Chapter XVII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (14)

BULGAR, BOLGAR, s. P. _bulghār_. The general Asiatic name for what we call 'Russia leather,' from the fact that the region of manufacture and export was originally BOLGHĀR on the Volga, a kingdom which stood for many centuries, and gave place to Kazan in the beginning of the 15th century. The word was usual also among Anglo-Indians till the beginning of last century, and is still in native Hindustani use. A native (mythical) account of the manufacture is given in _Baden-Powell's Punjab Handbook_, 1872, and this fanciful etymology: "as the scent is derived from soaking in the pits (_ghār_), the leather is called _Balghār_" (p. 124).

1298.—"He bestows on each of those 12,000 Barons ... likewise a pair of
boots of BORGAL, curiously wrought with silver thread."—_Marco Polo_, 2nd
ed. i. 381. See also the note on this passage.

c. 1333.—"I wore on my feet boots (or stockings) of wool; over these a
pair of linen lined, and over all a thin pair of BORGHĀLI, _i.e._ of
horse-leather lined with wolf skin."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 445.

[1614.—"Of your BULLGARYAN hides there are brought hither some
150."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 67.]

1623.—Offer of Sheriff Freeman and Mr. Coxe to furnish the Company with
"BULGARY red hides."—_Court Minutes_, in _Sainsbury_, iii. 184.

1624.—"Purefy and Hayward, Factors at Ispahan to the E. I. Co., have
bartered morse-teeth and 'BULGARS' for carpets."—_Ibid._ p. 268.

1673.—"They carry also BULGAR-Hides, which they form into Tanks to bathe
themselves."—_Fryer_, 398.

c. 1680.—"Putting on a certain dress made of BULGAR-leather, stuffed with
cotton."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 387.

1759.—Among expenses on account of the Nabob of Bengal's visit to
Calcutta we find:

"To 50 pair of BULGER Hides at 13 per pair, Rs. 702 : 0 : 0."—_Long_,
193.

1786.—Among "a very capital and choice assortment of Europe goods" we
find "BULGAR Hides."—_Cal. Gazette_, June 8, in _Seton-Karr_, i. 177.

1811.—"Most of us furnished at least one of our servants with a kind of
bottle, holding nearly three quarts, made of BULGHÁR ... or
Russia-leather."—_W. Ousely's Travels_, i. 247.

In Tibetan the word is BULHARI.

BULKUT, s. A large decked ferry-boat; from Telug. _balla_, a board. (C. P. Brown).

BULLUMTEER, s. Anglo-Sepoy dialect for '_Volunteer_.' This distinctive title was applied to certain regiments of the old Bengal Army, whose terms of enlistment embraced service beyond sea; and in the days of that army various ludicrous stories were current in connection with the name.

BUMBA, s. H. _bamba_, from Port. _bomba_, 'a pump.' Haex (1631) gives: "_Bomba_, organum pneumaticum quo aqua hauritur," as a Malay word. This is incorrect, of course, as to the origin of the word, but it shows its early adoption into an Eastern language. The word is applied at Ahmedabad to the water-towers, but this is modern; [and so is the general application of the word in N. India to a canal distributary].

1572.—

"'Alija, disse o mestre rijamente,
Alija tudo ao mar, não falte acordo
Vão outros dar á BOMBA, não cessando;
Á BOMBA que nos imos alagando.'"
_Camões_, vi. 72.

By Burton:

"'Heave!' roared the Master with a mighty roar,
'Heave overboard your all, together's the word!
Others go work the pumps, and with a will:
The pumps! and sharp, look sharp, before she fill!'"

BUMMELO, s. A small fish, abounding on all the coasts of India and the Archipelago; _Harpodon nehereus_ of Buch. Hamilton; the specific name being taken from the Bengali name _nehare_. The fish is a great delicacy when fresh caught and fried. When dried it becomes the famous Bombay Duck (see DUCKS, BOMBAY), which is now imported into England.

The origin of either name is obscure. Molesworth gives the word as Mahratti with the spelling _bombīl_, or _bombīla_ (p. 595 a). _Bummelo_ occurs in the Supp. (1727) to Bluteau's Dict. in the Portuguese form bambulim, as "the name of a very savoury fish in India." The same word _bambulim_ is also explained to mean '_humas pregas na saya a moda_,' 'certain plaits in the fashionable ruff,' but we know not if there is any connection between the two. The form _Bombay Duck_ has an analogy to _Digby Chicks_ which are sold in the London shops, also a kind of dried fish, pilchards we believe, and the name may have originated in imitation of this or some similar English name. [The _Digby Chick_ is said to be a small herring cured in a peculiar manner at _Digby_, in Lincolnshire: but the Americans derive them from _Digby_ in Nova Scotia; see 8 ser. _N. & Q._ vii. 247.]

In an old chart of Chittagong River (by B. Plaisted, 1764, published by A. Dalrymple, 1785) we find a point called _Bumbello Point_.

1673.—"Up the Bay a Mile lies Massigoung, a great Fishing-Town,
peculiarly notable for a Fish called BUMBELOW, the Sustenance of the
Poorer sort."—_Fryer_, 67.

1785.—"My friend General Campbell, Governor of Madras, tells me that they
make Speldings in the East Indies, particularly at Bombay, where they
call them BUMBALOES."—Note by _Boswell_ in his _Tour to the Hebrides_,
under August 18th, 1773.

1810.—"The BUMBELO is like a large sand-eel; it is dried in the sun, and
is usually eaten at breakfast with kedgeree."—_Maria Graham_, 25.

1813.—Forbes has BUMBALO; _Or. Mem._, i. 53; [2nd ed., i. 36].

1877.—"BUMMALOW or _Bobil_, the dried fish still called 'Bombay
Duck.'"—_Burton, Sind Revisited_, i. 68.

BUNCUS, BUNCO, s. An old word for cheroot. Apparently from the Malay _bungkus_, 'a wrapper, bundle, thing wrapped.'

1711.—"Tobacco ... for want of Pipes they smoke in BUNCOS, as on the
_Coromándel_ Coast. A BUNCO is a little Tobacco wrapt up in the Leaf of a
Tree, about the Bigness of one's little Finger, they light one End, and
draw the Smoke thro' the other ... these are curiously made up, and sold
20 or 30 in a bundle."—_Lockyer_, 61.

1726.—"After a meal, and on other occasions it is one of their greatest
delights, both men and women, old and young, to eat _Pinang_ (areca), and
to smoke tobacco, which the women do with a BONGKOS, or dry leaf rolled
up, and the men with a _Gorregorri_ (a little can or flower pot) whereby
they both manage to pass most of their time."—_Valentijn_, v. _Chorom._,
55. [_Gorregorri_ is Malay _guri-guri_, 'a small earthenware pot, also
used for holding provisions' (_Klinkert_).]

" (In the retinue of Grandees in Java):

"One with a coconut shell mounted in gold or silver to hold their tobacco
or BONGKOOSES (i.e. tobacco in rolled leaves)."—_Valentijn_, iv. 61.

c. 1760.—"The tobacco leaf, simply rolled up, in about a finger's length,
which they call a BUNCUS, and is, I fancy, of the same make as what the
West Indians term a segar; and of this the Gentoos chiefly make
use."—_Grose_, i. 146.

