Chapter XLVI: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (43)

1876.—"Burnee JOSS-STICK, talkee plitty."—_Leland, Pidgin-English
Sing-Song_, p. 43.

1879.—"There is a recess outside each shop, and at dusk the JOSS-STICKS
burning in these fill the city with the fragrance of incense."—_Miss
Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 49.

JOW, s. Hind. _jhāū_. The name is applied to various species of the shrubby tamarisk which abound on the low alluvials of Indian rivers, and are useful in many ways, for rough basket-making and the like. It is the usual material for gabions and fascines in Indian siege-operations.

[c. 1809.—"... by the natives it is called JHAU; but this name is
generic, and is applied not only to another species of Tamarisk, but to
the _Casuarina_ of Bengal, and to the cone-bearing plants that have been
introduced by Europeans."—_Buchanan-Hamilton, Eastern India_, iii. 597.

[1840.—"... on the opposite JHOW, or bastard tamarisk jungle ... a native
... had been attacked by a tiger...."—_Davidson, Travels_, ii. 326.]

JOWAULLA MOOKHEE, n.p. Skt.—Hind. _Jwālā-mukhī_, 'flame-mouthed'; a generic name for quasi-volcanic phenomena, but particularly applied to a place in the Kangra district of the Punjab mountain country, near the Biās River, where jets of gas issue from the ground and are kept constantly burning. There is a shrine of Devī, and it is a place of pilgrimage famous all over the Himālaya as well as in the plains of India. The famous fire-jets at Baku are sometimes visited by more adventurous Indian pilgrims, and known as the _Great_ JWĀLĀ-MUKHĪ. The author of the following passage was evidently ignorant of the phenomenon worshipped, though the name indicates its nature.

c. 1360.—"Sultán Fíroz ... marched with his army towards Nagarkot (see
NUGGURCOTE) ... the idol JWÁLÁ-MUKHÍ, much worshipped by the infidels,
was situated on the road to Nagarkot.... Some of the infidels have
reported that Sultán Fíroz went specially to see this idol, and held a
golden umbrella over its head. But ... the infidels slandered the
Sultán.... Other infidels said that Sultán Muhammad Sháh bin Tughlik Sháh
held an umbrella over this same idol, but this also is a
lie...."—_Shams-i-Siráj Afíf_, in _Elliot_, iii. 318.

1616.—"... a place called IALLA MOKEE, where out of cold Springs and hard
Rocks, there are daily to be seene incessant Eruptions of Fire, before
which the Idolatrous people fall doune and worship."—_Terry_, in
_Purchas_, ii. 1467.

[c. 1617.—In _Sir T. Roe's_ Map, "JALLAMAKEE, the Pilgrimage of the
Banians."—Hak. Soc. ii. 535.]

1783.—"At TAULLAH MHOKEE (_sic_) a small volcanic fire issues from the
side of a mountain, on which the Hindoos have raised a temple that has
long been of celebrity, and favourite resort among the people of the
Punjab."—_G. Forster's Journey_, ed. 1798, i. 308.

1799.—"Prason Poory afterwards travelled ... to the Maha or Buree (_i.e._
larger) JOWALLA MOOKHI or Juâla Mûchi, terms that mean a 'Flaming Mouth,'
as being a spot in the neighbourhood of Bakee (_Baku_) on the west side
of the (Caspian) Sea ... whence fire issues; a circumstance that has
rendered it of great veneration with the Hindus."—_Jonathan Duncan_, in
_As. Res._ v. 41.

JOWAUR, JOWARREE, s. Hind. _jawār_, _juār_, [Skt. _yava-prakāra_ or _akāra_, 'of the nature of barley';] _Sorghum vulgare_, Pers. (_Holcus sorghum_, L.) one of the best and most frequently grown of the tall millets of southern countries. It is grown nearly all over India in the unflooded tracts; it is sown about July and reaped in November. The reedy stems are 8 to 12 feet high. It is the _cholam_ of the Tamil regions. The stalks are KIRBEE. The Ar. _dura_ or _dhura_ is perhaps the same word ultimately as _jawār_; for the old Semitic name is _dokn_, from the smoky aspect of the grain. It is an odd instance of the looseness which used to pervade dictionaries and glossaries that R. Drummond (_Illus. of the Gram. Parts of Guzerattee_, &c., Bombay, 1808) calls "JOOAR, a kind of _pulse_, the food of the common people."

[c. 1590.—In Khandesh "JOWÁRI is chiefly cultivated of which, in some
places, there are three crops in a year, and its stalk is so delicate and
pleasant to the taste that it is regarded in the light of a
fruit."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 223.]

1760.—"En suite mauvais chemin sur des levées faites de boue dans des
quarrés de JOUARI et des champs de _Nelis_ (see NELLY) remplis
d'eau."—_Anquetil du Perron_, I. ccclxxxiii.

1800.—"... My industrious followers must live either upon JOWARRY, of
which there is an abundance everywhere, or they must be more industrious
in procuring rice for themselves."—_Wellington_, i. 175.

1813.—Forbes calls it "JUARREE or _cush-cush_" (?). [See CUSCUS.]—_Or.
Mem._ ii. 406; [2nd ed. ii. 35, and i. 23].

1819.—"In 1797-8 JOIWAREE sold in the Muchoo Kaunta at six rupees per
_culsee_ (see CULSEY) of 24 maunds."—_Macmurdo_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bo._
i. 287.

[1826.—"And the sabre began to cut away upon them as if they were a field
of JOANEE (standing corn)."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873 i. 66.]

JOY, s. This seems from the quotation to have been used on the west coast for _jewel_ (Port. _joia_).

1810.—"The vanity of parents sometimes leads them to dress their
children, even while infants, in this manner, which affords a temptation
... to murder these helpless creatures for the sake of their ornaments or
JOYS."—_Maria Graham_, 3.

JUBTEE, JUPTEE, &c., s. Guz. _japtī_, &c. Corrupt forms of _zabtī_. ["_Watan-zabtī_, or _-japtī_, Mahr., Produce of lands sequestered by the State, an item of revenue; in Guzerat the lands once exempt, now subject to assessment" (_Wilson_).] (See ZUBT.)

1808.—"The Sindias as Sovereigns of Broach used to take the revenues of
_Moojmooadars_ and _Desoys_ (see DESSAYE) of that district every third
year, amounting to Rs. 58,390, and called the periodical confiscation
JUPTEE."—_R. Drummond._ [_Majmūadār_ "in Guzerat the title given to the
keepers of the pargana revenue records, who have held the office as a
hereditary right since the settlement of Todar Mal, and are paid by fees
charged on the villages." (_Wilson_)].

JUDEA, ODIA, &c., n.p. These names are often given in old writers to the city of _Ayuthia_, or _Ayodhya_, or _Yuthia_ (so called apparently after the Hindu city of Rāma, _Ayodhya_, which we now call OUDH), which was the capital of Siam from the 14th century down to about 1767, when it was destroyed by the Burmese, and the Siamese royal residence was transferred to Bangkock [see BANCOCK.]

