Chapter XIX: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (16)

1822.—"I must tell you what a good fellow the little Raja of Tallaca is.
When I visited him we sat on two musnads without exchanging one single
word, in a very respectable durbar; but the moment we retired to a
KHILWUT the Raja produced his Civil and Criminal Register, and his Minute
of demands, collections and balances for the 1st quarter, and began
explaining the state of his country as eagerly as a young
Collector."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, ii. 144.

[1824.—"The KHELWET or private room in which the doctor was
seated."—_Hajji Baba_, p. 87.]

CALUETE, CALOETE, s. The punishment of impalement; Malayāl. _kaluekki_ (pron. _etti_). [See IMPALE.]

1510.—"The said wood is fixed in the middle of the back of the
malefactor, and passes through his body ... this torture is called
'UNCALVET.'"—_Varthema_, 147.

1582.—"The Capitaine General for to encourage them the more, commanded
before them all to pitch a long staffe in the ground, the which was made
sharp at ye one end. The same among the Malabars is called CALVETE, upon
ye which they do execute justice of death, unto the poorest or vilest
people of the country."—_Castañeda_, tr. by N. L., ff. 142_v_, 143.

1606.—"The Queen marvelled much at the thing, and to content them she
ordered the sorcerer to be delivered over for punishment, and to be set
on the CALOETE, which is a very sharp stake fixed firmly in the
ground...." &c.—_Gouvea_, f. 47_v_; see also f. 163.

CALYAN, n.p. The name of more than one city of fame in W. and S. India; Skt. _Kalyāna_, 'beautiful, noble, propitious,' One of these is the place still known as _Kalyān_, on the Ulas river, more usually called by the name of the city, 33 m. N.E. of Bombay. This is a very ancient port, and is probably the one mentioned by Cosmas below. It appears as the residence of a donor in an inscription on the Kanheri caves in Salsette (see _Fergusson and Burgess_, p. 349). Another KALYĀNA was the capital of the Chalukyas of the Deccan in the 9th-12th centuries. This is in the Nizam's district of Naldrūg, about 40 miles E.N.E. of the fortress called by that name. A third KALYĀNA was a port of Canara, between Mangalore and Kundapur, in lat. 13° 28′ or thereabouts, on the same river as BACANORE (q.v.). [This is apparently the place which Tavernier (ed. _Ball_, ii. 206) calls _Callian Bondi_ or _Kalyān Bandar_.] The quotations refer to the first Calyan.

c. A.D. 80-90.—"The local marts which occur in order after Barygaza are
Akabaru, Suppara, KALLIENA, a city which was raised to the rank of a
regular mart in the time of Saraganes, but, since Sandanes became its
master, its trade has been put under restrictions; for if Greek vessels,
even by accident, enter its ports, a guard is put on board, and they are
taken to Barygaza."—_Periplus_, § 52.

c. A.D. 545.—"And the most notable places of trade are these: Sindu,
Orrhotha, KALLIANA, Sibor...."—_Cosmas_, in _Cathay, &c._, p. clxxviii.

1673.—On both sides are placed stately _Aldeas_, and dwellings of the
_Portugal Fidalgos_; till on the Right, within a Mile or more of GULLEAN,
they yield possession to the neighbouring _Seva Gi_, at which City (the
key this way into that Rebel's Country), Wind and Tide favouring us, we
landed."—_Fryer_, p. 123.

1825.—"Near Candaulah is a waterfall ... its stream winds to join the
sea, nearly opposite to Tannah, under the name of the CALLIANEE
river."—_Heber_, ii. 137.

Prof. Forchhammer has lately described the great remains of a Pagoda and
other buildings with inscriptions, near the city of Pegu, called KALYĀNI.

CAMBAY, n.p. Written by Mahommedan writers _Kanbāyat_, sometimes _Kinbāyat_. According to Col. Tod, the original Hindu name was _Khambavati_, 'City of the Pillar'; [the _Mad. Admin. Man. Gloss._ gives _stambha-tīrtha_, 'sacred pillar pool']. Long a very famous port of Guzerat, at the head of the Gulf to which it gives its name. Under the Mahommedan Kings of Guzerat it was one of their chief residences, and they are often called Kings of Cambay. Cambay is still a feudatory State under a Nawab. The place is in decay, owing partly to the shoals, and the extraordinary rise and fall of the tides in the Gulf, impeding navigation. [See _Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 313 _seqq._].

c. 951.—"From KAMBÁYA to the sea about 2 parasangs. From Kambáya to
Súrabáya (?) about 4 days."—_Istakhri_, in _Elliot_, i. 30.

1298.—"CAMBAET is a great kingdom.... There is a great deal of trade....
Merchants come here with many ships and cargoes...."—_Marco Polo_, Bk.
iii. ch. 28.

1320.—"Hoc vero Oceanum mare in illis partibus principaliter habet duos
portus: quorum vnus nominatur _Mahabar_, et alius CAMBETH."—_Marino
Sanudo_, near beginning.

c. 1420.—"CAMBAY is situated near to the sea, and is 12 miles in circuit;
it abounds in spikenard, lac, indigo, myrabolans, and silk."—_Conti_, in
_India in XVth Cent._, 20.

1498.—"In which Gulf, as we were informed, there are many cities of
Christians and Moors, and a city which is called QUAMBAYA."—_Roteiro_,
49.

1506.—"In COMBEA è terra de Mori, e il suo Re è Moro; el è una gran
terra, e li nasce turbiti, e spigonardo, e milo (read _nilo_—see ANIL),
lache, corniole, calcedonie, gotoni...."—_Rel. di Leonardo Ca' Masser_,
in _Archivio Stor. Italiano_, App.

1674.—

"The Prince of CAMBAY'S daily food
Is asp and basilisk and toad,
Which makes him have so strong a breath,
Each night he stinks a queen to death."
_Hudibras_, Pt. ii. Canto i.

Butler had evidently read the stories of Mahmūd Bigara, Sultan of
Guzerat, in Varthema or Purchas.

CAMBOJA, n.p. An ancient kingdom in the eastern part of Indo-China, once great and powerful: now fallen, and under the 'protectorate' of France, whose Saigon colony it adjoins. The name, like so many others of Indo-China since the days of Ptolemy, is of Skt. origin, being apparently a transfer of the name of a nation and country on the N.W. frontier of India, _Kamboja_, supposed to have been about the locality of Chitral or Kafiristan. Ignoring this, fantastic Chinese and other etymologies have been invented for the name. In the older Chinese annals (c. 1200 B.C.) this region had the name of _Fu-nan_; from the period after our era, when the kingdom of Camboja had become powerful, it was known to the Chinese as _Chin-la_. Its power seems to have extended at one time westward, perhaps to the shores of the B. of Bengal. Ruins of extraordinary vastness and architectural elaboration are numerous, and have attracted great attention since M. Mouhot's visit in 1859; though they had been mentioned by 16th century missionaries, and some of the buildings when standing in splendour were described by a Chinese visitor at the end of the 13th century. The Cambojans proper call themselves _Khmer_, a name which seems to have given rise to singular confusions (see COMAR). The gum GAMBOGE (_Cambodiam_ in the early records [_Birdwood, Rep. on Old Rec._, 27]) so familiar in use, derives its name from this country, the chief source of supply.

c. 1161.—"... although ... because the belief of the people of Rámánya
(Pegu) was the same as that of the Buddha-believing men of Ceylon....
Parakrama the king was living in peace with the king of Rámánya—yet the
ruler of Rámánya ... forsook the old custom of providing maintenance for
the ambassadors ... saying: 'These messengers are sent to go to KÁMBOJA,'
and so plundered all their goods and put them in prison in the Malaya
country.... Soon after this he seized some royal virgins sent by the King
of Ceylon to the King of KÁMBOJA...."—Ext. from _Ceylonese Annals_, by
_T. Rhys Davids_, in _J.A.S.B._ xli. Pt. i. p. 198.

