Chapter XXXVI: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (33)

c. 1300.—"Sa grande richesce apparut en un paveillon que li roys
d'Ermenie envoia au roy de France, qui valoit bien cinq cens livres; et
li manda li roy de Hermenie que uns FERRAIS au Soudanc dou Coyne li avoit
donnei. FERRAIS est cil qui tient les paveillons au Soudanc et qui li
nettoie ses mesons."—_Jehan, Seigneur de Joinville_, ed. _De Wailly_, p.
78.

c. 1513.—"And the gentlemen rode ... upon horses from the king's stables,
attended by his servants whom they call FARAZES, who groom and feed
them."—_Correa, Lendas_, II. i. 364.

(Here it seems to be used for SYCE (q.v.) or groom).

[1548.—"FFARAZES." See under BATTA, A.]

c. 1590.—"Besides, there are employed 1000 FARRÁSHES, natives of Irán,
Turán, and Hindostán."—_Āīn_, i. 47.

1648.—"The FRASSY for the Tents."—_Van Twist_, 86.

1673.—"Where live the FRASSES or Porters also."—_Fryer_, 67.

1764.—(Allowances to the Resident at Murshīdābād).

* * * * *

"Public servants as follows:—1 _Vakeel_, 2 _Moonshees_, 4 _Chobdars_, 2
_Jemadars_, 20 _Peons_, 10 _Mussalchees_, 12 _Bearers_, 2 _Chowry
Bearers_, and such a number of FROSTS and _Lascars_ as he may have
occasion for removing his tents."—In _Long_, 406.

[1812.—"Much of course depends upon the chief of the FEROSHES or
tent-pitchers, called the FEROSH-_Bashee_, who must necessarily be very
active."—_Morier, Journey through Persia_, 70.]

1824.—"Call the FERASHES ... and let them beat the rogues on the soles of
their feet, till they produce the fifty ducats."—_Hajji Baba_ (ed. 1835),
40.

[1859.—

"The Sultan rises and the dark FERRASH
Strikes and prepares it for another guest."
_FitzGerald, Omar Khayyam_, xlv.]

FEDEA, FUDDEA, s. A denomination of money formerly current in Bombay and the adjoining coast; Mahr. _p'hadyā_ (qu. Ar. _fidya_, ransom?). It constantly occurs in the account statements of the 16th century, _e.g._ of Nunez (1554) as a money of account, of which 4 went to the silver _tanga_, [see TANGA] 20 to the PARDAO. In Milburn (1813) it is a _pice_ or copper coin, of which 50 went to a rupee. Prof. Robertson Smith suggests that this may be the Ar. denomination of a small coin used in Egypt, _faḍḍa_ (_i.e._ 'silverling'). It may be an objection that the letter _ẓwād_ used in that word is generally pronounced in India as a _z_. The _faḍḍa_ is the Turkish _pāra_, 1/40 of a piastre, an infinitesimal value now. [Burton (_Arabian Nights_, xi. 98) gives 2000 _faddahs_ as equal about 1_s._ 2_d._] But, according to Lane, the name was originally given to half-dirhems, coined early in the 15th century, and these would be worth about 5⅔_d._ The _fedea_ of 1554 would be about 4¼_d._ This rather indicates the identity of the names.

FERÁZEE, s. Properly Ar. _farāiẓī_, from _farāiẓ_ (pl. of _farẓ_) 'the divine ordinances.' A name applied to a body of Mahommedan Puritans in Bengal, kindred to the Wahābis of Arabia. They represent a reaction and protest against the corrupt condition and pagan practices into which Mahommedanism in Eastern India had fallen, analogous to the former decay of native Christianity in the south (see MALABAR RITES). This reaction was begun by Hajji Sharīyatullah, a native of the village of Daulatpūr, in the district of Farīdpūr, who was killed in an agrarian riot in 1831. His son Dūdū Mīyān succeeded him as head of the sect. Since his death, some 35 years ago, the influence of the body is said to have diminished, but it had spread very largely through Lower Bengal. The _Farāiẓī_ wraps his DHOTY (q.v.) round his loins, without crossing it between his legs, a practice which he regards as heathenish, as a Bedouin would.

FEROZESHUHUR, FEROSHUHR, PHERŪSHAHR, n.p. The last of these appears to be the correct representation of this name of the scene of the hard-fought battle of 21st-22nd December, 1845. For, according to Col. R. C. Temple, the Editor of _Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. 116 (1885), the village was named after _Bhāī Pherū_, a Sikh saint of the beginning of the century, who lies buried at Mīān-ke-Taḥṣīl in Lahore District.

FETISH, s. A natural object, or animal, made an object of worship. From Port. _fetiço_, _feitiço_, or _fetisso_ (old Span. _fechizo_), apparently from _factitius_, signifying first 'artificial,' and then 'unnatural,' 'wrought by charms,' &c. The word is not Anglo-Indian; but it was at an early date applied by the Portuguese to the magical figures, &c., used by natives in Africa and India, and has thence been adopted into French and English. The word has of late years acquired a special and technical meaning, chiefly through the writings of Comte. [See _Jevons, Intr. to the Science of Rel._ 166 _seqq._] Raynouard (_Lex. Roman._) has _fachurier_, _fachilador_, for 'a sorcerer,' which he places under _fat_, _i.e._ _fatum_, and cites old Catalan _fadador_, old Span. _hadador_, and then Port. _feiticeiro_, &c. But he has mixed up the derivatives of two different words, _fatum_ and _factitius_. Prof. Max Müller quotes, from Muratori, a work of 1311 which has: "incantationes, sacrilegia, auguria, vel malefica, quae _facturae_ seu praestigia vulgariter appellantur." And Raynouard himself has in a French passage of 1446: "par leurs sorceries et _faictureries_."

1487.—"E assi lhe (a el Rey de Beni) mandou muitos e santos conselhos
pera tornar á Fé de Nosso Senhor ... mandandolhe muito estranhar suas
idolotrias e FEITIÇARIAS, que em suas terras os negros tinhão e
usão."—_Garcia, Resende, Chron. of Dom. João II._ ch. lxv.

c. 1539.—"E que jà por duas vezes o tinhão tẽtado cõ arroydo FEYTIÇO, só
a fim de elle sayr fora, e o matarem na briga...."—_Pinto_, ch. xxxiv.

1552.—"They have many and various idolatries, and deal much in charms
(FEITIÇOES) and divinations."—_Castanheda_, ii. 51.

1553.—"And as all the nation of this Ethiopia is much given to sorceries
(FEITIÇOS) in which stands all their trust and faith ... and to satisfy
himself the more surely of the truth about his son, the king ordered a
FEITIÇO which was used among them (in Congo). This FEITIÇO being tied in
a cloth was sent by a slave to one of his women, of whom he had a
suspicion."—_Barros_, I. iii. 10.

