Chapter LV: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (52)

1533.—"And as the _folosomia_ (?) of Badur was very great, as well as his
presumption, he sent word to Yzam Maluco (NIZAMALUCO) and to VERIDO (who
were great Lords, as it were Kings, in the Decanim, that lies between the
Balgat and Cambaya) ... that they must pay him homage, or he would hold
them for enemies, and would direct war against them, and take away their
dominions."—_Correa_, iii. 514.

1563.—"And these regents ... concerted among themselves ... that they
should seize the King of Daquem in Bedar, which is the chief city and
capital of the Decan; so they took him and committed him to one of their
number, by name VERIDO; and then he and the rest, either in person or by
their representatives, make him a SALAAM (_çalema_) at certain days of
the year.... The VERIDO who died in the year 1510 was a Hungarian by
birth, and originally a Christian, as I have heard on sure
authority."—_Garcia_, f. 35 and 35_v_.

c. 1601.—"About this time a letter arrived from the Prince Sultán
Dániyál, reporting that (Malik) Ambar had collected his troops in Bidar,
and had gained a victory over a party which had been sent to oppose him
by MALIK BARĪD."—_Ináyat Ullah_, in _Elliot_, vi. 104.

MEM-SAHIB, s. This singular example of a hybrid term is the usual respectful designation of a European married lady in the Bengal Presidency; the first portion representing _ma'am_. _Madam Sahib_ is used at Bombay; _Doresani_ (see DORAY) in Madras. (See also BURRA BEEBEE.)

MENDY, s. Hind. _mehndī_, [_meṅhdī_, Skt. _mendhikā_;] the plant _Lawsonia alba_, Lam., of the N. O. _Lythraceae_, strongly resembling the English privet in appearance, and common in gardens. It is the plant whose leaves afford the _henna_, used so much in Mahommedan countries for dyeing the hands, &c., and also in the process of dyeing the hair. _Mehndī_ is, according to Royle, the _Cyprus_ of the ancients (see _Pliny_, xii. 24). It is also the _camphire_ of Canticles i. 14, where the margin of A.V. has erroneously _cypress_ for _cyprus_.

[1813.—"After the girls are betrothed, the ends of the fingers and nails
are dyed red, with a preparation from the MENDEY, or hinna
shrub."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 55; also see i. 22.]

c. 1817.—"... his house and garden might be known from a thousand others
by their extraordinary neatness. His garden was full of trees, and was
well fenced round with a ditch and MINDEY hedge."—_Mrs. Sherwood's
Stories_, ed. 1873, p. 71.

MERCÁLL, MARCÁL, s. Tam. _marakkāl_, a grain measure in use in the Madras Presidency, and formerly varying much in different localities, though the most usual was = 12 _sers_ of grain. [Also known as _toom_.] Its standard is fixed since 1846 at 800 cubic inches, and = 1/400 of a GARCE (q.v.).

1554.—(Negapatam) "Of ghee (_mamteiga_) and oil, one MERCAR is = 2½
_canadas_" (a Portuguese measure of about 3 pints).—_A. Nunez_, 36.

1803.—"... take care to put on each bullock full six MERCALLS or 72
seers."—_Wellington Desp._, ed. 1837, ii. 85.

MERGUI, n.p. The name by which we know the most southern district of Lower Burma with its town; annexed with the rest of what used to be called the "Tenasserim Provinces" after the war of 1824-26. The name is probably of Siamese origin; the town is called by the Burmese _Beit_ (_Sir A. Phayre_).

1568.—"_Tenasari_ la quale è Città delle regioni del regno di Sion, posta
infra terra due o tre maree sopra vn gran fiume ... ed oue il fiume entra
in mare e vna villa chiamata MERGI, nel porto della quale ogn' anno si
caricano alcune navi di _verzino_ (see BRAZIL-_wood_ and SAPPAN-_wood_),
di NIPA (q.v.), di _belzuin_ (see BENJAMIN), e qualche poco di garofalo,
macis, noci...."—_Ces. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 327_v_.

[1684-5.—"A Country Vessel belonging to Mr. Thomas Lucas arriv'd in this
Road from MERGE."—_Pringle, Diary, Ft. St. Geo._, 1st ser. iv. 19.

[1727.—"MERJEE." See under TENASSERIM.]

MILK-BUSH, MILK-HEDGE, s. _Euphorbia Tirucalli_, L., often used for hedges on the Coromandel coast. It abounds in acrid milky juices.

c. 1590.—"They enclose their fields and gardens with hedges of the
_zekoom_ (_zaḳḳum_) tree, which is a strong defence against cattle, and
makes the country almost impenetrable by an army."—_Ayeen_, ed.
_Gladwin_, ii. 68; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 239].

[1773.—"MILKY HEDGE. This is rather a shrub, which they plant for hedges
on the coast of Coromandel...."—_Ives_, 462.]

1780.—"Thorn hedges are sometimes placed in gardens, but in the fields
the MILK BUSH is most commonly used ... when squeezed emitting a whitish
juice like milk, that is deemed a deadly poison.... A horse will have his
head and eyes prodigiously swelled from standing for some time under the
shade of a milk hedge."—_Munro's Narr._ 80.

1879.—

"So saying, Buddh
Silently laid aside sandals and staff,
His sacred thread, turban, and cloth, and came
Forth from behind the MILK-BUSH on the sand...."
_Sir E. Arnold, Light of Asia_, Bk. v.

c. 1886.—"The MILK-HEDGE forms a very distinctive feature in the
landscape of many parts of Guzerat. Twigs of the plant thrown into
running water kill the fish, and are extensively used for that purpose.
Also charcoal from the stems is considered the best for making
gunpowder."—_M.-Gen. R. H. Keatinge._

MINCOPIE, n.p. This term is attributed in books to the Andaman islanders as their distinctive name for their own race. It originated with a vocabulary given by Lieut. Colebrooke in vol. iv. of the _Asiatic Researches_, and was certainly founded on some misconception. Nor has the possible origin of the mistake been ascertained. [Mr. Man (_Proc. Anthrop. Institute_, xii. 71) suggests that it may have been a corruption of the words _min kaich!_ 'Come here!']

MINICOY, n.p. _Minikai_; [Logan (_Malabar_, i. 2) gives the name as _Menakāyat_, which the _Madras Gloss._ derives from Mal. _min_, 'fish,' _kayam_, 'deep pool.' The natives call it _Maliku_ (note by Mr. Gray on the passage from _Pyrard_ quoted below).] An island intermediate between the Maldive and the Laccadive group. Politically it belongs to the latter, being the property of the Ali Raja of Cannanore, but the people and their language are Maldivian. The population in 1871 was 2800. One-sixth of the adults had perished in a cyclone in 1867. A lighthouse was in 1883 erected on the island. This is probably the island intended for _Mulkee_ in that ill-edited book the E.T. of _Tuhfat al-Mujāhidīn_. [Mr. Logan identifies it with the "female island" of Marco Polo. (_Malabar_, i. 287.)]

[c. 1610.—"... a little island named MALICUT."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak.
Soc. i. 322.]