BUND, s. Any artificial embankment, a dam, dyke, or causeway. H. _band_. The root is both Skt. (_bandh_) and P., but the common word, used as it is without aspirate, seems to have come from the latter. The word is common in Persia (_e.g._ see BENDAMEER). It is also naturalised in the Anglo-Chinese ports. It is there applied especially to the embanked quay along the shore of the settlements. In Hong Kong alone this is called (not _bund_, but) _praia_ (Port. 'shore' [see PRAYA]), probably adopted from Macao.

1810.—"The great BUND or dyke."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 279.

1860.—"The natives have a tradition that the destruction of the BUND was
effected by a foreign enemy."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 504.

1875.—"... it is pleasant to see the Chinese ... being propelled along
the BUND in their hand carts."—_Thomson's Malacca_, &c., 408.

1876.—"... so I took a stroll on Tien-Tsin BUND."—_Gill, River of Golden
Sand_, i. 28.

BUNDER, s. P. _bandar_, a landing-place or quay; a seaport; a harbour; (and sometimes also a custom-house). The old Ital. _scala_, mod. _scalo_, is the nearest equivalent in most of the senses that occurs to us. We have (c. 1565) the _Mīr-bandar_, or Port Master, in Sind (_Elliot_, i. 277) [cf. SHABUNDER]. The Portuguese often wrote the word BANDEL. BUNDER is in S. India the popular native name of MASULIPATAM, or _Machli-bandar_.

c. 1344.—"The profit of the treasury, which they call BANDAR, consists in
the right of buying a certain portion of all sorts of cargo at a fixed
price, whether the goods be only worth that or more; and this is called
the _Law of the Bandar_."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 120.

c. 1346.—"So we landed at the BANDAR, which is a large collection of
houses on the sea-shore."—_Ibid._ 228.

1552.—"Coga-atar sent word to Affonzo d'Alboquerque that on the coast of
the main land opposite, at a port which is called BANDAR Angon ... were
arrived two ambassadors of the King of Shiraz."—_Barros_, II. ii. 4.

[1616.—"Besides the danger in intercepting our boats to and from the
shore, &c., their firing from the BANDA would be with much
difficulty."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 328.]

1673.—"We fortify our Houses, have BUNDERS or Docks for our Vessels, to
which belong Yards for Seamen, Soldiers, and Stores."—_Fryer_, 115.

1809.—"On the new BUNDER or pier."—_Maria Graham_, 11.

[1847, 1860.—See quotations under APOLLO BUNDER.]

BUNDER-BOAT, s. A boat in use on the Bombay and Madras coast for communicating with ships at anchor, and also much employed by officers of the civil departments (Salt, &c.) in going up and down the coast. It is rigged as Bp. Heber describes, with a cabin amidships.

1825.—"We crossed over ... in a stout boat called here a BUNDUR BOAT. I
suppose from '_bundur_' a harbour, with two masts, and two lateen
sails...."—_Heber_, ii. 121, ed. 1844.

BUNDOBUST, s. P.—H.—_band-o-bast_, lit. 'tying and binding.' Any system or mode of regulation; discipline; a revenue settlement.

[1768.—"Mr. Rumbold advises us ... he proposes making a tour through that
province ... and to settle the BANDOBUST for the ensuing year."—_Letter
to the Court of Directors_, in _Verelst, View of Bengal_, App. 77.]

c. 1843.—"There must be _bahut achch'hā bandobast_ (_i.e._ very good
order or discipline) in your country," said an aged Khānsamā (in
Hindustani) to one of the present writers. "When I have gone to the
Sandheads to meet a young gentleman from _Bilāyat_, if I gave him a cup
of tea, '_tānki tānki_,' said he. Three months afterwards this was all
changed; bad language, violence, no more _tānki_."

1880.—"There is not a more fearful wild-fowl than your travelling M.P.
This unhappy creature, whose mind is a perfect blank regarding _Faujdari_
and BANDOBAST...."—_Ali Baba_, 181.

BUNDOOK, s. H. _bandūḳ_, from Ar. _bunduḳ_. The common H. term for a musket or matchlock. The history of the word is very curious. Bunduḳ, pl. _banādiḳ_, was a name applied by the Arabs to filberts (as some allege) because they came from Venice (_Banadiḳ_, comp. German _Venedig_). The name was transferred to the nut-like pellets shot from cross-bows, and thence the cross-bows or arblasts were called _bunduḳ_, elliptically for _kaus al-b._, 'pellet-bow.' From cross-bows the name was transferred again to firearms, as in the parallel case of _arquebus_. [Al-Banduḳāni, 'the man of the pellet-bow,' was one of the names by which the Caliph Hārūn-al-Rashīd was known, and Al Zahir Baybars al-Banduḳdāri, the fourth Baharite Soldan (A.D. 1260-77) was so entitled because he had been slave to a Bandukdār, or Master of Artillery (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, xii. 38).]

[1875.—"BANDŪQIS, or orderlies of the Maharaja, carrying long guns in a
loose red cloth cover."—_Drew, Jummoo and Kashmir_, 74.]

BUNGALOW, s. H. and Mahr. _banglā_. The most usual class of house occupied by Europeans in the interior of India; being on one story, and covered by a pyramidal roof, which in the normal bungalow is of thatch, but may be of tiles without impairing its title to be called a _bungalow_. Most of the houses of officers in Indian cantonments are of this character. In reference to the style of the house, _bungalow_ is sometimes employed in contradistinction to the (usually more pretentious) _pucka house_; by which latter term is implied a masonry house with a terraced roof. A _bungalow_ may also be a small building of the type which we have described, but of temporary material, in a garden, on a terraced roof for sleeping in, &c., &c. The word has also been adopted by the French in the East, and by Europeans generally in Ceylon, China, Japan, and the coast of Africa.

Wilson writes the word _bānglā_, giving it as a Bengālī word, and as probably derived from _Banga_, Bengal. This is fundamentally the etymology mentioned by Bp. Heber in his _Journal_ (see below), and that etymology is corroborated by our first quotation, from a native historian, as well as by that from F. Buchanan. It is to be remembered that in Hindustan proper the adjective 'of or belonging to Bengal' is constantly pronounced as _bangălā_ or _banglā_. Thus one of the eras used in E. India is distinguished as the _Banglā_ era. The probability is that, when Europeans began to build houses of this character in Behar and Upper India, these were called _Banglā_ or 'Bengal-fashion' houses; that the name was adopted by the Europeans themselves and their followers, and so was brought back to Bengal itself, as well as carried to other parts of India. ["In Bengal, and notably in the districts near Calcutta, native houses to this day are divided into _ath-chala_, _chau-chala_, and _Bangala_, or eight-roofed, four-roofed, and Bengali, or common huts. The first term does not imply that the house has eight coverings, but that the roof has four distinct sides with four more projections, so as to cover a verandah all round the house, which is square. The _Bangala_, or Bengali house, or _bungalow_ has a sloping roof on two sides and two gable ends. Doubtless the term was taken up by the first settlers in Bengal from the native style of edifice, was materially improved, and was thence carried to other parts of India. It is not necessary to assume that the first bungalows were erected in Behar." (_Saturday Rev._, 17th April 1886, in a review of the first ed. of this book).]