1600.—"If they find any FETTISOS in the way as they goe (which are their
idolatrous gods) they give them some of their fruit."—In _Purchas_, ii.
940, see also 961.

1606.—"They all determined to slay the Archbishop ... they resolved to do
it by another kind of death, which they hold to be not less certain than
by the sword or other violence, and that is by sorceries (FEYTIÇOS),
making these for the places by which he had to pass."—_Gouvea_, f. 47.

1613.—"As FEITICEIRAS usão muyto de rayzes de ervas plantas e arvores e
animaes pera FEITIÇOS e transfigurações...."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 38.

1673.—"We saw several the Holy Office had branded with the names of
FETISCEROES or Charmers, or in English Wizards."—_Fryer_, 155.

1690.—"They (the Africans) travel nowhere without their FATEISH about
them."—_Ovington_, 67.

1878.—"The word FETISHISM was never used before the year 1760. In that
year appeared an anonymous book called "_Du Culte des Dieux_ FÉTICHES,
_ou Parallèle de l'Ancienne Religion de l'Egypte avec la Rel. actuelle de
la Nigritie_." It is known that this book was written by ... the well
known President de Brosses.... Why did the Portuguese navigators ...
recognise at once what they saw among the Negroes of the Gold Coast as
FEITIÇOS? The answer is clear. Because they themselves were perfectly
familiar with a FEITIÇO, an amulet or talisman."—_Max Müller, Hibbert
Lectures_, 56-57.

FIREFLY, s. Called in South Indian vernaculars by names signifying 'Lightning Insect.'

A curious question has been discussed among entomologists, &c., of late years, viz. as to the truth of the alleged rhythmical or synchronous flashing of fireflies when visible in great numbers. Both the present writers can testify to the fact of a distinct effect of this kind. One of them can never forget an instance in which he witnessed it, twenty years or more before he was aware that any one had published, or questioned, the fact. It was in descending the Chāndor Ghāt, in Nāsik District of the Bombay Presidency, in the end of May or beginning of June 1843, during a fine night preceding the rains. There was a large amphitheatre of forest-covered hills, and every leaf of every tree seemed to bear a firefly. They flashed and intermitted throughout the whole area in apparent rhythm and sympathy. It is, we suppose, possible that this may have been a deceptive impression, though it is difficult to see how it could originate. The suggestions made at the meetings of the Entomological Society are utterly unsatisfactory to those who have observed the phenomenon. In fact it may be said that those suggested explanations only assume that the _soi-disant_ observers did not observe what they alleged. We quote several independent testimonies to the phenomenon.

1579.—"Among these trees, night by night, did show themselues an infinite
swarme of fierie seeming wormes flying in the aire, whose bodies (no
bigger than an ordinarie flie) did make a shew, and giue such light as
euery twigge on euery tree had beene a lighted candle, or as if that
place had beene the starry spheare."—_Drake's Voyage_, by _F. Fletcher_,
Hak. Soc. 149.

1675.—"We ... left our Burnt Wood on the Right-hand, but entred another
made us better Sport, deluding us with false Flashes, that you would have
thought the Trees on a Flame, and presently, as if untouch'd by FIRE,
they retained their wonted Verdure. The Coolies beheld the Sight with
Horror and Amazement ... where we found an Host of FLIES, the Subject
both of our Fear and Wonder.... This gave my Thoughts the Contemplation
of that Miraculous Bush crowned with Innocent Flames, ... the Fire that
consumes everything seeming rather to dress than offend it."—_Fryer_,
141-142.

1682.—"FIREFLIES (_de vuur-vliegen_) are so called by us because at
eventide, whenever they fly they burn so like fire, that from a distance
one fancies to see so many lanterns; in fact they give light enough to
write by.... They gather in the rainy season in great multitudes in the
bushes and trees, and live on the flowers of the trees. There are various
kinds."—_Nieuhoff_, ii. 291.

1764.—

"Ere FIREFLIES trimmed their vital lamps, and ere
Dun Evening trod on rapid Twilight's heel,
His knell was rung."—_Grainger_, Bk. I.

1824.—

"Yet mark! as fade the upper skies,
Each thicket opes ten thousand eyes.
Before, behind us, and above,
The FIRE-FLY lights his lamp of love,
Retreating, chasing, sinking, soaring,
The darkness of the copse exploring."
_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 258.

1865.—"The bushes literally swarm with FIREFLIES, which flash out their
intermittent light almost contemporaneously; the effect being that for an
instant the exact outline of all the bushes stands prominently forward,
as if lit up with electric sparks, and next moment all is jetty
dark—darker from the momentary illumination that preceded. These flashes
succeed one another every 3 or 4 seconds for about 10 minutes, when an
interval of similar duration takes place; as if to allow the insects to
regain their electric or phosphoric vigour."—_Cameron, Our Tropical
Possessions in Malayan India_, 80-81.

The passage quoted from Mr. Cameron's book was read at the Entom. Soc. of London in May 1865, by the Rev. Hamlet Clarke, who added that:

"Though he was utterly unable to give an explanation of the phenomenon,
he could so far corroborate Mr. Cameron as to say that he had himself
witnessed this simultaneous flashing; he had a vivid recollection of a
particular glen in the Organ Mountains where he had on several occasions
noticed the contemporaneous exhibition of their light by numerous
individuals, as if they were acting in concert."

Mr. McLachlan then suggested that this might be caused by currents of wind, which by inducing a number of the insects simultaneously to change the direction of their flight, might occasion a momentary concealment of their light.

Mr. Bates had never in his experience received the impression of any simultaneous flashing ... he regarded the contemporaneous flashing as an illusion produced probably by the swarms of insects flying among foliage, and being continually, but only momentarily, hidden behind the leaves.—_Proc. Entom. Soc. of London_, 1865, pp. 94-95.

Fifteen years later at the same Society:

"Sir Sidney Saunders stated that in the South of Europe (Corfu and
Albania) the simultaneous flashing of _Luciola italica_, with intervals
of complete darkness for some seconds, was constantly witnessed in the
dark summer nights, when swarming myriads were to be seen.... He did not
concur in the hypothesis propounded by Mr. McLachlan ... the flashes are
certainly intermittent ... the simultaneous character of these
coruscations among vast swarms would seem to depend upon an instinctive
impulse to emit their light at certain intervals as a protective
influence, which intervals became assimilated to each other by imitative
emulation. But whatever be the causes ... the fact itself was
incontestable."—_Ibid._ for 1880, Feby. 24, p. ii.; see also p. vii.

1868.—"At Singapore ... the little luminous beetle commonly known as the
FIREFLY (Lampyris, sp. ign.) is common ... clustered in the foliage of
the trees, instead of keeping up an irregular twinkle, every individual
shines simultaneously at regular intervals, as though by a common
impulse; so that their light pulsates, as it were, and the tree is for
one moment illuminated by a hundred brilliant points, and the next is
almost in total darkness. The intervals have about the duration of a
second, and during the intermission only one or two remain
luminous."—_Collingwood, Rambles of a Naturalist_, p. 255.