1295.—"Le pays de Tchin-la.... Les gens du pays le nomment KAN-PHOU-TCHI.
Sous la dynastie actuelle, les livres sacrés des Tibétains nomment ce
pays KAN-PHOU-TCHI...."—Chinese _Account of Chinla_, in _Abel Rémusat,
Nouv. Mél._ i. 100.

c. 1535.—"Passing from Siam towards China by the coast we find the
kingdom of Cambaia (read CAMBOIA) ... the people are great warriors ...
and the country of CAMBOIA abounds in all sorts of victuals ... in this
land the lords voluntarily burn themselves when the king
dies...."—_Sommario de' Regni_, in _Ramusio_, i. f. 336.

1552.—"And the next State adjoining Siam is the kingdom of CAMBOJA,
through the middle of which flows that splendid river the Mecon, the
source of which is in the regions of China...."—_Barros_, Dec. I. Liv.
ix. cap. 1.

1572.—

"Vês, passa por CAMBOJA Mecom rio,
Que capitão das aguas se interpreta...."
_Camões_, x. 127.

[1616.—"22 cattes CAMBOJA (gamboge)."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 188.]

CAMEEZE, s. This word (_ḳamīṣ_) is used in colloquial H. and Tamil for 'a shirt.' It comes from the Port. _camisa_. But that word is directly from the Arab _ḳamīṣ_, 'a tunic.' Was St. Jerome's Latin word an earlier loan from the Arabic, or the source of the Arabic word? probably the latter; [so _N.E.D._ s.v. _Camise_]. The Mod. Greek Dict. of Sophocles has καμίσιον. _Camesa_ is, according to the _Slang Dictionary_, used in the cant of English thieves; and in more ancient slang it was made into '_commission_.'

c. 400.—"Solent militantes habere lineas quas CAMISIAS vocant, sic aptas
membris et adstrictas corporibus, ut expediti sint vel ad cursum, vel ad
praelia ... quocumque necessitas traxerit."—_Scti. Hieronymi Epist._
(lxiv.) _ad Fabiolam_, § 11.

1404.—"And to the said Ruy Gonzalez he gave a big horse, an ambler, for
they prize a horse that ambles, furnished with saddle and bridle, very
well according to their fashion; and besides he gave him a CAMISA and an
umbrella" (see SOMBRERO).—_Clavijo_, § lxxxix.; _Markham_, 100.

1464.—"to William and Richard my sons, all my fair CAMISES...."—_Will of
Richard Strode_, of Newnham, Devon.

1498.—"That a very fine CAMYSA, which in Portugal would be worth 300
_reis_, was given here for 2 _fanons_, which in that country is the
equivalent of 30 _reis_, though the value of 30 _reis_ is in that country
no small matter."—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 77.

1573.—"The richest of all (the shops in Fez) are where they sell
CAMISAS...."—_Marmol. Desc. General de Affrica_, Pt. I. Bk. iii. f.
87_v_.

CAMP, s. In the Madras Presidency [as well as in N. India] an official not at his headquarters is always addressed as 'in Camp.'

CAMPHOR, s. There are three camphors:—

A. The Bornean and Sumatran camphor from _Dryobalanops aromatica_.

B. The camphor of China and Japan, from _Cinnamomum Camphora_. (These are the two chief camphors of commerce; the first immensely exceeding the second in market value: see _Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. xi. Note 3.)

C. The camphor of _Blumea balsamifera_, D.C., produced and used in China under the name of _ngai_ camphor.

The relative ratios of value in the Canton market may be roundly given as B, 1; C, 10; A, 80.

The first Western mention of this drug, as was pointed out by Messrs Hanbury and Flückiger, occurs in the Greek medical writer Aëtius (see below), but it probably came through the Arabs, as is indicated by the _ph_, or _f_ of the Arab _kāfūr_, representing the Skt. _karpūra_. It has been suggested that the word was originally Javanese, in which language _kāpūr_ appears to mean both 'lime' and 'camphor.'

Moodeen Sheriff says that _kăfūr_ is used (in Ind. Materia Medica) for 'amber.' _Tābashīr_ (see TABASHEER), is, according to the same writer, called _bāns-kāfūr_ 'bamboo-camphor'; and _ras-kāfūr_ (mercury-camphor) is an impure subchloride of mercury. According to the same authority, the varieties of camphor now met with in the bazars of S. India are—1. _kāfūr-i-ḳaiṣūrī_, which is in Tamil called _pach'ch'ai_ (_i.e._ crude _karuppuram_; 2. _Ṣūratī kāfūr_; 3. _chīnī_; 4. _batai_ (from the _Batta_ country?). The first of these names is a curious instance of the perpetuation of a blunder, originating in the misreading of loose Arabic writing. The name is unquestionably _fanṣūrī_, which carelessness as to points has converted into _ḳaiṣūrī_ (as above, and in _Blochmann's Āīn_, i. 79). The camphor _alfanṣūrī_ is mentioned as early as by Avicenna, and by Marco Polo, and came from a place called _Pansūr_ in Sumatra, perhaps the same as Barus, which has now long given its name to the costly Sumatran drug.

A curious notion of Ibn Batuta's (iv. 241) that the camphor of Sumatra (and Borneo) was produced in the inside of a cane, filling the joints between knot and knot, may be explained by the statement of Barbosa (p. 204), that the Borneo camphor as exported was packed in tubes of bamboo. This camphor is by Barbosa and some other old writers called 'eatable camphor' (_da mangiare_), because used in medicine and with betel.

Our form of the word seems to have come from the Sp. _alcanfor_ and _canfora_, through the French _camphre_. Dozy points out that one Italian form retains the truer name _cafura_, and an old German one (Mid. High Germ.) is _gaffer_ (_Oosterl._ 47).

c. A.D. 540.—"Hygromyri cõfectio, olei salca lib. ij, opobalsami lib. i.,
spicænardi, folij singu. unc. iiii. carpobalsami, arnabonis, amomi, ligni
aloes, sing. unc. ij. mastichae, moschi, sing. scrup. vi. quod si etiã
CAPHURA non deerit ex ea unc. ij adjicito...."—_Aetii Amideni_, Librorum
xvi. Tomi Dvo.... Latinitate donati, Basil, MDXXXV., Liv. xvi. cap. cxx.

c. 940.—"These (islands called al-Ramīn) abound in gold mines, and are
near the country of Ḳansūr, famous for its CAMPHOR...."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, i.
338. The same work at iii. 49, refers back to this passage as "the
country of _Manṣūrah_." Probably Maṣ'ūdī wrote correctly _Fanṣūrah_.

1298.—"In this kingdom of _Fansur_ grows the best _camphor_ in the world,
called CAMFERA _Fansuri_."—_Marco Polo_, bk. iii. ch. xi.