A.H. 1041 = A.D. 1633.—"Under the rule of the Bengalis
(_darahd-i-Bangālīyān_) a party of Frank merchants, who are inhabitants
of Sundíp, came trading to Sátgánw. One kos above that place they
occupied some ground on the banks of the estuary. Under the pretence that
a building was necessary for their transactions in buying and selling,
they erected several houses in the BENGÁLÍ style."—_Bādshāhnāma_, in
_Elliot_, vii. 31.

c. 1680.—In the tracing of an old Dutch chart in the India Office, which
may be assigned to about this date, as it has no indication of Calcutta,
we find at Hoogly: "_Ougli_ ... _Hollantze Logie_ ... BANGELAER _of
Speelhuys_," _i.e._ "Hoogly ... Dutch Factory ... BUNGALOW, or
Pleasure-house."

1711.—"_Mr. Herring, the Pilot's, Directions for bringing of Ships down
the River of Hughley._

"From _Gull Gat_ all along the _Hughley_ Shore until below the _New
Chaney_ almost as far as the _Dutch_ BUNGELOW lies a Sand...."—_Thornton,
The English Pilot_, Pt. III. p. 54.

1711.—"_Natty_ BUNGELO or _Nedds_ BANGALLA River lies in this Reach
(Tanna) on the Larboard side...."—_Ibid._ 56. The place in the chart is
_Nedds_ BENGALLA, and seems to have been near the present Akra on the
Hoogly.

1747.—"Nabob's Camp near the Hedge of the Bounds, building a BANGALLAA,
raising Mudd Walls round the Camp, making Gun Carriages, &c. ...
(Pagodas) 55:10:73."—_Acct. of Extraordinary Charges_ ... January, at
_Fort St. David, MS. Records in India Office_.

1758.—"I was talking with my friends in Dr. Fullerton's BANGLA when news
came of Ram Narain's being defeated."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, ii. 103.

1780.—"To be Sold or Let, A Commodious BUNGALO and out Houses ...
situated on the Road leading from the Hospital to the Burying Ground, and
directly opposite to the Avenue in front of Sir Elijah Impey's
House...."—_The India Gazette_, Dec. 23.

1781-83.—"BUNGELOWS are buildings in India, generally raised on a base of
brick, one, two, or three feet from the ground, and consist of only one
story: the plan of them usually is a large room in the center for an
eating and sitting room, and rooms at each corner for sleeping; the whole
is covered with one general thatch, which comes low to each side; the
spaces between the angle rooms are _viranders_ or open porticoes ...
sometimes the center _viranders_ at each end are converted into
rooms."—_Hodges, Travels_, 146.

1784.—"To be let at Chinsurah.... That large and commodious House.... The
out-buildings are—a warehouse and two large _bottle-connahs_, 6
store-rooms, a cook-room, and a garden, with a BUNGALOW near the
house."—_Cal. Gazette_, in _Seton-Karr_, i. 40.

1787.—"At Barrackpore many of the BUNGALOWS much damaged, though none
entirely destroyed."—_Ibid._ p. 213.

1793.—"... the BUNGALO, or Summer-house...."—_Dirom_, 211.

" "For Sale, a BUNGALO situated between the two Tombstones, in the
Island of Coulaba."—_Bombay Courier_, Jan. 12.

1794.—"The candid critic will not however expect the parched plains of
India, or BUNGALOES in the land-winds, will hardly tempt the Aonian maids
wont to disport on the banks of Tiber and Thames...."—_Hugh Boyd_, 170.

1809.—"We came to a small BUNGALO or garden-house, at the point of the
hill, from which there is, I think, the finest view I ever saw."—_Maria
Graham_, 10.

c. 1810.—"The style of private edifices that is proper and peculiar to
Bengal consists of a hut with a pent roof constructed of two sloping
sides which meet in a ridge forming the segment of a circle.... This kind
of hut, it is said, from being peculiar to Bengal, is called by the
natives BANGGOLO, a name which has been somewhat altered by Europeans,
and applied by them to all their buildings in the cottage style, although
none of them have the proper shape, and many of them are excellent brick
houses."—_Buchanan's Dinagepore_ (in _Eastern India_, ii. 922).

1817.—"The _Yorŭ-bangala_ is made like two thatched houses or BANGALAS,
placed side by side.... These temples are dedicated to different gods,
but are not now frequently seen in Bengal."—_Ward's Hindoos_, Bk. II. ch.
i.

c. 1818.—"As soon as the sun is down we will go over to the Captain's
BUNGALOW."—_Mrs Sherwood, Stories_, &c., ed. 1873, p. 1. The original
editions of this book contain an engraving of "The Captain's Bungalow at
Cawnpore" (c. 1811-12), which shows that no material change has occurred
in the character of such dwellings down to the present time.

1824.—"The house itself of Barrackpore ... barely accommodates Lord
Amherst's own family; and his aides-de-camp and visitors sleep in
bungalows built at some little distance from it in the Park. BUNGALOW, a
corruption of Bengalee, is the general name in this country for any
structure in the cottage style, and only of one floor. Some of these are
spacious and comfortable dwellings...."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 33.

1872.—"L'emplacement du BUNGALOU avait été choisi avec un soin tout
particulier."—_Rev. des Deux Mondes_, tom. xcviii. 930.

1875.—"The little groups of officers dispersed to their respective
BUNGALOWS to dress and breakfast."—_The Dilemma_, ch. i.

[In Oudh the name was specially applied to Fyzabad.

[1858.—"Fyzabad ... was founded by the first rulers of the reigning
family, and called for some time BUNGALOW, from a bungalow which they
built on the verge of the stream."—_Sleeman, Journey through the Kingdom
of Oudh_, i. 137.]

BUNGALOW, DAWK-, s. A rest-house for the accommodation of travellers, formerly maintained (and still to a reduced extent) by the paternal care of the Government of India. The _matériel_ of the accommodation was humble enough, but comprised the things essential for the weary traveller—shelter, a bed and table, a bathroom, and a servant furnishing food at a very moderate cost. On principal lines of thoroughfare these bungalows were at a distance of 10 to 15 miles apart, so that it was possible for a traveller to make his journey by marches without carrying a tent. On some less frequented roads they were 40 or 50 miles apart, adapted to a night's run in a palankin.

1853.—"DÂK-BUNGALOWS have been described by some Oriental travellers as
the 'Inns of India.' Playful satirists!"—_Oakfield_, ii. 17.

1866.—"The DAWK BUNGALOW; or, Is his Appointment Pucka?"—By _G. O.
Trevelyan_, in _Fraser's Magazine_, vol. 73, p. 215.

1878.—"I am inclined to think the value of life to a DAK BUNGALOW fowl
must be very trifling."—_In my Indian Garden_, 11.