1880.—"HARBINGERS OF THE MONSOON.—One of the surest indications of the
approach of the monsoon is the spectacle presented nightly in the Mawul
taluka, that is, at Khandalla and Lanoli, where the trees are filled with
myriads of FIREFLIES, which flash their phosphoric light simultaneously.
Each tree suddenly flashes from bottom to top. Thousands of trees
presenting this appearance simultaneously, afford a spectacle beautiful,
if not grand, beyond conception. This little insect, the female of its
kind, only appears and displays its brilliant light immediately before
the monsoon."—_Deccan Herald._ (From _Pioneer Mail_, June 17).

FIRINGHEE, s. Pers. _Farangī_, _Firingī_; Ar. _Al-Faranj_, _Ifranjī_, _Firanjī_, _i.e._ a Frank. This term for a European is very old in Asia, but when now employed by natives in India is either applied (especially in the South) specifically to the Indian-born Portuguese, or, when used more generally, for 'European,' implies something of hostility or disparagement. (See _Sonnerat_ and _Elphinstone_ below.) In South India the Tamil _P'arangi_, the Singhalese _Parangi_, mean only 'Portuguese,' [or natives converted by the Portuguese, or by Mahommedans, any European (_Madras Gloss._ s.v.). St. Thomas's Mount is called in Tam. _Parangi Malai_, from the original Portuguese settlement]. _Piringi_ is in Tel. = 'cannon,' (C. B. P.), just as in the medieval Mahommedan historians we find certain mangonels for sieges called _maghribī_ or 'Westerns.' [And so _Farhangī_ or _Phirangī_ is used for the straight cut and thrust swords introduced by the Portuguese into India, or made there in imitation of the foreign weapon (_Sir W. Elliot, Ind. Antiq._ xv. 30)]. And it may be added that Baber, in describing the battle of Pānipat (1526) calls his artillery _Farangīha_ (see _Autob._ by Leyden and Erskine, p. 306, note. See also paper by Gen. R. Maclagan, R.E., on early Asiatic fire-weapons, in _J.A.S. Beng._ xlv. Pt. i. pp. 66-67).

c. 930.—"The AFRANJAH are of all those nations the most warlike ... the
best organised, the most submissive to the authority of their
rulers."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, iii. 66.

c. 1340.—"They call FRANCHI all the Christians of these parts from
Romania westward."—_Pegolotti_, in _Cathay_, &c., 292.

c. 1350.—"—— FRANKS. For so they term us, not indeed from France, but
from Frank-land (non a _Franciâ_ sed a _Franquiâ_)."—_Marignolli, ibid._
336.

In a Chinese notice of the same age the horses carried by Marignolli as a present from the Pope to the Great Khan are called "horses of the kingdom of FULANG," _i.e._ of _Farang_ or Europe.

1384.—"E quello nominare FRANCHI procede da' Franceschi, che tutti ci
appellano Franceschi."—_Frescobaldi, Viaggio_, p. 23.

1436.—"At which time, talking of _Cataio_, he told me howe the chief of
that Princes corte knewe well enough what the FRANCHI were.... Thou
knowest, said he, how neere wee bee unto Capha, and that we practise
thither continually ... adding this further, We Cataini have twoo eyes,
and yo^w FRANCHI one, whereas yo^w (torneng him towards the Tartares that
were w^{th} him) have neuer a one...."—_Barbaro_, Hak. Soc. 58.

c. 1440.—"Hi nos FRANCOS appellant, aiuntque cum ceteras gentes coecas
vocent, se duobis oculis, nos unico esse, superiores existimantes se esse
prudentiâ."—_Conti_, in _Poggius, de Var. Fortunae_, iv.

1498.—"And when he heard this he said that such people could be none
other than FRANCOS, for so they call us in those parts."—_Roteiro de V.
da Gama_, 97.

1560.—"Habitão aqui (Tabriz) duas nações de Christãos ... e huns delles a
qui chamão FRANQUES, estes tem o costume e fé, como nos ... e outros são
Armenos."—_A. Tenreiro, Itinerario_, ch. xv.

1565.—"Suddenly news came from Thatta that the FIRINGIS had passed Lahori
Bandar, and attacked the city."—_Táríkh-i-Táhirí_, in _Elliot_, i. 276.

c. 1610.—"La renommée des François a esté telle par leur conquestes en
Orient, que leur nom y est demeuré pour memoire éternelle, en ce
qu'encore aujourd'huy par toute l'Asie et Afrique on appelle du nom de
FRANGHI tous ceux qui viennent d'Occident."—_Mocquet_, 24.

[1614.—"... including us within the word FRANQUEIS."—_Foster, Letters_,
ii. 299.]

1616.—"... alii _Cafres_ et _Cafaros_ eos dicunt, alii FRANCOS, quo
nomine omnes passim Christiani ... dicuntur."—_Jarric, Thesaurus_, iii.
217.

[1623.—"FRANCHI, or Christians."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 251.]

1632.—"... he shew'd two Passes from the Portugals which they call by the
name of FRINGES."—_W. Bruton_, in _Hakluyt_, v. 32.

1648.—"Mais en ce repas-là tout fut bien accommodé, et il y a apparence
qu'un cuisinier FRANGUI s'en estoit mélé."—_Tavernier, V. des Indes_,
iii. ch. 22; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 335].

1653.—"FRENK signifie en Turq vn Europpeen, ou plustost vn Chrestien
ayant des cheueux et vn chapeau comme les François, Anglois...."—_De la
Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, 538.

c. 1660.—"The same Fathers say that this King (Jehan-Guire), to begin in
good earnest to countenance the Christian Religion, designed to put the
whole Court into the habit of the FRANQUI, and that after he had ... even
dressed himself in that fashion, he called to him one of the chief Omrahs
... this Omrah ... having answered him very seriously, that it was a very
dangerous thing, he thought himself obliged to change his mind, and
turned all to raillery."—_Bernier_, E.T. 92; [ed. _Constable_, 287; also
see p. 3].

1673.—"The Artillery in which the FRINGIS are Listed; formerly for good
Pay, now very ordinary, having not above 30 or 40 Rupees a
month."—_Fryer_, 195.

1682.—"... whether I had been in Turky and Arabia (as he was informed)
and could speak those languages ... with which they were pleased, and
admired to hear from a FRENGE (as they call us)."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct.
29; [Hak. Soc. i. 44].

1712.—"_Johan Whelo, Serdaar_ FRENGIAAN, or Captain of the Europeans in
the Emperor's service...."—_Valentijn_, iv. (Suratte) 295.