1522.—"All these cities are constructed like ours, and are subject to the
King of Siam, who is named Siri Zacabedera, and who inhabits
IUDIA."—_Pigafetta_, Hak. Soc. 156.

c. 1546.—"The capitall City of all this Empire is ODIAA, whereof I haue
spoken heretofore: it is fortified with walls of brick and mortar, and
contains, according to some, foure hundred thousand fires, whereof an
hundred thousand are strangers of divers countries."—_Pinto_, in
_Cogan's_ E.T. p. 285; orig. cap. clxxxix.

1553.—"For the Realm is great, and its Cities and Towns very populous;
insomuch that the city HUDIA alone, which is the capital of the Kingdom
of Siam (_Sião_), and the residence of the King, furnishes 50,000 men of
its own."—_Barros_, III. ii. 5.

1614.—"As regards the size of the City of ODIA ... it may be guessed by
an experiment made by a curious engineer with whom we communicated on the
subject. He says that ... he embarked in one of the native boats, small,
and very light, with the determination to go all round the City (which is
entirely compassed by water), and that he started one day from the
Portuguese settlement, at dawn, and when he got back it was already far
on in the night, and he affirmed that by his calculation he had gone more
than 8 leagues."—_Couto_, VI. vii. 9.

1617.—"The merchants of the country of LAN JOHN, a place joining to the
country of Jangama (see JANGOMAY) arrived at 'the city of JUDEA' before
Eaton's coming away from thence, and brought great store of
merchandize."—_Sainsbury_, ii. 90.

" "1 (letter) from Mr. Benjamyn Farry in JUDEA, at Syam."—_Cocks's
Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 272.

[1639.—"The chief of the Kingdom is IUDIA by some called ODIA ... the
city of IUDIA, the ordinary Residence of the Court is seated on the
Menam."—_Mandelslo, Travels_, E.T. ii. 122.

[1693.—"As for the City of Siam, the Siamese do call it SI-YO-THI-YA, the
_o_ of the syllable _yo_ being closer than our (French) Diphthong
_au_."—_La Loubère, Siam_, E.T. i. 7.]

1727.—"... all are sent to the City of _Siam_ or ODIA for the King's
Use.... The City stands on an Island in the River _Memnon_, which by
Turnings and Windings, makes the distance from the Bar about 50
Leagues."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 160; [ed. 1744].

[1774.—"AYUTTAYA with its districts Dvaravati, YODAYA and
Kamanpaik."—_Insc._ in _Ind. Antiq._ xxii. 4.

[1827.—"The powerful Lord ... who dwells over every head in the city of
the sacred and great kingdom of SI-A-YOO-THA-YA."—Treaty between E.I.C.
and King of Siam, in _Wilson, Documents of the Burmese War_, App.
lxxvii.]

JUGBOOLAK, s. Marine Hind. for _jack-block_ (_Roebuck_).

JUGGURNAUT, n.p. A corruption of the Skt. _Jagannātha_, 'Lord of the Universe,' a name of Krishṇa worshipped as Vishṇu at the famous shrine of Pūrī in Orissa. The image so called is an amorphous idol, much like those worshipped in some of the South Sea Islands, and it has been plausibly suggested (we believe first by Gen. Cunningham) that it was in reality a Buddhist symbol, which has been adopted as an object of Brahmanical worship, and made to serve as the image of a god. The idol was, and is, annually dragged forth in procession on a monstrous car, and as masses of excited pilgrims crowded round to drag or accompany it, accidents occurred. Occasionally also persons, sometimes sufferers from painful disease, cast themselves before the advancing wheels. The testimony of Mr. Stirling, who was for some years Collector of Orissa in the second decade of the last century, and that of Sir W. W. Hunter, who states that he had gone through the MS. archives of the province since it became British, show that the popular impression in regard to the continued frequency of immolations on these occasions—a belief that has made _Juggurnaut_ a standing metaphor—was greatly exaggerated. The belief indeed in the custom of such immolation had existed for centuries, and the rehearsal of these or other cognate religious suicides at one or other of the great temples of the Peninsula, founded partly on fact, and partly on popular report, finds a place in almost every old narrative relating to India. The really great mortality from hardship, exhaustion, and epidemic disease which frequently ravaged the crowds of pilgrims on such occasions, doubtless aided in keeping up the popular impressions in connection with the Juggurnaut festival.

[1311.—"JAGNÁR." See under MADURA.]

c. 1321.—"Annually on the recurrence of the day when that idol was made,
the folk of the country come and take it down, and put it on a fine
chariot; and then the King and Queen, and the whole body of the people,
join together and draw it forth from the church with loud singing of
songs, and all kinds of music ... and many pilgrims who have come to this
feast cast themselves under the chariot, so that its wheels may go over
them, saying that they desire to die for their god. And the car passes
over them, and crushes them, and cuts them in sunder, and so they perish
on the spot."—_Friar Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c. i. 83.

c. 1430.—"In Bizenegalia (see BISNAGAR) also, at a certain time of the
year, this idol is carried through the city, placed between two chariots
... accompanied by a great concourse of people. Many, carried away by the
fervour of their faith, cast themselves on the ground before the wheels,
in order that they may be crushed to death,—a mode of death which they
say is very acceptable to their god."—_N. Conti_, in _India in XVth
Cent._, 28.

c. 1581.—"All for devotion attach themselves to the trace of the car,
which is drawn in this manner by a vast number of people ... and on the
annual feast day of the Pagod this car is dragged by crowds of people
through certain parts of the city (Negapatam), some of whom from
devotion, or the desire to be thought to make a devoted end, cast
themselves down under the wheels of the cars, and so perish, remaining
all ground and crushed by the said cars."—_Gasparo Balbi_, f. 84. The
preceding passages refer to scenes in the south of the Peninsula.

c. 1590.—"In the town of Pursotem on the banks of the sea stands the
temple of JAGNAUT, near to which are the images of Kishen, his brother,
and their sister, made of Sandal-wood, which are said to be 4,000 years
old.... The Brahmins ... at certain times carry the image in procession
upon a carriage of sixteen wheels, which in the Hindooee language is
called _Rahth_ (see RUT); and they believe that whoever assists in
drawing it along obtains remission of all his sins."—_Gladwin's Ayeen_,
ii. 13-15; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 127].

[1616.—"The chief city called JEKANAT."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 538.]

1632.—"Vnto this Pagod or house of Sathen ... doe belong 9,000 Brammines
or Priests, which doe dayly offer sacrifice vnto their great God
IAGGARNAT, from which Idoll the City is so called.... And when it (the
chariot of _Iaggarnat_) is going along the city, there are many that will
offer themselves a sacrifice to this Idoll, and desperately lye downe on
the ground, that the Chariott wheeles may runne over them, whereby they
are killed outright; some get broken armes, some broken legges, so that
many of them are destroyed, and by this meanes they thinke to merit
Heauen."—_W. Bruton_, in _Hakl._ v. 57.

1667.—"In the town of JAGANNAT, which is seated upon the Gulf of
_Bengala_, and where is that famous Temple of the Idol of the same name,
there is yearly celebrated a certain Feast.... The first day that they
shew this Idol with Ceremony in the Temple, the Crowd is usually so great
to see it, that there is not a year, but some of those poor Pilgrims,
that come afar off, tired and harassed, are suffocated there; all the
people blessing them for having been so happy.... And when this Hellish
Triumphant Chariot marcheth, there are found (which is no Fable) persons
so foolishly credulous and superstitious as to throw themselves with
their bellies under those large and heavy wheels, which bruise them to
death...."—_Bernier, a Letter to Mr. Chapelain_, in Eng. ed. 1684, 97;
[ed. _Constable_, 304 _seq._].