BUNGY, s. H. _bhangī_. The name of a low caste, habitually employed as sweepers, and in the lowest menial offices, the man being a house sweeper and dog-boy, [his wife an AYAH]. Its members are found throughout Northern and Western India, and every European household has a servant of this class. The colloquial application of the term _bungy_ to such servants is however peculiar to Bombay, [but the word is commonly used in the N.W.P. but always with a contemptuous significance]. In the Bengal Pry. he is generally called MEHTAR (q.v.), and by politer natives Halālkhor (see HALALCORE), &c. In Madras _totī_ (see TOTY) is the usual word; [in W. India _Dheṛ_ or _Dheḍ_]. Wilson suggests that the caste name may be derived from _bhang_ (see BANG), and this is possible enough, as the class is generally given to strong drink and intoxicating drugs.

1826.—"The _Kalpa_ or Skinner, and the BUNGHEE, or Sweeper, are yet one
step below the _Dher_."—_Tr. Lit. Soc. Bombay_, iii. 362.

BUNOW, s. and v. H. _banāo_, used in the sense of 'preparation, fabrication,' &c., but properly the imperative of _banānā_, 'to make, prepare, fabricate.' The Anglo-Indian word is applied to anything fictitious or factitious, 'a cram, a shave, a sham'; or, as a verb, to the manufacture of the like. The following lines have been found among old papers belonging to an officer who was at the Court of the Nawāb Sa'ādat 'Ali at Lucknow, at the beginning of the last century:—

"Young Grant and Ford the other day
Would fain have had some Sport,
But Hound nor Beagle none had they,
Nor aught of Canine sort.
A luckless _Parry_[46] came most pat
When Ford—'we've Dogs enow!
Here _Maitre—Kawn aur Doom ko Kaut_
_Juld_! Terrier BUNNOW!'[47]

"So Saadut with the like design
(I mean, to form a Pack)
To * * * * * t gave a Feather fine
And Red Coat to his Back;
A Persian Sword to clog his side,
And Boots Hussar _sub-nyah_,[48]
Then eyed his Handiwork with Pride,
Crying _Meejir myn_ BUNNAYAH!!!"[49]

"Appointed to be said or sung in all Mosques, Mutts, Tuckeahs, or Eedgahs
within the Reserved Dominions."[50]

1853.—"You will see within a week if this is anything more than a
BANAU."—_Oakfield_, ii. 58.

[1870.—"We shall be satisfied with choosing for illustration, out of
many, one kind of BENOWED or prepared evidence."—_Chevers, Med.
Jurisprud._, 86.]

BURDWÁN, n.p. A town 67 m. N.W. of Calcutta—_Bardwān_, but in its original Skt. form _Vardhamāna_, 'thriving, prosperous,' a name which we find in Ptolemy (_Bardamana_), though in another part of India. Some closer approximation to the ancient form must have been current till the middle of 18th century, for Holwell, writing in 1765, speaks of "_Burdwan_, the principal town of _Burdomaan_" (_Hist. Events_, &c., 1. 112; see also 122, 125).

BURGHER. This word has three distinct applications.

A. s. This is only used in Ceylon. It is the Dutch word _burger_, 'citizen.' The Dutch admitted people of mixt descent to a kind of citizenship, and these people were distinguished by this name from pure natives. The word now indicates any persons who claim to be of partly European descent, and is used in the same sense as '_half-caste_' and '_Eurasian_' in India Proper. [In its higher sense it is still used by the Boers of the Transvaal.]

1807.—"The greater part of them were admitted by the Dutch to all the
privileges of citizens under the denomination of BURGHERS."—_Cordiner,
Desc. of Ceylon._

1877.—"About 60 years ago the BURGHERS of Ceylon occupied a position
similar to that of the Eurasians of India at the present
moment."—_Calcutta Review_, cxvii. 180-1.

B. n.p. People of the NILGHERRY Hills, properly _Baḍagas_, or Northerners.'—See under BADEGA.

C. s. A rafter, H. _bargā_.

BURKUNDAUZE, s. An armed retainer; an armed policeman, or other armed unmounted employé of a civil department; from Ar.-P. _barḳandāz_, 'lightning-darter,' a word of the same class as _jān-bāz_, &c. [Also see BUXERRY.]

1726.—"2000 men on foot, called BIRCANDES, and 2000 pioneers to make the
road, called _Bieldars_ (see BILDAR)."—_Valentijn_, iv. _Suratte_, 276.

1793.—"Capt. Welsh has succeeded in driving the Bengal BERKENDOSSES out
of Assam."—_Cornwallis_, ii. 207.

1794.—"Notice is hereby given that persons desirous of sending escorts of
BURKUNDAZES or other armed men, with merchandise, are to apply for
passports."—In _Seton-Karr_, ii. 139.

[1832.—"The whole line of march is guarded in each procession by
BURKHANDHARS (matchlock men), who fire singly, at intervals, on the
way."—_Mrs Meer Hassan Ali_, i. 87.]

BURMA, BURMAH (with BURMESE, &c.) n.p. The name by which we designate the ancient kingdom and nation occupying the central basin of the Irawadi River. "British Burma" is constituted of the provinces conquered from that kingdom in the two wars of 1824-26 and 1852-53, viz. (in the first) Arakan, Martaban, Tenasserim, and (in the second) Pegu. [Upper Burma and the Shan States were annexed after the third war of 1885.]

The name is taken from MRAN-MĀ, the national name of the Burmese people, which they themselves generally pronounce _Bam-mā_, unless when speaking formally and emphatically. Sir Arthur Phayre considers that this name was in all probability adopted by the Mongoloid tribes of the Upper Irawadi, on their conversion to Buddhism by missionaries from Gangetic India, and is identical with that (_Brām-mā_) by which the first and holy inhabitants of the world are styled in the (Pali) Buddhist Scriptures. _Brahma-desa_ was the term applied to the country by a Singhalese monk returning thence to Ceylon, in conversation with one of the present writers. It is however the view of Bp. Bigandet and of Prof. Forchhammer, supported by considerable arguments, that _Mran_, _Myan_, or _Myen_ was the original name of the Burmese people, and is traceable in the names given to them by their neighbours; _e.g._ by Chinese _Mien_ (and in Marco Polo); by Kakhyens, _Myen_ or _Mren_; by Shans, _Mān_; by Sgaw Karens, _Payo_; by Pgaw Karens, _Payān_; by Paloungs, _Parān_, &c.[51] Prof. F. considers that Mran-_mā_ (with this honorific suffix) does not date beyond the 14th century. [In _J. R. A. Soc._ (1894, p. 152 _seqq._), Mr. St John suggests that the word _Myamma_ is derived from _myan_, 'swift,' and _ma_, 'strong,' and was taken as a soubriquet by the people at some early date, perhaps in the time of Anawrahta, A.D. 1150.]

1516.—"Having passed the Kingdom of Bengale, along the coast which turns
to the South, there is another Kingdom of Gentiles, called BERMA.... They
frequently are at war with the King of Peigu. We have no further
information respecting this country, because it has no
shipping."—_Barbosa_, 181.

[ " "VERMA." See quotation under ARAKAN.

[1538.—"But the war lasted on and the BRAMÃS took all the
kingdom."—_Correa_, iii. 851.]