1755.—"By FERINGY I mean all the black _mustee_ (see MUSTEES) Portuguese
Christians residing in the settlement as a people distinct from the
natural and proper subjects of Portugal; and as a people who sprung
originally from Hindoos or Mussulmen."—_Holwell_, in _Long_, 59.

1774.—"He said it was true, but everybody was afraid of the
FIRINGIES."—_Bogle_, in _Markham's Tibet_, 176.

1782.—"Ainsi un Européen est tout ce que les Indiens connoissent de plus
méprisable; ils le nomment PARANGUI, nom qu'ils donnèrent aux Portugais,
lorsque ceux-ci abordèrent dans leur pays, et c'est un terme qui marque
le souverain mépris qu'ils ont pour toutes les nations de
l'Europe."—_Sonnerat_, i. 102.

1791.—"... il demande à la passer (la nuit) dans un des logemens de la
pagoda; mais on lui refusa d'y coucher, à cause qu'il étoit FRANGUI."—_B.
de St. Pierre, Chaumière Indienne_, 21.

1794.—"FERINGEE. The name given by the natives of the Decan to Europeans
in general, but generally understood by the English to be confined to the
Portuguese."—_Moor's Narrative_, 504.

[1820.—"In the southern quarter (of Backergunje) there still exist
several original Portuguese colonies.... They are a meagre, puny,
imbecile race, blacker than the natives, who hold them in the utmost
contempt, and designate them by the appellation of _Caula_ FERENGHIES, or
black Europeans."—_Hamilton, Descr. of Hindostan_, i. 133; for an account
of the Feringhis of Sibpur, see _Beveridge, Bākarganj_, 110.]

1824.—"'Now Hajji,' said the ambassador.... 'The FRANKS are composed of
many, many nations. As fast as I hear of one hog, another begins to
grunt, and then another and another, until I find that there is a whole
herd of them.'"—_Hajji Baba_, ed. 1835, p. 432.

1825.—"Europeans, too, are very little known here, and I heard the
children continually calling out to us, as we passed through the
villages, 'FERINGHEE, _ue_ FERINGHEE!'"—_Heber_, ii. 43.

1828.—"Mr. Elphinstone adds in a note that in India it is a positive
affront to call an Englishman a FERINGHEE."—_Life of E._ ii. 207.

c. 1861.—

"There goes my lord the FERINGHEE, who talks so civil and bland,
But raves like a soul in Jehannum if I don't quite understand—
He begins by calling me Sahib, and ends by calling me fool...."
_Sir A. C. Lyall, The Old Pindaree._

The Tibetans are said to have corrupted FIRINGHEE into PELONG (or _Philin_). But Jaeschke disputes this origin of _Pelong_.

FIRMAUN, s. Pers. _farmān_, 'an order, patent, or passport,' der. from _farmūdan_, 'to order.' Sir T. Roe below calls it _firma_, as if suggestive of the Italian for 'signature.'

[1561.—"... wrote him a letter called FIRMAO...."—_Castanheda_, Bk. viii.
ch. 99.

[1602.—"They said that he had a FIRMAO of the Grand Turk to go overland
to the Kingdom of (Portugal)...."—_Couto_, Dec. viii. ch. 15.]

1606.—"We made our journey having a FIRMAN (_Firmão_) of safe conduct
from the same Soltan of Shiraz."—_Gouvea_, f. 140_b_.

[1614.—"But if possible, bring their chaps, their FIRMS, for what they
say or promise."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 28.]

1616.—"Then I moued him for his favour for an _English_ Factory to be
resident in the Towne, which hee willingly granted, and gave present
order to the Buxy to draw a FIRMA ... for their residence."—_Sir T. Roe_,
in _Purchas_, i. 541; [Hak. Soc. i. 93; also see i. 47].

1648.—"The 21st April the Bassa sent me a FIRMAN or Letter of credentials
to all his lords and Governors."—_T. Van den Broecke_, 32.

1673.—"Our Usage by the PHARMAUND (or charters) granted successively from
their Emperors, is kind enough, but the better because our Naval Power
curbs them."—_Fryer_, 115.

1683.—"They (the English) complain, and not without a Cause; they having
a PHIRMAUND, and Hodgee Sophee Caun's _Perwannas_ thereon, in their
hands, which cleared them thereof; and to pay Custome now they will not
consent, but will rather withdraw their trading. Wherefore their desire
is that for 3,000 rup. _Piscash_ (as they paid formerly at Hugly) and
2,000 r. more yearly on account of _Jidgea_, which they are willing to
pay, they may on that condition have a grant to be Custome
Free."—_Nabob's Letter to Vizier_ (MS.), in _Hedges' Diary_, July 18;
[Hak. Soc. i. 101].

1689.—"... by her came Bengal Peons who brought in several letters and a
FIRMAUN from the new Nabob of Bengal."—_Wheeler_, i. 213.

c. 1690.—"Now we may see the Mogul's Stile in his PHIRMAUND to be sent to
Surat, as it stands translated by the Company's Interpreter."—_A.
Hamilton_, i. 227; [ed. 1744, i. 230].

FISCAL, s. Dutch _Fiscaal_; used in Ceylon for 'Sheriff'; a relic of the Dutch rule in the island. [It was also used in the Dutch settlements in Bengal (see quotation from _Hedges_, below). "In Malabar the Fiscal was a Dutch Superintendent of Police, Justice of the Peace and Attorney General in criminal cases. The office and title of Fiscal was retained in British Cochin till 1860, when the designation was changed into Tahsildar and Sub-Magistrate."—(_Logan, Malabar_, iii. _Gloss._ s.v.)]

[1684.—"... the late Dutch FISCALL'S Budgero...."—See quotation from
_Hedges_, under DEVIL'S REACH.]

FLORICAN, FLORIKIN, s. A name applied in India to two species of small bustard, the 'Bengal Florican' (_Sypheotides bengalensis_, Gmelin), and the Lesser Florican (_S. auritus_, Latham), the _līkh_ of Hind., a word which is not in the dictionaries. [In the N.W.P. the common name for the Bengal Florican is _charas_, P. _charz_. The name _Curmoor_ in Bombay (see quotation from _Forbes_ below) seems to be _khar-mor_, the 'grass peacock.' Another Mahr. name, _tanamora_, has the same meaning.] The origin of the word FLORICAN is exceedingly obscure; see _Jerdon_ below. It looks like Dutch. [The _N.E.D._ suggests a connection with _Flanderkin_, a native of Flanders.] Littré has: "FLORICAN ... Nom à Ceylon d'un grand échassier que l'on présume être un grue." This is probably mere misapprehension in his authority.

1780.—"The FLORIKEN, a most delicious bird of the buzzard (_sic!_)
kind."—_Munro's Narrative_, 199.

1785.—

"A FLORIKEN at eve we saw
And kill'd in yonder glen,
When lo! it came to table raw,
And rouzed (_sic_) the rage of Ben."
In _Seton-Karr_, i. 98.