[1669-79.—"In that great and Sumptuous Diabolicall Pagod, there Standeth
theere gretest God JN^O. GERNAET, whence ye Pagod receued that name
alsoe."—_MS. Asia_, &c., by _T. B._ f. 12. Col. Temple adds: "Throughout
the whole MS. _Jagannāth_ is repeatedly called _Jn^o. Gernaet_, which
obviously stands for the common transposition _Janganāth_.]

1682.—"... We lay by last night till 10 o'clock this morning, ye Captain
being desirous to see ye JAGERNOT Pagodas for his better
satisfaction...."—_Hedges, Diary_, July 16; [Hak. Soc. i. 30].

1727.—"His (JAGARYNAT'S) Effigy is often carried abroad in Procession,
mounted on a Coach four stories high ... they fasten small Ropes to the
Cable, two or three Fathoms long, so that upwards of 2,000 People have
room enough to draw the Coach, and some old Zealots, as it passes through
the Street, fall flat on the Ground, to have the Honour to be crushed to
Pieces by the Coach Wheels."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 387; [ed. 1744].

1809.—

"A thousand pilgrims strain
Arm, shoulder, breast, and thigh, with might and main,
To drag that sacred wain,
And scarce can draw along the enormous load.
Prone fall the frantic votaries on the road,
And calling on the God
Their self-devoted bodies there they lay
To pave his chariot way.
On JAGA-NAUT they call,
The ponderous car rolls on, and crushes all,
Through flesh and bones it ploughs its dreadful path.
Groans rise unheard; the dying cry.
And death, and agony
Are trodden under foot by yon mad throng,
Who follow close and thrust the deadly wheels along."
_Curse of Kehama_, xiv. 5.

1814.—"The sight here beggars all description. Though JUGGERNAUT made
some progress on the 19th, and has travelled daily ever since, he has not
yet reached the place of his destination. His brother is ahead of him,
and the lady in the rear. One woman has devoted herself under the wheels,
and a shocking sight it was. Another also intended to devote herself,
missed the wheels with her body, and had her arm broken. Three people
lost their lives in the crowd."—In _Asiatic Journal_—quoted in
_Beveridge, Hist. of India_, ii. 54, without exacter reference.

c. 1818.—"That excess of fanaticism which formerly prompted the pilgrims
to court death by throwing themselves in crowds under the wheels of the
car of JAGANNÁTH has happily long ceased to actuate the worshippers of
the present day. During 4 years that I have witnessed the ceremony, three
cases only of this revolting species of immolation have occurred, one of
which I may observe is doubtful, and should probably be ascribed to
accident; in the others the victims had long been suffering from some
excruciating complaints, and chose this method of ridding themselves of
the burthen of life in preference to other modes of suicide so prevalent
with the lower orders under similar circumstances."—_A. Stirling_, in
_As. Res._ xv. 324.

1827.—March 28th in this year, Mr. Poynder, in the E. I. Court of
Proprietors, stated that "about the year 1790 no fewer than 28 Hindus
were crushed to death at Ishera on the Ganges, under the wheels of
JUGGURNAUT."—_As. Journal_, 1821, vol. xxiii. 702.

[1864.—"On the 7th July 1864, the editor of the Friend of India mentions
that, a few days previously, he had seen, near Serampore, two persons
crushed to death, and another frightfully lacerated, having thrown
themselves under the wheels of a car during the Rath Jatra festival. It
was afterwards stated that this occurrence was accidental."—_Chevers,
Ind. Med. Jurispr._ 665.]

1871.—"... poor Johnny Tetterby staggering under his Moloch of an infant,
the JUGGERNAUT that crushed all his enjoyments."—_Forster's Life of
Dickens_, ii. 415.

1876.—"Le monde en marchant n'a pas beaucoup plus de souci de ce qu'il
écrase que le char de l'idole de JAGARNATA."—_E. Renan_, in _Revue des
Deux Mondes_, 3^e Série, xviii. p. 504.

JULIBDAR, s. Pers. _jilaudār_, from _jilau_, the string attached to the bridle by which a horse is led, the servant who leads a horse, also called _janībahdār_, _janībahkash_. In the time of Hedges the word must have been commonly used in Bengal, but it is now quite obsolete.

[c. 1590.—"For some time it was a rule that, whenever he (Akbar) rode out
on a _kháçah_ horse, a rupee should be given, viz., one dám to the
Átbegi, two to the JILAUDÁR...."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 142. (And see
under PYKE.)]

1673.—"In the heart of this Square is raised a place as large as a
Mountebank's Stage, where the GELABDAR, or Master Muliteer, with his
prime Passengers or Servants, have an opportunity to view the whole
_Caphala_."—_Fryer_, 341.

1683.—"Your JYLIBDAR, after he had received his letter would not stay for
the Gen^{ll}, but stood upon departure."—_Hedges, Diary_, Sept. 15; [Hak.
Soc. i. 112].

" "We admire what made you send peons to force our GYLLIBDAR back
to your Factory, after he had gone 12 _cosses_ on his way, and dismisse
him again without any reason for it."—_Hedges, Diary_, Sept. 26; [Hak.
Soc. i. 120].

1754.—"100 GILODAR; those who are charged with the direction of the
couriers and their horses."—_Hanway's Travels_, i. 171; 252.

[1812.—"I have often admired the courage and dexterity with which the
Persian JELOWDARS or grooms throw themselves into the thickest engagement
of angry horses."—_Morier, Journey through Persia_, 63 _seq._]

1880.—"It would make a good picture, the surroundings of camels, horses,
donkeys, and men.... Pascal and Remise cooking for me; the JELLAODARS,
enveloped in felt coats, smoking their kalliúns, amid the half-light of
fast fading day...."—_MS. Journal in Persia_ of _Capt. W. Gill, R.E._

JUMBEEA, s. Ar. _janbiya_, probably from _janb_, 'the side'; a kind of dagger worn in the girdle, so as to be drawn across the body. It is usually in form slightly curved. Sir R. Burton (_Camões, Commentary_, 413) identifies it with the _agomia_ and _gomio_ of the quotations below, and refers to a sketch in his _Pilgrimage_, but this we cannot find, [it is in the Memorial ed. i. 236], though the _jambiyah_ is several times mentioned, _e.g._ i. 347, iii. 72. The term occurs repeatedly in Mr. Egerton's catalogue of arms in the India Museum. JANBWA occurs as the name of a dagger in the _Āīn_ (orig. i. 119); why Blochmann in his translation [i. 110] spells it _jhanbwah_ we do not know. See also Dozy and Eng. s.v. _jambette_. It seems very doubtful if the latter French word has anything to do with the Arabic word.

c. 1328.—"Takī-ud-dīn refused roughly and pushed him away. Then the
maimed man drew a dagger (_khanjar_) such as is called in that country
JANBIYA, and gave him a mortal wound."—_Ibn Batuta_, i. 534.

