Chapter LVII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (54)

c. 1662.—"... he did it only for love to their Mammon; and would have
sold afterwards for as much more St. Peter's ... to the Turks for a
MOSQUITO."—_Crowley_, Discourse concerning the Govt. of O. Cromwell.

1680.—Consn. Ft. St. Geo. March 28: "Records the death of Cassa Verona
... and a dispute arising as to whether his body should be burned by the
_Gentues_ or buried by the _Moors_, the latter having stopped the
procession on the ground that the deceased was a Mussleman and built a
MUSSEET in the Towne to be buried in, the Governor with the advice of his
Council sent an order that the body should be burned as a _Gentue_, and
not buried by the _Moors_, it being apprehended to be of dangerous
consequence to admit the Moors such pretences in the Towne."—_Notes and
Exts._ No. iii. p. 14.

1719.—"On condition they had a COWLE granted, exempting them from paying
the Pagoda or MUSQUEET duty."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 301.

1727.—"There are no fine Buildings in the City, but many large Houses,
and some Caravanserays and MUSCHEITS."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 161; [ed. 1774,
i. 163].

c. 1760.—"The Roman Catholic Churches, the Moorish MOSCHS, the Gentoo
Pagodas, the worship of the Parsees, are all equally unmolested and
tolerated."—_Grose_, i. 44.

[1862.—"... I slept at a MUSHEED, or village house of
prayer."—_Brinckman, Rifle in Cashmere_, 78.]

MOSQUITO, s. A gnat is so called in the tropics. The word is Spanish and Port. (dim. of _mosca_, 'a fly'), and probably came into familiar English use from the East Indies, though the earlier quotations show that it was _first_ brought from S. America. A friend annotates here: "Arctic mosquitoes are worst of all; and the Norfolk ones (in the Broads) beat Calcutta!"

It is related of a young Scotch lady of a former generation who on her voyage to India had heard formidable, but vague accounts of this terror of the night, that on seeing an elephant for the first time, she asked: "Will yon be what's called a MUSQUEETAE?"

1539.—"To this misery was there adjoyned the great affliction, which the
Flies and Gnats (_por parte dos atabões e_ MOSQUITOS), that coming out of
the neighbouring Woods, bit and stung us in such sort, as not one of us
but was gore blood."—_Pinto_ (orig. cap. xxiii.), in _Cogan_, p. 29.

1582.—"We were oftentimes greatly annoyed with a kind of flie, which in
the Indian tongue is called _Tiquari_, and the Spanish call them
MUSKITOS."—_Miles Phillips_, in _Hakl._ iii. 564.

1584.—"The 29 Day we set Saile from Saint Iohns, being many of vs stung
before upon Shoare with the MUSKITOS; but the same night we tooke a
Spanish Frigat."—_Sir Richard Greenevile's Voyage_, in _Hakl._ iii. 308.

1616 and 1673.—See both _Terry_ and _Fryer_ under CHINTS.

1662.—"At night there is a kind of insect that plagues one mightily; they
are called MUSCIETEN,—it is a kind that by their noise and sting cause
much irritation."—_Saar_, 68-69.

1673.—"The greatest Pest is the MOSQUITO, which not only wheals, but
domineers by its continual Hums."—_Fryer_, 189.

1690.—(The Governor) "carries along with him a _Peon_ or Servant to Fan
him, and drive away the busie Flies, and troublesome MUSKETOES. This is
done with the Hair of a Horse's Tail."—_Ovington_, 227-8.

1740.—"... all the day we were pestered with great numbers of MUSCATOS,
which are not much unlike the gnats in _England_, but more
venomous...."—_Anson's Voyage_, 9th ed., 1756, p. 46.

1764.—

"MOSQUITOS, sandflies, seek the sheltered roof,
And with full rage the stranger guest assail,
Nor spare the sportive child."
—_Grainger_, bk. i.

1883.—"Among rank weeds in deserted Bombay gardens, too, there is a
large, speckled, unmusical MOSQUITO, raging and importunate and thirsty,
which will give a new idea in pain to any one that visits its
haunts."—_Tribes on My Frontier_, 27.

MOTURPHA, s. Hind. from Ar. _muḥtarafa_, but according to C. P. B. _mu'tarifa_; [rather Ar. _muḥtarifa_, _muḥtarif_, 'an artizan']. A name technically applied to a number of miscellaneous taxes in Madras and Bombay, such as were called SAYER (q.v.), in Bengal.

[1813.—"MOHTEREFA. An artificer. Taxes, personal and professional, on
artificers, merchants and others; also on houses, implements of
agriculture, looms, &c., a branch of the SAYER."—_Gloss. 5th Report_,
s.v.

1826.—"... for example, the tax on merchants, manufacturers, &c. (called
MOHTURFA)...."—_Grant Duff, H. of the Mahrattas_, 3rd ed. 356.]

MOULMEIN, n.p. This is said to be originally a Talaing name _Mut-mwoa-lem_, syllables which mean (or may be made to mean) 'one-eye-destroyed'; and to account for which a cock-and-bull legend is given (probably invented for the purpose): "Tradition says that the city was founded ... by a king with three eyes, having an extra eye in his forehead, but that by the machinations of a woman, the eye in his forehead was destroyed...." (_Mason's Burmah_, 2nd ed. p. 18). The Burmese corrupted the name into _Mau-la-yaing_, whence the foreign (probably Malay) form _Maulmain_. The place so called is on the opposite side of the estuary of the Salwin R. from MARTABAN (q.v.), and has entirely superseded that once famous port. Moulmein, a mere site, was chosen as the headquarters of the Tenasserim provinces, when those became British in 1826 after the first Burmese War. It has lost political importance since the annexation of Pegu, 26 years later, but is a thriving city which numbered in 1881, 53,107 inhabitants; [in 1891, 55,785].

