Chapter LI: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (48)

1856.—"... Mr. Parkes reported to his superior, Sir John Bowring, at Hong
Kong, the facts in connexion with an outrage which had been committed on
a British-owned LORCHA at Canton. The LORCHA 'Arrow,' employed in the
river trade between Canton and the mouth of the river, commanded by an
English captain and flying an English flag, had been boarded by a party
of Mandarins and their escort while at anchor near Dutch
Folly."—_Boulger, H. of China_, 1884, iii. 396.

LORY, s. A name given to various brilliantly-coloured varieties of parrot, which are found in the Moluccas and other islands of the Archipelago. The word is a corruption of the Malay _nūri_, 'a parrot'; but the corruption seems not to be very old, as Fryer retains the correct form. Perhaps it came through the French (see _Luillier_ below). [Mr. Skeat writes: "_Lūri_ is hardly a corruption of _nūri_; it is rather a parallel form. The two forms appear in different dialects. _Nūri_ may have been first introduced, and _lūri_ may be some dialectic form of it."] The first quotation shows that _lories_ were imported into S. India as early as the 14th century. They are still imported thither, where they are called in the vernacular by a name signifying 'Five-coloured parrots.' [Can. _panchavarnagini_.]

c. 1330.—"Parrots also, or popinjays, after their kind, of every possible
colour, except black, for black ones are never found; but white all over,
and green, and red, and also of mixed colours. The birds of this India
seem really like the creatures of Paradise."—_Friar Jordanus_, 29.

c. 1430.—"In Bandan three kinds of parrot are found, some with red
feathers and a yellow beak, and some parti-coloured which are called
NORI, that is brilliant."—_Conti_, in _India in the XVth Cent._, 17. The
last words, in Poggio's original Latin, are: "quos _Noros_ appellant hoc
est _lucidos_," showing that Conti connected the word with the Pers.
_nūr_ = "_lux_."

1516.—"In these islands there are many coloured parrots, of very splendid
colours; they are tame, and the Moors call them NURE, and they are much
valued."—_Barbosa_, 202.

1555.—"There are hogs also with hornes (see BABI-ROUSSA), and parats
which prattle much, which they call NORIS."—_Galvano_, E.T. in _Hakl._
iv. 424.

[1598.—"There cometh into India out of the Island of Molucas beyond
Malacca a kind of birdes called NOYRAS; they are like
Parrattes...."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 307.]

1601.—"Psittacorum passim in sylvis multae turmae obvolitant. Sed in
Moluccanis Insulis per Malaccam avis alia, NOYRA dicta, in Indiam
importatur, quae psittaci faciem universim exprimit, quem cantu quoque
adamussim aemulatur, nisi quod pennis rubicundis crebrioribus
vestitur."—_De Bry_, v. 4.

1673.—"... Cockatooas and NEWRIES from Bantam."—_Fryer_, 116.

1682.—"The LORYS are about as big as the parrots that one sees in the
Netherlands.... There are no birds that the Indians value more: and they
will sometimes pay 30 rix dollars for one...."—_Nieuhof, Zee en
Lant-Reize_, ii. 287.

1698.—"Brought ashore from the Resolution ... a NEWRY and four yards of
broad cloth for a present to the Havildar."—In _Wheeler_, i. 333.

1705.—"On y trouve de quatre sortes de perroquets, sçavoir, perroquets,
LAURIS, perruches, & cacatoris."—_Luillier_, 72.

1809.—

"'Twas Camdeo riding on his LORY,
'Twas the immortal Youth of Love."
_Kehama_, x. 19.

1817.—

"Gay sparkling LOORIES, such as gleam between
The crimson blossoms of the coral-tree
In the warm isles of India's summer sea."
_Mokanna._

LOTA, s. Hind. _loṭā_. The small spheroidal brass pot which Hindus use for drinking, and sometimes for cooking. This is the exclusive Anglo-Indian application; but natives also extend it to the spherical pipkins of earthenware (see CHATTY or GHURRA.)

1810.—"... a LOOTAH, or brass water vessel."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 284.

LOTE, s. Mod. Hind. _lōṭ_, being a corruption of Eng. '_note_.' A bank-note; sometimes called _bănklōṭ_.

LOTOO, s. Burm. _Hlwat-d'hau_, 'Royal Court or Hall'; the Chief Council of State in Burma, composed nominally of four Wungyīs (see WOON) or Chief Ministers. Its name designates more properly the place of meeting; compare _Star-Chamber_.

1792.—"... in capital cases he transmits the evidence in writing, with
his opinion, to the LOTOO, or grand chamber of consultation, where the
council of state assembles...."—_Symes_, 307.

1819.—"The first and most respectable of the tribunals is the LUTTÒ,
comprised of four presidents called _Vunghì_, who are chosen by the
sovereign from the oldest and most experienced Mandarins, of four
assistants, and a great chancery."—_Sangermano_, 164.

1827.—"Every royal edict requires by law, or rather by usage, the
sanction of this council: indeed, the King's name never appears in any
edict or proclamation, the acts of the LUT-D'HAU being in fact considered
his acts."—_Crawfurd's Journal_, 401.

LOUTEA, LOYTIA, &c. s. A Chinese title of respect, used by the older writers on China for a Chinese official, much as we still use _mandarin_. It is now so obsolete that Giles, we see, omits it. "It would almost seem certain that this is the word given as follows in C. C. Baldwin's _Manual of the Foochow Dialect_: '_Lo-tia_.' ... (in Mandarin _Lao-tye_) a general appellative used for an officer. It means 'Venerable Father' (p. 215). In the Court dialect _Ta-lao-yé_, 'Great Venerable Father' is the appellative used for any officer, up to the 4th rank. The _ye_ of this expression is quite different from the _tyé_ or _tia_ of the former" (_Note by M. Terrien de la Couperie_). Mr. Baber, after giving the same explanation from Carstairs Douglas's _Amoy Dict._, adds: "It would seem ludicrous to a Pekingese. Certain local functionaries (Prefects, Magistrates, &c.) are, however, universally known in China as _Fu-mu-kuan_, 'Parental Officers' (lit. 'Father-and-Mother Officers') and it is very likely that the expression 'Old Papa' is intended to convey the same idea of paternal government."

c. 1560.—"Everyone that in China hath any office, command, or dignitie by
the King, is called LOUTHIA, which is to say with us _Señor_."—_Gaspar da
Cruz_, in _Purchas_, iii. 169.