MISCALL, s. Ar. _mis̤ḳāl_ (_mithḳāl_, properly). An Arabian weight, originally that of the Roman _aureus_ and the gold _dīnār_; about 73 grs.

c. 1340.—"The prince, violently enraged, caused this officer to be put in
prison, and confiscated his goods, which amounted to 437,000,000 MITHKALS
of gold. This anecdote serves to attest at once the severity of the
sovereign and the extreme wealth of the country."—_Shihābuddīn_, in _Not.
et Ext._, xiii. 192.

1502.—"Upon which the King (of Sofala) showed himself much pleased ...
and gave them as a present for the Captain-Major a mass of strings of
small golden beads which they call _pingo_, weighing 1000 MATICALS, every
MATICAL being worth 500 _reis_, and gave for the King another that
weighed 3000 _maticals_...."—_Correa_, i. 274.

MISREE, s. Sugar candy. _Miṣrī_, 'Egyptian,' from _Miṣr_, Egypt, the _Mizraim_ of the Hebrews, showing the original source of supply. [We find the _Miṣrī_ or 'sugar of Egypt' in the _Arabian Nights_ (_Burton_, xi. 396).] (See under SUGAR.)

1810.—"The sugar-candy made in India, where it is known by the name of
MISCERY, bears a price suited to its quality.... It is usually made in
small conical pots, whence it concretes into masses, weighing from 3 to 6
lbs. each."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 134.

MISSAL, s. Hind. from Ar. _mis̤l_, meaning 'similitude.' The body of documents in a particular case before a court. [The word is also used in its original sense of a 'clan.']

[1861.—"The martial spirit of the Sikhs thus aroused ... formed itself
into clans or confederacies called MISLS...."—_Cave-Brown, Punjab and
Delhi_, i. 368.]

MOBED, s. P. _mūbid_, a title of Parsee Priests. It is a corruption of the Pehlevi _magô-pat_, 'Lord Magus.'

[1815.—"The rites ordained by the chief MOBUDS are still
observed."—_Malcolm, H. of Persia_, ed. 1829, i. 499.]

MOCUDDUM, s. Hind. from Ar. _muḳaddam_, 'praepositus,' a head-man. The technical applications are many; _e.g._ to the headman of a village, responsible for the realisation of the revenue (see LUMBERDAR); to the local head of a caste (see CHOWDRY); to the head man of a body of peons or of a gang of labourers (see MATE), &c. &c. (See further detail in _Wilson_). Cobarruvias (_Tesoro de la Lengua Castellana_, 1611) gives ALMOCADEN, "Capitan de Infanteria."

c. 1347.—"... The princess invited ... the _tandail_ (see TINDAL) or
MUKADDAM of the crew, and the _sipāhsālār_ or MUKADDAM of the
archers."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 250.[164]

1538.—"O MOCADÃO da mazmorra q̃ era o carcereiro d'aquella prisão, tanto
q̃ os vio mortos, deu logo rebate disso ao Guazil da
justiça...."—_Pinto_, cap. vi.

" "The Jaylor, which in their language is called MOCADAN, repairing
in the morning to us, and finding our two companions dead, goes away in
all haste therewith to acquaint the _Gauzil_, which is as the Judg with
us."—_Cogan's Transl._, p. 8.

1554.—"E a hum naique, com seys piães (peons) e hum MOCADÃO, com seys
tochas, hum BÓY de sombreiro, dous MAINATOS," &c.—_Botelho, Tombo_, 57.

1567.—"... furthermore that no infidel shall serve as scrivener, SHROFF
(_xarrafo_) MOCADAM (_mocadão_), naique (see NAIK), PEON (_pião_),
parpatrim (see PARBUTTY), collector of dues, _corregidor_, interpreter,
procurator or solicitor in court, nor in any other office or charge in
which he can in any way hold authority over Christians."—_Decree of the
Sacred Council of Goa_, Dec. 27. In _Arch. Port. Orient._ fascic. 4.

[1598.—"... a chief Boteson ... which they call MOCADON."—_Linschoten_,
Hak. Soc. i. 267.

[c. 1610.—"They call these Lascarys and their captain MONCADON."—_Pyrard
de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 117.

[1615.—"The Generall dwelt with the MAKADOW of Swally."—_Sir T. Roe_,
Hak. Soc. i. 45; comp. _Danvers, Letters_, i. 234.]

1644.—"Each vessel carries forty mariners and two MOCADONS."—_Bocarro,
MS._

1672.—"Il MUCADAMO, cosi chiamano li Padroni di queste barche."—_P.
Vincenz. Maria_, 3rd ed. 459.

1680.—"For the better keeping the Boatmen in order, resolved to appoint
Black Tom MUCKADUM or Master of the Boatmen, being Christian as he is,
his wages being paid at 70 FANAMS per mensem."—_Fort St. Geo. Consn._,
Dec. 23, in _Notes and Exts._ No. iii. p. 42.

1870.—"This headman was called the MOKADDAM in the more Northern and
Eastern provinces."—_Systems of Land Tenure_ (Cobden Club), 163.

MOCCUDDAMA, s. Hind. from Ar. _muḳaddama_, 'a piece of business,' but especially 'a suit at law.'

MODELLIAR, MODLIAR, s. Used in the Tamil districts of Ceylon (and formerly on the Continent) for a native head-man. It is also a caste title, assumed by certain Tamil people who styled themselves _Śudras_ (an honourable assumption in the South). Tam. _mudaliyār_, _muthaliyār_, an honorific pl. from _mudali_, _muthali_, 'a chief.'

c. 1350.—"When I was staying at Columbum (see QUILON) with those
Christian chiefs who are called MODILIAL, and are the owners of the
pepper, one morning there came to me ..."—_John de Marignolli_, in
_Cathay_, &c., ii. 381.

1522.—"And in opening this foundation they found about a cubit below a
grave made of brickwork, white-washed within, as if newly made, in which
they found part of the bones of the King who was converted by the holy
Apostle, who the natives said they heard was called _Tani_ (Tami)
MUDOLYAR, meaning in their tongue 'Thomas Servant of God.'"—_Correa_, ii.
726.

1544.—"... apud Praefectum locis illis quem MUDELIAREM vulgo
nuncupant."—_S. Fr. Xaverii Epistolae_, 129.

1607.—"On the part of Dom Fernando MODELIAR, a native of Ceylon, I have
received a petition stating his services."—_Letter of K. Philip III._ in
_L. das Monções_, 135.

1616.—"These entered the Kingdom of Candy ... and had an encounter with
the enemy at Matalé, where they cut off five-and-thirty heads of their
people and took certain _araches_ and MODILIARES who are chiefs among
them, and who had ... deserted and gone over to the enemy as is the way
of the _Chingalas_."—_Bocarro_, 495.

1648.—"The 5 August followed from Candy the MODELIAR, or Great Captain
... in order to inspect the ships."—_Van Spilbergen's Voyage_, 33.

1685.—"The MODELIARES ... and other great men among them put on a shirt
and doublet, which those of low caste may not wear."—_Ribeiro_, f. 46.

1708.—"Mon Révérend Père. Vous êtes tellement accoûtumé à vous mêler des
affaires de la Compagnie, que non obstant la prière que je vous ai
réitérée plusieurs fois de nous laisser en repos, je ne suis pas étonné
si vous prenez parti dans l'affaire de Lazaro ci-devant courtier et
MODELIAR de la Compagnie."—_Norbert, Mémoires_, i. 274.