MOUNT DELY, n.p. (See DELLY, MOUNT.)

MOUSE-DEER, s. The beautiful little creature, _Meminna indica_ (Gray), [_Tragulus meminna_, the Indian Chevrotain (_Blanford, Mammalia_, 555),] found in various parts of India, and weighing under 6 lbs., is so called. But the name is also applied to several pigmy species of the genus _Tragulus_, found in the Malay regions, [where, according to Mr. Skeat, it takes in popular tradition the place of Brer Rabbit, outwitting even the tiger, elephant, and crocodile.] All belong to the family of Musk-deer.

MUCHÁN, s. Hind. _machān_, Dekh. _manchān_, Skt. _maṅcha_. An elevated platform; such as the floor of huts among the Indo-Chinese races; or a stage or scaffolding erected to watch a tiger, to guard a field, or what not.

c. 1662.—"As the soil of the country is very damp, the people do not live
on the ground-floor, but on the MACHÁN, which is the name for a raised
floor."—_Shihábuddín Tálish_, by _Blochmann_, in _J. A. S. B._ xli. Pt.
i. 84.

[1882.—"In a shady green MECHAN in some fine tree, watching at the cool
of evening...."—_Sanderson, Thirteen Years_, 3rd ed. 284.]

MUCHWA, s. Mahr. _machwā_, Hind. _machuā_, _machwā_. A kind of boat or barge in use about Bombay.

MUCKNA, s. Hind. _makhnā_, [which comes from Skt. _matkuna_, 'a bug, a flea, a beardless man, an elephant without tusks']. A male elephant without tusks or with only rudimentary tusks. These latter are familiar in Bengal, and still more so in Ceylon, where according to Sir S. Baker, "not more than one in 300 has tusks; they are merely provided with short grubbers, projecting generally about 3 inches from the upper jaw, and about 2 inches in diameter." (_The Rifle and Hound in Ceylon_, 11.) Sanderson (_13 Years among the Wild Beasts of India_, [3rd ed. 66]) says: "On the Continent of India _mucknas_, or elephants _born_ without tusks, are decidedly rare ... _Mucknas_ breed in the herds, and the peculiarity is not hereditary or transmitted." This author also states that out of 51 male elephants captured by him in Mysore and Bengal only 5 were _mucknas_. But the definition of a _makhnā_ in Bengal is that which we have given, including those animals which possess only feminine or rudimentary tusks, the 'short grubbers' of Baker; and these latter can hardly be called rare among domesticated elephants. This may be partially due to a preference in purchasers.[174] The same author derives the term from _mukh_, 'face'; but the reason is obscure. Shakespear and Platts give the word as also applied to 'a cock without spurs.'

c. 1780.—"An elephant born with the left tooth only is reckoned sacred;
with black spots in the mouth unlucky, and not saleable; the MUKNA or
elephant born without teeth is thought the best."—_Hon. R. Lindsay_ in
_Lives of the Lindsays_, iii. 194.

MUCOA, MUKUVA, n.p. Malayal. and Tamil, _mukkuvan_ (sing.), 'a diver,' and _mukkuvar_ (pl.). [Logan (_Malabar_, ii. Gloss. s.v.) derives it from Drav. _mukkuha_, 'to dive'; the _Madras Gloss._ gives Tam. _muzhugu_, with the same meaning.] A name applied to the fishermen of the western coast of the Peninsula near C. Comorin. [But Mr. Pringle (_Diary, Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser. iii. 187) points out that formerly as now, the word was of much more general application. Orme in a passage quoted below employs it of boatmen at Karikal. The use of the word extended as far N. as Madras, and on the W. coast; it was not confined to the extreme S.] It was among these, and among the corresponding class of PARAVARS on the east coast, that F. Xavier's most noted labours in India occurred.

1510.—"The fourth class are called MECHUA, and these are
fishers."—_Varthema_, 142.

1525.—"And Dom João had secret speech with a married Christian whose wife
and children were inside the fort, and a valiant man, with whom he
arranged to give him 200 PARDAOS (and that he gave him on the spot) to
set fire to houses that stood round the fort.... So this Christian,
called Duarte Fernandes ... put on a lot of old rags and tags, and
powdered himself with ashes after the fashion of _jogues_ (see JOGEE) ...
also defiling his hair with a mixture of oil and ashes, and disguising
himself like a regular _jogue_, whilst he tied under his rags a parcel of
gunpowder and pieces of slow-match, and so commending himself to God, in
which all joined, slipped out of the fort by night, and as the day broke,
he came to certain huts of MACUAS, which are fishermen, and began to beg
alms in the usual palaver of the _jogues_, _i.e._ prayers for their long
life and health, and the conquest of enemies, and easy deliveries for
their womenkind, and prosperity for their children, and other grand
things."—_Correa_, ii. 871.

1552.—Barros has MUCUARIA, 'a fisherman's village.'