" "I shall have occasion to speake of a certain Order of gentlemen
that are called LOUTEA; I will first therefor expound what this word
signifieth. _Loutea_ is as muche as to say in our language as
Syr...."—_Galeotto Pereyra_, by _R. Willes_, in _Hakl._ ii.; [ed. 1810,
ii. 548].

1585.—"And although all the Kinge's officers and justices of what sort of
administration they are, be generally called by the name of LOYTIA; yet
euerie one hath a speciall and a particular name besides, according vnto
his office."—_Mendoza_, tr. by _R. Parke_, ii. 101.

1598.—"Not any Man in _China_ is esteemed or accounted of, for his birth,
family, or riches, but onely for his learning and knowledge, such as they
that serve at every towne, and have the government of the same. They are
called LOITIAS and Mandorijns."—_Linschoten_, 39; [Hak. Soc. i. 133].

1618.—"The China Capt. had letters this day per way of Xaxma (see
SATSUMA) ... that the letters I sent are received by the noblemen in
China in good parte, and a mandarin, or LOYTEA, appointed to com for
Japon...."—_Cocks, Diary_, ii. 44.

1681.—"They call ... the lords and gentlemen LOYTIAS...."—_Martinez de la
Puente, Compendio_, 26.

LOVE-BIRD, s. The bird to which this name is applied in Bengal is the pretty little lorikeet, _Loriculus vernalis_, Sparrman, called in Hind. _laṭkan_ or 'pendant,' because of its quaint habit of sleeping suspended by the claws, head downwards.

LUBBYE, LUBBEE, s. [Tel. _Labbi_, Tam. _Ilappai_]; according to C. P. Brown and the _Madras Gloss._ a Dravidian corruption of _'Arabī_. A name given in S. India to a race, Mussulmans in creed, but speaking Tamil, supposed to be, like the MOPLAHS of the west coast, the descendants of Arab emigrants by inter-marriage with native women. "There are few classes of natives in S. India, who in energy, industry, and perseverance, can compete with the Lubbay"; they often, as pedlars, go about selling beads, precious stones, &c.

1810.—"Some of these (early emigrants from Kufa) landed on that part of
the Western coast of India called the Concan; the others to the eastward
of C. Comorin; the descendants of the former are the _Nevayets_; of the
latter the LUBBÈ; a name probably given to them by the natives, from that
Arabic particle (a modification of _Lubbeik_) corresponding with the
English _here I am_, indicating attention on being spoken to. The LUBBÈ
pretend to one common origin with the _Nevayets_, and attribute their
black complexion to inter-marriage with the natives; but the _Nevayets_
affirm that the LUBBÈ are the descendants of their domestic slaves, and
there is certainly in the physiognomy of this very numerous class, and in
their stature and form, a strong resemblance to the natives of
Abyssinia."—_Wilks, Hist. Sketches_, i. 243.

1836.—"Mr. Boyd ... describes the Moors under the name of _Cholias_ (see
CHOOLIA); and Sir Alexander Johnston designates them by the appellation
of LUBBES. These epithets are however not admissible; for the former is
only confined to a particular sect among them, who are rather of an
inferior grade; and the latter to the priests who officiate in their
temples; and also as an honorary affix to the proper names of some of
their chief men."—_Simon Casie Chitty on the Moors of Ceylon_, in _J. R.
As. Soc._ iii. 338.

1868.—"The LABBEIS are a curious caste, said by some to be the
descendants of Hindus forcibly converted to the Mahometan faith some
centuries ago. It seems most probable, however, that they are of mixed
blood. They are, comparatively, a fine strong active race, and generally
contrive to keep themselves in easy circumstances. Many of them live by
traffic. Many are smiths, and do excellent work as such. Others are
fishermen, boatmen and the like...."—_Nelson, Madura Manual_, Pt. ii. 86.

1869.—In a paper by Dr. Shortt it is stated that the LUBBAYS are found in
large numbers on the East Coast of the Peninsula, between Pulicat and
Negapatam. Their headquarters are at Nagore, the burial place of their
patron saint _Nagori Mīr Ṣāhib_. They excel as merchants, owing to their
energy and industry.—In _Trans. Ethn. Soc. of London_, N.S. vii. 189-190.

LUCKERBAUG, s. Hind. _lakṛā_, _lagṛā_, _lakaṛbagghā_, _lagaṛbagghā_, 'a hyena.' The form _lakaṛbaghā_ is not in the older dicts. but is given by Platts. It is familiar in Upper India, and it occurs in _Hickey's Bengal Gazette_, June 24, 1781. In some parts the name is applied to the leopard, as the extract from Buchanan shows. This is the case among the Hindi-speaking people of the Himālaya also (see _Jerdon_). It is not clear what the etymology of the name is, _lakaṛ_, _lakṛā_ meaning in their everyday sense, a stick or piece of timber. But both in Hind. and Mahr., in an adjective form, the word is used for 'stiff, gaunt, emaciated,' and this may be the sense in which it is applied to the hyena. [More probably the name refers to the bar-like stripes on the animal.] Another name is _haṛvāgh_, or (apparently) 'bone-tiger,' from its habit of gnawing bones.

c. 1809.—"It was said not to be uncommon in the southern parts of the
district (Bhāgalpur) ... but though I have offered ample rewards, I have
not been able to procure a specimen, dead or alive; and the _leopard_ is
called at Mungger LAKRAVAGH."

" "The hyaena or LAKRAVAGH in this district has acquired an
uncommon degree of ferocity."—_F. Buchanan, Eastern India_, iii. 142-3.

[1849.—"The man seized his gun and shot the hyena, but the 'LAKKABAKKA'
got off."—_Mrs. Mackenzie, Life in the Mission_, ii. 152.]

LUCKNOW, n.p. Properly _Lakhnau_; the well-known capital of the Nawābs and Kings of Oudh, and the residence of the Chief Commissioner of that British Province, till the office was united to that of the Lieut.-Governor of the N.W. Provinces in 1877. [The name appears to be a corruption of the ancient _Lakshmanāvatī_, founded by _Lakshmana_, brother of Rāmachandra of Ayodhya.]

1528.—"On Saturday the 29th of the latter Jemâdi, I reached LUKNOW; and
having surveyed it, passed the river Gûmti and encamped."—_Baber_, p.
381.

[c. 1590.—"LUCKNOW is a large city on the banks of the Gúmti, delightful
in its surroundings."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 173.]