1506.—"... e de li (Tenasserim) vien pevere, canella ... CAMFORA _da
manzar_ e de _quella non se manza_...." (_i.e._ both camphor to eat and
not to eat, or Sumatra and China camphor).—_Leonardo Ca' Masser._

c. 1590.—"The CAMPHOR _tree_ is a large tree growing in the ghauts of
Hindostan and in China. A hundred horsemen and upwards may rest in the
shade of a single tree.... Of the various kinds of camphor the best is
called _Ribáhi_ or _Qaiçúri_.... In some books camphor in its natural
state is called ... _Bhimsíni_."—_Āīn, Blochmann_ ed. i. 78-9.
[_Bhimsínī_ is more properly _bhimsenī_, and takes its name from the
demi-god Bhīmsen, second son of Pandu.]

1623.—"In this shipp we have laden a small parcell of CAMPHIRE of
_Barouse_, being in all 60 _catis_."—_Batavian Letter_, pubd. in _Cocks's
Diary_, ii. 343.

1726.—"The Persians name the Camphor of Baros, and also of Borneo to this
day KAFUR _Canfuri_, as it also appears in the printed text of Avicenna
... and _Bellunensis_ notes that in some MSS. of the author is found
KAFUR FANSURI...."—_Valentijn_, iv. 67.

1786.—"The CAMPHOR Tree has been recently discovered in this part of the
Sircar's country. We have sent two bottles of the essential oil made from
it for your use."—_Letter of Tippoo, Kirkpatrick_, p. 231.

1875.—

"CAMPHOR, Bhimsaini (barus), valuation 1 lb. 80 rs.
Refined cake 1 cwt. 65 rs."
_Table of Customs Duties on Imports into
Br. India up to 1875._

The first of these is the fine Sumatran camphor; the second at 1/138 of
the price is China camphor.

CAMPOO, s. H. _kampū_, corr. of the English '_camp_,' or more properly of the Port. '_campo_.' It is used for 'a camp,' but formerly was specifically applied to the partially disciplined brigades under European commanders in the Mahratta service.

[1525.—Mr. Whiteway notes that Castanheda (bk. vi. ch. ci. p. 217) and
Barros (iii. 10, 3) speak of a ward of Malacca as CAMPU _China_; and de
Eredia (1613) calls it CAMPON _China_, which may supply a link between
CAMPOO and _Kampung_. (See COMPOUND).

1803.—"Begum Sumroo's CAMPOO has come up the ghauts, and I am afraid ...
joined Scindiah yesterday. Two deserters ... declared that Pohlman's
CAMPOO was following it."—_Wellington_, ii. 264.

1883.—"... its unhappy plains were swept over, this way and that, by the
cavalry of rival Mahratta powers, Mogul and Rohilla horsemen, or CAMPOS
and _pultuns_ (battalions) under European adventurers...."—_Quarterly
Review_, April, p. 294.

CANARA, n.p. Properly _Kannaḍa_. This name has long been given to that part of the West coast which lies below the Ghauts, from Mt. Dely northward to the Goa territory; and now to the two British districts constituted out of that tract, viz. N. and S. Canara. This appropriation of the name, however, appears to be of European origin. The name, probably meaning 'black country' [Dravid. _kar_, 'black,' _nādu_, 'country'], from the black cotton soil prevailing there, was properly synonymous with _Karṇātaka_ (see CARNATIC), and apparently a corruption of that word. Our quotations show that throughout the sixteenth century the term was applied to the country above the Ghauts, sometimes to the whole kingdom of NARSINGA or Vijayanagar (see BISNAGAR). Gradually, and probably owing to local application at Goa, where the natives seem to have been from the first known to the Portuguese as _Canarijs_, a term which in the old Portuguese works means the Konkani people and language of Goa, the name became appropriated to the low country on the coast between Goa and Malabar, which was subject to the kingdom in question, much in the same way that the name _Carnatic_ came at a later date to be misapplied on the other side of the Peninsula.

The _Kanara_ or Canarese language is spoken over a large tract above the Ghauts, and as far north as Bidar (see _Caldwell, Introd._ p. 33). It is only one of several languages spoken in the British districts of Canara, and that only in a small portion, viz. near Kundāpur. _Tuḷu_ is the chief language in the Southern District. KANAḌAM occurs in the great Tanjore inscription of the 11th century.

1516.—"Beyond this river commences the Kingdom of Narsinga, which
contains five very large provinces, each with a language of its own. The
first, which stretches along the coast to Malabar, is Tulinate (_i.e._
_Tuḷu-nādu_, or the modern district of S. Canara); another lies in the
interior ...; another has the name of Telinga, which confines with the
Kingdom of Orisa; another is CANARI, in which is the great city of
Bisnaga; and then the Kingdom of Charamendel, the language of which is
Tamul."—_Barbosa._ This passage is exceedingly corrupt, and the version
(necessarily imperfect) is made up from three—viz. Stanley's English,
from a Sp. MS., Hak. Soc. p. 79; the Portuguese of the Lisbon Academy, p.
291; and Ramusio's Italian (i. f. 299_v_).

c. 1535.—"The last Kingdom of the First India is called the Province
CANARIM; it is bordered on one side by the Kingdom of Goa and by
Anjadiva, and on the other side by Middle India or Malabar. In the
interior is the King of Narsinga, who is chief of this country. The
speech of those of CANARIM is different from that of the Kingdom of Decan
and of Goa."—Portuguese _Summary of Eastern Kingdoms_, in _Ramusio_, i.
f. 330.

1552.—"The third province is called CANARÁ, also in the
interior...."—_Castanheda_, ii. 50.

And as applied to the language:—

"The language of the Gentoos is CANARÁ."—_Ibid._ 78.

1552.—"The whole coast that we speak of back to the Ghaut (_Gate_)
mountain range ... they call Concan, and the people properly Concanese
(_Conquenijs_), though our people call them CANARESE (_Canarijs_).... And
as from the Ghauts to the sea on the west of the Decan all that strip is
called Concan, so from the Ghauts to the sea on the west of CANARÁ,
always excepting that stretch of 46 leagues of which we have spoken
[north of Mount Dely] which belongs to the same _Canará_, the strip which
stretches to Cape Comorin is called Malabar."—_Barros_, Dec. I. liv. ix.
cap. 1.

1552.—"... The Kingdom of CANARÁ, which extends from the river called
Gate, north of Chaul, to Cape Comorin (so far as concerns the interior
region east of the Ghats) ... and which in the east marches with the
kingdom of Orisa; and the Gentoo Kings of this great Province of CANARÁ
were those from whom sprang the present Kings of Bisnaga."—_Ibid._ Dec.
II. liv. v. cap. 2.

1572.—

"Aqui se enxerga lá do mar undoso
Hum monte alto, que corre longamente
Servindo ao Malabar de forte muro,
Com que do CANARÁ vive seguro."
_Camões_, vii. 21.

Englished by Burton:

"Here seen yonside where wavy waters play
a range of mountains skirts the murmuring main
serving the Malabar for mighty mure,
who thus from him of CANARÁ dwells secure."

1598.—"The land itselfe is called Decan, and also CANARA."—_Linschoten_,
49; [Hak. Soc. i. 169].