1600.—"Those who gave the best reception to the Gospel were the MACÓAS;
and, as they had no church in which to assemble, they did so in the
fields and on the shores, and with such fervour that the Father found
himself at times with 5000 or 6000 souls about him."—_Lucena, Vida do P.
F. Xavier_, 117.

[c. 1610.—"These mariners are called MOUCOIS."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak.
Soc. i. 314.]

1615.—"Edixit ut MACUAE omnes, id est vilissima plebecula et piscatu
vivens, Christiana sacra susciperent."—_Jarric_, i. 390.

1626.—"The MUCHOA or MECHOE are Fishers ... the men Theeues, the women
Harlots, with whom they please...."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 553.

1677.—Resolved "to raise the rates of hire of the _Mesullas_ (see
MUSSOOLA) boatmen called MACQUARS."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consn._, Jan 12, in
_Notes and Exts._ No. i. 54.

[1684.—"The MAQUAS or Boatmen ye Ordinary Astralogers (_sic_) for weather
did ... prognosticate great Rains...."—_Pringle, Diary, Ft. St. Geo._,
1st ser. iii. 131.]

1727.—"They may marry into lower Tribes ... and so may the MUCKWAS, or
Fishers, who, I think, are a higher tribe than the _Poulias_ (see
POLEA)."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 310, [ed. 1744, i. 312].

[1738.—"Gastos com Nairos, Tibas, MAQUAS."—Agreement, in _Logan,
Malabar_, ii. 36.]

1745.—"The MACOAS, a kind of Malabars, who have specially this business,
and, as we might say, the exclusive privilege in all that concerns
sea-faring."—_Norbert_, i. 227-8.

1746.—"194 MACQUARS attending the sea-side at night ... (P.) 8 : 8 :
40."—_Account of Extraordinary Expenses, at Ft. St. David_ (India Office
MS. Records).

1760.—"Fifteen _massoolas_ (see MUSSOOLA) accompanied the ships; they
took in 170 of the troops, besides the MACOAS, who are the black fellows
that row them."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, iii. 617.

[1813.—"The MUCKWAS or MACUARS of Tellicherry are an industrious, useful
set of people."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 202.]

MUDDÁR, s. Hind. _madār_, Skt. _mandāra_; _Calotropis procera_, R. Brown, N.O. _Asclepiadaceae_. One of the most common and widely diffused plants in uncultivated plains throughout India. In Sind the bark fibre is used for halters, &c., and experiment has shown it to be an excellent material worth £40 a ton in England, if it could be supplied at that rate; but the cost of collection has stood in the way of its utilisation. The seeds are imbedded in a silky floss, used to stuff pillows. This also has been the subject of experiment for textile use, but as yet without practical success. The plant abounds with an acrid milky juice which the Rājputs are said to employ for infanticide. (_Punjab Plants._) The plant is called AK in Sind and throughout N. India.

MUDDLE, s. (?) This word is only known to us from the clever—perhaps too clever—little book quoted below. The word does not seem to be known, and was probably a misapprehension of BUDLEE. [Even Mr. Brandt and Mrs. Wyatt are unable to explain this word. The former does not remember hearing it. Both doubt its connection with BUDLEE. Mrs. Wyatt suggests with hesitation Tamil _muder_, "boiled rice," _mudei-palli_, "the cook-house."]

1836-7.—"Besides all these acknowledged and ostensible attendants, each
servant has a kind of MUDDLE or double of his own, who does all the work
that can be put off upon him without being found out by his master or
mistress."—_Letters from Madras_, 38.

" "They always come accompanied by their Vakeels, a kind of
Secretaries, or interpreters, or flappers,—their MUDDLES in short;
everybody here has a MUDDLE, high or low."—_Letters from Madras_, 86.

MUFTY, s.

A. Ar. _Muftī_, an expounder of the Mahommedan Law, the utterer of the _fatwā_ (see FUTWAH). Properly the _Muftī_ is above the _Kāẓī_ who carries out the judgment. In the 18th century, and including Regulation IX. of 1793, which gave the Company's Courts in Bengal the reorganization which substantially endured till 1862, we have frequent mention of both _Cauzies_ and _Mufties_ as authorized expounders of the Mahommedan Law; but, though Kāẓīs were nominally maintained in the Provincial Courts down to their abolition (1829-31), practically the duty of those known as Kāẓīs became limited to quite different objects and the designation of the Law-officer who gave the _futwā_ in our District Courts was _Maulavī_. The title _Muftī_ has been long obsolete within the limits of British administration, and one might safely say that it is practically unknown to any surviving member of the Indian Civil Service, and never was heard in India as a living title by any Englishman now surviving. (See CAZEE, LAW-OFFICER, MOOLVEE).

B. A slang phrase in the army, for 'plain clothes.' No doubt it is taken in some way from A, but the transition is a little obscure. [It was perhaps originally applied to the attire of dressing-gown, smoking-cap, and slippers, which was like the Oriental dress of the _Muftī_ who was familiar in Europe from his appearance in Moliere's _Bourgeois Gentilhomme_. Compare the French _en Pekin_.]

A.—

1653.—"Pendant la tempeste vne femme INDUSTANI mourut sur notre bord; vn
MOUFTI Persan de la Secte des Schaï (see SHEEAH) assista à cette derniere
extrémité, luy donnant esperance d'vne meilleure vie que celle-cy, et
d'vn Paradis, où l'on auroit tout ce que l'on peut desirer ... et la fit
changer de Secte...."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 281.