1663.—"In _Agra_ the Hollanders have also an House.... Formerly they had
a good trade there in selling Scarlet ... as also in buying those cloths
of Jelapour and LAKNAU, at 7 or 8 days journey from _Agra_, where they
also keep an house...."—_Bernier_, E.T. 94; [ed. _Constable_, 292, who
identifies _Jelapour_ with Jalālpur-Nāhir in the Fyzābād district.]

LUDDOO, s. H. _laḍḍū_. A common native sweetmeat, consisting of balls of sugar and ghee, mixt with wheat and gram flour, and with cocoanut kernel rasped.

[1826.—"My friends ... called me _boor ke_ LUDDOO, or the great man's
sport."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 197.

[1828.—"When at large we cannot even get _rabri_ (porridge), but in
prison we eat LADOO (a sweetmeat)."—_Tod, Annals_, Calcutta reprint, ii.
185.]

LUGOW, TO, v. This is one of those imperatives transformed, in Anglo-Indian jargon, into infinitives, which are referred to under BUNOW, PUCKEROW. H. inf. _lagā-nā_, imperative _lagā-o_. The meanings of _lagānā_, as given by Shakespear, are: "to apply, close, attach, join, fix, affix, ascribe, impose, lay, add, place, put, plant, set, shut, spread, fasten, connect, plaster, put to work, employ, engage, use, impute, report anything in the way of scandal or malice"—in which long list he has omitted one of the most common uses of the verb, in its Anglo-Indian form _lugow_, which is "to lay a boat alongside the shore or wharf, to moor." The fact is that _lagānā_ is the active form of the neuter verb _lag-nā_, 'to touch, lie, to be in contact with,' and used in all the neuter senses of which _lagānā_ expresses the transitive senses. Besides neuter _lagnā_, active _lagānā_, we have a secondary casual verb, _lagwānā_, 'to cause to apply,' &c. _Lagnā_, _lagānā_ are presumably the same words as our _lie_, and _lay_, A.-S. _licgan_, and _lecgan_, mod. Germ. _liegen_ and _legen_. And the meaning 'lay' underlies all the senses which Shakespear gives of _lagā-nā_. [See _Skeat, Concise Etym. Dict._ s.v. _lie_.]

[1839.—"They LUGĀOED, or were fastened, about a quarter of a mile below
us...."—_Davidson, Travels in Upper India_, ii. 20.]

LUMBERDAR, s. Hind. _lambardār_, a word formed from the English word '_number_' with the Pers. termination _-dār_, and meaning properly 'the man who is registered by a number.' "The registered representative of a coparcenary community, who is responsible for Government revenue." (_Carnegy_). "The cultivator who, either on his own account or as the representative of other members of the village, pays the Government dues and is registered in the Collector's Roll according to his number; as the representative of the rest he may hold the office by descent or by election." (_Wilson_).

[1875.—"... Chota Khan ... was exceedingly useful, and really frightened
the astonished LAMBADARS."—_Wilson, Abode of Snow_, 97.]

LUNGOOR, s. Hind. _langūr_, from Skt. _lāngūlin_, 'caudatus.' The great white-bearded ape, much patronized by Hindus, and identified with the monkey-god Hanumān. The genus is _Presbytes_, Illiger, of which several species are now discriminated, but the differences are small. [See _Blanford_, _Mammalia_, 27, who classes the _Langūr_ as _Semnopithecus entellus_.] The animal is well described by Aelian in the following quotation, which will recall to many what they have witnessed in the suburbs of Benares and other great Hindu cities. The _Langūr_ of the _Prasii_ is _P. Entellus_.

c. 250.—"Among the Prasii of India they say that there exists a kind of
ape with human intelligence. These animals seem to be about the size of
Hyrcanian dogs. Their front hair looks all grown together, and any one
ignorant of the truth would say that it was dressed artificially. The
beard is like that of a satyr, and the tail strong like that of a lion.
All the rest of the body is white, but the head and the tail are red.
These creatures are tame and gentle in character, but by race and manner
of life they are wild. They go about in crowds in the suburbs of _Latagē_
(now Latagē is a city of the Indians) and eat the boiled rice that is put
out for them by the King's order. Every day their dinner is elegantly set
out. Having eaten their fill it is said that they return to their parents
in the woods in an orderly manner, and never hurt anybody that they meet
by the way."—_Aelian, De Nat. Animal._ xvi. 10.

1825.—"An alarm was given by one of the sentries in consequence of a
baboon drawing near his post. The character of the intruder was, however,
soon detected by one of the Suwarrs, who on the Sepoy's repeating his
exclamation of the broken English 'Who goes 'ere?' said with a laugh,
'Why do you challenge the LUNGOOR? he cannot answer you.'"—_Heber_, ii.
85.

1859.—"I found myself in immediate proximity to a sort of parliament or
general assembly of the largest and most human-like monkeys I had ever
seen. There were at least 200 of them, great LUNGOORS, some quite four
feet high, the jetty black of their faces enhanced by a fringe of snowy
whisker."—_Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, 49.

1884.—"Less interesting personally than the gibbon, but an animal of very
developed social instincts, is _Semnopithecus entellus_, otherwise the
Bengal LANGUR. (He) fights for his wives according to a custom not
unheard of in other cases; but what is peculiar to him is that the
vanquished males 'receive charge of all the young ones of their own sex,
with whom they retire to some neighbouring jungle.' Schoolmasters and
private tutors will read this with interest, as showing the origin and
early disabilities of their profession."—_Saturday Rev._, May 31, on
_Sterndale's Nat. Hist. of Mammalia of India_, &c.

LUNGOOTY, s. Hind. _langoṭī_. The original application of this word seems to be the scantiest modicum of covering worn for decency by some of the lower classes when at work, and tied before and behind by a string round the waist; but it is sometimes applied to the more ample _dhotī_ (see DHOTY). According to R. Drummond, in Guzerat the "LANGOTH or LUNGOTA" (as he writes) is "a pretty broad piece of cotton cloth, tied round the breech by men and boys bathing.... The diminutive is LANGOTEE, a long slip of cloth, stitched to a loin band of the same stuff, and forming exactly the T bandage of English Surgeons...." This distinction is probably originally correct, and the use of _langūta_ by Abdurrazzāk would agree with it. The use of the word has spread to some of the Indo-Chinese countries. In the quotation from Mocquet it is applied in speaking of an American Indian near the R. Amazon. But the writer had been in India.

c. 1422.—"The blacks of this country have the body nearly naked; they
wear only bandages round the middle called LANKOUTAH, which descend from
the navel to above the knee."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in XV. Cent._ 17.