1807.—"The FLORIKEN is a species of the bustard.... The cock is a noble
bird, but its flight is very heavy and awkward ... if only a wing be
broken ... he will run off at such a rate as will baffle most
spaniels.... There are several kinds of the FLORIKEN ... the _bastard
floriken_ is much smaller.... Both kinds ... delight in grassy plains,
keeping clear of heavy cover."—_Williamson, Oriental Field Sports_, 104.

1813.—"The FLORICAN or curmoor (_Otis houbara_, Lin.) exceeds all the
Indian wild fowl in delicacy of flavour."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 275;
[2nd ed. i. 501].

1824.—"... bringing with him a brace of FLORIKENS, which he had shot the
previous day. I had never seen the bird before; it is somewhat larger
than a blackcock, with brown and black plumage, and evidently of the
bustard species."—_Heber_, i. 258.

1862.—"I have not been able to trace the origin of the Anglo-Indian word
'FLORIKIN,' but was once informed that the Little Bustard in Europe was
sometimes called _Flanderkin_. Latham gives the word '_Flercher_' as an
English name, and this, apparently, has the same origin as
_Florikin_."—_Jerdon's Birds_, 2nd ed. ii. 625. (We doubt if Jerdon has
here understood Latham correctly. What Latham writes is, in describing
the _Passarage Bustard_, which, he says, is the size of the _Little
Bustard_: "Inhabits India. Called Passarage Plover.... I find that it is
known in India by the name of _Oorail_; by some of the English called
_Flercher_." (_Suppt. to Gen. Synopsis of Birds_, 1787, 229.) Here we
understand "the English" to be the English in India, and _Flercher_ to be
a clerical error for some form of "_floriken_." [_Flercher_ is not in
_N.E.D._]

1875.—"In the rains it is always matter of emulation at Rajkot, who shall
shoot the first purple-crested FLORICAN."—_Wyllie's Essays_, 358.

FLOWERED-SILVER. A term applied by Europeans in Burma to the standard quality of silver used in the ingot currency of Independent Burma, called by the Burmese _yowet-nī_ or 'Red-leaf.' The English term is taken from the appearance of stars and radiating lines, which forms on the surface of this particular alloy, as it cools in the crucible. The Ava standard is, or was, of about 15 per cent. alloy, the latter containing, besides copper, a small proportion of lead, which is necessary, according to the Burmese, for the production of the flowers or stars (see _Yule, Mission to Ava_, 259 _seq._).

[1744.—"Their way to make FLOWER'D SILVER is, when the Silver and Copper
are mix'd and melted together, and while the Metal is liquid, they put it
into a Shallow Mould, of what Figure and Magnitude they please, and
before the Liquidity is gone, they blow on it through a small wooden
Pipe, which makes the Face, or Part blown upon, appear with the Figures
of Flowers or Stars, but I never saw any _European_ or other Foreigner at
Pegu, have the Art to make those Figures appear, and if there is too
great a Mixture of Alloy, no Figures will appear."—_A. Hamilton_, ed.
1744, ii. 41.]

FLY, s. The sloping, or roof part of the canvas of a tent is so called in India; but we have not traced the origin of the word; nor have we found it in any English dictionary. [The _N.E.D._ gives the primary idea as "something attached by the edge," as a strip on a garment to cover the button-holes.] A tent such as officers generally use has two _flies_, for better protection from sun and rain. The vertical canvas walls are called _Kanāt_ (see CANAUT). [Another sense of the word is "a quick-travelling carriage" (see quotation in Forbes below).]

[1784.—"We all followed in FLY-palanquins."—_Sir J. Day_, in _Forbes, Or.
Mem._ ii. 88.]

1810.—"The main part of the operation of pitching the tent, consisting of
raising the FLIES, may be performed, and shelter afforded, without the
walls, &c., being present."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 452.

1816.—

"The cavalcade drew up in line,
Pitch'd the marquee, and went to dine.
The bearers and the servants lie
Under the shelter of the FLY."
_The Grand Master, or Adventures of Qui Hi_, p. 152.

1885.—"After I had changed my riding-habit for my one other gown, I came
out to join the general under the TENT-FLY...."—_Boots and Saddles_, by
_Mrs. Custer_, p. 42 (American work).

FLYING-FOX, s. Popular name of the great bat (_Pteropus Edwardsi_, Geoff). In the daytime these bats roost in large colonies, hundreds or thousands of them pendent from the branches of some great _ficus_. Jerdon says of these bats: "If water is at hand, a tank, or river, or the sea, they fly cautiously down and touch the water, but I could not ascertain if they took a sip, or merely dipped part of their bodies in" (_Mammals of India_, p. 18). The truth is, as Sir George Yule has told us from his own observation, that the bat in its skimming flight dips its breast in the water, and then imbibes the moisture from its own wet fur. Probably this is the first record of a curious fact in natural history. "I have been positively assured by natives that on the Odeypore lake in Rajputana, the crocodiles rise to catch these bats, as they follow in line, touching the water. Fancy fly-fishing for crocodile with such a fly!" (_Communication from M.-Gen. R. H. Keatinge._) [On the other hand Mr. Blanford says: "I have often observed this habit: the head is lowered, the animal pauses in its flight, and the water is just touched, I believe, by the tongue or lower jaw. I have no doubt that some water is drunk, and this is the opinion of both Tickell and M‘Master. The former says that flying-foxes in confinement drink at all hours, lapping with their tongues. The latter has noticed many other bats drink in the evening as well as the flying-foxes." (_Mammalia of India_, 258).]

1298.—"... all over India the birds and beasts are entirely different
from ours, all but ... the Quail.... For example, they have bats—I mean
those birds that fly by night and have no feathers of any kind; well,
their birds of this kind are as big as a goshawk!"—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii.
ch. 17.

c. 1328:—"There be also bats really and truly as big as kites. These
birds fly nowhither by day, but only when the sun sets. Wonderful! By day
they hang themselves up on trees by the feet, with their bodies
downwards, and in the daytime they look just like big fruit on the
tree."—_Friar Jordanus_, p. 19.

1555.—"On the road we occasionally saw trees whose top reached the skies,
and on which one saw marvellous bats, whose wings stretched some 14
palms. But these bats were not seen on every tree."—_Sidi 'Ali_, 91.

[c. 1590.—Writing of the Sarkār of Kābul, 'Abul Faẓl says: "There is an
animal called a FLYING-FOX, which flies upward about the space of a
yard." This is copied from Baber, and the animal meant is perhaps the
flying squirrel.—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 406.

[1623.—"I saw Batts as big as Crows."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i.
103.]

1813.—"The enormous bats which darken its branches frequently exceed 6
feet in length from the tip of each wing, and from their resemblance to
that animal are not improperly called FLYING-FOXES."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._
iii. 246; [2nd ed. ii. 269].