1543.—"And folk coming to know of the secrecy with which the force was
being despatched, a great desire took possession of all to know whither
the Governor intended to send so large an armament, there being no Rumis
to go after, and nothing being known of any other cause why ships should
be despatched in secret at such a time. So some gentlemen spoke of it to
the Governor, and much importuned him to tell them whither they were
going, and the Governor, all the more bent on concealment of his
intentions, told them that the expedition was going to Pegu to fight with
the BRAMAS who had taken that Kingdom."—_Ibid._ iv. 298.

c. 1545.—"_How the King of_ BRAMÂ _undertook the conquest of this kingdom
of Sião_ (Siam), _and of what happened till his arrival at the City of
Odiâ_."—_F. M. Pinto_ (orig.) cap. 185.

[1553.—"BREMÁ." See quotation under JANGOMAY.]

1606.—"Although one's whole life were wasted in describing the
superstitions of these Gentiles—the Pegus and the BRAMAS—one could not
have done with the half, therefore I only treat of some, in passing, as I
am now about to do."—_Couto_, viii. cap. xii.

[1639.—"His (King of Pegu's) Guard consists of a great number of
Souldiers, with them called BRAHMANS, is kept at the second
Port."—_Mandelslo, Travels_, E. T. ii. 118.]

1680.—"ARTICLES of COMMERCE to be proposed to the King of BARMA and Pegu,
in behalfe of the English Nation for the settling of a Trade in those
countrys."—_Ft. St. Geo. Cons._, in _Notes and Exts._, iii. 7.

1727.—"The Dominions of BARMA are at present very large, reaching from
_Moravi_ near _Tanacerin_, to the Province of _Yunan_ in _China_."—_A.
Hamilton_, ii. 41.

1759.—"The BÛRAGHMAHS are much more numerous than the Peguese and more
addicted to commerce; even in Pegu their numbers are 100 to 1."—Letter in
_Dalrymple, O. R._, i. 99. The writer appears desirous to convey by his
unusual spelling some accurate reproduction of the name as he had heard
it. His testimony as to the predominance of Burmese in Pegu, at that date
even, is remarkable.

[1763.—"BURMAH." See quotation under MUNNEEPORE.

[1767.—"BURAGHMAGH." See quotation under SONAPARANTA.

[1782.—"BAHMANS." See quotation under GAUTAMA.]

1793.—"BURMAH borders on Pegu to the north, and occupies both banks of
the river as far as the frontiers of China."—_Rennell's Memoir_, 297.

[1795.—"BIRMAN." See quotation under SHAN.

[c. 1819.—"In fact in their own language, their name is not BURMESE,
which we have borrowed from the Portuguese, but BIAMMA."—_Sangermano_,
36.]

BURRA-BEEBEE, s. H. _baṛī bībī_, 'Grande dame.' This is a kind of slang word applied in Anglo-Indian society to the lady who claims precedence at a party. [Nowadays _Baṛī Mem_ is the term applied to the chief lady in a Station.]

1807.—"At table I have hitherto been allowed but one dish, namely the
BURRO BEBEE, or lady of the highest rank."—_Lord Minto in India_, 29.

1848.—"The ladies carry their BURRAH-BIBISHIP into the steamers when they
go to England.... My friend endeavoured in vain to persuade them that
whatever their social importance in the 'City of Palaces,' they would be
but small folk in London."—_Chow Chow_, by _Viscountess Falkland_, i. 92.

[BURRA-DIN, s. H. _baṛā-din_. A 'great day,' the term applied by natives to a great festival of Europeans, particularly to Christmas Day.

[1880.—"This being the BURRA DIN, or great day, the fact of an animal
being shot was interpreted by the men as a favourable augury."—_Ball,
Jungle Life_, 279.]

BURRA-KHANA, s. H. _baṛā khāna_, 'big dinner'; a term of the same character as the two last, applied to a vast and solemn entertainment.

[1880.—"To go out to a BURRA KHANA, or big dinner, which is succeeded in
the same or some other house by a larger evening party."—_Wilson, Abode
of Snow_, 51.]

BURRA SAHIB. H. _baṛā_, 'great'; 'the great _Ṣāḥib_ (or Master),' a term constantly occurring, whether in a family to distinguish the father or the elder brother, in a station to indicate the Collector, Commissioner, or whatever officer may be the recognised head of the society, or in a department to designate the head of that department, local or remote.

[1889.—"At any rate a few of the great lords and ladies (BURRA SAHIB and
BURRA MEM SAHIB) did speak to me without being driven to it."—_Lady
Dufferin_, 34.]

BURRAMPOOTER, n.p. Properly (Skt.) _Brahmaputra_ ('the son of Brahmā'), the great river _Brahmputr_ of which Assam is the valley. Rising within 100 miles of the source of the Ganges, these rivers, after being separated by 17 degrees of longitude, join before entering the sea. There is no distinct recognition of this great river by the ancients, but the _Diardanes_ or _Oidanes_, of Curtius and Strabo, described as a large river in the remoter parts of India, abounding in dolphins and crocodiles, probably represents this river under one of its Skt. names, _Hlādini_.

1552.—Barros does not mention the name before us, but the Brahmaputra
seems to be the river of _Caor_, which traversing the kingdom so called
(GOUR) and that of COMOTAY, and that of _Cirote_ (see SILHET), issues
above _Chatigão_ (see CHITTAGONG), in that notable arm of the Ganges
which passes through the island of Sornagam.

c. 1590.—"There is another very large river called BERHUMPUTTER, which
runs from Khatai to Coach (see COOCH BEHAR) and from thence through
Bazoohah to the sea."—_Ayeen Akberry_ (Gladwin) ed. 1800, ii. 6; [ed.
_Jarrett_, ii. 121].

1726.—"Out of the same mountains we see ... a great river flowing which
... divides into two branches, whereof the easterly one on account of its
size is called the Great BARREMPOOTER."—_Valentijn_, v. 154.

1753.—"Un peu au-dessous de Daka, le Gange est joint par une grosse
rivière, qui sort de la frontière du Tibet. Le nom de BRAMANPOUTRE qu'on
lui trouve dans quelques cartes est une corruption de celui de
BRAHMAPUTREN, qui dans le langage du pays signifie tirant son origine de
Brahma."—_D'Anville, Éclaircissemens_, 62.

1767.—"Just before the Ganges falls into ye Bay of Bengall, it receives
the BARAMPUTREY or Assam River. The Assam River is larger than the Ganges
... it is a perfect Sea of fresh Water after the Junction of the two
Rivers...."—_MS. Letter_ of _James Rennell_, d. 10th March.

1793.—"... till the year 1765, the BURRAMPOOTER, as a capital river, was
unknown in Europe. On tracing this river in 1765, I was no less surprised
at finding it rather larger than the Ganges, than at its course previous
to its entering Bengal.... I could no longer doubt that the BURRAMPOOTER
and Sanpoo were one and the same river."—_Rennell, Memoir_, 3rd ed. 356.

BURREL, s. H. _bharal_; _Ovis nahura_, Hodgson. The blue wild sheep of the Himālaya. [_Blanford, Mamm._ 499, with illustration.]

BURSAUTEE, s. H. _barsātī_, from _barsāt_, 'the Rains.'

A. The word properly is applied to a disease to which horses are liable in the rains, pustular eruptions breaking out on the head and fore parts of the body.