1674.—"Resolve to make a present to the Governors of Changulaput and
Pallaveram, old friends of the Company, and now about to go to Golcondah,
for the marriage of the former with the daughter of the King's MUFTI or
Churchman."—_Fort St. Geo. Consn._, March 26. In _Notes and Exts._, No.
i. 30.

1767.—"3d. You will not let the CAUZY or MUFTY receive anything from the
tenants unlawfully."—_Collectors' Instructions_, in _Long_, 511.

1777.—"The CAZI and MUFTIS now deliver in the following report, on the
right of inheritance claimed by the widow and nephew of Shabaz Beg
Khan...."—_Report on the Patna Cause_, quoted in _Stephen's Nuncomar and
Impey_, ii. 167.

1793.—"§ XXXVI. The CAUZIES and MUFTIS of the provincial Courts of
Appeal, shall also be CAUZIES and MUFTIES of the courts of circuit in the
several divisions, and shall not be removable, except on proof to the
satisfaction of the Governor-General in Council that they are incapable,
or have been guilty of misconduct...."—_Reg. IX. of 1793._

[c. 1855.—

"Think'st thou I fear the dark vizier,
Or the MUFTI'S vengeful arm?"
_Bon Gaultier, The Cadi's Daughter._]

MUGG, n.p. Beng. _Magh_. It is impossible to deviate without deterioration from Wilson's definition of this obscure name: "A name commonly applied to the natives of Arakan, particularly those bordering on Bengal, or residing near the sea; the people of Chittagong." It is beside the question of its origin or proper application, to say, as Wilson goes on to say, on the authority of Lieut. (now Sir Arthur) Phayre, that the Arakanese disclaim the title, and restrict it to a class held in contempt, viz. the descendants of Arakanese settlers on the frontier of Bengal by Bengali mothers. The proper names of foreign nations in any language do not require the sanction of the nation to whom they are applied, and are often not recognised by the latter. German is not the German name for the Germans, nor Welsh the Welsh name for the Welsh, nor Hindu (originally) a Hindu word, nor China a Chinese word. The origin of the present word is very obscure. Sir A. Phayre kindly furnishes us with this note: "There is good reason to conclude that the name is derived from _Maga_, the name of the ruling race for many centuries in _Magadha_ (modern Behar). The kings of Arakan were no doubt originally of this race. For though this is not distinctly expressed in the histories of Arakan, there are several legends of Kings from Benares reigning in that country, and one regarding a Brahman who marries a native princess, and whose descendants reign for a long period. I say this, although Buchanan appears to reject the theory (see _Montg. Martin_, ii. 18 _seqq._)" The passage is quoted below.

On the other hand the Mahommedan writers sometimes confound Buddhists with fire-worshippers, and it seems possible that the word may have been Pers. _magh_ = 'magus.' [See _Risley, Tribes and Castes_, ii. 28 _seq._] The Chittagong Muggs long furnished the best class of native cooks in Calcutta; hence the meaning of the last quotation below.

1585.—"The MOGEN, which be of the kingdom of Recon (see ARAKAN) and Rame,
be stronger than the King of Tipara; so that Chatigam or PORTO GRANDE
(q.v.) is often under the King of Recon."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 389.

c. 1590.—(In a country adjoining Pegu) "there are mines of ruby and
diamond and gold and silver and copper and petroleum and sulphur and (the
lord of that country) has war with the tribe of MAGH about the mines;
also with the tribe of Tipara there are battles."—_Āīn_ (orig.) i. 388;
[ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 120].

c. 1604.—"_Defeat of the_ MAGH _Rájá_.—This short-sighted Rájá ... became
elated with the extent of his treasures and the number of his
elephants.... He then openly rebelled, and assembling an army at
Sunárgánw laid seige to a fort in that vicinity ... Rájá Mán Singh ...
despatched a force.... These soon brought the MAGH Rájá and all his
forces to action ... regardless of the number of his boats and the
strength of his artillery."—_Ináyatullah_, in _Elliot_, vi. 109.

1638.—"Submission of Manek Ráí, the MAG Rájá of Chittagong."—_Abdul-Hamíd
Lahori_, in do. vii. 66.

c. 1665.—"These many years there have always been in the Kingdom of
_Rakan_ or _Moy_ (read MOG) some _Portuguese_, and with them a great
number of their _Christian_ Slaves, and other _Franguis_.... _That_ was
the refuge of the Run-aways from _Goa_, _Ceilan_, _Cochin_, _Malague_
(see MALACCA), and all these other places which the Portugueses formerly
held in the _Indies_."—_Bernier_, E.T. p. 53; [ed. _Constable_, 109].

1676.—"In all _Bengala_ this King (of _Arakan_) is known by no other name
but the King of MOGUE."—_Tavernier_, E.T. i. 8.

1752.—"... that as the time of the MUGS draws nigh, they request us to
order the pinnace to be with them by the end of next month."—In _Long_,
p. 87.

c. 1810.—"In a paper written by Dr. Leyden, that gentleman supposes ...
that Magadha is the country of the people whom we call MUGGS.... The term
MUGG, these people assured me, is never used by either themselves or by
the Hindus, except when speaking the jargon commonly called Hindustani by
Europeans...."—_F. Buchanan_, in _Eastern India_, ii. 18.

1811.—"MUGS, a dirty and disgusting people, but strong and skilful. They
are somewhat of the Malayan race."—_Solvyns_, iii.