[1869.—"They (in Batchian) are almost the only people in the Archipelago
who eat the great fruit-eating bats called by us 'FLYING FOXES' ... they
are generally cooked with abundance of spices and condiments, and are
really very good eating, something like hare."—_Wallace, Malay Archip._,
ed. 1890, p. 256.]

1882.—"... it is a common belief in some places that emigrant coolies
hang with heads downward, like FLYING-FOXES, or are ground in mills for
oil."—_Pioneer Mail_, Dec. 13, p. 579.

FOGASS, s. A word of Port. origin used in S. India; _fogaça_, from _fogo_, 'fire,' a cake baked in embers. It is composed of minced radish with chillies, &c., used as a sort of curry, and eaten with rice.

1554.—"... fecimus iter per amoenas et non infrugiferas Bulgarorum
convalles: quo fere tempore pani usu sumus subcinericio, FUGACIAS
vocant."—_Busbequii Epist._ i. p. 42.

FOLIUM INDICUM. (See MALABATHRUM.) The article appears under this name in Milburn (1813, i. 283), as an article of trade.

FOOL'S RACK, s. (For _Rack_ see ARRACK.) _Fool Rack_ is originally, as will be seen from Garcia and Acosta, the name of the strongest distillation from _toddy_ or _sura_, the 'flower' (_p'hūl_, in H. and Mahr.) of the spirit. But the 'striving after meaning' caused the English corruption of this name to be applied to a peculiarly abominable and pernicious spirit, in which, according to the statement of various old writers, the stinging sea-blubber was mixed, or even a distillation of the same, with a view of making it more ardent.

1563.—"... this çura they distil like brandy (_agua ardente_): and the
result is a liquor like brandy; and a rag steeped in this will burn as in
the case of brandy; and this fine spirit they call FULA, which means
'flower'; and the other quality that remains they call ORRACA, mixing
with it a small quantity of the first kind...."—_Garcia_, f. 67.

1578.—"... la qual (_sura_) en vasos despues distilan, para hazer agua
ardiente, de la qual una, a que ellos llaman FULA, que quiere dezir
'flor,' es mas fina ... y la segunda, que llaman ORRACA, no
tanto."—_Acosta_, p. 101.

1598.—"This _Sura_ being [beeing] distilled, is called FULA or Nipe [see
NIPA], and is as excellent _aqua vitae_ as any is made in _Dort_ of their
best renish [rennish] wine, but this is of the finest kinde of
distillation."—_Linschoten_, 101; [Hak. Soc. ii. 49].

1631.—"DURAEUS.... Apparet te etiam a vino adusto, nec Arac Chinensi,
abhorrere? BONTIUS. Usum commendo, abusum abominor ... at cane pejus et
angue vitandum est quod Chinenses avarissimi simul et astutissimi
bipedum, mixtis Holothuriis in mari fluctuantibus, parant ... eaque tam
exurentis sunt caloris ut solo attactu vesicas in cute
excitent...."—_Jac. Bontii, Hist. Nat. et Med. Ind., Dial._ iii.

1673.—"Among the worst of these (causes of disease) FOOL RACK (Brandy)
made of _Blubber_, or _Carvil_, by the _Portugals_, because it swims
always in a Blubber, as if nothing else were in it; but touch it, and it
stings like nettles; the latter, because sailing on the Waves it bears up
like a _Portuguese Carvil_ (see CARAVEL): It is, being taken, a Gelly,
and distilled causes those that take it to be FOOLS...."—_Fryer_, 68-69.

[1753.—"... that fiery, single and simple distilled spirit, called FOOL,
with which our seamen were too frequently intoxicated."—_Ives_, 457.

[1868.—"The first spirit that passes over is called 'PHÚL.'"—_B. H.
Powell, Handbook, Econ. Prod. of Punjab_, 311.]

FOOZILOW, TO, v. The imperative _p'huslāo_ of the H. verb _p'huslānā_, 'to flatter or cajole,' used, in a common Anglo-Indian fashion (see BUNNOW, PUCKAROW, LUGOW), as a verbal infinitive.

FORAS LANDS, s. This is a term peculiar to the island of Bombay, and an inheritance from the Portuguese. They are lands reclaimed from the sea, by the construction of the VELLARD (q.v.) at BREECH-CANDY, and other embankments, on which account they are also known as 'Salt Batty [see BATTA] (_i.e._ rice) -grounds.' The Court of Directors, to encourage reclamation, in 1703 authorised these lands to be leased rent-free to the reclaimers for a number of years, after which a small quit-rent was to be fixed. But as individuals would not undertake the maintenance of the embankments, the Government stepped in and constructed the Vellard at considerable expense. The lands were then let on terms calculated to compensate the Government. The tenure of the lands, under these circumstances, for many years gave rise to disputes and litigation as to tenant-right, the right of Government to resume, and other like subjects. The lands were known by the title FORAS, from the peculiar tenure, which should perhaps be _Foros_, from _foro_, 'a quit-rent.' The Indian Act VI. of 1851 arranged for the termination of these differences, by extinguishing the disputed rights of Government, except in regard to lands taken up for public purposes, and by the constitution of a Foras Land Commission to settle the whole matter. This work was completed by October 1853. The roads from the Fort crossing the "Flats," or FORAS LANDS, between Malabar Hill and Parell were generally known as "the FORAS Roads": but this name seems to have passed away, and the Municipal Commissioners have superseded that general title by such names as Clerk Road, Bellasis Road, Falkland Road. One name, 'Comattee-poora FOREST Road,' perhaps preserves the old generic title under a disguise.

FORASDĀRS are the holders of FORAS LANDS. See on the whole matter _Bombay Selections_, No. III., New Series, 1854. The following quaint quotation is from a petition of Forasdārs of Mahim and other places regarding some points in the working of the Commission:

1852.—"... that the case with respect to the old and new salt batty
grounds, may it please your Honble. Board to consider deeply, is totally
different, because in their original state the grounds were not of the
nature of other sweet waste grounds on the island, let out as FORAS, nor
these grounds were of that state as one could saddle himself at the first
undertaking thereof with leases or grants even for that smaller rent as
the FORAS is under the denomination of FORAS is same other denomination
to it, because the depth of these grounds at the time when sea-water was
running over them was so much that they were a perfect sea-bay, admitting
fishing-boats to float towards Parell."—In _Selections_, as above, p. 29.

FOUJDAR, PHOUSDAR, &c., s. Properly a military commander (P. _fauj_, 'a military force,' _fauj-dār_, 'one holding such a force at his disposal'), or a military governor of a district. But in India, an officer of the Moghul Government who was invested with the charge of the police, and jurisdiction in criminal matters. Also used in Bengal, in the 18th century, for a criminal judge. In the _Āīn_, a _Faujdār_ is in charge of several pergunnahs under the _Sipāh-sālār_, or Viceroy and C.-in-Chief of the Subah (_Gladwin's Ayeen_, i. 294; [_Jarrett_, ii. 40]).

