thus have brought together two words identical in origin, after so widely divergent a career.

The sequin is sometimes called in the South _shānārcash_, because the Doge with his sceptre is taken for the _Shānār_, or toddy-drawer climbing the palm-tree! [See _Burnell, Linschoten_, i. 243.] (See also VENETIAN.)

We apprehend that the gambling phrases '_chicken_-stakes' and '_chicken_-hazard' originate in the same word.

1583.—"CHICKINOS which be pieces of Golde woorth seuen shillings a piece
sterling."—_Caesar Frederici_, in _Hakl._ ii. 343.

1608.—"When I was there (at Venice) a CHIQUINEY was worth eleven livers
and twelve sols."—_Coryat's Crudities_, ii. 68.

1609.—"Three or four thousand CHEQUINS were as pretty a proportion to
live quietly on, and so give over."—_Pericles, P. of Tyre_, iv. 2.

1612.—"The Grand Signiors Custome of this Port Moha is worth yearly unto
him 1500 CHICQUENES."—_Saris_, in _Purchas_, i. 348.

[1616.—"Shee tooke CHICKENES and royalls for her goods."—_Sir T. Roe_,
Hak. Soc. i. 228.]

1623.—"Shall not be worth a CHEQUIN, if it were knock'd at an
outcry."—_Beaum. & Flet., The Maid in the Mill_, v. 2.

1689.—"Four Thousand CHECKINS he privately tied to the flooks of an
Anchor under Water."—_Ovington_, 418.

1711.—"He (the Broker) will charge 32 _Shahees per_ CHEQUEEN when they
are not worth 31½ in the Bazar."—_Lockyer_, 227.

1727.—"When my Barge landed him, he gave the Cockswain five ZEQUEENS, and
loaded her back with Poultry and Fruit."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 301; ed. 1744,
i. 303.

1767.—

"Received....
* * * * *
"CHEQUINS 5 at 5. Arcot Rs. 25 0 0"
* * * * *
_Lord Clive's Account of his Voyage to India_,
in _Long_, 497.

1866.—

"Whenever master spends a CHICK,
I keep back two rupees, Sir."
_Trevelyan, The Dawk Bungalow._

1875.—"'Can't do much harm by losing twenty CHICKS,' observed the Colonel
in Anglo-Indian argot."—_The Dilemma_, ch. x.

CHICKEN, s. Embroidery; CHICKENWALLA, an itinerant dealer in embroidered handkerchiefs, petticoats, and such like. P. _chikin_ or _chikīn_, 'art needlework.' [At Lucknow, the chief centre of the manufacture, this embroidery was formerly done in silk; the term is now applied to hand-worked flowered muslin. (See _Hoey, Monograph_, 88, _Yusuf Ali_, 69.)]

CHICKORE, s. The red-legged partridge, or its close congener _Caccabis chukor_, Gray. It is common in the Western Himālaya, in the N. Punjab, and in Afghanistan. The _francolin_ of Moorcroft's Travels is really the _chickore_. The name appears to be Skt. _chakora_, and this disposes of the derivation formerly suggested by one of the present writers, as from the Mongol _tsokhor_, 'dappled or pied' (a word, moreover, which the late Prof. Schiefner informed us is only applied to horses). The name is sometimes applied to other birds. Thus, according to Cunningham, it is applied in Ladak to the Snow-cock (_Tetraogallus Himalayensis_, Gray), and he appears to give _chá-kor_ as meaning 'white-bird' in Tibetan. Jerdon gives 'snow _chukor_' and 'strath-_chukor_' as sportsmen's names for this fine bird. And in Bengal Proper the name is applied, by local English sportsmen, to the large handsome partridge (_Ortygornis gularis_, Tem.) of Eastern Bengal, called in H. _kaiyah_ or _ban-tītar_ ('forest partridge'). See _Jerdon_, ed. 1877, ii. 575. Also the birds described in the extract from Mr. Abbott below do not appear to have been _caccabis_ (which he speaks of in the same journal as 'red-legged partridge'). And the use of the word by Persians (apparently) is notable; it does not appear in Persian dictionaries. There is probably some mistake. The birds spoken of may have been the Large Sand-grouse (_Pterocles arenarius_, Pal.), which in both Persia and Afghanistan is called by names meaning 'Black-breast.'

The belief that the _chickore_ eats fire, mentioned in the quotation below, is probably from some verbal misconception (quasi _ātish-khōr_?). [This is hardly probable as the idea that the partridge drinks the moonbeams is as old as the Brahma Vaivarta Purāna: "O Lord, I drink in with the partridges of my eyes thy face full of nectar, which resembles the full moon of autumn." Also see _Katha Sarit Sāgara_, tr. by Mr. Tawney (ii. 243), who has kindly given the above references.] Jerdon states that the Afghans call the bird the 'Fire-eater.'

c. 1190.—"... plantains and fruits, Koils, CHAKORS, peacocks, Sarases,
beautiful to behold."—The _Prithirája Rásan of Chand Bardáī_, in _Ind.
Ant._ i. 273.

In the following passage the word CATOR is supposed by the editor to be a clerical error for _çacor_ or _chacor_.

1298.—"The Emperor has had several little houses erected in which he
keeps in mew a huge number of CATORS, which are what we call the Great
Partridge."—_Marco Polo_ (2nd ed.), i. 287.