[1828.—"That very extraordinary disease, the BURSATTEE."—_Or. Sport.
Mag._, reprint, 1873, i. 125.

[1832.—"Horses are subject to an infectious disease, which generally
makes its appearance in the rainy season, and therefore called
BURRHSAATIE."—_Mrs Meer Hassan Ali_, ii. 27.]

B. But the word is also applied to a waterproof cloak, or the like. (See BRANDY COORTEE.)

1880.—"The scenery has now been arranged for the second part of the Simla
season ... and the appropriate costume for both sexes is the decorous
BURSATTI."—_Pioneer Mail_, July 8.

BUS, adv. P.-H. _bas_, 'enough.' Used commonly as a kind of interjection: 'Enough! Stop! _Ohe jam satis! Basta, basta!_' Few Hindustani words stick closer by the returned Anglo-Indian. The Italian expression, though of obscure etymology, can hardly have any connection with _bas_. But in use it always feels like a mere expansion of it!

1853.—"'And if you pass,' say my dear good-natured friends, 'you may get
an appointment. BUS! (you see my Hindostanee knowledge already carries me
the length of that emphatic monosyllable)....'"—_Oakfield_, 2nd ed. i.
42.

BUSHIRE, n.p. The principal modern Persian seaport on the Persian Gulf; properly _Abūshahr_.

1727.—"BOWCHIER is also a Maritim Town.... It stands on an Island, and
has a pretty good Trade."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 90.

BUSTEE, s. An inhabited quarter, a village. H. _bastī_, from Skt. _vas_ = 'dwell.' Many years ago a native in Upper India said to a European assistant in the Canal Department: "You Feringis talk much of your country and its power, but we know that the whole of you come from five villages" (_pānch_ BASTI). The word is applied in Calcutta to the separate groups of huts in the humbler native quarters, the sanitary state of which has often been held up to reprobation.

[1889.—"There is a dreary BUSTEE in the neighbourhood which is said to
make the most of any cholera that may be going."—_R. Kipling, City of
Dreadful Night_, 54.]

BUTLER, s. In the Madras and Bombay Presidencies this is the title usually applied to the head-servant of any English or quasi-English household. He generally makes the daily market, has charge of domestic stores, and superintends the table. As his profession is one which affords a large scope for feathering a nest at the expense of a foreign master, it is often followed at Madras by men of comparatively good caste. (See CONSUMAH.)

1616.—"Yosky the BUTLER, being sick, asked lycense to goe to his howse to
take phisick."—_Cocks_, i. 135.

1689.—"... the BUTLERS are enjoin'd to take an account of the Place each
Night, before they depart home, that they (the Peons) might be examin'd
before they stir, if ought be wanting."—_Ovington_, 393.

1782.—"Wanted a Person to act as Steward or BUTLER in a Gentleman's
House, _he must understand Hairdressing_."—_India Gazette_, March 2.

1789.—"No person considers himself as comfortably accommodated without
entertaining a _Dubash_ at 4 pagodas per month, a BUTLER at 3, a Peon at
2, a Cook at 3, a Compradore at 2, and kitchen boy at 1 pagoda."—_Munro's
Narrative of Operations_, p. 27.

1873.—"Glancing round, my eye fell on the pantry department ... and the
BUTLER trimming the reading lamps."—_Camp Life in India, Fraser's Mag._,
June, 696.

1879.—"... the moment when it occurred to him (_i.e._ the Nyoung-young
Prince of Burma) that he ought really to assume the guise of a Madras
BUTLER, and be off to the Residency, was the happiest inspiration of his
life."—_Standard_, July 11.

BUTLER-ENGLISH. The broken English spoken by native servants in the Madras Presidency; which is not very much better than the PIGEON-ENGLISH of China. It is a singular dialect; the present participle (_e.g._) being used for the future indicative, and the preterite indicative being formed by 'done'; thus _I telling_ = 'I will tell'; _I done tell_ = 'I have told'; _done come_ = 'actually arrived.' Peculiar meanings are also attached to words; thus _family_ = 'wife.' The oddest characteristic about this jargon is (or was) that masters used it in speaking to their servants as well as servants to their masters.

BUXEE, s. A military paymaster; H. _bakhshī_. This is a word of complex and curious history.

In origin it is believed to be the Mongol or Turki corruption of the Skt. _bhikshu_, 'a beggar,' and thence a Buddhist or religious mendicant or member of the ascetic order, bound by his discipline to obtain his daily food by begging.[52] _Bakshi_ was the word commonly applied by the Tartars of the host of Chingiz and his successors, and after them by the Persian writers of the Mongol era, to the regular Buddhist clergy; and thus the word appears under various forms in the works of medieval European writers from whom examples are quoted below. Many of the class came to Persia and the west with Hulākū and with Bātū Khān; and as the writers in the Tartar camps were probably found chiefly among the _bakshis_, the word underwent exactly the same transfer of meaning as our _clerk_, and came to signify a _literatus_, scribe or secretary. Thus in the Latino-Perso-Turkish vocabulary, which belonged to Petrarch and is preserved at Venice, the word _scriba_ is rendered in Comanian, _i.e._ the then Turkish of the Crimea, as _Bacsi_. The change of meaning did not stop here.

Abu'l-Faẓl in his account of Kashmīr (in the _Āīn_, [ed. _Jarrett_, iii. 212]) recalls the fact that _bakhshī_ was the title given by the learned among Persian and Arabic writers to the Buddhist priests whom the Tibetans styled _lāmās_. But in the time of Baber, say circa 1500, among the Mongols the word had come to mean _surgeon_; a change analogous again, in some measure, to our colloquial use of _doctor_. The modern Mongols, according to Pallas, use the word in the sense of 'Teacher,' and apply it to the most venerable or learned priest of a community. Among the Kirghiz Kazzāks, who profess Mahommedanism, it has come to bear the character which Marco Polo more or less associates with it, and means a mere conjurer or medicine-man; whilst in Western Turkestan it signifies a 'Bard' or 'Minstrel.' [Vambéry in his _Sketches of Central Asia_ (p. 81) speaks of a _Bakhshi_ as a troubadour.]

By a further transfer of meaning, of which all the steps are not clear, in another direction, under the Mohammedan Emperors of India the word _bakhshi_ was applied to an officer high in military administration, whose office is sometimes rendered 'Master of the Horse' (of horse, it is to be remembered, the whole substance of the army consisted), but whose duties sometimes, if not habitually, embraced those of Paymaster-General, as well as, in a manner, of Commander-in-Chief, or Chief of the Staff. [Mr. Irvine, who gives a detailed account of the Bakhshi under the latter Moguls (_J. R. A. Soc._, July 1896, p. 539 _seqq._), prefers to call him Adjutant-General.] More properly perhaps this was the position of the _Mīr Bakhshī_, who had other _bakhshīs_ under him. _Bakhshīs_ in military command continued in the armies of the Mahrattas, of Hyder Ali, and of other native powers. But both the Persian spelling and the modern connection of the title with _pay_ indicate a probability that some confusion of association had arisen between the old Tartar title and the P. _bakhsh_, 'portion,' _bakhshīdan_, 'to give,' _bakhshīsh_, 'payment.' In the early days of the Council of Fort William we find the title BUXEE applied to a European Civil officer, through whom payments were made (see _Long_ and _Seton-Karr_, passim). This is obsolete, but the word is still in the Anglo-Indian Army the recognised designation of a _Paymaster_.