1866.—"That vegetable curry was excellent. Of course your cook is a
MUG?"—_The Dawk Bungalow_, 389.

MUGGUR, s. Hind. and Mahr. _magar_ and _makar_, from Skt. _makara_ 'a sea-monster' (see MACAREO). The destructive broad-snouted crocodile of the Ganges and other Indian rivers, formerly called _Crocodilus biporcatus_, now apparently subdivided into several sorts or varieties.

1611.—"Alagaters or Crocodiles there called MURGUR
_match_...."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 436. The word is here intended
for _magar-mats_ or _machh_, 'crocodile-fish.'

[1876.—See under NUZZER.]

1878.—"The MUGGUR is a gross pleb, and his features stamp him as
low-born. His manners are coarse."—_Ph. Robinson, In My Indian Garden_,
82-3.

1879.—"En route I killed two crocodiles; they are usually called
alligators, but that is a misnomer. It is the MUGGER ... these MUGGERS
kill a good many people, and have a playful way of getting under a boat,
and knocking off the steersman with their tails, and then swallowing him
afterwards."—_Pollok, Sport_, &c., i. 168.

1881.—"Alligator leather attains by use a beautiful gloss, and is very
durable ... and it is possible that our rivers contain a sufficient
number of the two varieties of crocodile, the MUGGAR and the _garial_
(see GAVIAL) for the tanners and leather-dressers of Cawnpore to
experiment upon."—_Pioneer Mail_, April 26.

MUGGRABEE, n.p. Ar. _maghrabī_, 'western.' This word, applied to western Arabs, or Moors proper, is, as might be expected, not now common in India. It is the term that appears in the Hayraddin MOGRABBIN of _Quentin Durward_. From _gharb_, the root of this word, the Spaniards have the province of ALGARVE, and both Spanish and Portuguese have GARBIN, a west wind. [The magician in the tale of Alaeddin is a _Maghrabī_, and to this day in Languedoc and Gascony _Maugraby_ is used as a term of cursing. (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, x. 35, 379). MUGGERBEE is used for a coin (see GUBBER).]

1563.—"The proper tongue in which Avicena wrote is that which is used in
Syria and Mesopotamia and in Persia and in Tartary (from which latter
Avicena came) and this tongue they call _Araby_; and that of our Moors
they call MAGARABY, as much as to say Moorish of the West...."—_Garcia_,
f. 19_v_.

MULL, s. A contraction of MULLIGATAWNY, and applied as a distinctive sobriquet to members of the Service belonging to the Madras Presidency, as Bengal people are called QUI-HIS, and Bombay people DUCKS or BENIGHTED.

[1837.—"The MULLS have been excited also by another occurrence ...
affecting rather the trading than fashionable world."—_Asiatic Journal_,
December, p. 251.]

[1852.—"... residents of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras are, in Eastern
parlance, designated 'Qui Hies,' 'Ducks,' and 'MULLS.'"—_Notes and
Queries_, 1st ser. v. 165.]

1860.—"It ys ane darke Londe, and ther dwellen ye _Cimmerians_ whereof
speketh _Homerus Poeta_ in his _Odysseia_, and to thys Daye thei clepen
_Tenebrosi_ or 'ye Benyghted ffolke.' Bot thei clepen hemselvys MULLYS
from _Mulligatawnee_ wh^{ch} ys ane of theyr goddys from w^{ch} thei ben
ysprong."—Ext. from a lately discovered MS. of _Sir John Maundeville_.

MULLIGATAWNY, s. The name of this well-known soup is simply a corruption of the Tamil _milagu-tannīr_, 'pepper-water'; showing the correctness of the popular belief which ascribes the origin of this excellent article to Madras, whence—and not merely from the complexion acquired there—the sobriquet of the preceding article.

1784.—

"In vain our hard fate we repine;
In vain on our fortune we rail;
On MULLAGHEE-TAWNY we dine,
Or CONGEE, in Bangalore Jail."
_Song_ by a Gentleman of the Navy
(one of Hyder's Prisoners), in
_Seton-Karr_, i. 18.

[1823.—"... in a brasen pot was MULUGU TANNI, a hot vegetable soup, made
chiefly from pepper and capsicums."—_Hoole, Missions in Madras_, 2nd ed.
249.]

MULMULL, s. Hind. _malmal_; Muslin.

[c. 1590.—"MALMAL, per piece ... 4 R."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 94.]

1683.—"Ye said Ellis told your Petitioner that he would not take 500
Pieces of your Petitioner's MULMULLS unless your Petitioner gave him 200
Rups. which your Petitioner being poor could not do."—_Petition of
Rogoodee_, Weaver of Hugly, in _Hedges, Diary_, March 26; [Hak. Soc. i.
73].

1705.—"MALLE-MOLLES et autre diverses sortes de toiles ... stinquerques
et les belles mousselines."—_Luillier_, 78.

MUNCHEEL, MANJEEL, s. This word is proper to the S.W. coast; Malayal. _manjīl_, _mañchal_, from Skt. _maṅcha_. It is the name of a kind of hammock-litter used on that coast as a substitute for palankin or dooly. It is substantially the same as the DANDY of the Himālaya, but more elaborate. Correa describes but does not name it.