1614.—"Its proper name is _Charnathaca_, which from corruption to
corruption has come to be called CANARA."—_Couto_, Dec. VI. liv. v. cap.
5.

In the following quotations the term is applied, either inclusively or exclusively, to the territory which we _now_ call Canara:—

1615.—"CANARA. Thence to the Kingdome of the CANNARINS, which is but a
little one, and 5 dayes journey from _Damans_. They are tall of stature,
idle, for the most part, and therefore the greater theeves."—_De
Monfart_, p. 23.

1623.—"Having found a good opportunity, such as I desired, of getting out
of Goa, and penetrating further into India, that is more to the south, to
CANARA...."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 601; [Hak. Soc. ii. 168].

1672.—"The strip of land CANARA, the inhabitants of which are called
CANARINS, is fruitful in rice and other food-stuffs."—_Baldaeus_, 98.
There is a good map in this work, which shows 'Canara' in the modern
acceptation.

1672.—"_Description of_ CANARA _and Journey to Goa_.—This kingdom is one
of the finest in India, all plain country near the sea, and even among
the mountains all peopled."—_P. Vincenzo Maria_, 420. Here the title
seems used in the modern sense, but the same writer applies _Canara_ to
the whole Kingdom of Bisnagar.

1673.—"At Mirja the Protector of CANORA came on board."—_Fryer_ (margin),
p. 57.

1726.—"The Kingdom CANARA (under which Onor, Batticala, and Garcopa are
dependent) comprises all the western lands lying between Walkan
(_Konkan_?) and Malabar, two great coast countries."—_Valentijn_, v. 2.

1727.—"The country of CANARA is generally governed by a Lady, who keeps
her Court at a Town called _Baydour_, two Days journey from the Sea."—_A.
Hamilton_, i. 280.

CANARIN, n.p. This name is applied in some of the quotations under CANARA to the people of the district now so called by us. But the Portuguese applied it to the (_Konkani_) people of Goa and their language. Thus a Konkani grammar, originally prepared about 1600 by the Jesuit, Thomas Estevão (Stephens, an Englishman), printed at Goa, 1640, bears the title _Arte da Lingoa_ CANARIN. (See A. B(urnell) in _Ind. Antiq._ ii. 98).

[1823.—"CANAREEN, an appellation given to the Creole Portuguese of Goa
and their other Indian settlements."—_Owen, Narrative_, i. 191.]

CANAUT, CONAUT, CONNAUGHT, s. H. from Ar. _ḳanāt_, the side wall of a tent, or canvas enclosure. [See SURRAPURDA.]

[1616.—"High CANNATTES of a coarse stuff made like arras."—_Sir T. Roe,
Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. 325.]

" "The King's Tents are red, reared on poles very high, and placed
in the midst of the Camp, covering a large Compasse, encircled with
CANATS (made of red calico stiffened with Canes at every breadth)
standing upright about nine foot high, guarded round every night with
Souldiers."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1481.

c. 1660.—"And (what is hard enough to believe in _Indostan_, where the
Grandees especially are so jealous ...) I was so near to the wife of this
Prince (Dara), that the cords of the KANATES ... which enclosed them (for
they had not so much as a poor tent), were fastened to the wheels of my
chariot."—_Bernier_, E. T. 29; [ed. _Constable_, 89].

1792.—"They passed close to Tippoo's tents: the CANAUT (misprinted
CANAUL) was standing, but the green tent had been removed."—_T. Munro_,
in _Life_, iii. 73.

1793.—"The CANAUT of canvas ... was painted of a beautiful sea-green
colour."—_Dirom_, 230.

[c. 1798.—"On passing a skreen of Indian CONNAUGHTS, we proceeded to the
front of the Tusbeah Khanah."—_Asiatic Res._, iv. 444.]

1817.—"A species of silk of which they make tents and KANAUTS."—_Mill_,
ii. 201.

1825.—Heber writes CONNAUT.—Orig. ed. ii. 257.

[1838.—"The KHENAUTS (the space between the outer covering and the lining
of our tents)."—_Miss Eden, Up the Country_, ii. 63.]

CANDAHAR, n.p. _Ḳandahār_. The application of this name is now exclusively to (A) the well-known city of Western Afghanistan, which is the object of so much political interest. But by the Ar. geographers of the 9th to 11th centuries the name is applied to (B) the country about Peshāwar, as the equivalent of the ancient Indian _Gandhāra_, and the _Gandaritis_ of Strabo. Some think the name was transferred to (A) in consequence of a migration of the people of Gandhāra carrying with them the begging-pot of Buddha, believed by Sir H. Rawlinson to be identical with a large sacred vessel of stone preserved in a mosque of Candahar. Others think that Candahar may represent _Alexandropolis_ in Arachosia. We find a third application of the name (C) in Ibn Batuta, as well as in earlier and later writers, to a former port on the east shore of the Gulf of Cambay, Ghandhar in the Broach District.

A.—1552.—"Those who go from Persia, from the kingdom of Horaçam
(Khorasan), from Bohára, and all the Western Regions, travel to the city
which the natives corruptly call CANDAR, instead of Scandar, the name by
which the Persians call Alexander...."—_Barros_, IV. vi. 1.

1664.—"All these great preparations give us cause to apprehend that,
instead of going to _Kachemire_, we be not led to besiege that important
city of KANDAHAR, which is the Frontier to Persia, Indostan, and Usbeck,
and the Capital of an excellent Country."—_Bernier_, E. T., p. 113; [ed.
_Constable_, 352].

1671.—

"From Arachosia, from CANDAOR east,
And Margiana to the Hyrcanian cliffs
Of Caucasus...."
_Paradise Regained_, iii. 316 _seqq._

B.—c. 1030.—"... thence to the river Chandráha (Chináb) 12 (parasangs);
thence to Jailam on the West of the Báyat (or Hydaspes) 18; thence to
Waihind, capital of ḲANDAHÁR ... 20; thence to Parsháwar
14...."—_Al-Birūni_, in _Elliot_, i. 63 (corrected).

C.—c. 1343.—"From Kinbāya (Cambay) we went to the town of Kāwi (_Kānvi_,
opp. Cambay), on an estuary where the tide rises and falls ... thence to
ḲANDAHĀR, a considerable city belonging to the Infidels, and situated on
an estuary from the sea."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 57-8.

1516.—"Further on ... there is another place, in the mouth of a small
river, which is called GUENDARI.... And it is a very good town, a
seaport."—_Barbosa_, 64.

1814.—"CANDHAR, eighteen miles from the wells, is pleasantly situated on
the banks of a river; and a place of considerable trade; being a great
thoroughfare from the sea coast to the Gaut mountains."—_Forbes, Or.
Mem._ i. 206; [2nd ed. i. 116].

CANDAREEN, s. In Malay, to which language the word apparently belongs, _kandūrī_. A term formerly applied to the hundredth of the Chinese ounce or weight, commonly called by the Malay name _tāhil_ (see TAEL). Fryer (1673) gives the Chinese weights thus:—

1 _Cattee_ is nearest 16 _Taies_
1 _Teen_ (Taie?) is 10 _Mass_
1 _Mass_ in Silver is 10 QUANDREENS
1 QUANDREEN is 10 _Cash_
733 _Cash_ make 1 _Royal_
1 grain English weight is 2 cash.