This is the best known existing use of the word. But under some Native Governments it is still the designation of a high officer of state. And according to the _Calcutta Glossary_ it has been used in the N.W.P. for 'a collector of a house tax' (?) and the like; in Bengal for 'a superintendent of peons'; in Mysore for 'a treasurer,' &c. [In the N.W.P. the _Bakhshī_, popularly known to natives as '_Bakhshī Tikkas_,' 'Tax Bakhshi,' is the person in charge of one of the minor towns which are not under a Municipal Board, but are managed by a _Panch_, or body of assessors, who raise the income needed for watch and ward and conservancy by means of a graduated house assessment.] See an interesting note on this word in _Quatremère, H. des Mongols_, 184 _seqq._; also see _Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. 61, note.

1298.—"There is another marvel performed by those BACSI, of whom I have
been speaking as knowing so many enchantments...."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. I.
ch. 61.

c. 1300.—"Although there are many BAKHSHIS, Chinese, Indian and others,
those of Tibet are most esteemed."—_Rashid-uddín_, quoted by _D'Ohsson_,
ii. 370.

c. 1300.—"Et sciendum, quod Tartar quosdam homines super omnes de mundo
honorant: BOXITAS, scilicet quosdam pontifices ydolorum."—_Ricoldus de
Montecrucis_, in _Peregrinatores, IV._ p. 117.

c. 1308.—"Ταῦτα γὰρ Κουτζίμπαξις ἐπανήκων πρὸς βασιλέα διεβεβαίον· πρῶτος
δὲ τῶν ἱερομάγων, τοὔνομα τοῦτο ἐξελληνίζεται."—_Georg. Pachymeres de
Andronico Palaeologo, Lib._ vii. The last part of the name of this
_Kutzimpaxis_, 'the first of the sacred magi,' appears to be BAKHSHI; the
whole perhaps to be _Khoja_-BAKHSHI, or _Kūchin-Bakhshi_.

c. 1340.—"The Kings of this country sprung from Jinghiz Khan ... followed
exactly the _yassah_ (or laws) of that Prince and the dogmas received in
his family, which consisted in revering the sun, and conforming in all
things to the advice of the BAKSHIS."—_Shihābuddīn_, in _Not. et Extr._
xiii. 237.

1420.—"In this city of Kamcheu there is an idol temple 500 cubits square.
In the middle is an idol lying at length, which measures 50 paces....
Behind this image ... figures of BAKSHIS as large as life...."—_Shah
Rukh's Mission to China_, in _Cathay_, i: cciii.

1615.—"Then I moved him for his favor for an _English_ Factory to be
Resident in the Towne, which hee willingly granted, and gave present
order to the BUXY, to draw a _Firma_ both for their comming vp, and for
their residence."—_Sir T. Roe_, in _Purchas_, i. 541; [Hak. Soc. i. 93.]

c. 1660.—"... obliged me to take a Salary from the _Grand Mogol_ in the
quality of a Phisitian, and a little after from _Danechmend-Kan_, the
most knowing man of _Asia_, who had been BAKCHIS, or Great Master of the
Horse."—_Bernier_, E.T. p. 2; [ed. _Constable_, p. 4].

1701.—"The friendship of the BUXIE is not so much desired for the post he
is now in, but that he is of a very good family, and has many relations
near the King."—In _Wheeler_, i. 378.

1706-7.—"So the Emperor appointed a nobleman to act as the BAKSHÍ of Kám
Bakhsh, and to him he intrusted the Prince, with instructions to take
care of him. The BAKSHÍ was Sultan Hasan, otherwise called Mír
Malang."—_Dowson's Elliot_, vii. 385.

1711.—"To his Excellency Zulfikar Khan Bahadur, Nurzerat Sing
(_Nasrat-Jang?_) BACKSHEE of the whole Empire."—_Address of a Letter from
President and Council of Fort St. George_, in _Wheeler_, ii. 160.

1712.—"Chan Dhjehaan ... first BAKSI general, or Muster-Master of the
horsemen."—_Valentijn_, iv. (Suratte), 295.

1753.—"The BUXEY acquaints the Board he has been using his endeavours to
get sundry artificers for the Negrais."—In _Long_, 43.

1756.—Barth. Plaisted represents the bad treatment he had met with for
"strictly adhering to his duty during the BUXY-ship of Messrs. Bellamy
and Kempe"; and "the abuses in the post of BUXY."—_Letter to the Hon. the
Court of Directors, &c._, p. 3.

1763.—"The BUXEY or general of the army, at the head of a select body,
closed the procession."—_Orme_, i. 26 (reprint).

1766.—"The BUXEY lays before the Board an account of charges incurred in
the BUXEY CONNAH ... for the relief of people saved from the
_Falmouth_."—_Ft. William, Cons., Long_, 457.

1793.—"The BUKSHEY allowed it would be prudent in the Sultan not to
hazard the event."—_Dirom_, 50.

1804.—"A BUCKSHEE and a body of horse belonging to this same man were
opposed to me in the action of the 5th; whom I daresay that I shall have
the pleasure of meeting shortly at the Peshwah's durbar."—_Wellington_,
iii. 80.

1811.—"There appear to have been different descriptions of BUKTSHIES (in
Tippoo's service). The BUKTSHIES of Kushoons were a sort of commissaries
and paymasters, and were subordinate to the _sipahdâr_, if not to the
Resâladâr, or commandant of a battalion. The MEER BUKTSHY, however, took
rank of the Sipahdâr. The BUKTSHIES of the _Ehsham_ and JYSHE were, I
believe, the superior officers of these corps respectively."—Note to
_Tippoo's Letters_, 165.

1823.—"In the Mahratta armies the prince is deemed the Sirdar or
Commander; next to him is the BUKSHEE or Paymaster, who is vested with
the principal charge and responsibility, and is considered accountable
for all military expenses and disbursements."—_Malcolm, Central India_,
i. 534.

1827.—"Doubt it not—the soldiers of the Beegum Mootee Mahul ... are less
hers than mine. I am myself the BUKSHEE ... and her Sirdars are at my
devotion."—_Walter Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xii.

1861.—"To the best of my memory he was accused of having done his best to
urge the people of Dhar to rise against our Government, and several of
the witnesses deposed to this effect; amongst them the BUKSHI."—_Memo. on
Dhar_, by _Major McMullen_.

1874.—"Before the depositions were taken down, the gomasta of the planter
drew aside the BAKSHÍ, who is a police-officer next to the
darogá."—_Govinda Samanta_, ii. 235.