1726.—"MODELYAAR. This is the same as Captain."—_Valentijn_ (Ceylon),
_Names of Officers_, &c., 9.

1810.—"We ... arrived at Barbareen about two o'clock, where we found that
the provident MODELIAR had erected a beautiful rest-house for us, and
prepared an excellent collation."—_Maria Graham_, 98.

MOFUSSIL, s., also used adjectively, "The provinces,"—the country stations and districts, as contra-distinguished from 'the Presidency'; or, relatively, the rural localities of a district as contra-distinguished from the SUDDER or chief station, which is the residence of the district authorities. Thus if, in Calcutta, one talks of the Mofussil, he means anywhere in Bengal out of Calcutta; if one at Benares talks of going into the _Mofussil_, he means going anywhere in the Benares division or district (as the case might be) out of the city and station of Benares. And so over India. The word (Hind. from Ar.) _mufaṣṣal_ means properly 'separate, detailed, particular,' and hence 'provincial,' as _mufaṣṣal 'adālat_, a 'provincial court of justice.' This indicates the way in which the word came to have the meaning attached to it.

About 1845 a clever, free-and-easy newspaper, under the name of _The_ MOFUSSILITE, was started at Meerut, by Mr. John Lang, author of _Too Clever by Half_, &c., and endured for many years.

1781.—"... a gentleman lately arrived from the MOUSSEL" (plainly a
misprint).—_Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, March 31.

" "A gentleman in the MOFUSSIL, Mr. P., fell out of his chaise and
broke his leg...."—_Ibid._, June 30.

1810.—"Either in the Presidency or in the MOFUSSIL...."—_Williamson, V.
M._ ii. 499.

1836.—"... the MOFUSSIL newspapers which I have seen, though generally
disposed to cavil at all the acts of the Government, have often spoken
favourably of the measure."—_T. B. Macaulay_, in _Life_, &c. i. 399.

MOGUL, n.p. This name should properly mean a person of the great nomad race of Mongols, called in Persia, &c., _Mughals_; but in India it has come, in connection with the nominally Mongol, though essentially rather _Turk_, family of Baber, to be applied to all foreign Mahommedans from the countries on the W. and N.W. of India, except the Pathāns. In fact these people themselves make a sharp distinction between the _Mughal Irānī_, of Pers. origin (who is a Shīah), and the _M. Tūrānī_ of Turk origin (who is a Sunni). _Beg_ is the characteristic affix of the Mughal's name, as _Khān_ is of the Pathān's. Among the Mahommedans of S. India the _Moguls_ or _Mughals_ constitute a strongly marked caste. [They are also clearly distinguished in the Punjab and N.W.P.] In the quotation from Baber below, the name still retains its original application. The passage illustrates the tone in which Baber always speaks of his kindred of the Steppe, much as Lord Clyde used sometimes to speak of "confounded Scotchmen."

In Port. writers _Mogol_ or _Mogor_ is often used for "Hindostān," or the territory of the GREAT MOGUL.

1247.—"Terra quaedam est in partibus orientis ... quae MONGAL nominatur.
Haec terra quondam populos quatuor habuit: unus Yeka MONGAL, id est magni
Mongali...."—_Joannis de Plano Carpini, Hist. Mongalorum_, 645.

1253.—"Dicit nobis supradictus Coiac.... 'Nolite dicere quod dominus
noster sit christianus. Non est christianus, sed MOAL'; quia enim nomen
christianitatis videtur eis nomen cujusdem gentis ... volentes nomen
suum, hoc est MOAL, exaltare super omne nomen, nec volunt vocari
_Tartari_."—_Itin. Willielmi de Rubruk_, 259.

1298.—"... MUNGUL, a name sometimes applied to the Tartars."—_Marco
Polo_, i. 276 (2nd ed.).

c. 1300.—"Ipsi verò dicunt se descendisse de Gog et Magog. Vnde ipsi
dicuntur MOGOLI, quasi corrupto vocabulo _Magogoli_."—_Ricoldus de Monte
Crucis_, in _Per. Quatuor_, p. 118.

c. 1308.—"Ὁ δὲ Νογᾶς ... ὃς ἅμα πλείσταις δυνάμεσιν ἐξ ὁμογενῶν Τοχάρων,
οὕς αὐτοι Μουγουλίους λέγουσι, ἔξαποσταλεις ἐκ τῶν κατὰ τὰς Κασπίας
ἀρχόντων τοῦ γένους οὕς Κάνιδας στομάζουσιν."—_Georg. Pachymeres, de
Mich. Palaeol._, lib. v.

c. 1340.—"In the first place from Tana to Gintarchan may be 25 days with
an ox-waggon, and from 10 to 12 days with a horse-waggon. On the road you
will find plenty of MOCCOLS, that is to say of armed
troopers."—_Pegolotti_, on the Land Route to Cathay, in _Cathay_, &c.,
ii. 287.

1404.—"And the territory of this empire of Samarkand is called the
territory of MOGALIA, and the language thereof is called MUGALIA, and
they don't understand this language on this side of the River (the Oxus)
... for the character which is used by those of Samarkand beyond the
river is not understood or read by those on this side the river; and they
call _that_ character MONGALI, and the Emperor keeps by him certain
scribes who can read and write this MOGALI character."—_Clavijo_, § ciii.
(Comp. _Markham_, 119-120.)

c. 1500.—"The MOGHUL troops, which had come to my assistance, did not
attempt to fight, but instead of fighting, betook themselves to
dismounting and plundering my own people. Nor is this a solitary
instance; such is the uniform practice of these wretches the MOGHULS; if
they defeat the enemy they instantly seize the booty; if they are
defeated, they plunder and dismount their own allies, and betide what
may, carry off the spoil."—_Baber_, 93.

1534.—"And whilst Badur was there in the hills engaged with his pleasures
and luxury, there came to him a messenger from the King of the MOGORES of
the kingdom of Dely, called Bobor Mirza."—_Correa_, iii. 571.

1536.—"Dicti MOGORES vel à populis Persarum MOGORIBUS, vel quod nunc
Turkae à Persis MOGORES appellantur."—Letter from _K. John III._ to _Pope
Paul III._

1555.—"Tartaria, otherwyse called MONGAL, As Vincentius wryteth, is in
that parte of the earthe, where the Easte and the northe joine
together."—_W. Watreman, Fardle of Faciouns._

1563.—"This Kingdom of Dely is very far inland, for the northern part of
it marches with the territory of Coraçone (Khorasan).... The MOGORES,
whom we call Tartars, conquered it more than 30 years ago...."—_Garcia_,
f. 34.

[c. 1590.—"In his time (Naṣiru'ddīn Maḥmūd) the MUGHALS entered the
Panjab ..."—_Āīn_. ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 304.

[c. 1610.—"The greatest ships come from the coast of Persia, Arabia,
MOGOR."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 258.