1526.—"Their peasants and the lower classes all go about naked. They tie
on a thing which they call a LANGOTI, which is a piece of clout that
hangs down two spans from the navel, as a cover to their nakedness. Below
this pendant modesty-clout is another slip of cloth, one end of which
they fasten before to a string that ties on the LANGOTI, and then passing
the slip of cloth between the two legs, bring it up and fix it to the
string of the LANGOTI behind."—_Baber_, 333.

c. 1609.—"Leur capitaine auoit fort bonne façon, encore qu'il fust tout
nud et luy seul auoit vn LANGOUTIN, qui est vne petite pièce de coton
peinte."—_Mocquet_, 77.

1653.—"LANGOUTI est une pièce de linge dont les Indou se seruent à cacher
les parties naturelles."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 547.

[1822.—"The boatmen go nearly naked, seldom wearing more than a
LANGUTTY...."—_Wallace, Fifteen Years in India_, 410.]

1869.—"Son costume se compose, comme celui de tous les Cambodgiens, d'une
veste courte et d'un LANGOUTI."—_Rev. des Deux Mondes_, lxxix. 854.

"They wear nothing but the LANGOTY, which is a string round the loins,
and a piece of cloth about a hand's breadth fastened to it in
front."—(_Ref. lost_), p. 26.

LUNKA, n.p. Skt. _Lañka_. The oldest name of Ceylon in the literature both of Buddhism and Brahmanism. Also 'an island' in general.

——, s. A kind of strong cheroot much prized in the Madras Presidency, and so called from being made of tobacco grown in the 'islands' (the local term for which is _lañka_) of the Godavery Delta.

M

MĀ-BĀP, s. '_Āp_ mā-bāp _hai khudāwand_!' 'You, my Lord, are my mother and father!' This is an address from a native, seeking assistance, or begging release from a penalty, or reluctant to obey an order, which the young _ṣāhib_ hears at first with astonishment, but soon as a matter of course.

MABAR, n.p. The name given in the Middle Ages by the Arabs to that coast of India which we call Coromandel. The word is Ar. _ma'bar_, 'the ferry or crossing-place.' It is not clear how the name came to be applied, whether because the Arab vessels habitually touched at its ports, or because it was the place of crossing to Ceylon, or lastly whether it was not an attempt to give meaning to some native name. [The _Madras Gloss._ says it was so called because it was the place of crossing from Madura to Ceylon; also see _Logan, Malabar_, i. 280.] We know no occurrence of the term earlier than that which we give from Abdallatīf.

c. 1203.—"I saw in the hands of an Indian trader very beautiful mats,
finely woven and painted on both sides with most pleasing colours.... The
merchant told me ... that these mats were woven of the Indian plantain
... and that they sold in MABAR for two dinars apiece."—_Abd-Allatīf,
Relation de l'Egypte_, p. 31.

1279-86.—In M. Pauthier's notes on Marco Polo very curious notices are
extracted from Chinese official annals regarding the communications, in
the time of Kublai Kaan, between that Emperor and Indian States,
including MA-PA-'RH.—(See pp. 600-605).

c. 1292.—"When you leave the Island of Seilan and sail westward about 60
miles, you come to the great province of MAABAR, which is styled India
the Greater: it is the best of all the Indies, and is on the
mainland."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 16.

c. 1300.—"The merchants export from MA'BAR silken stuffs, aromatic roots;
large pearls are brought from the sea. The productions of this country
are carried to 'Irák, Khorásán, Syria, Russia and Europe."—_Rashīduddīn_,
in _Elliot_, i. 69.

1303.—"In the beginning of this year (703 H.), the Maliki-'Azam,
Takiú-d-dín ... departed from the country of Hind to the passage
(_ma'bar_) of corruption. The King of MA'BAR was anxious to obtain his
property and wealth, but Malik Mu'azzam Siráju-d-dín, son of the
deceased, having secured his goodwill, by the payment of 200,000 dínárs,
not only obtained the wealth, but rank also of his father."—_Wassáf_, in
_Elliot_, iii. 45.

1310.—"The country of MA'BAR, which is so distant from Dehli that a man
travelling with all expedition could only reach it after a journey of 12
months, there the arrow of any holy warrior had not yet reached."—_Amír
Khusrú_, in _Elliot_, iii. 85.

c. 1330.—"The third part (of India) is _Ma'bar_, which begins some three
or four days journey to the eastward of Kaulam; this territory lies to
the east of Malabar.... It is stated that the territory MA'BAR begins at
the Cape Kumhari, a name which applies both to a mountain and a city....
Biyyardāwal is the residence of the Prince of MA'BAR, for whom horses are
imported from foreign countries."—_Abulfeda_, in _Gildemeister_, p. 185.
We regret to see that M. Guyard, in his welcome completion of Reinaud's
translation of Abulfeda, absolutely, in some places, substitutes
"Coromandel" for "Ma'bar." It is French fashion, but a bad one.

c. 1498.—"Zo deser stat Kangera anlenden alle Kouffschyff die in den
landen zo doyn hauen, ind lijcht in eyner provincie MOABAR
genant."—_Pilgerfahrt des Ritters Arnold von Harff_ (a fiction-monger),
p. 140.

1753.—"Selon cet autorité le pays du continent qui fait face à l'île de
Ceilan est MAABAR, ou le grande Inde: et cette interpretation de Marc-Pol
est autant plus juste, que _maha_ est un terme Indien, et propre même à
quelques langues Scythiques ou Tartares, pour signifier _grand_. Ainsi,
MAABAR signifie la grande region."—_D'Anville_, p. 105. The great
Geographer is wrong!

MACAO, n.p.

A. The name applied by the Portuguese to the small peninsula and the city built on it, near the mouth of Canton River, which they have occupied since 1557. The place is called by the Chinese _Ngao-măn_ (_Ngao_, 'bay or inlet,' _Măn_, 'gate'). The Portuguese name is alleged to be taken from _A-mā-ngao_, 'the Bay of Ama,' _i.e._ of the Mother, the so-called 'Queen of Heaven,' a patroness of seamen. And indeed _Amacao_ is an old form often met with.

c. 1567.—"Hanno i Portoghesi fatta vna picciola cittáde in vna Isola
vicina a' i liti della China chiamato MACHAO ... ma i datii sono del Rè
della China, e vanno a pagarli a Canton, bellissima cittáde, e di grande
importanza, distante da _Machao_ due giorni e mezzo."—_Cesare de'
Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 391.

c. 1570.—"On the fifth day of our voyage it pleased God that we arrived
at ... Lampacau, where at that time the _Portugals_ exercised their
commerce with the _Chineses_, which continued till the year 1557, when
the _Mandarins_ of _Canton_, at the request of the Merchants of that
Country, gave us the port of MACAO, where the trade now is; of which
place (that was but a desart Iland before) our countrymen made a very
goodly plantation, wherein there were houses worth three or four thousand
Duckats, together with a Cathedral Church...."—_Pinto_, in _Cogan_, p.
315.