1554.—"In Malacca the weight used for gold, musk, &c., the _cate_,
contains 20 _taels_, each tael 16 _mazes_, each maz 20 CUMDURYNS; also 1
paual 4 mazes, each maz 4 _cupongs_; each cupong 5 CUMDURYNS."—_A.
Nunes_, 39.

1615.—"We bought 5 greate square postes of the Kinges master carpenter;
cost 2 _mas_ 6 CONDRINS per peece."—_Cocks_, i. 1.

(1) CANDY, n.p. A town in the hill country of Ceylon, which became the deposit of the sacred tooth of Buddha at the beginning of the 14th century, and was adopted as the native capital about 1592. Chitty says the name is unknown to the natives, who call the place _Mahā nuvera_, 'great city.' The name seems to have arisen out of some misapprehension by the Portuguese, which may be illustrated by the quotation from Valentijn.

c. 1530.—"And passing into the heart of the Island, there came to the
Kingdom of CANDIA, a certain Friar Pascoal with two companions, who were
well received by the King of the country Javira Bandar ... in so much
that he gave them a great piece of ground, and everything needful to
build a church, and houses for them to dwell in."—_Couto_, Dec. VI. liv.
iv. cap. 7.

1552.—"... and at three or four places, like the passes of the Alps of
Italy, one finds entrance within this circuit (of mountains) which forms
a Kingdom called CANDE."—_Barros_, Dec. III. Liv. ii. cap. 1.

1645.—"Now then as soon as the Emperor was come to his Castle in CANDI he
gave order that the 600 captive Hollanders should be distributed
throughout his country among the peasants, and in the City."—_J. J.
Saar's 15-Jährige Kriegs-Dienst_, 97.

1681.—"The First is the City of _Candy_, so generally called by the
_Christians_, probably from _Conde_, which in the _Chingulays_ Language
signifies _Hills_, for among them it is situated, but by the Inhabitants
called _Hingodagul-neure_, as much as to say 'The City of the _Chingulay_
people,' and _Mauneur_, signifying the 'Chief or Royal City.'"—_R. Knox_,
p. 5.

1726.—"CANDI, otherwise _Candia_, or named in Cingalees _Conde Ouda_,
_i.e._ the high mountain country."—_Valentijn_ (_Ceylon_), 19.

(2) CANDY, s. A weight used in S. India, which may be stated roughly at about 500 lbs., but varying much in different parts. It corresponds broadly with the Arabian BAHAR (q.v.), and was generally equivalent to 20 MAUNDS, varying therefore with the maund. The word is Mahr. and Tel. _khaṇḍi_, written in Tam. and Mal. _kaṇḍi_, or Mal. _kaṇṭi_, [and comes from the Skt. _khaṇḍ_, 'to divide.' A CANDY of land is supposed to be as much as will produce a _candy_ of grain, approximately 75 acres]. The Portuguese write the word _candil_.

1563.—"A CANDIL which amounts to 522 pounds" (_arrateis_).—_Garcia_, f.
55.

1598.—"One CANDIEL (v.l. _candiil_) is little more or less than 14
bushels, wherewith they measure Rice, Corne, and all
graine."—_Linschoten_, 69; [Hak. Soc. i. 245].

1618.—"The CANDEE at this place (Batecala) containeth neere 500
pounds."—_W. Hore_, in _Purchas_, i. 657.

1710.—"They advised that they have supplied Habib Khan with ten CANDY of
country gunpowder."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 136.

c. 1760.—Grose gives the Bombay CANDY as 20 maunds of 28 lbs. each = 560
lbs.; the Surat ditto as 20 maunds of 37⅓ lbs. = 746⅔ lbs.; the Anjengo
ditto 560 lbs.; the Carwar ditto 575 lbs.; the Coromandel ditto at 500
lbs. &c.

(3) CANDY (SUGAR-). This name of crystallized sugar, though it came no doubt to Europe from the P.-Ar. _ḳand_ (P. also _shakar ḳand_; Sp. _azucar cande_; It. _candi_ and _zucchero candito_; Fr. _sucre candi_) is of Indian origin. There is a Skt. root _khaṇḍ_, 'to break,' whence _khaṇḍa_, 'broken,' also applied in various compounds to granulated and candied sugar. But there is also Tam. _kar-kaṇḍa_, _kala-kaṇḍa_, Mal. _kaṇḍi_, _kalkaṇḍi_, and _kalkaṇṭu_, which may have been the direct source of the P. and Ar. adoption of the word, and perhaps its original, from a Dravidian word = 'lump.' [The Dravidian terms mean 'stone-piece.']

A German writer, long within last century (as we learn from Mahn, quoted in Diez's Lexicon), appears to derive CANDY from Candia, "because most of the sugar which the Venetians imported was brought from that island"—a fact probably invented for the nonce. But the writer was the same wiseacre who (in the year 1829) characterised the book of Marco Polo as a "clumsily compiled ecclesiastical fiction disguised as a Book of Travels" (see _Introduction_ to _Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. pp. 112-113).

c. 1343.—"A centinajo si vende giengiovo, cannella, lacca, incenso,
indaco ... verzino scorzuto, zucchero ... ZUCCHERO CANDI ... porcellane
... costo...."—_Pegolotti_, p. 134.

1461.—"... Un ampoletto di balsamo. Teriaca bossoletti 15. Zuccheri
Moccari (?) panni 42. ZUCCHERI CANDITI, scattole 5...."—_List of Presents
from Sultan of Egypt to the Doge._ (See under BENJAMIN.)

c. 1596.—"White sugar candy (ḲANDĪ _safed_) ... 5½ _dams_ per
_ser._"—_Āīn_, i. 63.

1627.—"SUGAR CANDIE, or Stone Sugar."—_Minshew_, 2nd ed. s.v.

1727.—"The Trade they have to China is divided between them and _Surat_
... the Gross of their own Cargo, which consists in Sugar, SUGAR-CANDY,
Allom, and some Drugs ... are all for the _Surat_ Market."—_A. Hamilton_,
i. 371.

CANGUE, s. A square board, or portable pillory of wood, used in China as a punishment, or rather, as Dr. Wells Williams says, as a kind of censure, carrying no disgrace; strange as that seems to us, with whom the essence of the pillory is disgrace. The frame weighs up to 30 lbs., a weight limited by law. It is made to rest on the shoulders without chafing the neck, but so broad as to prevent the wearer from feeding himself. It is generally taken off at night (_Giles_, [and see _Gray, China_, i. 55 _seqq._]).

The _Cangue_ was introduced into China by the Tartar dynasty of Wei in the 5th century, and is first mentioned under A.D. 481. In the _Kwang-yun_ (a Chin. Dict. published A.D. 1009) it is called _kanggiai_ (modern mandarin _hiang-hiai_), _i.e._ 'Neck-fetter.' From this old form probably the Anamites have derived their word for it, _gong_, and the Cantonese _k'ang-ka_, 'to wear the _Cangue_,' a survival (as frequently happens in Chinese vernaculars) of an ancient term with a new orthography. It is probable that the Portuguese took the word from one of these latter forms, and associated it with their own _canga_, 'an ox-yoke,' or 'porter's yoke for carrying burdens.' [This view is rejected by the _N.E.D._ on the authority of Prof. Legge, and the word is regarded as derived from the Port. form given above. In reply to an enquiry, Prof. Giles writes: "I am entirely of opinion that the word is from the Port., and not from any Chinese term."] The thing is alluded to by F. M. Pinto and other early writers on China, who do not give it a name.