1498.—"The Moors had erected palisades of great thickness, with thick
planking, and fastened so that we could not see them within. And their
people paraded the shore with targets, azagays, AGOMIAS, and bows and
slings from which they slung stones at us."—_Roteiro de Vasco da Gama_,
32.

1516.—"They go to fight one another bare from the waist upwards, and from
the waist downwards wrapped in cotton cloths drawn tightly round, and
with many folds, and with their arms, which are swords, bucklers, and
daggers (GOMIOS)."—_Barbosa_, p. 80.

1774.—"Autour du corps ils ont un ceinturon de cuir brodé, ou garni
d'argent, au milieu duquel sur le devant ils passent un couteau large
recourbé, et pointu (JAMBEA), dont la pointe est tournée du côté
droit."—_Niebuhr, Desc. de l'Arabie_, 54.

JUMDUD, s. H. _jamdad_, _jamdhar_. A kind of dagger, broad at the base and slightly curved, the hilt formed with a cross-grip like that of the _Katār_ (see KUTTAUR). [A drawing of what he calls a _jamdhar katārī_ is given in Egerton's _Catalogue_ (Pl. IX. No. 344-5).] F. Johnson's Dictionary gives _jamdar_ as a Persian word with the suggested etymology of _janb-dar_, 'flank-render.' But in the _Āīn_ the word is spelt _jamdhar_, which seems to indicate Hind. origin; and its occurrence in the poem of Chand Bardāi (see _Ind. Antiq._ i. 281) corroborates this. Mr. Beames there suggests the etymology of _Yama-dant_ 'Death's Tooth.' The drawings of the _jamdhad_ or _jamdhar_ in the _Āīn_ illustrations show several specimens with double and triple toothed points, which perhaps favours this view; but _Yama-dhāra_, 'death-wielder,' appears in the Sanskrit dictionaries as the name of a weapon. [Rather, perhaps, _yama-dhara_, 'death-bearer.']

c. 1526.—"JAMDHER." See quotation under KUTTAUR.

[1813.—"... visited the JAMDAR _khana_, or treasury containing his jewels
... curious arms...."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 469.]

JUMMA, s. Hind. from Ar. _jama'_. The total assessment (for land revenue) from any particular estate, or division of country. The Arab. word signifies 'total' or 'aggregate.'

1781.—"An increase of more than 26 _lacks_ of rupees (was) effected on
the former JUMMA."—_Fifth Report_, p. 8.

JUMMABUNDEE, s. Hind. from P.—Ar. _jama'bandī_. A SETTLEMENT (q.v.), _i.e._ the determination of the amount of land revenue due for a year, or a period of years, from a village, estate, or parcel of land. [In the N.W.P. it is specially applied to the annual village rent-roll, giving details of the holding of each cultivator.]

[1765.—"The rents of the province, according to the JUMMA-BUNDY, or
rent-roll ... amounted to ..."—_Verelst, View of Bengal_, App. 214.

[1814.—"JUMMABUNDEE." See under PATEL.]

JUMNA, n.p. The name of a famous river in India which runs by Delhi and Agra. Skt. _Yamunā_, Hind. _Jamunā_ and _Jamnā_, the Διαμούνα of Ptolemy, the Ἰωβαρής of Arrian, the _Jomanes_ of Pliny. The spelling of Ptolemy almost exactly expresses the modern Hind. form _Jamunā_. The name _Jamunā_ is also applied to what was in the 18th century, an unimportant branch of the Brahmaputra R. which connected it with the Ganges, but which has now for many years been the main channel of the former great river. (See JENNYE.) _Jamunā_ is the name of several other rivers of less note.

[1616-17.—"I proposed for a water worke, w^{ch} might giue the Chief
Cittye of the _Mogores_ content ... w^{ch} is to be don vppon the Riuer
IEMINY w^{ch} passeth by _Agra_...."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_, 460.

[1619.—"The river GEMINI was vnfit to set a Myll vppon."—_Sir T. Roe_,
Hak. Soc. ii. 477.

[1663.—"... the GEMNA, a river which may be compared to the
Loire...."—_Bernier, Letter to M. De la Mothe le Vayer_, ed. _Constable_,
241.]

[JUMNA MUSJID, n.p. A common corruption of the Ar. _jāmĕ' masjid_, 'the cathedral or congregational mosque,' Ar. _jama'_, 'to collect.' The common form is supposed to represent some great mosque on the JUMNA R.

[1785.—"The JUMNA-musjid is of great antiquity...."—_Diary_, in _Forbes,
Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 448.

[1849.—"In passing we got out to see the JAMNA Masjid, a very fine
building now used as a magazine."—_Mrs. Mackenzie, Life in the Mission_,
ii. 170.

[1865.—"... the great mosque or DJAMIA '... this word DJAMIA' means
literally 'collecting' or 'uniting,' because here attends the great
concourse of Friday worshippers...."—_Palgrave, Central and E. Arabia_,
ed. 1868, 266.]

JUNGEERA, n.p., _i.e._ _Janjīrā_. The name of a native State on the coast, south of Bombay, from which the Fort and chief place is 44 m. distant. This place is on a small island, rising in the entrance to the Rājpurī inlet, to which the name Janjīrā properly pertains, believed to be a local corruption of the Ar. _jazīra_, 'island.' The State is also called _Habsān_, meaning 'HUBSHEE'S land,' from the fact that for 3 or 4 centuries its chief has been of that race. This was not at first continuous, nor have the chiefs, even when of African blood, been always of one family; but they have apparently been so for the last 200 years. 'The _Sīdī_' (see SEEDY) and 'The _Ḥabshī_,' are titles popularly applied to this chief. This State has a port and some land in Kāthiāwār.

Gen. Keatinge writes: "The members of the Sidi's family whom I saw were, for natives of India, particularly fair." The old Portuguese writers call this harbour _Danda_ (or as they write it _Damda_), _e.g._ João de Castro in _Primeiro Roteiro_, p. 48. His rude chart shows the island-fort.

JUNGLE, s. Hind. and Mahr. _jangal_, from Skt. _jaṇgala_ (a word which occurs chiefly in medical treatises). The native word means in strictness only waste, uncultivated ground; then, such ground covered with shrubs, trees or long grass; and thence again the Anglo-Indian application is to forest, or other wild growth, rather than to the fact that it is not cultivated. A forest; a thicket; a tangled wilderness. The word seems to have passed at a rather early date into Persian, and also into use in Turkistan. From Anglo-Indian it has been adopted into French as well as in English. The word does not seem to occur in _Fryer_, which rather indicates that its use was not so extremely common among foreigners as it is now.

c. 1200.—"... Now the land is humid, JUNGLE (_jangalah_), or of the
ordinary kind."—_Susruta_, i. ch. 35.

c. 1370.—"Elephants were numerous as sheep in the JANGAL round the Ráí's
dwelling."—_Táríkh-i-Fíroz-Sháhí_, in _Elliot_, iii. 314.

c. 1450.—"The Kings of India hunt the elephant. They will stay a whole
month or more in the wilderness, and in the JUNGLE
(_Jangal_)."—_Abdurrazāk_, in _Not. et Ext._ xiv. 51.

1474.—"... Bicheneger. The vast city is surrounded by three ravines, and
intersected by a river, bordering on one side on a dreadful
JUNGEL."—_Ath. Nikitin_, in _India in XVth Cent._, 29.