1584.—"There was in MACHAO a religious man of the order of the barefoote
friars of S. Francis, who vnderstanding the great and good desire of this
king, did sende him by certaine Portugal merchants ... a cloth whereon
was painted the day of iudgement and hell, and that by an excellent
workman."—_Mendoza_, ii. 394.

1585.—"They came to AMACAO, in Iuly, 1585. At the same time it seasonably
hapned that _Linsilan_ was commanded from the court to procure of the
Strangers at AMACAO, certaine goodly feathers for the King."—From the
_Jesuit Accounts_, in _Purchas_, iii. 330.

1599 ... —"AMACAO." See under MONSOON.

1602.—"Being come, as heretofore I wrote your Worship, to MACAO a city of
the Portugals, adjoyning to the firme Land of China, where there is a
Colledge of our Company."—Letter from _Diego de Pantoia_, in _Purchas_,
iii. 350.

[1611.—"There came a Jesuit from a place called Langasack (see
LANGASAQUE), which place the Carrack of AMAKAU yearly was wont to
come."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 146.]

1615.—"He adviseth me that 4 juncks are arrived at LANGASAQUE from
Chanchew, which with this ship from AMACAU, will cause all matters to be
sould chepe."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 35.

[ " "... carried them prisoners aboard the great ship of
AMACAN."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 46.]

1625.—"That course continued divers yeeres till the _Chinois_ growing
lesse fearefull, granted them in the greater Iland a little _Peninsula_
to dwell in. In that place was an Idoll, which still remained to be
seene, called _Ama_, whence the Peninsula was called AMACAO, that is Amas
Bay."—_Purchas_, iii. 319.

B. MACAO, MACCAO, was also the name of a place on the Pegu River which was the port of the city so called in the day of its greatness. A village of the name still exists at the spot.

1554.—"The _baar_ (see BAHAR) of MACAO contains 120 biças, each biça 100
TICALS (q.v.) ..."—_A. Nunes_, p. 39.

1568.—"Si fa commodamente il viaggio sino a MACCAO distante da Pegu
dodeci miglia, e qui si sbarca."—_Ces. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 395.

1587.—"From Cirion we went to MACAO, &c."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 391.
(See DELING).

1599.—"The King of _Arracan_ is now ending his business at the Town of
MACAO, carrying thence the Silver which the King of _Tangu_ had left,
exceeding three millions."—_N. Pimenta_, in _Purchas_, iii. 1748.

MACAREO, s. A term applied by old voyagers to the phenomenon of the _bore_, or great tidal wave as seen especially in the Gulf of Cambay, and in the Sitang Estuary in Pegu. The word is used by them as if it were an Oriental word. At one time we were disposed to think it might be the Skt. word _makara_, which is applied to a mythological sea-monster, and to the Zodiacal sign Capricorn. This might easily have had a mythological association with the furious phenomenon in question, and several of the names given to it in various parts of the world seem due to associations of a similar kind. Thus the old English word _Oegir_ or _Eagre_ for the bore on the Severn, which occurs in Drayton, "seems to be a reminiscence of the old Scandinavian deity _Oegir_, the god of the stormy sea."[153] [This theory is rejected by _N.E.D._ s.v. _Eagre_.] One of the Hindi names for the phenomenon is _Menḍhā_, 'The Ram'; whilst in modern Guzerat, according to R. Drummond, the natives call it _ghoṛā_, "likening it to the war horse, or a squadron of them."[154] But nothing could illustrate the _naturalness_ of such a figure as _makara_, applied to the bore, better than the following paragraph in the review-article just quoted (p. 401), which was evidently penned without any allusion to or suggestion of such an origin of the name, and which indeed makes no reference to the Indian name, but only to the French names of which we shall presently speak:

"Compared with what it used to be, if old descriptions may be trusted,
the Mascaret is now stripped of its terrors. It resembles the great
nature-force which used to ravage the valley of the Seine, _like one of
the mythical dragons which, as legends tell, laid whole districts waste_,
about as much as a lion confined in a cage resembles the free monarch of
the African wilderness."

Take also the following:

1885.—"Here at his mouth Father Meghna is 20 miles broad, with islands on
his breast as large as English counties, and a great tidal bore which
made a daily and ever-varying excitement.... In deep water, it passed
merely as a large rolling billow; but in the shallows it rushed along,
roaring like a crested and devouring monster, before which no small craft
could live."—_Lt.-Col. T. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, 161-162.

But unfortunately we can find no evidence of the designation of the phenomenon in India by the name of _makara_ or the like; whilst both _mascaret_ (as indicated in the quotation just made) and _macrée_ are found in French as terms for the bore. Both terms appear to belong properly to the Garonne, though _mascaret_ has of late began on the Seine to supplant the old term _barre_, which is evidently the same as our _bore_. [The _N.E.D._ suggests O. N. _bára_, 'wave.'] Littré can suggest no etymology for _mascaret_; he mentions a whimsical one which connects the word with a place on the Garrone called St. _Macaire_, but only to reject it. There would be no impossibility in the transfer of an Indian word of this kind to France, any more than in the other alternative of the transfer of a French term to India in such a way that in the 16th century visitors to that country should have regarded it as an indigenous word, if we had but evidence of its Indian existence. The date of Littré's earliest quotation, which we borrow below, is also unfavourable to the probability of transplantation from India. There remains the possibility that the word is _Basque_. The Saturday Reviewer already quoted says that he could find nothing approaching to _Mascaret_ in a Basque French Dict., but this hardly seems final.

The vast rapidity of the flood-tide in the Gulf of Cambay is mentioned by Maṣ'ūdī, who witnessed it in the year H. 303 (A.D. 915) i. 255; also less precisely by Ibn Batuta (iv. 60). There is a paper on it in the _Bo. Govt. Selections_, N.S. No. xxvi., from which it appears that the bore wave reaches a velocity of 10½ knots. [See also _Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd. ed. i. 313.]

1553.—"In which time there came hither (to Diu) a concourse of many
vessels from the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and all the coast of Arabia
and India, so that the places within the Gulf of Cambaya, which had
become rich and noble by trade, were by this port undone. And this
because it stood outside of the MACAREOS of the Gulf of Cambaya, which
were the cause of the loss of many ships."—_Barros_, II. ii. cap. 9.