1520.—"Haidar Alemdâr had been sent by me to the Kafers. He met me below
the Pass of Bâdîj, accompanied by some of their chiefs, who brought with
them a few skins of wine. While coming down the Pass, he saw prodigious
numbers of CHIKÛRS."—_Baber_, 282.

1814.—"... partridges, quails, and a bird which is called Cupk by the
Persians and Afghauns, and the hill CHIKORE by the Indians, and which I
understand is known in Europe by the name of the Greek
Partridge."—_Elphinstone's Caubool_, ed. 1839, i. 192; ["the same bird
which is called CHICORE by the natives and fire-eater by the English in
Bengal."—_Ibid._ ii. 95].

c. 1815.—"One day in the fort he found a hill-partridge enclosed in a
wicker basket.... This bird is called the CHUCKOOR, and is said to eat
fire."—_Mrs. Sherwood, Autobiog._, 440.

1850.—"A flight of birds attracted my attention; I imagine them to be a
species of bustard or grouse—black beneath and with much white about the
wings—they were beyond our reach; the people called them CHUKORE."—_K.
Abbott, Notes during a Journey in Persia_, in _J. R. Geog. Soc._ xxv. 41.

CHILAW, n.p. A place on the west coast of Ceylon, an old seat of the pearl-fishery. The name is a corruption of the Tam. _salābham_, 'the diving'; in Singhalese it is _Halavatta_. The name was commonly applied by the Portuguese to the whole aggregation of shoals (_Baixos de_ CHILAO) in the Gulf of Manaar, between Ceylon and the coast of Madura and Tinnevelly.

1543.—"Shoals of CHILAO." See quotation under BEADALA.

1610.—"La pesqueria de CHILAO ... por hazerse antiguamente in un puerto
del mismo nombre en la isla de Seylan ... llamado asi por ista causa; por
que CHILAO, en lengua Chengala, ... quiere dezir
_pesqueria_."—_Teixeira_, Pt. ii. 29.

CHILLUM, s. H. _chilam_; "the part of the _huḳḳa_ (see HOOKA) which contains the tobacco and charcoal balls, whence it is sometimes loosely used for the pipe itself, or the act of smoking it" (_Wilson_). It is also applied to the replenishment of the bowl, in the same way as a man asks for "another glass." The tobacco, as used by the masses in the hubble-bubble, is cut small and kneaded into a pulp with _goor_, _i.e._ molasses, and a little water. Hence actual contact with glowing charcoal is needed to keep it alight.

1781.—"Dressing a hubble-bubble, per week at 3 CHILLUMS a day.
_fan_ 0, _dubs_ 3, _cash_ 0."

—_Prison Experiences in Captivity of Hon. J. Lindsay_, in _Lives of
Lindsays_, iii.

1811.—"They have not the same scruples for the CHILLUM as for the rest of
the Hooka, and it is often lent ... whereas the very proposition for the
Hooka gives rise frequently to the most ridiculous quarrels."—_Solvyns_,
iii.

1828.—"Every sound was hushed but the noise of that wind ... and the
occasional bubbling of my _hookah_, which had just been furnished with
another CHILLUM."—_The Kuzzilbash_, i. 2.

1829.—"Tugging away at your hookah, find no smoke; a thief having
purloined your silver CHELAM and SURPOOSE."—_John Shipp_, ii. 159.

1848.—"Jos however ... could not think of moving till his baggage was
cleared, or of travelling until he could do so with his CHILLUM."—_Vanity
Fair_, ii. ch. xxiii.

CHILLUMBRUM, n.p. A town in S. Arcot, which is the site of a famous temple of Siva, properly _Shidamburam_. Etym. obscure. [Garstin (_Man. S. Arcot_, 400) gives the name as _Chedambram_, or more correctly _Chittambalam_, 'the atmosphere of wisdom.']

1755.—"Scheringham (Seringam), SCHALEMBRON, et Gengy m'offroient
également la retraite après laquelle je soupirois."—_Anquetil du Perron,
Zendav. Disc. Prelim._ xxviii.

CHILLUMCHEE, s. H. _chilamchī_, also _silfchī_, and _silpchī_, of which _chilamchī_ is probably a corruption. A basin of brass (as in Bengal), or tinned copper (as usually in the West and South) for washing hands. The form of the word seems Turkish, but we cannot trace it.

1715.—"We prepared for our first present, viz., 1000 gold mohurs ... the
unicorn's horn ... the astoa (?) and CHELUMGIE of Manilla work...."—In
_Wheeler_, ii. 246.

1833.—"Our supper was a _peelaw_ ... when it was removed a CHILLUMCHEE
and goblet of warm water was handed round, and each washed his hands and
mouth."—_P. Gordon, Fragment of the Journal of a Tour_, &c.

1851.—"When a CHILLUMCHEE of water _sans_ soap was provided, 'Have you no
soap?' Sir C. Napier asked——"—_Mawson, Indian Command of Sir C. Napier._

1857.—"I went alone to the Fort Adjutant, to report my arrival, and
inquire to what regiment of the Bengal army I was likely to be posted.

"'Army!—regiment!' was the reply. 'There is _no_ Bengal Army; it is all
in revolt.... Provide yourself with a camp-bedstead, and a CHILLUMCHEE,
and wait for orders.'