1776.—"Land waste for five years ... is called JUNGLE."—_Halhed's Gentoo
Code_, 190.

1809.—"The air of Calcutta is much affected by the closeness of the
JUNGLE around it."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 207.

1809.—

"They built them here a bower of jointed cane,
Strong for the needful use, and light and long
Was the slight framework rear'd, with little pain;
Lithe creepers then the wicker sides supply,
And the tall JUNGLE grass fit roofing gave
Beneath the genial sky."
_Curse of Kehama_, xiii. 7.

c. 1830.—"C'est là que je rencontrai les JUNGLES ... j'avoue que je fus
très désappointé."—_Jacquemont, Correspond._ i. 134.

c. 1833-38.—

"L'Hippotame au large ventre
Habite aux JUNGLES de Java,
Où grondent, au fond de chaque antre
Plus de monstres qu'on ne rêva."
_Theoph. Gautier_, in _Poésies Complètes_,
ed. 1876, i. 325.

1848.—"But he was as lonely here as in his JUNGLE at
Boggleywala."—_Thackeray, Vanity Fair_, ch. iii.

" "'Was there ever a battle won like Salamanca? Hey, Dobbin? But
where was it he learnt his art? In India, my boy. The JUNGLE is the
school for a general, mark me that.'"—_Ibid._, ed. 1863, i. 312.

c. 1858.—

"La bête formidable, habitante des JUNGLES
S'endort, le ventre en l'air, et dilate ses ongles."—_Leconte de
Lisle._

"

"Des DJUNGLES du Pendj-Ab
Aux sables du Karnate."—_Ibid._

1865.—"To an eye accustomed for years to the wild wastes of the JUNGLE,
the whole country presents the appearance of one continuous well-ordered
garden."—_Waring, Tropical Resident at Home_, 7.

1867.—"... here are no cobwebs of plea and counterplea, no JUNGLES of
argument and brakes of analysis."—_Swinburne, Essays and Studies_, 133.

1873.—"JUNGLE, derived to us, through the living language of India, from
the Sanskrit, may now be regarded as good English."—_Fitz-Edward Hall,
Modern English_, 306.

1878.—"Cet animal est commun dans les forêts, et dans les
DJENGLES."—_Marre, Kata-Kata-Malayou_, 83.

1879.—"The owls of metaphysics hooted from the gloom of their various
JUNGLES."—_Fortnightly Rev._ No. clxv., N.S., 19.

JUNGLE-FEVER, s. A dangerous remittent fever arising from the malaria of forest or jungle tracts.

1808.—"I was one day sent to a great distance, to take charge of an
officer who had been seized by JUNGLE-FEVER."—Letter in _Morton's L. of
Leyden_, 43.

JUNGLE-FOWL, s. The popular name of more than one species of those birds from which our domestic poultry are supposed to be descended; especially _Gallus Sonneratii_, Temminck, the Grey _Jungle-fowl_, and _Gallus ferrugineus_, Gmelin, the Red _Jungle-fowl_. The former belongs only to Southern India; the latter from the Himālaya, south to the N. Circārs on the east, and to the Rājpīpla Hills south of the Nerbudda on the west.

1800.—"... the thickets bordered on the village, and I was told abounded
in JUNGLE-FOWL."—_Symes, Embassy to Ava_, 96.

1868.—"The common JUNGLE-COCK ... was also obtained here. It is almost
exactly like a common game-cock, but the voice is different."—_Wallace,
Malay Archip._, 108.

The word _jungle_ is habitually used adjectively, as in this instance, to denote wild species, _e.g._ JUNGLE-_cat_, JUNGLE-_dog_, JUNGLE-_fruit_, &c.

JUNGLE-MAHALS, n.p. Hind. _Jangal-Mahāl_. This, originally a vague name of sundry tracts and chieftainships lying between the settled districts of Bengal and the hill country of Chutiā Nāgpūr, was constituted a regular district in 1805, but again broken up and redistributed among adjoining districts in 1833 (see _Imperial Gazetteer_, s.v.).

JUNGLE-TERRY, n.p. Hind. _Jangal-tarāi_ (see TERAI). A name formerly applied to a border-tract between Bengal and Behar, including the inland parts of Monghyr and Bhāgalpūr, and what are now termed the _Santāl Parganas_. Hodges, below, calls it to the "westward" of Bhāgalpūr; but Barkope, which he describes as near the centre of the tract, lies, according to Rennell's map, about 35 m. S.E. of Bhāgalpūr town; and the Cleveland inscription shows that the term included the tract occupied by the Rājmahāl hill-people. The Map No. 2 in Rennell's Bengal Atlas (1779) is entitled "the JUNGLETERRY District, with the adjacent provinces of Birbhoom, Rajemal, Boglipour, &c., comprehending the countries situated between Moorshedabad and Bahar." But the map itself does not show the name _Jungle Terry_ anywhere.

1781.—"Early in February we set out on a tour through a part of the
country called the JUNGLE-TERRY, to the westward of Bauglepore ... after
leaving the village of Barkope, which is nearly in the centre of the
JUNGLE TERRY, we entered the hills.... In the great famine which raged
through Indostan in the year 1770 ... the Jungle Terry is said to have
suffered greatly."—_Hodges_, pp. 90-95.

1784.—"To be sold ... that capital collection of Paintings, late the
property of A. Cleveland, Esq., deceased, consisting of the most capital
views in the districts of Monghyr, Rajemehal, Boglipoor, and the
JUNGLETERRY, by Mr. Hodges...."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 64.

c. 1788.—

"To the Memory of
AUGUSTUS CLEVELAND, Esq.,
Late Collector of the Districts of Bhaugulpore
and Rajamahall,
Who without Bloodshed or the Terror
of Authority,
Employing only the Means of Conciliation,
Confidence, and Benevolence,
Attempted and Accomplished
The entire Subjection of the Lawless and
Savage Inhabitants of the
JUNGLETERRY of Rajamahall...." (etc.)

_Inscription on the_ Monument _erected by_
Government _to_ Cleveland, _who died
in 1784_.

1817.—"These hills are principally covered with wood, excepting where it
has been cleared away for the natives to build their villages, and
cultivate _janaira_ (JOWAUR), plantains and yams, which together with
some of the small grains mentioned in the account of the JUNGLETERRY,
constitute almost the whole of the productions of these
hills."—_Sutherland's Report on the Hill People_ (in App. to _Long_,
560).

1824.—"This part, I find (he is writing at Monghyr), is not reckoned
either in Bengal or Bahar, having been, under the name of the JUNGLETERRY
district, always regarded, till its pacification and settlement, as a
sort of border or debateable land."—_Heber_, i. 131.

JUNGLO, s. Guz. _Janglo_. This term, we are told by R. Drummond, was used in his time (the beginning of the 19th century), by the less polite, to distinguish Europeans; "wild men of the woods," that is, who did not understand Guzerati!