1568.—"These Sholds (G. of Cambay) are an hundred and foure-score miles
about in a straight or gulfe, which they call MACAREO (_Maccareo_ in
orig.) which is as much as to say a race of a Tide."—_Master C.
Frederick, Hakl._ ii. 342; [and comp. ii. 362].

1583.—"And having sailed until the 23d of the said month, we found
ourselves in the neighbourhood of the MACAREO (of Martaban) which is the
most marvellous thing that ever was heard of in the way of tides, and
high waters.... The water in the channel rises to the height of a high
tree, and then the boat is set to face it, waiting for the fury of the
tide, which comes on with such violence that the noise is that of a great
earthquake, insomuch that the boat is soused from stem to stern, and
carried by that impulse swiftly up the channel."—_Gasparo Balbi_, ff.
91_v_, 92.

1613.—"The MACAREO of waves is a disturbance of the sea, like water
boiling, in which the sea casts up its waves in foam. For the space of an
Italian mile, and within that distance only, this boiling and foaming
occurs, whilst all the rest of the sea is smooth and waveless as a
pond.... And the stories of the Malays assert that it is caused by souls
that are passing the Ocean from one region to another, or going in
_cafilas_ from the Golden Chersonesus ... to the river Ganges."—_Godinho
de Eredia_, f. 41_v_. [See _Skeat, Malay Magic_, 10 _seq._]

1644.—"... thence to the Gulf of Cambaya with the impetuosity of the
currents which are called MACAREO, of whose fury strange things are told,
insomuch that a stone thrown with force from the hand even in the first
speed of its projection does not move more swiftly than those waters
run."—_Bocarro, MS._

1727.—"A Body of Waters comes rolling in on the Sand, whose Front is
above two Fathoms high, and whatever Body lies in its Way it overturns,
and no Ship can evade its Force, but in a Moment is overturned, this
violent Boer the Natives called a MACKREA."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 33; [ed.
1744, ii. 32].

1811.—Solvyns uses the word MACRÉE as French for 'Bore,' and in English
describes his print as "... the representation of a phenomenon of Nature,
the MACRÉE or tide, at the mouth of the river Ougly."—_Les Hindous_, iii.

MACASSAR, n.p. In Malay _Mangkasar_, properly the name of a people of CELEBES (q.v.), but now the name of a Dutch seaport and seat of Government on the W. coast of the S.W. peninsula of that spider-like island. The last quotation refers to a time when we occupied the place, an episode of Anglo-Indian history almost forgotten.

[1605-6.—"A description of the Iland Selebes or MAKASSER."—_Birdwood,
Letter Book_, 77.

[1610.—"Selebes or MAKASSAR, wherein are spent and uttered these wares
following."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 71.

[1664-5.—"... and anon to Gresham College, where, among other good
discourse, there was tried the great poyson of MACCASSA upon a dogg, but
it had no effect all the time we sat there."—_Pepys, Diary_, March 15;
ed. _Wheatley_, iv. 372.]

1816.—"Letters from MACASSAR of the 20th and 27th of June (1815),
communicate the melancholy intelligence of the death of Lieut. T. C.
Jackson, of the 1st Regt. of Native Bengal Infantry, and Assistant
Resident of MACASSAR, during an attack on a fortified village, dependent
on the dethroned Raja of Boni."—_As. Journal_, i. 297.

MACE, s.

A. The crimson net-like mantle, which envelops the hard outer shell of the nutmeg, when separated and dried constitutes the _mace_ of commerce. Hanbury and Flückiger are satisfied that the attempt to identify the _Macir_, _Macer_, &c., of Pliny and other ancients with mace is a mistake, as indeed the sagacious Garcia also pointed out, and Chr. Acosta still more precisely. The name does not seem to be mentioned by Maṣ'ūdī; it is not in the list of aromatics, 25 in number, which he details (i. 367). It is mentioned by Edrisi, who wrote c. 1150, and whose information generally was of much older date, though we do not know what word he uses. The fact that nutmeg and mace are the product of one plant seems to have led to the fiction that clove and cinnamon also came from that same plant. It is, however, true that a kind of aromatic bark was known in the Arab pharmacopœia of the Middle Ages under the name of _ḳirfat-al-ḳaranful_ or 'bark of clove,' which may have been either a cause of the mistake or a part of it. The mistake in question, in one form or another, prevailed for centuries. One of the authors of this book was asked many years ago by a respectable Mahommedan of Delhi if it were not the case that cinnamon, clove, and nutmeg were the produce of one tree. The prevalence of the mistake in Europe is shown by the fact that it is contradicted in a work of the 16th century (_Bodaei, Comment. in Theophrastum_, 992); and by the quotation from Funnel.

The name mace may have come from the Ar. _basbāsa_, possibly in some confusion with the ancient _macir_. [See Skeat, _Concise Dict._ who gives F. _macis_, which was confused with M. F. _macer_, probably Lat. _macer_, _macir_, doubtless of Eastern origin.]

c. 1150.—"On its shores (_i.e._ of the sea of Ṣanf or CHAMPA), are the
dominions of a King called Mihrāj, who possesses a great number of
populous and fertile islands, covered with fields and pastures, and
producing ivory, camphor, nutmeg, MACE, clove, aloeswood, cardamom,
cubeb, &c."—_Edrisi_, i. 89; see also 51.

c. 1347.—"The fruit of the clove is the nutmeg, which we know as the
scented nut. The flower which grows upon it is the MACE (_basbāsa_). And
this is what I have seen with my own eyes."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 243.

c. 1370.—"A gret Yle and great Contree, that men clepen Java.... There
growen alle manere of Spicerie more plentyfous liche than in any other
contree, as of Gyngevere, Clowegylofres, Canelle, Zedewalle, Notemuges,
and MACES. And wytethe wel, that the Notemuge bereth the MACES. For
righte as the Note of the Haselle hath an Husk withouten, that the Note
is closed in, til it be ripe, and after falleth out; righte so it is of
the Notemuge and of the MACES."—_Sir John Maundeville_, ed. 1866, p.
187-188. This is a remarkable passage for it is interpolated by
Maundeville, from superior information, in what he is borrowing from
Odoric. The comparison to the hazel-nut husk is just that used by Hanbury
& Flückiger (_Pharmacographia_, 1st ed. 456).

c. 1430.—"Has (insulas Java) ultra xv dierum cursu duae reperiuntur
insulae, orientem versus. Altera Sandai appellata, in quâ nuces muscatae
et MACES, altera Bandam nomine, in quâ solâ gariofali
producuntur."—_Conti_, in _Poggius, De Var. Fortunae_.