Something of this kind was in use in countries of Western Asia, called in P. _doshāka_ (_bilignum_). And this word is applied to the Chinese _cangue_ in one of our quotations. _Doshāka_, however, is explained in the lexicon _Burhān-i-Ḳāṭi_ as 'a piece of timber with two branches placed on the neck of a criminal' (_Quatremère_, in _Not. et Extr._ xiv. 172, 173).

1420.—"... made the ambassadors come forward side by side with certain
prisoners.... Some of these had a _doshāka_ on their necks."—_Shah Rukh's
Mission to China_, in _Cathay_, p. cciv.

[1525.—Castanheda (Bk. VI. ch. 71, p. 154) speaks of women who had come
from Portugal in the ships without leave, being tied up in a CAGA and
whipped.]

c. 1540.—"... Ordered us to be put in a horrid prison with fetters on our
feet, manacles on our hands, and _collars_ on our necks...."—_F. M.
Pinto_, (orig.) ch. lxxxiv.

1585.—"Also they doo lay on them a certaine covering of timber, wherein
remaineth no more space of hollownesse than their bodies doth make: thus
they are vsed that are condemned to death."—_Mendoza_ (tr. by Parke,
1599), Hak. Soc. i. 117-118.

1696.—"He was imprisoned, CONGOED, tormented, but making friends with his
Money ... was cleared, and made Under-Customer...."—_Bowyer's Journal_ at
Cochin China, in _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 81.

[1705.—"All the people were under confinement in separate houses and also
in CONGASS."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cccxl.]

" "I desir'd several Times to wait upon the Governour; but could
not, he was so taken up with over-halling the Goods, that came from _Pulo
Condore_, and weighing the Money, which was found to amount to 21,300
Tale. At last upon the 28th, I was obliged to appear as a Criminal in
CONGAS, before the Governour and his Grand Council, attended with all the
Slaves in the CONGAS."—Letter from _Mr. James Conyngham_, survivor of the
Pulo Condore massacre, in _Lockyer_, p. 93. Lockyer adds: "I understood
the CONGAS to be Thumbolts" (p. 95).

1727.—"With his neck in the CONGOES which are a pair of Stocks made of
bamboos."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 175.

1779.—"Aussitôt on les mit tous trois en prison, des chaines aux pieds,
une CANGUE au cou."—_Lettres Edif._ xxv. 427.

1797.—"The punishment of the _cha_, usually called by Europeans the
CANGUE, is generally inflicted for petty crimes."—_Staunton, Embassy_,
&c., ii. 492.

1878.—"... frapper sur les joues a l'aide d'une petite lame de cuir;
c'est, je crois, la seule correction infligée aux femmes, car je n'en ai
jamais vu aucune porter la CANGUE."—_Léon Rousset, À Travers la Chine_,
124.

CANHAMEIRA, CONIMERE, [COONIMODE], n.p. _Kanyimeḍu_ [or _Kunimeḍu_, Tam. _kūni_, 'humped,' _meḍu_, 'mound']; a place on the Coromandel coast, which was formerly the site of European factories (1682-1698) between Pondicherry and Madras, about 13 m. N. of the former.

1501.—In Amerigo Vespucci's letter from C. Verde to Lorenzo de' Medici,
giving an account of the Portuguese discoveries in India, he mentions on
the coast, before _Mailepur_, "CONIMAL."—In _Baldelli-Boni_, Introd. to
_Il Milione_, p. liii.

1561.—"On this coast there is a place called CANHAMEIRA, where there are
so many deer and wild cattle that if a man wants to buy 500 deer-skins,
within eight days the blacks of the place will give him delivery,
catching them in snares, and giving two or three skins for a
fanam."—_Correa_, ii. 772.

1680.—"It is resolved to apply to the Soobidar of Sevagee's Country of
Chengy for a Cowle to settle factories at Cooraboor (?) and COONEMERRO,
and also at Porto Novo, if desired."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consns._, 7th Jan., in
_Notes and Exts._, No. iii. p. 44.

[1689.—"We therefore conclude it more safe and expedient that the Chief
of CONIMERE ... do go and visit Rama Raja."—In _Wheeler, Early Rec._, p.
97.]

1727.—"CONNYMERE or CONJEMEER is the next Place, where the _English_ had
a Factory many Years, but, on their purchasing Fort St. _David_, it was
broken up.... At present its name is hardly seen in the Map of
Trade."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 357.

1753.—"De Pondicheri, à Madras, la côte court en général nord-nord-est
quelques degrés est. Le premier endroit de remarque est CONGI-MEDU,
vulgairement dit CONGIMER, à quatre lieues marines plus que moins de
Pondicheri."—_D'Anville_, p. 123.

CANNANORE, n.p. A port on the coast of northern Malabar, famous in the early Portuguese history, and which still is the chief British military station on that coast, with a European regiment. The name is _Kaṇṇūr_ or _Kaṇṇanūr_, 'Krishna's Town.' [The _Madras Gloss._ gives Mal. _kannu_, 'eye,' _ur_, 'village,' _i.e._ 'beautiful village.']

c. 1506.—"In CANANOR il suo Re si è zentil, e qui nasce zz. (_i.e._
_zenzari_, 'ginger'); ma li zz. pochi e non cusi boni come quelli de
Colcut."—_Leonardo Ca' Masser_, in _Archivio Storico Ital._, Append.

1510.—"CANONOR is a fine and large city, in which the King of Portugal
has a very strong castle.... This Canonor is a port at which horses which
come from Persia disembark."—_Varthema_, 123.

1572.—

"Chamará o Samorim mais gente nova
* * * * *
Fará que todo o Nayre em fim se mova
Que entre Calecut jaz, e CANANOR."
_Camões_, x. 14.

By Burton:

"The Samorin shall summon fresh allies;
* * * * *
lo! at his bidding every Nayr-man hies,
that dwells 'twixt Calecut and CANANOR."

[1611.—"The old Nahuda Mahomet of CAINNOR goeth aboard in this
boat."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 95.]

CANONGO, s. P. _ḳānūn-go_, _i.e._ 'Law-utterer' (the first part being Arab. from Gr. κανών). In upper India, and formerly in Bengal, the registrar of a _taḥṣīl_, or other revenue subdivision, who receives the reports of the _patwārīs_, or village registrars.

1758.—"Add to this that the King's CONNEGOES were maintained at our
expense, as well as the Gomastahs and other servants belonging to the
Zemindars, whose accounts we sent for."—_Letter to Court_, Dec. 31, in
_Long_, 157.

1765.—"I have to struggle with every difficulty that can be thrown in my
way by ministers, _mutseddies_, CONGOES (!), &c., and their
dependents."—Letter from _F. Sykes_, in _Carraccioli's Life of Clive_, i.
542.

CANTEROY, s. A gold coin formerly used in the S.E. part of Madras territory. It was worth 3 rs. Properly _Kanṭhiravi hun_ (or pagoda) from _Kanṭhiravā Rāyā_, 'the lion-voiced,' [Skt. _kaṇṭha_, 'throat,' _rava_, 'noise'], who ruled in Mysore from 1638 to 1659 (_C. P. Brown, MS._; [_Rice, Mysore_, i. 803]. See _Dirom's Narrative_, p. 279, where the revenues of the territory taken from Tippoo in 1792 are stated in CANTERAY pagodas.