[1636.—India "containeth many Provinces and Realmes, as Cambaiar, Delli,
Decan, Bishagar, Malabar, Narsingar, Orixa, Bengala, Sanga, MOGORES,
Tipura, Gourous, Ava, Pegua, Aurea Chersonesus, Sina, Camboia, and
Campaa."—_T. Blundevil, Description and use of Plancius his Mappe, in
Eight Treatises_, ed. 1626, p. 547.]

c. 1650.—"Now shall I tell how the royal house arose in the land of the
MONGHOL.... And the Ruler (Chingiz Khan) said, ... 'I will that this
people Bèdè, resembling a precious crystal, which even to the completion
of my enterprise hath shown the greatest fidelity in every peril, shall
take the name of _Köke_ (Blue) MONGHOL...."—_Sanang Setzen_, by
_Schmidt_, pp. 57 and 71.

1741.—"Ao mesmo tempo que a paz se ajusterou entre os referidos generaes
MOGOR e Marata."—_Bosquejo das Possessões Portug. na Oriente_—_Documentos
Comprovativos_, iii. 21 (Lisbon 1853).

1764.—"Whatever MOGULS, whether Oranies or Tooranies, come to offer their
services should be received on the aforesaid terms."—_Paper of Articles_
sent to Major Munro by the _Nawab_, in _Long_, 360.

c. 1773.—"... the news-writers of Rai Droog frequently wrote to the
Nawaub ... that the besieged Naik ... had attacked the batteries of the
besiegers, and had killed a great number of the MOGHULS."—_H. of Hydur_,
317.

1781.—"Wanted an European or MOGUL Coachman that can drive four Horses in
hand."—_India Gazette_, June 30.

1800.—"I pushed forward the whole of the Mahratta and MOGUL cavalry in
one body...."—_Sir A. Wellesley_ to _Munro, Munro's Life_, i. 268.

1803.—"The MOGUL horse do not appear very active; otherwise they ought
certainly to keep the PINDARRIES at a greater distance."—_Wellington_,
ii. 281.

In these last two quotations the term is applied distinctively to
Hyderabad troops.

1855.—"The MOGULS and others, who at the present day settle in the
country, intermarrying with these people (Burmese Mahommedans) speedily
sink into the same practical heterodoxies."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, 151.

MOGUL, THE GREAT, n.p. Sometimes '_The Mogul_' simply. The name by which the Kings of Delhi of the House of Timur were popularly styled, first by the Portuguese (_o grão Mogor_) and after them by Europeans generally. It was analogous to THE SOPHY (q.v.), as applied to the Kings of Persia, or to the 'Great Turk' applied to the Sultan of Turkey. Indeed the latter phrase was probably the model of the present one. As noticed under the preceding article, MOGOL, MOGOR, and also _Mogolistan_ are applied among old writers to the _dominions_ of the Great Mogul. We have found no native idiom precisely suggesting the latter title; but _Mughal_ is thus used in the _Araish-i-Mahfil_ below, and _Mogolistan_ must have been in some native use, for it is a form that Europeans would not have invented. (See quotations from Thevenot here and under MOHWA.)

c. 1563.—"Ma già dodici anni il GRAN MAGOL Re Moro d'Agra et del Deli ...
si è impatronito di tutto il Regno de Cambaia."—_V. di Messer Cesare
Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii.

1572.—

"A este o Rei Cambayco soberbissimo
Fortaleza darà na rica Dio;
Porque contra o MOGOR poderosissimo
Lhe ajude a defender o senhorio...."
_Camões_, x. 64.

By Burton:

"To him Cambaya's King, that haughtiest Moor,
shall yield in wealthy Diu the famous fort
that he may gain against the GRAND MOGOR
'spite his stupendous power, your firm support...."

[1609.—"When you shall repair to the GREATE MAGULL."—_Birdwood, First
Letter Book_, 325.

[1612.—"Hecchabar (Akbar) the last deceased Emperor of Hindustan, the
father of the present GREAT MOGUL."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 163.]

1615.—"Nam praeter MAGNUM MOGOR cui hodie potissima illius pars subjecta
est; qui tum quidem Mahometicae religioni deditus erat, quamuis eam modo
cane et angue peius detestetur, vix scio an illius alius rex Mahometana
sacra coleret."—_Jarric_, i. 58.

" "... prosecuting my travaile by land, I entered the confines of
the GREAT MOGOR...."—_De Monfart_, 15.

1616.—"It (Chitor) is in the country of one Rama, a Prince newly subdued
by the MOGUL."—_Sir T. Roe._ [In Hak. Soc. (i. 102) for "the MOGUL" the
reading is "this King."]

" "The Seuerall Kingdomes and Prouinces subject to the GREAT MOGOLL
Sha Selin Gehangier."—_Idem._ in _Purchas_, i. 578.

" "... the base cowardice of which people hath made The GREAT MOGUL
sometimes use this proverb, that one Portuguese would beat three of his
people ... and he would further add that one Englishman would beat three
Portuguese. The truth is that those Portuguese, especially those born in
those Indian colonies, ... are a very low poor-spirited
people...."—_Terry_, ed. 1777, 153.

[ " "... a copy of the articles granted by the GREAT MOGOLL may
partly serve for precedent."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 222.]

1623.—"The people are partly Gentile and partly Mahometan, but they live
mingled together, and in harmony, because the GREAT MOGUL, to whom
Guzerat is now subject ... although he is a Mahometan (yet not altogether
that, as they say) makes no difference in his states between one kind of
people and the other."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 510; [Hak. Soc. i. 30, where
Mr. Grey reads "Gran Moghel"].

1644.—"The King of the inland country, on the confines of this island and
fortress of Dlu, is the MOGOR, the greatest Prince in all the
East."—_Bocarro_, MS.

1653.—"MOGOL est vn terme des Indes qui signifie blanc, et quand nous
disons le GRAND MOGOL, que les Indiens appellent Schah Geanne Roy du
monde, c'est qu'il est effectiuement blanc ... nous l'appellons grand
Blanc ou GRAND MOGOL, comme nous appellons le Roy des Ottomans grand
Turq."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, pp. 549-550.

" "This Prince, having taken them all, made fourscore and two of
them abjure their faith, who served him in his wars against the GREAT
MOGOR, and were every one of them miserably slain in that
expedition."—_Cogan's Pinto_, p. 25. The expression is not in Pinto's
original, where it is _Rey dos Mogores_ (cap. xx.).

c. 1663.—"Since it is the custom of _Asia_ never to approach Great
Persons with Empty Hands, when I had the Honour to kiss the Vest of the
GREAT MOGOL _Aureng Zebe_, I presented him with Eight _Roupees_
..."—_Bernier_, E.T. p. 62; [ed. _Constable_, 200].

1665.—

"... Samarchand by Oxus, Temir's throne,
To Paquin of Sinaean Kings; and thence
To Agra and Lahor of GREAT MOGUL...."
_Paradise Lost_, xi. 389-91.

c. 1665.—"L'Empire du GRAND-MOGOL, qu'on nomme particulierement le
MOGOLISTAN, est le plus étendu et le plus puissant des Roiaumes des
Indes.... Le GRAND-MOGOL vient en ligne directe de Tamerlan, dont les
descendants qui se sont établis aux Indes, se sont fait appeller
MOGOLS...."—_Thevenot_, v. 9.

1672.—"In these beasts the GREAT MOGUL takes his pleasure, and on a
stately Elephant he rides in person to the arena where they
fight."—_Baldaeus_ (Germ. ed.), 21.

1673.—"It is the Flower of their Emperor's Titles to be called the GREAT
MOGUL, _Burrore_ (read _Burrow_, see Fryer's Index) MOGUL _Podeshar_, who
... is at present _Auren Zeeb_."—_Fryer_, 195.