1514.—"The tree that produces the nut (meg) and MACIS is all one. By this
ship I send you a sample of them in the green state."—_Letter of Giov. da
Empoli_, in _Archiv. Stor. Ital._ 81.

1563.—"It is a very beautiful fruit, and pleasant to the taste; and you
must know that when the nut is ripe it swells, and the first cover bursts
as do the husks of our chestnuts, and shows the MAÇA, of a bright
vermilion like fine grain (_i.e._ _coccus_); it is the most beautiful
sight in the world when the trees are loaded with it, and sometimes the
mace splits off, and that is why the nutmegs often come without the
MACE."—_Garcia_, f. 129_v_-130.

[1602-3.—"In yo^r Provision you shall make in Nutmeggs and MACE haue you
a greate care to receiue such as be good."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_,
36; also see 67.]

1705.—"It is the commonly received opinion that Cloves, Nutmegs, MACE,
and Cinnamon all grow upon one tree; but it is a great
mistake."—_Funnel_, in _Dampier_, iv. 179.

MACE, s.

B. Jav. and Malay _mās_. [Mr. Skeat writes: "_Mās_ is really short for _amās_ or _emās_, one of those curious forms with prefixed _a_, as in the case of ABADA, which are probably native, but may have been influenced by Portuguese."] A weight used in Sumatra, being, according to Crawfurd, 1-16th of a Malay TAEL (q.v.), or about 40 grains (but see below). _Mace_ is also the name of a small gold coin of Achīn, weighing 9 grs. and worth about 1_s._ 1_d._ And _mace_ was adopted in the language of European traders in China to denominate the tenth part of the Chinese _liang_ or _tael_ of silver; the 100th part of the same value being denominated in like manner CANDAREEN (q.v.). The word is originally Skt. _māsha_, 'a bean,' and then 'a particular weight of gold' (comp. CARAT, RUTTEE).

1539.—"... by intervention of this thirdsman whom the Moor employed as
broker they agreed on my price with the merchant at seven MAZES of gold,
which in our money makes a 1400 reys, at the rate of a half cruzado the
MAZ."—_Pinto_, cap. xxv. Cogan has, "the fishermen sold me to the
merchant for seven _mazes_ of gold, which amounts in our money to
seventeen shillings and sixpence."—p. 31.

1554.—"The weight with which they weigh (at Malaca) gold, musk,
seed-pearl, coral, calambuco ... consists of _cates_ which contain 20
_tael_, each _tael_ 16 MAZES, each MAZ 20 _cumduryns_. Also one _paual_ 4
MAZES, one MAZ 4 _cupões_ (see KOBANG), one _cupão_ 5 _cumduryns_ (see
CANDAREEN)."—_A. Nunez_, 39.

1598.—"Likewise a Tael of Malacca is 16 MASES."—_Linschoten_, 44; [Hak.
Soc. i. 149].

1599.—"_Bezar_ sive _Bazar_ (_i.e._ BEZOAR, q.v.) per MASAS
venditur."—_De Bry_, ii. 64.

1625.—"I have also sent by Master Tomkins of their coine (Achin) ... that
is of gold named a MAS, and is ninepence halfpenie neerest."—_Capt. T.
Davis_, in _Purchas_, i. 117.

1813.—"Milburn gives the following table of weights used at Achin, but it
is quite inconsistent with the statements of Crawfurd and Linschoten
above.

4 copangs = 1 MACE
5 MACE = 1 mayam
16 mayam = 1 tale
5 tales = 1 bancal
20 bancals = 1 catty
200 catties = 1 bahar."

_Milburn_, ii. 329. [Mr. Skeat notes that here "copang" is Malay
_kupang_; tale, _tali_; bancal, _bongkal_.]

MACHEEN, MAHACHEEN, n.p. This name, _Mahā-chīna_, "Great China," is one by which China was known in India in the early centuries of our era, and the term is still to be heard in India in the same sense in which Al-Birūnī uses it, saying that all beyond the great mountains (Himālaya) is _Mahā-chīn_. But "in later times the majority, not knowing the meaning of the expression, seem to have used it pleonastically coupled with _Chīn_, to denote the same thing, _Chīn_ and _Māchīn_, a phrase having some analogy to the way _Sind_ and _Hind_ was used to express all India, but a stronger one to _Gog_ and _Magog_, as applied to the northern nations of Asia." And eventually _Chīn_ was discovered to be the eldest son of Japhet, and _Māchīn_ his grandson; which is much the same as saying that Britain was the eldest son of Brut the Trojan, and Great Britain his grandson! (_Cathay and the Way Thither_, p. cxix.).

In the days of the Mongol supremacy in China, when Chinese affairs were for a time more distinctly conceived in Western Asia, and the name of _Manzi_ as denoting Southern China, unconquered by the Mongols till 1275, was current in the West, it would appear that this name was confounded with _Māchīn_, and the latter thus acquired a specific but erroneous application. One author of the 16th century also (quoted by _Klaproth, J. As. Soc._ ser. 2, tom. i. 115) distinguishes _Chīn_ and _Māchīn_ as N. and S. China, but this distinction seems never to have been entertained by the Hindus. Ibn Batuta sometimes distinguishes _Ṣīn_ (_i.e._ _Chīn_) as South China from _Khitāi_ (see CATHAY) as North China. In times when intimacy with China had again ceased, the double name seems to have recovered its old vagueness as a rotund way of saying China, and had no more plurality of sense than in modern parlance _Sodor and Man_. But then comes an occasional new application of _Māchīn_ to Indo-China, as in Conti (followed by Fra Mauro). An exceptional application, arising from the Arab habit of applying the name of a country to the capital or the chief port frequented by them, arose in the Middle Ages, through which _Canton_ became known in the West as the city of _Māchīn_, or in Persian translation _Chīnkalān_, _i.e._ Great Chīn.

_Mahāchīna_ as applied to China:

636.—"'In what country exists the kingdom of the Great _Thang_?' asked
the king (Sīlāditya of Kanauj), 'how far is it from this?'

"'It is situated,' replied he (Hwen T'sang), 'to the N.E. of this
kingdom, and is distant several ten-thousands of _li_. It is the country
which the Indian people call MAHĀCHĪNA.'"—_Pèl. Bouddh._ ii. 254-255.

c. 641.—"MOHOCHINTAN." See quotation under CHINA.

c. 1030.—"Some other mountains are called Harmakút, in which the Ganges
has its source. These are impassable from the side of the cold regions,
and beyond them lies MĀCHĪN."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Elliot_, i. 46.