1790.—"The full collections amounted to five Crores and ninety-two lacks
of CANTEROY pagodas of 3 Rupees each."—_Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 237.

1800.—"Accounts are commonly kept in Canter'raia PALAMS, and in an
imaginary money containing 10 of these, by the Musulmans called
_chucrams_ [see CHUCKRUM], and by the English CANTEROY
Pagodas...."—_Buchanan's Mysore_, i. 129.

CANTON, n.p. The great seaport of Southern China, the chief city of the Province of Kwang-tung, whence we take the name, through the Portuguese, whose older writers call it _Cantão_. The proper name of the city is _Kwang-chau-fu_. The Chin. name _Kwang-tung_ (= 'Broad East') is an ellipsis for "capital of the E. Division of the Province _Liang-Kwang_ (or 'Two Broad Realms')."—(_Bp. Moule_).

1516.—"So as this went on Fernão Peres arrived from Pacem with his cargo
(of pepper), and having furnished himself with necessaries set off on his
voyage in June 1516 ... they were 7 sail altogether, and they made their
voyage with the aid of good pilots whom they had taken, and went without
harming anybody touching at certain ports, most of which were subject to
the King of China, who called himself the Son of God and Lord of the
World. Fernão Peres arrived at the islands of China, and when he was seen
there came an armed squadron of 12 junks, which in the season of
navigation always cruized about, guarding the sea, to prevent the
numerous pirates from attacking the ships. Fernão Peres knew about this
from the pilots, and as it was late, and he could not double a certain
island there, he anchored, sending word to his captains to have their
guns ready for defence if the Chins desired to fight. Next day he made
sail towards the island of Veniaga, which is 18 leagues from the city of
CANTÃO. It is on that island that all the traders buy and sell, without
licence from the rulers of the city.... And 3 leagues from that island of
Veniaga is another island, where is posted the Admiral or Captain-Major
of the Sea, who immediately on the arrival of strangers at the island of
Veniaga reports to the rulers of CANTÃO, who they are, and what goods
they bring or wish to buy; that the rulers may send orders what course to
take."—_Correa_, ii. 524.

c. 1535.—"... queste cose ... vanno alla China con li lor giunchi, e a
CAMTON, che è Città grande...."—_Sommario de' Regni, Ramusio_, i. f. 337.

1585.—"The Chinos do vse in their pronunciation to terme their cities
with this sylable, Fu, that is as much as to say, citie, as Taybin fu,
CANTON fu, and their townes with this syllable, Cheu."—_Mendoza_, Parke's
old E. T. (1588) Hak. Soc. i. 24.

1727.—"CANTON or _Quantung_ (as the Chinese express it) is the next
maritime Province."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 217.

CANTONMENT, s. (Pron. _Cantoonment_, with accent on penult.). This English word has become almost appropriated as Anglo-Indian, being so constantly used in India, and so little used elsewhere. It is applied to military stations in India, built usually on a plan which is originally that of a standing camp or 'cantonment.'

1783.—"I know not the full meaning of the word CANTONMENT, and a camp
this singular place cannot well be termed; it more resembles a large
town, very many miles in circumference. The officers' bungalos on the
banks of the Tappee are large and convenient," &c.—_Forbes_, Letter in
_Or. Mem._ describing the "Bengal Cantonments near Surat," iv. 239.

1825.—"The fact, however, is certain ... the CANTONMENTS at Lucknow, nay
Calcutta itself, are abominably situated. I have heard the same of
Madras; and now the lately-settled CANTONMENT of Nusseerabad appears to
be as objectionable as any of them."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, ii. 7.

1848.—"Her ladyship, our old acquaintance, is as much at home at Madras
as at Brussels—in the CANTONMENT as under the tents."—_Vanity Fair_, ii.
ch. 8.

CAPASS, s. The cotton plant and cotton-wool. H. _kapās_, from Skt. _karpasa_, which seems as if it must be the origin of κάρπασος, though the latter is applied to flax.

1753.—"... They cannot any way conceive the musters of 1738 to be a fit
standard for judging by them of the cloth sent us this year, as the
COPASS or country cotton has not been for these two years past under nine
or ten rupees...."—_Ft. Wm. Cons._, in _Long_, 40.

[1813.—"Guzerat cows are very fond of the CAPAUSSIA, or
cotton-seed."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 35.]

CAPEL, s. Malayāl. _kappal_, 'a ship.' This word has been imported into Malay, _kāpal_, and Javanese. [It appears to be still in use on the W. Coast; see _Bombay Gazetteer_, xiii. (2) 470.]

1498.—In the vocabulary of the language of Calicut given in the _Roteiro
de V. de Gama_ we have—

"_Naoo_; CAPELL."—p. 118.

1510.—"Some others which are made like ours, that is in the bottom, they
call CAPEL."—_Varthema_, 154.

CAPELAN, n.p. This is a name which was given by several 16th-century travellers to the mountains in Burma from which the rubies purchased at Pegu were said to come; the idea of their distance, &c., being very vague. It is not in our power to say what name was intended. [It was perhaps _Kyat-pyen_.] The real position of the 'ruby-mines' is 60 or 70 m. N.E. of Mandalay. [See Ball's _Tavernier_, ii. 99, 465 _seqq._]

1506.—"... e qui è uno porto appresso uno loco che si chiama ACAPLEN,
dove li se trova molti rubini, e spinade, e zoie d'ogni sorte."—_Leonardo
di Ca' Masser_, p. 28.

1510.—"The sole merchandise of these people is jewels, that is, rubies,
which come from another city called CAPELLAN, which is distant from this
(Pegu) 30 days' journey."—_Varthema_, 218.

1516.—"Further inland than the said Kingdom of Ava, at five days journey
to the south-east, is another city of Gentiles ... called CAPELAN, and
all round are likewise found many and excellent rubies, which they bring
to sell at the city and fair of Ava, and which are better than those of
Ava."—_Barbosa_, 187.

c. 1535.—"This region of Arquam borders on the interior with the great
mountain called CAPELANGAM, where are many places inhabited by a not very
civilised people. These carry musk and rubies to the great city of Ava,
which is the capital of the Kingdom of Arquam...."—_Sommario de Regni_,
in _Ramusio_, i. 334_v_.

c. 1660.—"... A mountain 12 days journey or thereabouts, from _Siren_
towards the North-east; the name whereof is CAPELAN. In this mine are
found great quantities of Rubies."—_Tavernier_ (E. T.) ii. 143; [ed.
_Ball_, ii. 99].

Phillip's Mineralogy (according to Col. Burney) mentions the locality of
the ruby as "the CAPELAN mountains, sixty miles from Pegue, a city in
Ceylon!"—(_J. As. Soc. Bengal_, ii. 75). This writer is certainly very
loose in his geography, and Dana (ed. 1850) is not much better: "The best
ruby sapphires occur in the CAPELAN mountains, near Syrian, a city of
Pegu."—_Mineralogy_, p. 222.