1808.—"Joseph Maria, a well-known scribe of the order of Topeewallas ...
was actually mobbed, on the first circuit of 1806, in the town of
Pitlaud, by parties of curious old women and young, some of whom gazing
upon him put the question, _Aré_ JUNGLA, _too munne pirrneesh_? 'O wild
one, wilt thou marry me?' He knew not what they asked, and made no
answer, whereupon they declared that he was indeed a very _Jungla_, and
it required all the address of Kripram (the worthy Brahmin who related
this anecdote to the writer, uncontradicted in the presence of the said
Senhor) to draw off the dames and damsels from the astonished
Joseph."—_R. Drummond, Illns._ (s.v.).

JUNK, s. A large Eastern ship; especially (and in later use exclusively) a Chinese ship. This indeed is the earliest application also; any more general application belongs to an intermediate period. This is one of the oldest words in the Europeo-Indian vocabulary. It occurs in the travels of Friar Odorico, written down in 1331, and a few years later in the rambling reminiscences of John de' Marignolli. The great Catalan World-map of 1375 gives a sketch of one of those ships with their sails of bamboo matting and calls them INCHI, no doubt a clerical error for IŨCHI. Dobner, the original editor of Marignolli, in the 18th century, says of the word (_junkos_): "This word I cannot find in any medieval glossary. Most probably we are to understand vessels of platted reeds (_a_ juncis _texta_) which several authors relate to be used in India." It is notable that the same erroneous suggestion is made by Amerigo Vespucci in his curious letter to one of the Medici, giving an account of the voyage of Da Gama, whose squadron he had met at C. Verde on its way home.

The French translators of Ibn Batuta derive the word from the Chinese _tchouen_ (_chwen_), and Littré gives the same etymology (s.v. _jonque_). It is possible that the word may be eventually traced to a Chinese original, but not very probable. The old Arab traders must have learned the word from Malay pilots, for it is certainly the Javanese and Malay _jong_ and _ajong_, 'a ship or large vessel.' In Javanese the Great Bear is called _Lintang jong_, 'The Constellation _Junk_,' [which is in Malay _Bintang Jong_. The various forms in Malay and cognate languages, with the Chinese words which have been suggested as the origin, are very fully given by _Scott, Malayan Words in English_, p. 59 _seq._]

c. 1300.—"Large ships called in the language of China 'JUNKS' bring
various sorts of choice merchandize and cloths from Chín and Máchín, and
the countries of Hind and Sind."—_Rashíduddín_, in _Elliot_, i. 69.

1331.—"And when we were there in harbour at Polumbum, we embarked in
another ship called a JUNK (_aliam navim nomine_ ZUNCUM).... Now on board
that ship were good 700 souls, what with sailors and with
merchants...."—_Friar Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c., 73.

c. 1343.—"They make no voyages on the China Sea except with Chinese
vessels ... of these there are three kinds; the big ones which are called
JUNK, in the plural _junūk_.... Each of these big ships carries from
three up to twelve sails. The sails are made of bamboo slips, woven like
mats; they are never hauled down, but are shifted round as the wind blows
from one quarter or another."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 91. The French
translators write the words as _gonk_ (and _gonoûk_). Ibn Batuta really
indicates _chunk_ (and _chunūk_); but both must have been quite wrong.

c. 1348.—"Wishing them to visit the shrine of St. Thomas the Apostle ...
we embarked on certain _Junks_ (_ascendentes_ JUNKOS) from Lower India,
which is called Minubar."—_Marignolli_, in _Cathay_, &c., 356.

1459.—"About the year of Our Lord 1420, a Ship or JUNK of India, in
crossing the Indian Sea, was driven ... in a westerly and south-westerly
direction for 40 days, without seeing anything but sky and sea.... The
ship having touched on the coast to supply its wants, the mariners beheld
there the egg of a certain bird called _chrocho_, which egg was as big as
a butt...."—_Rubric_ on _Fra Mauro's Great Map at Venice_.

" "The Ships or _junks_ (ZONCHI) which navigate this sea, carry 4
masts, and others besides that they can set up or strike (at will); and
they have 40 to 60 little chambers for the merchants, and they have only
one rudder...."—_Ibid._

1516.—"Many Moorish merchants reside in it (Malacca), and also Gentiles,
particularly _Chetis_ (see CHETTY), who are natives of Cholmendel; and
they are all very rich, and have many large ships which they call
JUNGOS."—_Barbosa_, 191.

1549.—"Exclusus isto concilio, applicavit animum ad navem Sinensis
formae, quam IUNCUM vocant."—_Scti. Franc. Xaverii Epist._ 337.

[1554.—"... in the many ships and _junks_ (JUGOS) which certainly passed
that way."—_Castanheda_, ii. c. 20.]

1563.—"JUNCOS are certain long ships that have stern and prow fashioned
in the same way."—_Garcia_, f. 58_b_.

1591.—"By this Negro we were advertised of a small Barke of some thirtie
tunnes (which the Moors call a IUNCO)."—_Barker's Acc. of Lancaster's
Voyage_, in _Hakl._ ii. 589.

1616.—"And doubtless they had made havock of them all, had they not
presently been relieved by two Arabian JUNKS (for so their small
ill-built ships are named....)"—_Terry_, ed. 1665, p. 342.

[1625.—"An hundred Prawes and IUNKES."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, i. 2, 43.

[1627.—"China also, and the great Atlantis (that you call America), which
have now but IUNKS and Canoas, abounded then in tall Ships."—_Bacon, New
Atlantis_, p. 12.]

1630.—"So repairing to _Iasques_ (see JASK), a place in the _Persian_
Gulph, they obtained a fleete of Seaven IUNCKS, to convey them and theirs
as Merchantmen bound for the Shoares of India."—_Lord, Religion of the
Persees_, 3.

1673.—Fryer also speaks of "Portugal JUNKS." The word had thus come to
mean any large vessel in the Indian Seas. Barker's use for a small vessel
(above) is exceptional.

JUNKAMEER, s. This word occurs in _Wheeler_, i. 300, where it should certainly have been written JUNCANEER. It was long a perplexity, and as it was the subject of one of Dr. Burnell's latest, if not the very last, of his contributions to this work, I transcribe the words of his communication:

"Working at improving the notes to v. Linschoten, I have accidentally cleared up the meaning of a word you asked me about long ago, but which I was then obliged to give up—'Jonkamīr.' It = 'a collector of customs.'

"(1745).—Notre Supérieur qui sçavoit qu'à moitié chemin certains
JONQUANIERS[147] mettoient les passans à contribution, nous avoit donné
un ou deux _fanons_ (see FANAM) pour les payer en allant et en revenant,
au cas qu'ils l'exigeassent de nous."—_P. Norbert, Memoires_, pp.
159-160.

"The original word is in Malayālam _chungakāran_, and do. in Tamil, though it does not occur in the Dictionaries of that language; but _chungam_ (= 'Customs') does.

"I was much pleased to settle this curious word; but I should never have thought of the origin of it, had it not been for that rascally old Capuchin P. Norbert's note."

My friend's letter (from West Stratton) has no date, but it must have been written in July or August 1882.—[H.Y.] (See JUNKEON.)

1680.—"The _Didwan_ (see DEWAUN) returned with Lingapas _Ruccas_ (see
ROOCKA) upon the _Avaldar_ (see HAVILDAR) at St. Thoma, and upon the two
chief JUNCANEERS in this part of the country, ordering them not to stop
goods or provisions coming into the town."—_Fort St. Geo. Consn._, Nov.
22, _Notes and Exts._, iii. 39.