1501.—In the Letter of Amerigo Vespucci on the Portuguese discoveries,
written from C. Verde, 4th June, we find mention among other new regions
of MARCHIN. Published in Baldelli Boni's _Il Milione_, p. ciii.

c. 1590.—"Adjoining to Asham is Tibet, bordering upon Khatai, which is
properly MAHACHEEN, vulgarly called MACHEEN. The capital of Khatai is
Khan Baleegh, 4 days' journey from the sea."—_Ayeen_, by _Gladwin_, ed.
1800, ii. 4; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 118].

[c. 1665.—"... you told me ... that Persia, Usbec, Kachguer, Tartary, and
Catay, Pegu, Siam, China and MATCHINE (in orig. _Tchine et_ MATCHINE)
trembled at the name of the Kings of the Indies."—_Bernier_, ed.
_Constable_, 155 _seq._]

Applied to Southern China.

c. 1300.—"Khatāi is bounded on one side by the country of Māchīn, which
the Chinese call Manzi.... In the Indian language S. China is called
MAHĀ-CHĪN, _i.e._ 'Great China,' and hence we derive the word
Manzi."—_Rashīd-uddīn_, in _H. des Mongols_ (_Quatremère_), xci.-xciii.

c. 1348.—"It was the Kaam's orders that we should proceed through Manzi,
which was formerly known as _India Maxima_" (by which he indicates
MAHĀ-CHĪNĀ, see below, in last quotation).—_John Marignolli_, in
_Cathay_, p. 354.

Applied to Indo-China:

c. 1430.—"Ea provincia (Ava)—MACINUM incolae dicunt— ... referta est
elephantis."—_Conti_, in _Poggius, De Var. Fortunae_.

Chin and Machin:

c. 1320.—"The curiosities of CHÍN AND MACHÍN, and the beautiful products
of Hind and Sind."—_Wassāf_, in _Elliot_, iii. 32.

c. 1440.—"Poi si retrova in quella istessa provincia di Zagatai
Sanmarcant città grandissima e ben popolata, por la qual vanno e vengono
tutti quelli di CINI E MACINI e del Cataio, o mercanti o viandanti che
siano."—_Barbaro_, in _Ramusio_, ii. f. 106_v_.

c. 1442.—"The merchants of the 7 climates from Egypt ... from the whole
of the realms of CHĪN AND MĀCHĪN, and from the city of Khānbālik, steer
their course to this port."-_-Abdurrazāk_, in _Notices et Extraits_, xiv.
429.

[1503.—"SIN AND MASIN." See under JAVA.]

Mahāchīn or Chīn Kalān, for Canton.

c. 1030.—In Sprenger's extracts from Al-Birūnī we have "_Sharghūd_, in
Chinese _Sanfū_. This is Great China (MĀHĀṢĪN)."—_Post und Reise-routen
des Orients_, 90.

c. 1300.—"This canal extends for a distance of 40 days' navigation from
Khānbāligh to Khingsaī and Zaitūn, the ports frequented by the ships that
come from India, and from the city of MĀCHĪN."—_Rashīd-uddin_, in
_Cathay_, &c., 259-260.

c. 1332.—"... after I had sailed eastward over the Ocean Sea for many
days I came to that noble province Manzi.... The first city to which I
came in this country was called CENS-KALAN, and 'tis a city as big as
three Venices."—_Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c., 103-105.

c. 1347.—"In the evening we stopped at another village, and so on till we
arrived at SĪN-KALĀN, which is the city of Ṣīn-ul-Ṣīn ... one of the
greatest of cities, and one of those that has the finest of bazaars. One
of the largest of these is the porcelain bazaar, and from it china-ware
is exported to the other cities of China, to India, and to Yemen."—_Ibn
Batuta_, iv. 272.

c. 1349.—"The first of these is called Manzi, the greatest and noblest
province in the world, having no paragon in beauty, pleasantness, and
extent. In it is that noble city of Campsay, besides Zayton, CYNKALAN,
and many other cities."—_John Marignolli_, in _Cathay_, &c., 373.

MĀCHIS, s. This is recent Hind. for 'lucifer matches.' An older and purer phrase for sulphur-matches is _dīwā-_, _dīyā-salāī_.

MADAPOLLAM, n.p. This term, applying to a particular kind of cotton cloth, and which often occurs in prices current, is taken from the name of a place on the Southern Delta-branch of the Godavery, properly _Mādhavapalam_, [Tel. _Mādhavayya-pālemu_, 'fortified village of Mādhava']. This was till 1833 [according to the _Madras Gloss._ 1827] the seat of one of the Company's Commercial Agencies, which was the chief of three in that Delta; the other two being Bunder Malunka and Injeram. _Madapollam_ is now a staple export from England to India; it is a finer kind of white piece-goods, intermediate between calico and muslin.

[1610.—"MADAFUNUM is chequered, somewhat fine and well requested in
Pryaman."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 74.]

1673.—"The _English_ for that cause (the unhealthiness of Masulipatam),
only at the time of shipping, remove to MEDOPOLLON, where they have a
wholesome Seat Forty Miles more North."—_Fryer_, 35.

[1684-85.—"Mr. Benj^a Northey having brought up Musters of the MADAPOLL^M
Cloth, Itt is thought convenient that the same be taken of
him...."—_Pringle, Diary Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser. iv. 49.]

c. 1840.—"Pierrette eût de jolies chemises en MADAPOLAM."—_Balzac,
Pierrette._

1879.—"... liveliness seems to be the unfailing characteristic of
autographs, fans, Cremona fiddles, Louis Quatorze snuff-boxes, and the
like, however sluggish pig-iron and MADAPOLLAMS may be."—_Sat. Review_,
Jan. 11, p. 45.

MADRAFAXAO, s. This appears in old Portuguese works as the name of a gold coin of Guzerat; perhaps representing _Muẓaffar-shāhī_. There were several kings of Guzerat of this name. The one in question was probably Muẓaffar-Shah II. (1511-1525), of whose coinage Thomas mentions a gold piece of 185 grs. (_Pathán Kings_, 353).

1554.—"There also come to this city MADRAFAXAOS, which are a money of
Cambaya, which vary greatly in price; some are of 24 tangas of 60 reis
the tanga, others of 23, 22, 21, and other prices according to time and
value."—_A. Nunez_, 32.