CAPUCAT, n.p. The name of a place on the sea near Calicut, mentioned by several old authors, but which has now disappeared from the maps, and probably no longer exists. The proper name is uncertain. [It is the little port of Kāppatt or Kappaṭ-ṭangadi (Mal. _kāval_, 'guard,' _pātu_, 'place,') in the Cooroombranaud Taluka of the Malabar District. (_Logan, Man. of Malabar_, i. 73). The _Madras Gloss._ calls it _Caupaud_. Also see Gray, _Pyrard_, i. 360.]

1498.—In the _Roteiro_ it is called CAPUA.

1500.—"This being done the Captain-Major (Pedralvares Cabral) made sail
with the foresail and mizen, and went to the port of CAPOCATE which was
attached to the same city of Calecut, and was a haven where there was a
great loading of vessels, and where many ships were moored that were all
engaged in the trade of Calicut...."—_Correa_, i. 207.

1510.—"... another place called CAPOGATTO, which is also subject to the
King of Calecut. This place has a very beautiful palace, built in the
ancient style."—_Varthema_, 133-134.

1516.—"Further on ... is another town, at which there is a small river,
which is called CAPUCAD, where there are many country-born Moors, and
much shipping."—_Barbosa_, 152.

1562.—"And they seized a great number of grabs and vessels belonging to
the people of KABKAD, and the new port, and Calicut, and Funan [_i.e._
_Ponany_], these all being subject to the
Zamorin."—_Tohfat-ul-Mujahideen_, tr. by _Rowlandson_, p. 157. The want
of editing in this last book is deplorable.

CARACOA, CARACOLLE, KARKOLLEN, &c., s. Malay _kōra-kōra_ or _kūra-kūra_, which is [either a transferred use of the Malay _kūra-kūra_, or _ku-kūra_, 'a tortoise,' alluding, one would suppose, either to the shape or pace of the boat, but perhaps the tortoise was named from the boat, or the two words are independent; or from the Ar. _ḳurḳūr_, pl. _ḳarāḳīr_, 'a large merchant vessel.' Scott (s.v. _Coracora_), says: "In the absence of proof to the contrary, we may assume _kora-kora_ to be native Malayan."] Dozy (s.v. _Carraca_) says that the Ar. _ḳura-ḳūra_ was, among the Arabs, a merchant vessel, sometimes of very great size. Crawfurd describes the Malay _ḳura-ḳura_, as 'a large kind of sailing vessel'; but the quotation from Jarric shows it to have been the Malay galley. Marre (_Kata-Kata Malayou_, 87) says: "The Malay KORA-KORA is a great row-boat; still in use in the Moluccas. Many measure 100 feet long and 10 wide. Some have as many as 90 rowers."

c. 1330.—"We embarked on the sea at Lādhikiya in a big _ḳurḳūra_
belonging to Genoese people, the master of which was called
Martalamin."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 254.

1349.—"I took the sea on a small _ḳurḳūra_ belonging to a
Tunisian."—_Ibid._ iv. 327.

1606.—"The foremost of these galleys or CARACOLLES recovered our Shippe,
wherein was the King of Tarnata."—_Middleton's Voyage_, E. 2.

" "... Nave conscensâ, quam linguâ patriâ CARACORA noncupant.
Navigii genus est oblõgum, et angustum, triremis instar, velis simul et
remis impellitur."—_Jarric, Thesaurus_, i. 192.

[1613.—"CURRA-CURRA." See quotation under ORANKAY.]

1627.—"They have Gallies after their manner, formed like Dragons, which
they row very swiftly, they call them KARKOLLEN."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_,
606.

1659.—"They (natives of Ceram, &c.) hawked these dry heads backwards and
forwards in their KORREKORRES as a special rarity."—_Walter Schultzen's
Ost-Indische Reise, &c._, p. 41.

1711.—"Les Philippines nomment ces batimens CARACOAS. C'est vne espèce de
petite galère à rames et à voiles."—_Lettres Edif._ iv. 27.

1774.—"A COROCORO is a vessel generally fitted with outriggers, having a
high arched stem and stern, like the points of a half moon.... The Dutch
have fleets of them at Amboyna, which they employ as
guarda-costos."—_Forrest, Voyage to N. Guinea_, 23. Forrest has a plate
of a COROCORO, p. 64.

[1869.—"The boat was one of the kind called KORA-KORA, quite open, very
low, and about four tons burden. It had out-riggers of bamboo, about five
off each side, which supported a bamboo platform extending the whole
length of the vessel. On the extreme outside of this sat the twenty
rowers, while within was a convenient passage fore and aft. The middle of
the boat was covered with a thatch-house, in which baggage and passengers
are stowed; the gunwale was not more than a foot above water, and from
the great side and top weight, and general clumsiness, these boats are
dangerous in heavy weather, and are not infrequently lost."—_Wallace,
Malay Arch._, ed. 1890, p. 266.]

CARAFFE, s. Dozy shows that this word, which in English we use for a water-bottle, is of Arabic origin, and comes from the root _gharaf_, 'to draw' (water), through the Sp. _garráfa_. But the precise Arabic word is not in the dictionaries. (See under CARBOY.)

CARAMBOLA, s. The name given by various old writers on Western India to the beautiful acid fruit of the tree (_N.O. Oxalideae_) called by Linn. from this word, _Averrhoa carambola_. This name was that used by the Portuguese. De Orta tells us that it was the Malabar name. The word _karanbal_ is also given by Molesworth as the Mahratti name; [another form is _karambela_, which comes from the Skt. _karmara_ given below in the sense of 'food-appetizer']. In Upper India the fruit is called _kamranga_, _kamrakh_, or _khamrak_ (Skt. _karmara_, _karmāra_, _karmaraka_, _karmaranga_).[57] (See also BLIMBEE.) Why a cannon at billiards should be called by the French _carambolage_ we do not know. [If Mr. Ball be right, the fruit has a name, Cape-Gooseberry, in China which in India is used for the Tiparry.—_Things Chinese_, 3rd ed. 253.]

c. 1530.—"Another fruit is the KERMERIK. It is fluted with five sides,"
&c.—_Erskine's Baber_, 325.

1563.—"_O._ Antonia, pluck me from that tree a CARAMBOLA or two (for so
they call them in Malavar, and we have adopted the Malavar name, because
that was the first region where we got acquainted with them).

"_A._ Here they are.

"_R._ They are beautiful; a sort of sour-sweet, not _very_ acid.

"_O._ They are called in Canarin and Decan _camariz_, and in Malay
_balimba_ ... they make with sugar a very pleasant conserve of these....
Antonia! bring hither a preserved CARAMBOLA."—_Garcia_, ff. 46_v_, 47.

1598.—"There is another fruite called CARAMBOLAS, which hath 8 (5 really)
corners, as bigge as a smal aple, sower in eating, like vnripe plums, and
most vsed to make Conserues. (_Note by Paludanus_). The fruite which the
Malabars and Portingales call CARAMBOLAS, is in Decan called CAMARIX, in
Canar, _Camarix_ and _Carabeli_; in Malaio, _Bolumba_, and by the
Persians CHAMAROCH."—_Linschoten_, 96; [Hak. Soc. ii. 33].

1672.—"The CARAMBOLA ... as large as a pear, all sculptured (as it were)
and divided into ribs, the ridges of which are not round but sharp,
resembling the heads of those iron maces that were anciently in use."—_P.
Vincenzo Maria_, 352.

1878.—"... the oxalic KAMRAK."—_In my Indian Garden_, 50.