1746.—"Given to the Governor's Servants, JUNCANEERS, &c., as usual at
Christmas, _Salampores_ (see SALEMPOORY) 18Ps. P. 13."—_Acct. of Extra
Charges at Fort St. David_, to Dec. 31. _MS. Report_, in India Office.

JUNK-CEYLON, n.p. The popular name of an island off the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Forrest (_Voyage to Mergui_, pp. iii. and 29-30) calls it _Jan-Sylan_, and says it is properly _Ujong_ (_i.e._ in Malay, 'Cape') _Sylang_. This appears to be nearly right. The name is, according to Crawfurd (_Malay Dict._ s.v. _Salang_, and _Dict. Ind. Archip._ s.v. _Ujung_) _Ujung Salang_, 'Salang Headland.' [Mr. Skeat doubts the correctness of this. "There is at least one quite possible alternative, _i.e._ _jong salang_, in which _jong_ means 'a junk,' and _salang_, when applied to vessels, 'heavily tossing' (see _Klinkert, Dict._ s.v. _salang_). Another meaning of _salang_ is 'to transfix a person with a dagger,' and is the technical term for Malay executions, in which the kris was driven down from the collar-bone to the heart. _Parles_ in the first quotation is now known as _Perlis_."]

1539.—"There we crost over to the firm Land, and passing by the Port of
JUNÇALAN (_Iuncalão_) we sailed two days and a half with a favourable
wind, by means whereof we got to the River of _Parles_ in the Kingdom of
_Queda_...."—_Pinto_ (orig. cap. xix.) in _Cogan_, p. 22.

1592.—"We departed thence to a Baie in the Kingdom of IUNSALAOM, which is
betweene Malacca and Pegu, 8 degrees to the Northward."—_Barker_, in
_Hakl._ ii. 591.

1727.—"The North End of JONK CEYLOAN lies within a mile of the
Continent."—_A. Hamilton_, 69; [ed. 1744, ii. 67].

JUNKEON, s. This word occurs as below. It is no doubt some form of the word _chungam_, mentioned under JUNKAMEER. Wilson gives Telugu _Sunkam_, which might be used in Orissa, where Bruton was. [_Shungum_ (Mal. _chunkam_) appears in the sense of toll or customs duties in many of the old treaties in _Logan, Malabar_, vol. iii.]

1638.—"Any IUNKEON or Custome."—_Bruton's Narrative_, in _Hakl._ v. 53.

1676.—"These practices (claims of perquisite by the factory chiefs) hath
occasioned some to apply to the Governour for relief, and chosen rather
to pay JUNCAN than submit to the unreasonable demands aforesaid."—_Major
Puckle's Proposals_, in _Fort St. Geo. Consn._, Feb. 16. _Notes and
Exts._, i. 39.

[1727.—"... at every ten or twelve Miles end, a Fellow to demand JUNKAUN
or Poll-Money for me and my Servants...."—_A. Hamilton_, ed. 1744, i.
392.]

JURIBASSO, s. This word, meaning 'an interpreter,' occurs constantly in the Diary of Richard Cocks, of the English Factory in Japan, admirably edited for the Hakluyt Society by Mr. Edward Maunde Thompson (1883). The word is really Malayo-Javanese _jurubahāsa_, lit. 'language-master,' _juru_ being an expert, 'a master of a craft,' and _bahāsa_ the Skt. _bhāshā_, 'speech.' [_Wilkinson, Dict._, writes _Juru-bĕhasa_; Mr. Skeat prefers _juru-bhasa_.]

1603.—At Patani the Hollanders having arrived, and sent presents—"ils
furent pris par un officier nommé _Orankaea_ (see ORANKAY) JUREBASSA, qui
en fit trois portions."—In _Rec. du Voyages_, ed. 1703, ii. 667. See also
pp. 672, 675.

1613.—"(Said the Mandarin of Ancão) ... 'Captain-major, Auditor,
residents, and JERUBAÇAS, for the space of two days you must come before
me to attend to these instructions (_capitulos_), in order that I may
write to the Aīlão.'...

"These communications being read in the Chamber of the City of Macau,
before the Vereadores, the people, and the Captain-Major then commanding
in the said city, João Serrão da Cunha, they sought for a person who
might be charged to reply, such as had knowledge and experience of the
Chinese, and of their manner of speech, and finding Lourenço Carvalho ...
he made the reply in the following form of words '... To this purpose we
the Captain-Major, the Auditor, the Vereadores, the Padres, and the
JURUBAÇA, assembling together and beating our foreheads before
God....'"—_Bocarro_, pp. 725-729.

" "The foureteenth, I sent M. Cockes, and my IUREBASSO to both the
Kings to entreat them to prouide me of a dozen Seamen."—_Capt. Saris_, in
_Purchas_, 378.

1615.—"... his desire was that, for his sake, I would geve over the
pursute of this matter against the sea _bongew_, for that yf it were
followed, of force the said _bongew_ must cut his bellie, and then my
JUREBASSO must do the lyke. Unto which his request I was content to
agree...."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 33.

[ " "This night we had a conference with our JURYBASSA."—_Foster,
Letters_, iii. 167].

JUTE, s. The fibre (GUNNY-fibre) of the bark of _Corchorus capsularis_, L., and _Corchorus olitorius_, L., which in the last 45 years has become so important an export from India, and a material for manufacture in Great Britain as well as in India. "At the last meeting of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Professor Skeat commented on various English words. _Jute_, a fibrous substance, he explained from the Sanskrit _jūṭa_, a less usual form of _jaṭa_, meaning, 1st, the matted hair of an ascetic; 2ndly, the fibrous roots of a tree such as the banyan; 3rdly, any fibrous substance" (_Academy_, Dec. 27, 1879). The secondary meanings attributed here to _jaṭa_ are very doubtful.[148] The term _jute_ appears to have been first used by Dr. Roxburgh in a letter dated 1795, in which he drew the attention of the Court of Directors to the value of the fibre "called _jute_ by the natives." [It appears, however, as early as 1746 in the Log of a voyage quoted by Col. Temple in _J.R.A.S._, Jan. 1900, p. 158.] The name in fact appears to be taken from the vernacular name in Orissa. This is stated to be properly _jhōṭŏ_, but _jhŭṭŏ_ is used by the uneducated. See _Report of the Jute Commission_, by Babu Hemchundra Kerr, Calcutta, 1874; also a letter from Mr. J. S. Cotton in the _Academy_, Jan. 17, 1880.

JUTKA, s. From Dak.—Hind. _jhaṭkā_, 'quick.' The native cab of Madras, and of Mofussil towns in that Presidency; a conveyance only to be characterised by the epithet _ramshackle_, though in that respect equalled by the Calcutta CRANCHEE (q.v.). It consists of a sort of box with Venetian windows, on two wheels, and drawn by a miserable pony. It is entered by a door at the back. (See SHIGRAM, with like meanings).

JUZAIL, s. This word _jazāil_ is generally applied to the heavy Afghan rifle, fired with a forked rest. If it is Ar. it must be _jazā'il_, the plural of _jazīl_, 'big,' used as a substantive. _Jazīl_ is often used for a big, thick thing, so it looks probable. (See GINGALL.) Hence _jazā'ilchī_, one armed with such a weapon.