1683.—"The FOUSDAR received another Perwanna directed to him by the Nabob
of Decca ... forbidding any merchant whatsoever trading with any
_Interlopers_."—_Hedges, Diary_, Nov. 8; [Hak. Soc. i. 136].

[1687.—"Mullick Burcoordar PHOUSDARDAR of Hughly."—_Ibid._ ii. lxv.]

1690.—"... If any Thefts or Robberies are committed in the Country, the
FOUSDAR, another officer, is oblig'd to answer for them...."—_Ovington_,
232.

1702.—"... Perwannas directed to all FOUJDARS."—_Wheeler_, i. 405.

[1727.—"FOUZDAAR." See under HOOGLY.]

1754.—"The PHOUSDAR of Vellore ... made overtures offering to acknowledge
Mahomed Ally."—_Orme_, i. 372.

1757.—"PHOUSDAR...."—_Ives_, 157.

1783.—"A complaint was made that Mr. Hastings had sold the office of
PHOUSDAR of Hoogly to a person called Khân Jehân Khân, on a corrupt
agreement."—_11th Report on Affairs of India_, in _Burke_, vi. 545.

1786.—"... the said PHOUSDAR (of Hoogly) had given a receipt of bribe to
the patron of the city, meaning Warren Hastings, to pay him annually
36,000 rupees a year."—_Articles agst. Hastings_, in _Ibid._ vii. 76.

1809.—"The FOOJADAR, being now in his capital, sent me an excellent
dinner of fowls, and a pillau."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 409.

1810.—

"For ease the harass'd FOUJDAR prays
When crowded Courts and sultry days
Exhale the noxious fume,
While poring o'er the cause he hears
The lengthened lie, and doubts and fears
The culprit's final doom."
_Lines by Warren Hastings._

1824.—"A messenger came from the 'FOUJDAH' (chatellain) of Suromunuggur,
asking why we were not content with the quarters at first assigned to
us."—_Heber_, i. 232. The form is here plainly a misreading; for the
Bishop on next page gives FOUJDAR.

FOUJDARRY, PHOUSDARRY, s. P. _faujdārī_, a district under a _faujdār_ (see FOUJDAR); the office and jurisdiction of a _faujdār_; in Bengal and Upper India, 'police jurisdiction,' 'criminal' as opposed to 'civil' justice. Thus the chief criminal Court at Madras and Bombay, up to 1863, was termed the FOUJDARY Adawlut, corresponding to the _Nizamut Adawlut_ of Bengal. (See ADAWLUT.)

[1802.—"The Governor in Council of Fort St. George has deemed it to be
proper at this time to establish a Court of FOZDARRY Adaulut."—_Procl._
in _Logan, Malabar_, ii. 350; iii. 351.]

FOWRA, s. In Upper India, a mattock or large hoe; the tool generally employed in digging in most parts of India. Properly speaking (H.) _phāoṛā_. (See MAMOOTY.)

[1679.—(Speaking of diamond digging) "Others with iron PAWRAES or spades
heave it up to a heap."—_S. Master_, in _Kistna Man._ 147.

[1848.—"On one side Bedullah and one of the grasscutters were toiling
away with FOWRAHS, a kind of spade-pickaxe, making water-courses."—_Mrs.
Mackenzie, Life in the Mission_, i. 373.]

1880.—"It so fell out the other day in Cawnpore, that, when a _patwari_
endeavoured to remonstrate with some cultivators for taking water for
irrigation from a pond, they knocked him down with the handle of a PHAORA
and cut off his head with the blade, which went an inch or more into the
ground, whilst the head rolled away several feet."—_Pioneer Mail_, March
4.

FOX, FLYING. (See FLYING-FOX.)

FRAZALA, FARASOLA, FRAZIL, FRAIL, s. Ar. _fārsala_, a weight formerly much used in trade in the Indian seas. As usual, it varied much locally, but it seems to have run from 20 to 30 lbs., and occupied a place intermediate between the (smaller) maund and the BAHAR; the _fārsala_ being generally equal to ten (small) maunds, the _bahār_ equal to 10, 15, or 20 _fārsalas_. See _Barbosa_ (Hak. Soc.) 224; _Milburn_, i. 83, 87, &c.; _Prinsep's Useful Tables_, by Thomas, pp. 116, 119.

1510.—"They deal by FARASOLA, which _farasola_ weighs about twenty-five
of our lire."—_Varthema_, p. 170. On this Dr. Badger notes: "_Farasola_
is the plural of _fārsala_ ... still in ordinary use among the Arabs of
the Red Sea and Persian Gulf; but I am unable to verify (its) origin." Is
the word, which is sometimes called _frail_, the same as a _frail_, or
basket, of figs? And again, is it possible that _fārsala_ is the same
word as '_parcel_,' through Latin _particella_? We see that this is Sir
R. Burton's opinion (_Camõens_, iv. 390; [_Arab. Nights_, vi. 312]). [The
_N.E.D._ says: "O. F. _frayel_ of unknown origin."]

[1516.—"FARAZOLA." See under EAGLE-WOOD.]

1554.—"The _baar_ (see BAHAR) of cloves in Ormuz contains 20 FARAÇOLA,
and besides these 20 ffaraçolas it contains 3 maunds (_mãos_) more, which
is called _picottaa_ (see PICOTA)."—_A. Nunez_, p. 5.

[1611.—"The weight of Mocha 25 lbs. 11 oz. every FRASULA, and 15 frasulas
makes a bahar."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 123.]

1793.—"Coffee per FRAIL ... Rs. 17."—_Bombay Courier_, July 20.

FREGUEZIA, s. This Portuguese word for 'a parish' appears to have been formerly familiar in the west of India.

c. 1760.—"The island ... still continues divided into three Roman
Catholic parishes, or FREGUEZIAS, as they call them; which are _Bombay_,
_Mahim_, and _Salvaçam_."—_Grose_, i. 45.

FULEETA, s. Properly P. _palīta_ or _fatīla_, 'a slow-match,' as of a matchlock, but its usual colloquial Anglo-Indian application is to a cotton slow-match used to light cigars, and often furnished with a neat or decorated silver tube. This kind of cigar-light is called at Madras RAMASAMMY (q.v.).

FULEETA-PUP, s. This, in Bengal, is a well-known dish in the repertory of the ordinary native cook. It is a corruption of '_fritter-puff_'!

FURLOUGH, s. This word for a soldier's leave has acquired a peculiar citizenship in Anglo-Indian colloquial, from the importance of the matter to those employed in Indian service. It appears to have been first made the subject of systematic regulation in 1796. The word seems to have come to England from the Dutch _Verlof_, 'leave of absence,' in the early part of the 17th century, through those of our countrymen who had been engaged in the wars of the Netherlands. It is used by Ben Jonson, who had himself served in those wars:

1625.—

"_Pennyboy, Jun._ Where is the deed? hast thou it with thee?