1716.—"GRAM MOGOL. Is as much as to say 'Head and king of the
Circumcised,' for MOGOL in the language of that country signifies
circumcised" (!)—_Bluteau_, s.v.

1727.—"Having made what observations I could, of the Empire of _Persia_,
I'll travel along the Seacoast towards _Industan_, or the GREAT MOGUL'S
Empire."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 115, [ed. 1744].

1780.—"There are now six or seven fellows in the tent, gravely disputing
whether Hyder is, or is not, the person commonly called in Europe the
GREAT MOGUL."—Letter of _T. Munro_, in _Life_, i. 27.

1783.—"The first potentate sold by the Company for money, was the GREAT
MOGUL—the descendant of Tamerlane."—_Burke, Speech on Fox's E.I. Bill_,
iii. 458.

1786.—"That Shah Allum, the prince commonly called the GREAT MOGUL, or,
by eminence, the King, is or lately was in possession of the ancient
capital of Hindostan...."—_Art. of Charge against Hastings_, in _Burke_,
vii. 189.

1807.—"L'Hindoustan est depuis quelque temps dominé par une multitude de
petits souverains, qui s'arrachent l'un l'autre leurs possessions. Aucun
d'eux ne reconnait comme il faut l'autorité légitime du MOGOL, si ce
n'est cependant Messieurs les Anglais, lesquels n'ont pas cessé d'être
soumis à son obéissance; en sort qu'actuellement, c'est à dire en 1222
(1807) ils reconnaissent l'autorité suprême d'Akbar Schah, fils de Schah
Alam."—_Afsos, Araish-i-Mahfil_, quoted by _Garcin de Tassy, Rel. Mus._
90.

MOGUL BREECHES, s. Apparently an early name for what we call LONG-DRAWERS or PYJAMAS (qq.v.).

1625.—"... let him have his shirt on and his MOGUL BREECHES; here are
women in the house."—_Beaumont & Fletcher, The Fair Maid of the Inn_, iv.
2.

In a picture by Vandyke of William 1st Earl of Denbigh, belonging to the Duke of Hamilton, and exhibited at Edinburgh in July 1883, the subject is represented as out shooting, in a red striped shirt and _pyjamas_, no doubt the "Mogul breeches" of the period.

MOHUR, GOLD, s. The official name of the chief gold coin of British India, Hind. from Pers. _muhr_, a (metallic) seal, and thence a gold coin. It seems possible that the word is taken from _mihr_, 'the sun,' as one of the secondary meanings of that word is 'a golden circlet on the top of an umbrella, or the like' (_Vullers_). [Platts, on the contrary, identifies it with Skt. _mudrā_, 'a seal.']

The term _muhr_, as applied to a coin, appears to have been popular only and quasi-generic, not precise. But that to which it has been most usually applied, at least in recent centuries, is a coin which has always been in use since the foundation of the Mahommedan Empire in Hindustan by the Ghūrī Kings of Ghazni and their freedmen, circa A.D. 1200, tending to a standard weight of 100 _ratis_ (see RUTTEE) of pure gold, or about 175 grains, thus equalling in weight, and probably intended then to equal ten times in value, the silver coin which has for more than three centuries been called RUPEE.

There is good ground for regarding this as the theory of the system.[165] But the gold coins, especially, have deviated from the theory considerably; a deviation which seems to have commenced with the violent innovations of Sultan Mahommed Tughlak (1325-1351), who raised the gold coin to 200 grains, and diminished the silver coin to 140 grains, a change which may have been connected with the enormous influx of gold into Upper India, from the plunder of the immemorial accumulations of the Peninsula in the first quarter of the 14th century. After this the coin again settled down in approximation to the old weight, insomuch that, on taking the weight of 46 different _mohurs_ from the lists given in Prinsep's _Tables_, the average of pure gold is 167.22 grains.[166]

The first gold mohur struck by the Company's Government was issued in 1766, and declared to be a legal tender for 14 sicca rupees. The full weight of this coin was 179.66 grs., containing 149.72 grs. of gold. But it was impossible to render it current at the rate fixed; it was called in, and in 1769 a new mohur was issued to pass as legal tender for 16 sicca rupees. The weight of this was 190.773 grs. (according to Regn. of 1793, 190.894), and it contained 190.086 grs. of gold. Regulation xxxv. of 1793 declared these GOLD MOHURS to be a legal tender in all public and private transactions. Regn. xiv. of 1818 declared, among other things, that "it has been thought advisable to make a slight deduction in the intrinsic value of the GOLD MOHUR to be coined at this Presidency (Fort William), in order to raise the value of fine gold to fine silver, from the present rates of 1 to 14.861 to that of 1 to 15. The GOLD MOHUR will still continue to pass current at the rate of 16 rupees." The new gold mohur was to weigh 204.710 grs., containing fine gold 187.651 grs. Once more Act xvii. of 1835 declared that the only gold coin to be coined at Indian mints should be (with proportionate subdivisions) a GOLD MOHUR or "15 rupee piece" of the weight of 180 grs. troy, containing 165 grs. of pure gold; and declared also that no gold coin should thenceforward be a legal tender of payment in any of the territories of the E.I. Company. There has been since then no substantive change.

A friend (W. Simpson, the accomplished artist) was told in India that GOLD MOHUR was a corruption of _gol_, ('round') _mohr_, indicating a distinction from the square mohurs of some of the Delhi Kings. But this we take to be purely fanciful.

1690.—"The GOLD MOOR, or Gold Roupie, is valued generally at 14 of
Silver; and the Silver Roupie at Two Shillings Three Pence."—_Ovington_,
219.

1726.—"There is here only also a State mint where GOLD MOORS, silver
_Ropyes_, _Peysen_ and other money are struck."—_Valentijn_, v. 166.

1758.—"80,000 rupees, and 4000 GOLD MOHURS, equivalent to 60,000 rupees,
were the military chest for immediate expenses."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, ii.
364.

[1776.—"Thank you a thousand times for your present of a parcel of
MORAHS."—_Mrs. P. Francis_, to her husband, in _Francis Letters_, i.
286.]

1779.—"I then took hold of his hand: then he (Francis) took out GOLD
MOHURS: and offered to give them to me: I refused them; he said 'Take
that (offering both his hands to me), 'twill make you great men, and I
will give you 100 GOLD MOHURS more.'"—_Evidence of_ Rambux Jemadar, _on
Trial of_ Grand _v._ Francis, quoted in _Echoes of Old Calcutta_, 228.

1785.—"Malver, hairdresser from Europe, proposes himself to the ladies of
the settlement to dress Hair daily, at two GOLD MOHURS per month, in the
latest fashion with gauze flowers, &c. He will also instruct the slaves
at a moderate price."[167]—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 119.

1797.—"Notwithstanding he (the Nabob) was repeatedly told that I would
accept nothing, he had prepared 5 lacs of rupees and 8000 GOLD MOHURS for
me, of which I was to have 4 lacs, my attendants one, and your Ladyship
the gold."—Letter in _Mem. of Lord Teignmouth_, i. 410.

1809.—"I instantly presented to her a nazur (see NUZZER) of nineteen GOLD
MOHURS in a white handkerchief."—_Lord Valentia_, i. 100.