BUXERRY, s. A matchlock man; apparently used in much the same sense as BURKUNDAUZE (q.v.) now obsolete. We have not found this term excepting in documents pertaining to the middle decades of 18th century in Bengal; [but see references supplied by Mr. Irvine below;] nor have we found any satisfactory etymology. _Buxo_ is in Port. a gun-barrel (Germ. _Buchse_); which suggests some possible word _buxeiro_. There is however none such in Bluteau, who has, on the other hand, "_Butgeros_, an Indian term, artillery-men, &c.," and quotes from _Hist. Orient._ iii. 7: "_Butgeri_ sunt hi qui quinque tormentis praeficiuntur." This does not throw much light. _Bajjar_, 'thunderbolt,' may have given vogue to a word in analogy to P. _barḳandāz_, 'lightning-darter,' but we find no such word. As an additional conjecture, however, we may suggest _Baksāris_, from the possible circumstance that such men were recruited in the country about _Baksār_ (_Buxar_), _i.e._ the _Shāhābād_ district, which up to 1857 was a great recruiting ground for sepoys. [There can be no doubt that this last suggestion gives the correct origin of the word. _Buchanan Hamilton, Eastern India_, i. 471, describes the large number of men who joined the native army from this part of the country.]

[1690.—The Mogul army was divided into three classes—_Suwārān_, or
mounted men; _Topkhānah_, artillery; _Aḥshām_, infantry and artificers.

["_Aḥshām—Bandūqchī-i-jangī—Baksariyah wa Bundelah Aḥshām_, _i.e._
regular matchlock-men, BAKSARIYAHS and Bundelahs."—_Dastūr-ul-'amal_,
written about 1690-1; _B. Museum MS._, No. 1641, fol. 58_b_.]

1748.—"Ordered the Zemindars to send BUXERRIES to clear the boats and
bring them up as Prisoners."—_Ft. William Cons._, April, in _Long_, p. 6.

" "We received a letter from ... Council at Cossimbazar ...
advising of their having sent Ensign McKion with all the Military that
were able to travel, 150 BUXERRIES, 4 field pieces, and a large quantity
of ammunition to Cutway."—_Ibid._ p. 1.

1749.—"Having frequent reports of several straggling parties of this
banditti plundering about this place, we on the 2d November ordered the
Zemindars to entertain one hundred BUXERIES and fifty pike-men over and
above what were then in pay for the protection of the outskirts of your
Honor's town."—_Letter to Court_, Jan. 13, _Ibid._ p. 21.

1755.—"Agreed, we despatch Lieutenant John Harding of a command of
soldiers 25 BUXARIES in order to clear these boats if stopped in their
way to this place."—_Ibid._ 55.

" "In an account for this year we find among charges on behalf of
William Wallis, Esq., Chief at Cossimbazar:

Rs.
"'4 BUXERIES 20 (year) 240.'"
_MS. Records in India Office._

1761.—"The 5th they made their last effort with all the Sepoys and
BUXERRIES they could assemble."—In _Long_, 254.

" "The number of BUXERRIÉS or matchlockmen was therefore augmented
to 1500."—_Orme_ (reprint), ii. 59.

" "In a few minutes they killed 6 BUXERRIES."—_Ibid._ 65; see also
279.

1772.—"BUCKSERRIAS. Foot soldiers whose common arms are only sword and
target."—_Glossary in Grose's Voyage_, 2nd ed. [This is copied, as Mr.
Irvine shows, from the Glossary of 1757 prefixed to _An Address to the
Proprietors of E. I. Stock_, in _Holwell's Indian Tracts_, 3rd ed.,
1779.]

1788.—"BUXERRIES—Foot soldiers, whose common arms are swords and targets
or spears."—_Indian Vocabulary_ (Stockdale's).

1850.—"Another point to which Clive turned his attention ... was the
organization of an efficient native regular force.... Hitherto the native
troops employed at Calcutta ... designated BUXARRIES were nothing more
than _Burkandāz_, armed and equipped in the usual native
manner."—_Broome, Hist. of the Rise and Progress of the Bengal Army_, i.
92.

BYDE, or BEDE HORSE, s. A note by Kirkpatrick to the passage below from _Tippoo's Letters_ says _Byde Horse_ are "the same as _Pindârehs_, _Looties_, and _Kuzzâks_" (see PINDARRY, LOOTY, COSSACK). In the _Life of Hyder Ali_ by Hussain 'Ali Khān Kirmāni, tr. by Miles, we read that Hyder's Kuzzaks were under the command of "Ghazi Khan BEDE." But whether this leader was so called from leading the "BEDE" Horse, or gave his name to them, does not appear. Miles has the highly intelligent note: 'Bede is another name for (Kuzzak): Kirkpatrick supposed the word Bede meant infantry, which, I believe, it does not' (p. 36). The quotation from the _Life of Tippoo_ seems to indicate that it was the name of a caste. And we find in _Sherring's Indian Tribes and Castes_, among those of Mysore, mention of the BEDAR as a tribe, probably of huntsmen, dark, tall, and warlike. Formerly many were employed as soldiers, and served in Hyder's wars (iii. 153; see also the same tribe in the S. Mahratta country, ii. 321). Assuming _-ar_ to be a plural sign, we have here probably the "BEDES" who gave their name to these plundering horse. The BEDAR are mentioned as one of the predatory classes of the peninsula, along with Marawars, Kallars, Ramūsis (see RAMOOSY), &c., in Sir Walter Elliot's paper (_J. Ethnol. Soc._, 1869, N.S. pp. 112-13). But more will be found regarding them in a paper by the late Gen. Briggs, the translator of Ferishta's Hist. (_J. R. A. Soc._ xiii.). Besides Bedar, BEDNOR (or Nagar) in Mysore seems to take its name from this tribe. [See _Rice, Mysore_, i. 255.]

1758.—"... The Cavalry of the Rao ... received such a defeat from Hydur's
BEDES or Kuzzaks that they fled and never looked behind them until they
arrived at Goori Bundar."—_Hist. of Hydur Naik_, p. 120.

1785.—"BYDE HORSE, out of employ, have committed great excesses and
depredations in the Sircar's dominions."—_Letters of Tippoo Sultan_, 6.

1802.—"The Kakur and Chapao horse.... (Although these are included in the
BEDE tribe, they carry off the palm even from them in the arts of
robbery)...."—_H. of Tipú_, by _Hussein 'Ali Khan Kirmāni_, tr. by Miles,
p. 76.

[BYLEE, s. A small two-wheeled vehicle drawn by two oxen. H. _bahal_, _bahlī_, _bailī_, which has no connection, as is generally supposed, with _bail_, 'an ox'; but is derived from the Skt. _vah_, 'to carry.' The _bylee_ is used only for passengers, and a larger and more imposing vehicle of the same class is the RUT. There is a good drawing of a Panjab _bylee_ in _Kipling's Beast and Man_ (p. 117); also see the note on the quotation from Forbes under HACKERY.

[1841.—"A native BYLEE will usually produce, in gold and silver of great
purity, ten times the weight of precious metals to be obtained from a
general officer's equipage."—_Society in India_, i. 162.

[1854.—"Most of the party ... were in a barouch, but the rich man himself
[one of the Muttra Seths] still adheres to the primitive conveyance of a
BYLIS, a thing like a footboard on two wheels, generally drawn by two
oxen, but in which he drives a splendid pair of white horses, sitting
cross-legged the while!"—_Mrs Mackenzie, Life in the Mission_, &c., ii.
205.]

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