1561.—"... He came to the factory in a litter which men carried on their
shoulders. These are made with thick canes, bent upwards and arched, and
from them are suspended some clothes half a fathom in width, and a fathom
and a half in length; and at the extremities pieces of wood to sustain
the cloth hanging from the pole; and upon this cloth a mattress of the
same size as the cloth ... the whole very splendid, and as rich as the
gentlemen ... may desire."—_Correa, Three Voyages_, &c., p. 199.

1811.—"The Inquisition is about a quarter of a mile distant from the
convent, and we proceeded thither in MANJEELS."—_Buchanan, Christian
Researches_, 2nd ed., 171.

1819.—"MUNCHEEL, a kind of litter resembling a sea-cot or hammock, hung
to a long pole, with a moveable cover over the whole, to keep off the sun
or rain. Six men will run with one from one end of the Malabar coast to
the other, while twelve are necessary for the lightest
palanquin."—_Welsh_, ii. 142.

1844.—"MUNCHEELS, with poles complete.... Poles, MUNCHEEL-,
Spare."—_Jameson's Bombay Code, Ordnance Nomenclature._

1862.—"We ... started ... in MUNSHEELS or hammocks, slung to bamboos,
with a shade over them, and carried by six men, who kept up unearthly
yells the whole time."—_Markham, Peru and India_, 353.

c. 1886.—"When I landed at Diu, an officer met me with a MUNCHEEL for my
use, viz. a hammock slung to a pole, and protected by an
awning."—_M.-Gen. R. H. Keatinge._

A form of this word is used at Réunion, where a kind of palankin is called "le MANCHY." It gives a title to one of Leconte de Lisle's Poems:

c. 1858.—

"Sous un nuage frais de claire mousseline
Tous les dimanches au matin,
Tu venais à la ville en MANCHY de rotin,
Par les rampes de la colline."
_Le_ MANCHY.

The word has also been introduced by the Portuguese into Africa in the forms _maxilla_, and _machilla_.

1810.—"... tangas, que elles chamão MAXILAS."—_Annaes Maritimas_, iii.
434.

1880.—"The Portuguese (in Quilliman) seldom even think of walking the
length of their own street, and ... go from house to house in a sort of
palanquin, called here a MACHILLA (pronounced _masheela_). This usually
consists of a pole placed upon the shoulders of the natives, from which
is suspended a long plank of wood, and upon that is fixed an
old-fashioned-looking chair, or sometimes two. Then there is an awning
over the top, hung all round with curtains. Each MACHILLA requires about
6 to 8 bearers, who are all dressed alike in a kind of livery."—_A
Journey in E. Africa_, by _M. A. Pringle_, p. 89.

MUNGOOSE, s. This is the popular Anglo-Indian name of the Indian ichneumons, represented in the South by _Mangusta Mungos_ (Elliot), or _Herpestes griseus_ (Geoffroy) of naturalists, and in Bengal by _Herpestes malaccensis_. [Blanford (_Mammalia_, 119 _seqq._) recognises eight species, the "Common Indian Mungoose" being described as _Herpestes mungo_.] The word is Telugu, _mangīsu_, or _mungīsa_. In Upper India the animal is called _newal_, _neolā_, or _nyaul_. Jerdon gives _mangūs_ however as a Deccani and Mahr. word; [Platts gives it as dialectic, and very doubtfully derives it from Skt. _makshu_, 'moving quickly.' In Ar. it is _bint-'arūs_, 'daughter of the bridegroom,' in Egypt _kitt_ or _katt Farāūn_, 'Pharaoh's cat' (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, ii. 369)].

1673.—"... a MONGOOSE is akin to a Ferret...."—_Fryer_, 116.

1681.—"The knowledge of these antidotal herbs they have learned from the
MOUNGGUTIA, a kind of Ferret."—_Knox_, 115.

1685.—"They have what they call a MANGUS, creatures something different
from ferrets; these hold snakes in great antipathy, and if they once
discover them never give up till they have killed them."—_Ribeyro_, f.
56_v_.

Bluteau gives the following as a quotation from a _History of Ceylon_, tr. from Portuguese into French, published at Paris in 1701, p. 153. It is in fact the gist of an anecdote in Ribeyro.

"There are persons who cherish this animal and have it to sleep with
them, although it is ill-tempered, for they prefer to be bitten by a
MANGUS to being killed by a snake."

1774.—"He (the Dharma Raja of Bhootan) has got a little lap-dog and a
MUNGOOS, which he is very fond of."—_Bogle's Diary_, in _Markham's
Tibet_, 27.

1790.—"His (Mr. Glan's) experiments have also established a very curious
fact, that the ichneumon, or MUNGOOSE, which is very common in this
country, and kills snakes without danger to itself, does not use
antidotes ... but that the poison of snakes is, to this animal,
innocent."—Letter in _Colebrooke's Life_, p. 40.

1829.—"Il MONGÙSE animale simile ad una donnola."—_Papi_, in _de
Gubernatis, St. dei Viagg. Ital._, p. 279.

MUNJEET, s. Hind. _majīṭh_, Skt. _maṅjishṭha_; a dye-plant (_Rubia cordifolia_, L., N.O. _Cinchonaceae_); 'Bengal Madder.'