1811.—"Some of his fellow passengers ... offered to bet with him sixty
GOLD MOHURS."—_Morton's Life of Leyden_, 83.

1829.—"I heard that a private of the Company's Foot Artillery passed the
very noses of the prize-agents, with 500 GOLD MOHURS (sterling 1000_l._)
in his hat or cap."—_John Shipp_, ii. 226.

[c. 1847.—"The widow is vexed out of patience, because her daughter Maria
has got a place beside Cambric, the penniless curate, and not by Colonel
GOLDMORE, the rich widower from India."—_Thackeray, Book of Snobs_, ed.
1879, p. 71.]

MOHURRER, MOHRER, &c., s. A writer in a native language. Ar. _muḥarrir_, 'an elegant, correct writer.' The word occurs in _Grose_ (c. 1760) as 'MOOREIS, writers.'

[1765.—"This is not only the custom of the heads, but is followed by
every petty MOHOOREE in each office."—_Verelst, View of Bengal_, App.
217.]

MOHURRUM, s. Ar. _Muḥarram_ ('_sacer_'), properly the name of the 1st month of the Mahommedan lunar year. But in India the term is applied to the period of fasting and public mourning observed during that month in commemoration of the death of Hassan and of his brother Husain (A.D. 669 and 680) and which terminates in the ceremonies of the _'Ashūrā-a_, commonly however known in India as "_the Mohurrum_." For a full account of these ceremonies see _Herklots, Qanoon-e-Islam_, 2nd ed. 98-148. [_Perry, Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain._] And see in this book HOBSON-JOBSON.

1869.—"_Fête du Martyre de Huçain_.... On la nomme généralement MUHARRAM
du nom du mois ... et plus spécialement _Dahâ_, mot persan dérivé de
_dah_ 'dix,' ... les dénominations viennent de ce que la fête de Huçain
dure dix jours."—_Garcin de Tassy, Rel. Mus._ p. 31.

MOHWA, MHOWA, MOWA, s. Hind. &c. _mahuā_, _mahwā_, Skt. _madhūka_, the large oak-like tree _Bassia latifolia_,[168] Roxb. (N. O. _Sapotaceae_), also the flower of this tree from which a spirit is distilled and the spirit itself. It is said that the Mahwā flower is now largely exported to France for the manufacture of _liqueurs_. The tree, in groups, or singly, is common all over Central India in the lower lands, and, more sparsely, in the Gangetic provinces. "It abounds in Guzerat. When the flowers are falling the Hill-men camp under the trees to collect them. And it is a common practice to sit perched on one of the trees in order to shoot the large deer which come to feed on the fallen MHOWA. The timber is strong and durable." (_M.-Gen. R. H. Keatinge_).

c. 1665.—"Les bornes du MOGOLISTAN et de Golconde sont plantées à environ
un lieue et demie de Calvar. Ce sont des arbres qu'on appelle MAHOUA; ils
marquent la dernière terre du MOGOL."—_Thevenot_, v. 200.

1810.—"... the number of shops where _Toddy_, MOWAH, _Pariah Arrack_,
&c., are served out, absolutely incalculable."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii.
153.

1814.—"The MOWAH ... attains the size of an English oak ... and from the
beauty of its foliage, makes a conspicuous appearance in the
landscape."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 452; [2nd ed. ii. 261, reading MAWAH].

1871.—"The flower ... possesses considerable substance, and a sweet but
sickly taste and smell. It is a favourite article of food with all the
wild tribes, and the lower classes of Hindus; but its main use is in the
distillation of ardent spirits, most of what is consumed being MHOWA. The
spirit, when well made, and mellowed by age, is by no means of despicable
quality, resembling in some degree Irish whisky. The luscious flowers are
no less a favourite food of the brute creation than of man...."—_Forsyth,
Highlands of C. India_, 75.

MOLE-ISLAM, n.p. The title applied to a certain class of rustic Mahommedans or quasi-Mahommedans in Guzerat, said to have been forcibly converted in the time of the famous Sultan Mahmūd Bigarra, Butler's "Prince of Cambay." We are ignorant of the true orthography or meaning of the term. [In the E. Panjab the descendants of Jats forcibly converted to Islam are known as Mūla, or 'unfortunate' (_Ibbetson, Punjab Ethnography_, p. 142). The word is derived from the _nakshatra_ or lunar asterism of _Mūl_, to be born in which is considered specially unlucky.]

[1808.—"MOLE-ISLAMS." See under GRASSIA.]

MOLEY, s. A kind of (so-called _wet_) curry used in the Madras Presidency, a large amount of coco-nut being one of the ingredients. The word is a corruption of 'Malay'; the dish being simply a bad imitation of one used by the Malays.

[1885.—"Regarding the Ceylon curry.... It is known by some as the
'_Malay_ curry,' and it is closely allied to the MOLI of the Tamils of
Southern India." Then follows the recipe.—_Wyvern, Culinary Jottings_,
5th ed., 299.]

MOLLY, or (better) MALLEE, s. Hind. _mālī_, Skt. _mālika_, 'a garland-maker,' or a member of the caste which furnishes gardeners. We sometimes have heard a lady from the Bengal Presidency speak of the daily homage of "the MOLLY with his DOLLY," viz. of the _mālī_ with his _dālī_.

1759.—In a Calcutta wages tariff of this year we find—

"House MOLLY 4 Rs."
In _Long_, 182.

MOLUCCAS, n.p. The 'Spice Islands,' strictly speaking the five Clove Islands, lying to the west of Gilolo, and by name Ternate (_Tarnāti_), Tidore (_Tidori_), Mortir, Makian, and Bachian. [See Mr. Gray's note on _Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 166.] But the application of the name has been extended to all the islands under Dutch rule, between Celebes and N. Guinea. There is a Dutch governor residing at Amboyna, and the islands are divided into 4 residencies, viz. Amboyna, Banda, Ternate and Manado. The origin of the name Molucca, or _Maluco_ as the Portuguese called it, is not recorded; but it must have been that by which the islands were known to the native traders at the time of the Portuguese discoveries. The early accounts often dwell on the fact that each island (at least three of them) had a king of its own. Possibly they got the (Ar.) name of _Jazīrat-al-Mulūk_, 'The Isles of the Kings.'

Valentijn probably entertained the same view of the derivation. He begins his account of the islands by saying:

"There are many who have written of the MOLUCCOS and _of their Kings_,
but we have hitherto met with no writer who has given an exact view of
the subject" (_Deel_, i. _Mol._ 3).

And on the next page he says:

"For what reason they have been called Moluccos we shall not here say;
for we shall do this circumstantially when we shall speak of the MOLUKSE
_Kings_ and their customs."