[1812.—"The JEZAERCHI also, the men who use blunderbusses, were to wear
the new Russian dress."—_Morier, Journey through Persia_, 30.

[1898.—

"All night the cressets glimmered pale
On Ulwur sabre and Tonk JEZAIL."
_R. Kipling, Barrack-room Ballads_, 84.

[1900.—"Two companies of Khyber JEZAILCHIES."—_Warburton, Eighteen Years
in the Khyber_, 78.]

JYEDAD, s. P.—H. _jāidād_. Territory assigned for the support of troops.

[1824.—"Rampoora on the Chumbul ... had been granted to Dudernaic, as
JAIDAD, or temporary assignment for the payment of his troops."—_Malcolm,
Central India_, i. 223.]

JYSHE, s. This term, Ar. _jaish_, 'an army, a legion,' was applied by Tippoo to his regular infantry, the body of which was called the _Jaish Kachari_ (see under CUTCHERRY).

c. 1782.—"About this time the _Bar_ or regular infantry, Kutcheri, were
called the JYSH KUTCHERI."—_Hist. of Tipú Sultán_, by _Hussein Ali Khán
Kermáni_, p. 32.

1786.—"At such times as new levies or recruits for the JYSHE and
_Piadehs_ are to be entertained, you two and Syed Peer assembling in
_Kuchurry_ are to entertain none but proper and eligible men."—_Tippoo's
Letters_, 256.

K

KAJEE, s. This is a title of Ministers of State used in Nepaul and Sikkim. It is no doubt the Arabic word (see CAZEE for quotations). _Kājī_ is the pronunciation of this last word in various parts of India.

[KALA JUGGAH, s. Anglo-H. _kālā jagah_ for a 'dark place,' arranged near a ball-room for the purpose of flirtation.

[1885.—"At night it was rather cold, and the frequenters of the KALA
JAGAH (or dark places) were unable to enjoy it as much as I hoped they
would."—_Lady Dufferin, Viceregal Life_, 91.]

KALINGA, n.p. (See KLING.)

KALLA-NIMMACK, s. Hind. _kālā-namak_, 'black salt,' a common mineral drug, used especially in horse-treatment. It is muriate of soda, having a mixture of oxide of iron, and some impurities. (_Royle._)

KAPAL, s. _Kāpăl_, the Malay word for a ship, [which seems to have come from the Tam. _kappal_,] "applied to any square-rigged vessel, with top and top-gallant masts" (_Marsden, Memoirs of a Malay Family_, 57).

KARBAREE, s. Hind. _kārbārī_, 'an agent, a manager.' Used chiefly in Bengal Proper.

[c. 1857.—"The Foujdar's report stated that a police CARBAREE was
sleeping in his own house."—_Chevers, Ind. Med. Jurisp._ 467.]

1867.—"The Lushai KARBARIS (literally men of business) duly arrived and
met me at Kassalong."—_Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, 293.

KARCANNA, s. Hind. from Pers. _kār-khāna_, 'business-place.' We cannot improve upon Wilson's definition: "An office, or place where business is carried on; but it is in use more especially applied to places where mechanical work is performed; a workshop, a manufactory, an arsenal; also, fig., to any great fuss or bustle." The last use seems to be obsolete.

[1663.—"Large halls are seen in many places, called KAR-KANAYS or
workshops for the artizans."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 258 _seq._ Also
see CARCANA.]

KARDAR, s. P.—H. _kārdār_, an agent (of the Government) in Sindh.

[1842.—"I further insist upon the offending KARDAR being sent a prisoner
to my head-quarters at Sukkur within the space of five days, to be dealt
with as I shall determine."—_Sir C. Napier_, in _Napier's Conquest of
Scinde_, 149.]

KAREETA, s. Hind. from Ar. _kharīṭa_, and in India also _khalīṭa_. The silk bag (described by Mrs. Parkes, below) in which is enclosed a letter to or from a native noble; also, by transfer, the letter itself. In 2 Kings v. 23, the bag in which Naaman bound the silver is _kharīt_; also in Isaiah iii. 22, the word translated 'crisping-pins' is _kharīṭim_, rather 'purses.'

c. 1350.—"The Sherīf Ibrāhīm, surnamed the KHĀRĪTADĀR, _i.e._ the Master
of the Royal Paper and Pens, was governor of the territory of Hānsī and
Sarsatī."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 337.

1838.—"Her Highness the Bāiza Bā'i did me the honour to send me a
KHARĪTĀ, that is a letter enclosed in a long bag of _Kimkhwāb_ (see
KINCOB), crimson silk brocaded with flowers in gold, contained in another
of fine muslin: the mouth of the bag was tied with a gold and tasseled
cord, to which was appended the great seal of her Highness."—_Wanderings
of a Pilgrim_ (Mrs. Parkes), ii. 250.

In the following passage the _thing_ is described (at Constantinople).

1673.—"... le Visir prenant un sachet de beau brocard d'or à fleurs, long
tout au moins d'une demi aulne et large de cinq ou six doigts, lié et
scellé par le haut avec une inscription qui y estoit attachée, et disant
que c'estoit une lettre du Grand Seigneur...."—_Journal d'Ant. Galland_,
ii. 94.

KAUL, s. Hind. _Kāl_, properly 'Time,' then a period, death, and popularly the visitation of famine. Under this word we read:

1808.—"Scarcity, and the scourge of civil war, embittered the Mahratta
nation in A.D. 1804, of whom many emigrants were supported by the justice
and generosity of neighbouring powers, and (a large number) were relieved
in their own capital by the charitable contributions of the English at
Bombay alone. This and opening of Hospitals for the sick and starving,
within the British settlements, were gratefully told to the writer
afterwards by many Mahrattas in the heart, and from distant parts, of
their own country."—_R. Drummond, Illustrations_, &c.

KAUNTA, CAUNTA, s. This word, Mahr. and Guz. _kānṭha_, 'coast or margin,' [Skt. _kanṭha_, 'immediate proximity,' _kanṭhī_, 'the neck,'] is used in the northern part of the Bombay Presidency in composition to form several popular geographical terms, as _Mahi Kānṭhā_, for a group of small States on the banks of the Mahi River; _Rewā Kānṭhā_, south of the above; _Sindhu Kānṭhā_, the Indus Delta, &c. The word is no doubt the same which we find in Ptolemy for the Gulf of Kachh, Κάνθι κόλπος. Kānṭhī-Kot was formerly an important place in Eastern Kachh, and _Kāṇṭhī_ was the name of the southern coast district (see _Ritter_, vi. 1038).

KEBULEE. (See MYROBOLANS.)

KEDDAH, s. Hind. _Khedā_ (_khednā_, 'to chase,' from Skt. _ākheṭa_, 'hunting'). The term used in Bengal for the enclosure constructed to entrap elephants. [The system of hunting elephants by making a trench round a space and enticing the wild animals by means of tame decoys is described by Arrian, _Indika_, 13.] (See CORRAL.)

[c. 1590.—"There are several modes of hunting elephants. 1. K'HEDAH"
(then follows a description).—_Āīn_, i. 284.]