MUNNEEPORE, n.p. Properly _Manipūr_; a quasi-independent State lying between the British district of Cachar on the extreme east of Bengal, and the upper part of the late kingdom of Burma, and in fact including a part of the watershed between the tributaries of the Brahmaputra and those of the Irawadi. The people are of genuinely Indo-Chinese and Mongoloid aspect, and the State, small and secluded as it is, has had its turn in temporary conquest and domination, like almost all the States of Indo-China from the borders of Assam to the mouth of the Mekong. Like the other Indo-Chinese States, too, Manipūr has its royal chronicle, but little seems to have been gathered from it. The Rājas and people have, for a period which seems uncertain, professed Hindu religion. A disastrous invasion of Manipūr by Alompra, founder of the present Burmese dynasty, in 1755, led a few years afterwards to negotiations with the Bengal Government, and the conclusion of a treaty, in consequence of which a body of British sepoys was actually despatched in 1763, but eventually returned without reaching Manipūr. After this, intercourse practically ceased till the period of our first Burmese War (1824-25), when the country was overrun by the Burmese, who also entered Cachar; and British troops, joined with a Manipūrī force, expelled them. Since then a British officer has always been resident at Manipūr, and at one time (c. 1838-41) a great deal of labour was expended on opening a road between Cachar and Manipūr. [The murder of Mr. Quinton, Chief-Commissioner of Assam, and other British officers at Manipūr, in the close of 1890, led to the infliction of severe punishment on the leaders of the outbreak. The Mahārāja, whose abdication led to this tragedy, died in Calcutta in the following year, and the State is now under British management during the minority of his successor.]

This State has been called by a variety of names. Thus, in Rennell's _Memoir_ and maps of India it bears the name of MECKLEY. In Symes's _Narrative_, and in maps of that period, it is CASSAY; names, both of which have long disappeared from modern maps. _Meckley_ represents the name (_Makli?_) by which the country was known in Assam; _Mogli_ (apparently a form of the same) was the name in Cachar; _Ka-sé_ or _Ka-thé_ (according to the Ava pronunciation) is the name by which it is known to the Shans or Burmese.

1755.—"I have carried my Arms to the _confines_ of CHINA ... on the other
quarter I have reduced to my subjection the major part of the Kingdom of
CASSAY; whose Heir I have taken captive, see there he sits behind
you...."—Speech of _Alompra_ to _Capt. Baker_ at _Momchabue_. _Dalrymple,
Or. Rep._ i. 152.

1759.—"CASSAY, which ... lies to the N. Westward of AVA, is a Country, so
far as I can learn, hitherto unheard of in Europe...."—_Letter_, dd. 22
June 1759, in _ibid._ 116.

[1762.—"... the President sent the Board a letter which he had received
from Mr. Verelst at Chittagong, containing an invitation which had been
made to him and his Council by the Rajah of MECKLEY to assist him in
obtaining redress ... from the Burmas...."—Letter, in _Wheeler, Early
Records_, 291.]

1763.—"MECKLEY is a Hilly Country, and is bounded on the North, South,
and West by large tracts of _Cookie Mountains_, which prevent any
intercourse with the countries beyond them; and on the East[175] by the
Burampoota (see BURRAMPOOTER); beyond the Hills, to the North by Asam and
_Poong_; to the West Cashar; to the South and East the BURMAH Country,
which lies between Meckley and China.... The _Burampoota_ is said to
divide, somewhere to the north of _Poong_, into two large branches, one
of which passes through ASAM, and down by the way of _Dacca_, the other
through POONG into the Burma Country."—_Acct. of Meckley_, by _Nerher
Doss Gosseen_, in _Dalrymple's Or. Rep._, ii. 477-478.

" "... there is about _seven days plain country_ between MONEYPOOR
and BURAMPOOTA, after crossing which, about _seven days, Jungle and
Hills_, to the inhabited border of the Burmah country."—_Ibid._ 481.

1793.—"... The first ridge of mountains towards Thibet and Bootan, forms
the limit of the survey to the north; to which I may now add, that the
surveys extend no farther eastward, than the frontiers of Assam and
MECKLEY.... The space between Bengal and China, is occupied by the
province of MECKLEY and other districts, subject to the King of Burmah,
or Ava...."—_Rennell's Memoir_, 295.

1799.—(Referring to 1757). "Elated with success Alompra returned to
Monchaboo, now the seat of imperial government. After some months ... he
took up arms against the CASSAYERS.... Having landed his troops, he was
preparing to advance to MUNNEPOORA, the capital of CASSAY, when
information arrived that the Peguers had revolted...."—_Symes,
Narrative_, 41-42.

" "All the troopers in the King's service are natives of CASSAY,
who are much better horsemen than the Birmans."—_Ibid._ 318.

1819.—"Beyond the point of Negraglia (see NEGRAIS), as far as Azen (see
ASSAM), and even further, there is a small chain of mountains that
divides Aracan and CASSÉ from the Burmese...."—_Sangermano_, p. 33.

1827.—"The extensive area of the Burman territory is inhabited by many
distinct nations or tribes, of whom I have heard not less than eighteen
enumerated. The most considerable of these are the proper Burmans, the
Peguans or Talains, the Shans or people of Lao, the CASSAY, or more
correctly Kathé...."—_Crawfurd's Journal_, 372.

1855.—"The weaving of these silks ... gives employment to a large body of
the population in the suburbs and villages round the capital, especially
to the MUNNIPOORIANS, or KATHÉ, as they are called by the Burmese.

"These people, the descendants of unfortunates who were carried off in
droves from their country by the Burmans in the time of King Mentaragyi
and his predecessors, form a very great proportion ... of the
metropolitan population, and they are largely diffused in nearly all the
districts of Central Burma.... Whatever work is in hand for the King or
for any of the chief men near the capital, these people supply the
labouring hands; if boats have to be manned they furnish the rowers; and
whilst engaged on such tasks any remuneration they may receive is very
scanty and uncertain."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, 153-154.