But we have been unable to find the fulfilment of this intention, though probably it exists in that continent of a work somewhere. We have also seen a paper by a writer who draws much from the quarry of Valentijn. This is an article by Dr. Van Muschenbroek in the _Proceedings_ of the International Congress of Geog. at Venice in 1881 (ii. pp. 596, _seqq._), in which he traces the name to the same origin. He appears to imply that the chiefs were known among themselves as MOLOKOS, and that this term was substituted for the indigenous _Kolano_, or King. "Ce nom, ce titre restèrent, et furent même peu à peu employés, non seulement pour les chefs, mais aussi pour l'état même. A la longue les îles et les états _des_ MOLOKOS devinrent les îles et les états MOLOKOS." There is a good deal that is questionable, however, in this writer's deductions and etymologies. [Mr. Skeat remarks: "The islands appear to be mentioned in the Chinese history of the Tang dynasty (618-696) as MI-LI-KU, and if this be so the name is perhaps too old to be Arab."]

c. 1430.—"Has (Javas) ultra xv dierum cursu duae reperiuntur insulae,
orientem versus. Altera Sandai appellatur, in qua nuces muscatae et
maces; altera Bandam nomine, in qua sola gariofali producuntur."—_N.
Conti_, in _Poggius_.

1501.—The earliest mention of these islands by this name, that we know,
is in a letter of Amerigo Vespucci (quoted under CANHAMEIRA), who in
1501, among the places heard of by Cabral's fleet, mentions the MALUCHE
ISLANDS.

1510.—"We disembarked in the island of MONOCH, which is much smaller than
Bandan; but the people are worse.... Here the cloves grow, and in many
other neighbouring islands, but they are small and
uninhabited."—_Varthema_, 246.

1514.—"Further on is Timor, whence comes sandalwood, both the white and
the red; and further on still are the MALUC, whence come the cloves. The
bark of these trees I am sending you; an excellent thing it is; and so
are the flowers."—_Letter of Giovanni da Empoli_, in _Archivio Stor.
Ital._, p. 81.

1515.—"From Malacca ships and junks are come with a great quantity of
spice, cloves, mace, nut (meg), sandalwood, and other rich things. They
have discovered the FIVE ISLANDS OF CLOVES; two Portuguese are lords of
them, and rule the land with the rod. 'Tis a land of much meat, oranges,
lemons, and clove-trees, which grow there of their own accord, just as
trees in the woods with us.... God be praised for such favour, and such
grand things!"—_Another letter of do._, _ibid._ pp. 85-86.

1516.—"Beyond these islands, 25 leagues towards the north-east, there are
five islands, one before the other, which are called the islands of
MALUCO, in which all the cloves grow.... _Their Kings are Moors_, and the
first of them is called _Bachan_, the second _Maquian_, the third is
called _Motil_, the fourth _Tidory_, and the fifth _Ternaty_ ... every
year the people of Malaca and Java come to these islands to ship
cloves...."—_Barbosa_, 201-202.

1518.—"And it was the monsoon for MALUCO, dom Aleixo despatched dom
Tristram de Meneses thither, to establish the trade in clove, carrying
letters from the King of Portugal, and presents for the Kings of the
isles of Ternate and Tidore where the clove grows."—_Correa_, ii. 552.

1521.—"Wednesday the 6th of November ... we discovered four other rather
high islands at a distance of 14 leagues towards the east. The pilot who
had remained with us told us these were the MALUCO islands, for which we
gave thanks to God, and to comfort ourselves we discharged all our
artillery ... since we had passed 27 months all but two days always in
search of MALUCO."—_Pigafetta, Voyage of Magellan_, Hak. Soc. 124.

1553.—"We know by our voyages that this part is occupied by sea and by
land cut up into many thousand islands, these together, sea and islands,
embracing a great part of the circuit of the Earth ... and in the midst
of this great multitude of islands are those called MALUCO.... (These)
five islands called MALUCO ... stand all within sight of one another
embracing a distance of 25 leagues ... we do not call them MALUCO because
they have no other names; and we call them _five_ because in that number
the clove grows naturally.... Moreover we call them in combination
MALUCO, as here among us we speak of the Canaries, the Terceiras, the
Cabo-Verde islands, including under these names many islands each of
which has a name of its own."—_Barros_, III. v. 5.

" "... li molti viaggi dalla città di Lisbona, e dal mar rosso a
Calicut, et insino alle MOLUCCHE, done nascono le spezierie."—_G. B.
Ramusio, Pref. sopra il Libro del Magn._ M. Marco Polo.

1665.—

"As when far off at sea a fleet descried
Hangs in the clouds, by equinoctial winds
Close sailing from Bengala, or the Isles
Of _Ternate_ and _Tidore_, whence merchants bring
Their spicy drugs...."
_Paradise Lost_, ii. 636-640.

MONE, n.p. _Mōn_ or _Mūn_, the name by which the people who formerly occupied Pegu, and whom we call Talaing, called themselves. See TALAING.

MONEGAR, s. The title of the headman of a village in the Tamil country; the same as _pāṭīl_ (see PATEL) in the Deccan, &c. The word is Tamil _maṇi yakkāran_, 'an overseer,' _maniyam_, 'superintendence.'

1707.—"Ego Petrus MANICAREN, id est _Villarum Inspector_...."—In
_Norbert, Mem._ i. 390, note.

1717.—"Towns and villages are governed by inferior Officers ...
MANIAKARER (Mayors or Bailiffs) who hear the complaints."—_Phillips,
Account_, &c., 83.

1800.—"In each _Hobly_, for every thousand _Pagodas_ (335_l._ 15_s._
10¼_d._) rent that he pays, there is also a MUNEGAR, or a Tahsildar (see
TAHSEELDAR) as he is called by the Mussulmans."—_Buchanan's Mysore_, &c.,
i. 276.

MONKEY-BREAD TREE, s. The Baobab, _Adansonia digitata_, L. "a fantastic-looking tree with immense elephantine stem and small twisted branches, laden in the rains with large white flowers; found all along the coast of Western India, but whether introduced by the Mahommedans from Africa, or by ocean-currents wafting its large light fruit, full of seed, across from shore to shore, is a nice speculation. A sailor once picked up a large seedy fruit in the Indian Ocean off Bombay, and brought it to me. It was very rotten, but I planted the seeds. It turned out to be _Kigelia pinnata_ of E. Africa, and propagated so rapidly that in a few years I introduced it all over the Bombay Presidency. The Baobab however is generally found most abundant about the old ports frequented by the early Mahommedan traders." (_Sir G. Birdwood, MS._) We may add that it occurs sparsely about Allahabad, where it was introduced apparently in the Mogul time; and in the Gangetic valley as far E. as Calcutta, but always _planted_. There are, or were, noble specimens in the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta, and in Mr. Arthur Grote's garden at Alipūr. [See _Watt, Econ. Dict._ i. 105.]