_Picklock._ No.
It is a thing of greater consequence
Than to be borne about in a black box
Like a Low-Country VORLOFFE, or Welsh brief."
_The Staple of News_, Act v. sc. 1.

FURNAVEESE, n.p. This once familiar title of a famous Mahratta Minister (_Nana Furnaveese_) is really the Persian _fard-navīs_, 'statement writer,' or secretary.

[1824.—"The head civil officer is the FURNAVESE (a term almost synonymous
with that of minister of finance) who receives the accounts of the
renters and collectors of revenue."—_Malcolm, Central India_, 2nd ed. i.
531.]

FUSLY, adj. Ar.—P. _faṣlī_, relating to the _faṣl_, season or crop. This name is applied to certain solar eras established for use in revenue and other civil transactions, under the Mahommedan rule in India, to meet the inconvenience of the lunar calendar of the Hijra, in its want of correspondence with the natural seasons. Three at least of these eras were established by Akbar, applying to different parts of his dominions, intended to accommodate themselves as far as possible to the local calendars, and commencing in each case with the Hijra year of his accession to the throne (A.H. 963 = A.D. 1555-56), though the month of commencement varies. [See _Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 30.] The _Faṣlī_ year of the Deccan again was introduced by Shāh Jehān when settling the revenue system of the Mahratta country in 1636; and as it starts with the Hijra date of that year, it is, in numeration, two years in advance of the others.

Two of these _faṣlī_ years are still in use, as regards revenue matters, viz. the _Faṣlī_ of Upper India, under which the _Faṣlī_ year 1286 began 2nd April 1878; and that of Madras, under which _Faslī_ year 1286 began 1st July 1877.

FUTWA, s. Ar. _fatwā_. The decision of a council of men learned in Mahommedan law, on any point of Moslem law or morals. But technically and specifically, the deliverance of a Mahommedan law-officer on a case put before him. Such a deliverance was, as a rule, given officially and in writing, by such an officer, who was attached to the Courts of British India up to a little later than the middle of last century, and it was more or less a basis of the judge's decision. (See more particularly under ADAWLUT, CAZEE and LAW-OFFICER.)

1796.—"In all instances wherein the FUTWAH of the LAW-OFFICERS of the
_Nizamut-Adaulat_ shall declare the prisoners liable to more severe
punishment than under the evidence, and all the circumstances of the case
shall appear to the Court to be just and equitable...."—_Regn. VI._ of
1796, § ii.

1836.—"And it is hereby enacted that no Court shall, on a Trial of any
person accused of the offence made punishable by this Act require any
FUTWA from any Law-Officer...."—_Act XXX. of 1836, regarding Thuggee_, §
iii.

G

GALEE, s. H. _gālī_, abuse; bad language.

[1813.—"... the grossest GALEE, or abuse, resounded throughout the
camp."—_Broughton, Letters from a Mahr. Camp_, ed. 1892, p. 205.

[1877.—"You provoke me to give you GALI (abuse), and then you cry out
like a neglected wife."—_Allardyce, The City of Sunshine_, ii. 2.]

GALLEECE, s. Domestic Hindustani _gālīs_, 'a pair of braces,' from the old-fashioned _gallows_, now obsolete, except in Scotland, [S. Ireland and U.S.,] where the form is _gallowses_.

GALLE, POINT DE, n.p. A rocky cape, covering a small harbour and a town with old fortifications, in the S.W. of Ceylon, familiar to all Anglo-Indians for many years as a coaling-place of mail-steamers. The Portuguese gave the town for crest a cock (_Gallo_), a legitimate pun. The serious derivations of the name are numerous. Pridham says that it is _Galla_, 'a Rock,' which is probable. But Chitty says it means 'a Pound,' and was so called according to the Malabars (_i.e._ Tamil people) from "... this part of the country having been anciently set aside by Ravana for the breeding of his cattle" (_Ceylon Gazetteer_, 1832, p. 92). Tennent again says it was called after a tribe, the _Gallas_, inhabiting the neighbouring district (see ii. 105, &c.). [Prof. Childers (_5 ser. Notes & Queries_, iii. 155) writes: "In Sinhalese it is _Gālla_, the etymology of which is unknown; but in any case it can have nothing to do with 'rock,' the Sinhalese for which is _gala_ with a short _a_ and a single _l_."] Tennent has been entirely misled by Reinaud in supposing that Galle could be the _Kala_ of the old Arab voyages to China, a port which certainly lay in the Malay seas. (See CALAY.)

1518.—"He tried to make the port of Columbo, before which he arrived in 3
days, but he could not make it because the wind was contrary, so he
tacked about for 4 days till he made the port of GALLE, which is in the
south part of the island, and entered it with his whole squadron; and
then our people went ashore killing cows and plundering whatever they
could find."—_Correa_, ii. 540.

1553.—"In which Island they (the Chinese), as the natives say, left a
language which they call _Chingálla_, and the people themselves
_Chingállas_, particularly those who dwell from PONTA DE GÁLLE onwards,
facing the south and east. For adjoining that point they founded a City
called Tanabaré (see DONDERA HEAD), of which a large part still stands;
and from being hard by that CAPE OF GÁLLE, the rest of the people, who
dwelt from the middle of the Island upwards, called the inhabitants of
this part _Chingálla_, and their language the same, as if they would say
language or people of the _Chins_ of _Gálle_."—_Barros_, III. ii. cap. 1.
(This is, of course, all fanciful.)

[1554.—"He went to the port of GABALIQUAMA, which our people now call
PORTO DE GALE."—_Castanheda_, ii. ch. 23.]

c. 1568.—"Il piotta s'ingannò per ciochè il CAPO DI GALLI dell'Isola di
Seilan butta assai in mare."—_Cesare de' Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii.
396_v_.

1585.—"Dopo haver nauigato tre giorni senza veder terra, al primo di
Maggio fummo in vista di PUNTA DI GALLO, laquale è assai pericolosa da
costeggiare."—_G. Balbi_, f. 19.

1661.—"Die Stadt PUNTO-GALE ist im Jahr 1640 vermittelst Gottes gnadigem
Seegen durch die Tapferkeit des Commandanten Jacob Koster den
Neiderländen zu teil geworden."—_W. Schulze_, 190.

1691.—"We passed by Cape Comoryn, and came to PUNTOGALE."—_Valentijn_,
ii. 540.

GALLEGALLE, s. A mixture of lime and linseed oil, forming a kind of mortar impenetrable to water (Shakespear), Hind. _galgal_.

1621.—"Also the justis, Taccomon Done, sent us word to geve ouer making
GALLEGALLE in our howse we hired of China Capt., because the white lyme
did trowble the player or singing man, next neighbour...."—_Cocks's
Diary_, ii. 190.