MONSOON, s. The name given to the periodical winds of the Indian seas, and of the seasons which they affect and characterize. The original word is the Ar. _mausim_, 'season,' which the Portuguese corrupted into _monção_, and our people into _monsoon_. Dictionaries (except Dr. Badger's) do not apparently give the Arabic word _mausim_ the technical sense of _monsoon_. But there can be no doubt that it had that sense among the Arab pilots from whom the Portuguese adopted the word. This is shown by the quotations from the Turkish Admiral Sidi 'Ali. "The rationale of the term is well put in the _Beirūt Moḥīt_, which says: '_Mausim_ is used of anything that comes round but once a year, like the festivals. In Lebanon the _mausim_ is the season of working with the silk,'—which is the important season there, as the season of navigation is in Yemen." (_W. R. S._)

The Spaniards in America would seem to have a word for _season_ in analogous use for a recurring wind, as may be gathered from _Tom Cringle_.[169] The Venetian, Leonardo Ca' Masser (below) calls the monsoons _li tempi_. And the quotation from _Garcia De Orta_ shows that in his time the Portuguese sometimes used the word for _season_ without any apparent reference to the wind. Though MONÇÃO is general with the Portuguese writers of the 16th century, the historian Diogo de Couto always writes MOUÇÃO, and it is possible that the _n_ came in, as in some other cases, by a habitual misreading of the written _u_ for _n_. Linschoten in Dutch (1596) has MONSSOYN and _monssoen_ (p. 8; [Hak. Soc. i. 33]). It thus appears probable that we get our _monsoon_ from the Dutch. The latter in modern times seem to have commonly adopted the French form MOUSSON. [Prof. Skeat traces our _monsoon_ from Ital. _monsone_.] We see below (_Ces. Feder._) that MONSOON was used as synonymous with "the half year," and so it is still in S. India.

1505.—"De qui passano el colfo de Colocut che sono leghe 800 de pacizo (?
passeggio): aspettano _li tempi_ che sono nel principio dell'Autuno, e
con le cole fatte (?) passano."—_Leonardo di Ca' Masser_, 26.

[1512.—"... because the MAUÇAM for both the voyages is at one and the
same time."—_Albuquerque, Cartas_, p. 30.]

1553.—"... and the more, because the voyage from that region of Malaca
had to be made by the prevailing wind, which they call MONÇÃO, which was
now near its end. If they should lose eight days they would have to wait
at least three months for the return of the time to make the
voyage."—_Barros_, Dec. II. liv. ii. cap. iv.

1554.—"The principal winds are four, according to the Arabs, ... but the
pilots call them by names taken from the rising and setting of certain
stars, and assign them certain limits within which they begin or attain
their greatest strength, and cease. These winds, limited by space and
time, are called MAUSIM."—_The Mohit_, by _Sidi 'Ali Kapudān_, in _J. As.
Soc. Beng._ iii. 548.

" "Be it known that the ancient masters of navigation have fixed
the time of the MONSOON (in orig. doubtless _mausim_), that is to say,
the time of voyages at sea, according to the year of Yazdajird, and that
the pilots of recent times follow their steps...." (_Much detail on the_
MONSOONS _follows_.)—_Ibid._

1563.—"The season (MONÇÃO) for these (_i.e._ mangoes) in the earlier
localities we have in April, but in the other later ones in May and June;
and sometimes they come as a _rodolho_ (as we call it in our own country)
in October and November."—_Garcia_, f. 134_v_.

1568.—"Come s'arriua in vna città la prima cosa si piglia vna casa a
fitto, ò per mesi ò per anno, seconda che si disegnà di starui, e nel
Pegù è costume di pigliarla per MOSON, cioè per sei mesi."—_Ces.
Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 394.

1585-6.—"But the other goods which come by sea have their fixed season,
which here they call MONZÃO."—_Sassetti_, in _De Gubernatis_, p. 204.

1599.—"Ora nell' anno 1599, essendo venuta la MANSONE a proposito, si
messero alla vela due navi Portoghesi, le quali eran venute dalla città
di Goa in Amacao (see MACAO)."—_Carletti_, ii. 206.

c. 1610.—"Ces MONSSONS ou MUESSONS sont vents qui changent pour l'Esté ou
pour l'Hyver de six mois en six mois."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 199; see
also ii. 110; [Hak. Soc. i. 280; in i. 257 MONSONS; in ii. 175, 235,
MUESONS].

[1615.—"I departed for Bantam having the time of the year and the
opportunity of the MONETHSONE."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 268.

[ " "The MONTHSONE will else be spent."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. i.
36.]

1616.—"... quos Lusitani patriâ voce MONCAM indigetant."—_Jarric_, i. 46.

" Sir T. Roe writes MONSON.

1627.—"Of _Corea_ hee was also told that there are many bogges, for which
cause they have Waggons with broad wheeles, to keepe them from sinking,
and obseruing the MONSON or season of the wind ... they have sayles
fitted to these waggons, and so make their Voyages on land."—_Purchas,
Pilgrimage_, 602.

1634.—

"Partio, vendo que o tempo em vao gastava,
E que a MONÇÃO di navegar passava."
_Malaca, Conquistada_, iv. 75.

1644.—"The winds that blow at Diu from the commencement of the change of
season in September are sea-breezes, blowing from time to time from the
S., S.W., or N.W., with no certain MONSAM wind, and at that time one can
row across to Dio with great facility."—_Bocarro_, MS.

c. 1665.—"... and it would be true to say, that the sun advancing towards
_one_ Pole, causeth on that side two great regular currents, viz., that
of the Sea, and that of the Air which maketh the MOUNSON_-wind_, as he
causeth two opposite ones, when he returns towards the other
Pole."—_Bernier_, E.T. 139-40; [ed. _Constable_, 436; see also 109].

1673.—"The northern MONSOONS (if I may so say, being the name imposed by
the first Observers, _i.e._ MOTIONES) lasting hither."—_Fryer_, 10.

" "A constellation by the Portugals called _Rabodel Elephanto_ (see
ELEPHANTA, B.) known by the breaking up of the MUNSOONS, which is the
last Flory this Season makes."—_Ibid._ 48. He has also MOSSOONS or
MONSOONS, 46.

1690.—"Two MUSSOUNS are the Age of a Man."—Bombay Proverb in _Ovington's
Voyage_, 142.

[ " "MUSSOANS." See under ELEPHANTA, B.]

1696.—"We thought it most advisable to remain here, till the next
MOSSOON."—_Bowyear_, in _Dalrymple_, i. 87.

1783.—"From the Malay word MOOSSIN, which signifies season."—_Forrest, V.
to Mergui_, 95.

" "Their prey is lodged in England; and the cries of India are
given to seas and winds, to be blown about, in every breaking up of the
MONSOON, over a remote and unhearing ocean."—_Burke's Speech on Fox's
E.I. Bill_, in _Works_, iii. 468.

[MOOBAREK, adj. Ar. _mubārak_, 'blessed, happy'; as an interjection, 'Welcome!' 'Congratulations to you!'

[1617.—"... a present ... is called MOMBARECK, good Newes, or good
Successe."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 413.

[1812.—"_Bombareek_ ... which by sailors is also called BOMBAY ROCK, is
derived originally from 'MOOBAREK,' 'happy, fortunate.'"—_Morier, Journey
through Persia_, 6.]

MOOCHULKA, s. Hind. _muchalkā_ or _muchalka_. A written obligation or bond. For technical uses see _Wilson_. The word is apparently Turki or Mongol.

c. 1267.—"Five days thereafter judgment was held on Husamuddin the
astrologer, who had executed a MUCHILKAI that the death of the Khalif
would be the calamity of the world."—_Hammer's Golden Horde_, 166.

c. 1280.—"When he (Kubilai Kaan) approached his 70th year, he desired to
raise in his own lifetime, his son Chimkin to be his representative and
declared successor.... The chiefs ... represented ... that though the
measure ... was not in accordance with the Yasa and customs of the
world-conquering hero Chinghiz Kaan, yet they would grant a MUCHILKA in
favour of Chimkin's Kaanship."—_Wassáf's History_, Germ. by _Hammer_, 46.