MUNSUBDAR. Hind. from Pers. _manṣabdār_, 'the holder of office or dignity' (Ar. _manṣab_). The term was used to indicate quasi-feudal dependents of the Mogul Government who had territory assigned to them, on condition of their supplying a certain number of horse, 500, 1000 or more. In many cases the title was but nominal, and often it was assumed without warrant. [Mr. Irvine discusses the question at length and represents _manṣab_ by "the word '_rank_,' as its object was to settle precedence and fix gradation of pay; it did not necessarily imply the exercise of any particular office, and meant nothing beyond the fact that the holder was in the employ of the State, and bound in return to yield certain services when called upon." (_J.R.A.S._, July 1896, pp. 510 _seqq._)]

[1617.—"... slew one of them and twelve MAANCIPDARES."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak.
Soc. ii. 417; in ii. 461, "MANCIPDARIES."

[1623.—"... certain Officers of the Militia, whom they call
MANSUBDÀR."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 97.]

c. 1665.—"MANSEBDARS are Cavaliers of _Manseb_, which is particular and
honourable Pay; not so great indeed as that of the _Omrahs_ ... they
being esteemed as little _Omrahs_, and of the rank of those, that are
advanced to that dignity."—_Bernier_, E.T. p. 67; [ed. _Constable_, 215].

1673.—"MUNSUBDARS or petty _omrahs_."—_Fryer_, 195.

1758.—"... a MUNSUBDAR or commander of 6000 horse."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, ii.
278.

MUNTRA, s. Skt. _mantra_, 'a text of the Vedas; a magical formula.'

1612.—"... Trata da causa primeira, segundo os livros que tem, chamados
Terum MANDRA mole" (_mantra-mūla_, _mūla_ 'text').—_Couto_, Dec. V. liv.
vi. cap. 3.

1776.—"MANTUR—a text of the Shaster."—_Halhed, Code_, p. 17.

1817.—"... he is said to have found the great MANTRA, spell or
talisman."—_Mill, Hist._ ii. 149.

MUNTREE, s. Skt. _Mantri_. A minister or high official. The word is especially affected in old Hindu States, and in the Indo-Chinese and Malay States which derive their ancient civilisation from India. It is the word which the Portuguese made into MANDARIN (q.v.).

1810.—"When the Court was full, and Ibrahim, the son of Candu the
merchant, was near the throne, the Raja entered.... But as soon as the
Rajah seated himself, the MUNTRIES and high officers of state arrayed
themselves according to their rank."—In a Malay's account of Government
House at Calcutta, transl. by Dr. Leyden, in _Maria Graham_, p. 200.

[1811.—"MANTRI." See under ORANKAY.

[1829.—"The MANTRIS of Mewar prefer estates to pecuniary stipend, which
gives more consequence in every point of view."—_Tod, Annals_, Calcutta
reprint, i. 150.]

MUNZIL, s. Ar. _manzil_, 'descending or alighting,' hence the halting place of a stage or march, a day's stage.

1685.—"We were not able to reach Obdeen-deen (ye usual MENZILL) but lay
at a sorry CARAVAN SARAI."—_Hedges, Diary_, July 30; [Hak. Soc. i. 203.
In i. 214, MANZEILL].

MUSCÁT, n.p., properly _Măskăt_. A port and city of N.E. Arabia; for a long time the capital of 'Omān. (See IMAUM.)

[1659.—"The Governor of the city was Chah-Navaze-kan ... descended from
the ancient Princes of MACHATE...."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 73.]

1673.—"MUSCHAT." See under IMAUM.

MUSIC. There is no matter in which the sentiments of the people of India differ more from those of Englishmen than on that of music, and curiously enough the one kind of Western music which they appreciate, and seem to enjoy, is that of the bagpipe. This is testified by Captain Munro in the passage quoted below; but it was also shown during Lord Canning's visit to Lahore in 1860, in a manner which dwells in the memory of one of the present writers. The escort consisted of part of a Highland regiment. A venerable Sikh chief who heard the pipes exclaimed: 'That is indeed music! it is like that which we hear of in ancient story, which was so exquisite that the hearers became insensible (_behosh_).'

1780.—"The bagpipe appears also to be a favourite instrument among the
natives. They have no taste indeed for any other kind of music, and they
would much rather listen to this instrument a whole day than to an organ
for ten minutes."—_Munro's Narrative_, 33.

MUSK, s. We get this word from the Lat. _muschus_, Greek μόσχος, and the latter must have been got, probably through Persian, from the Skt. _mushka_, the literal meaning of which is rendered in the old English phrase 'a cod of musk.' The oldest known European mention of the article is that which we give from St. Jerome; the oldest medical prescription is in a work of Aetius, of Amida (c. 540). In the quotation from Cosmas the word used is μόσχος, and _kastūri_ is a Skt. name, still, according to Royle, applied to the musk-deer in the Himālaya. The transfer of the name to (or from) the article called by the Greeks καστόριον, which is an analogous product of the beaver, is curious. The Musk-deer (_Moschus moschiferus_, L.) is found throughout the Himālaya at elevations rarely (in summer) below 8000 feet, and extends east to the borders of Szechuen, and north to Siberia.

c. 390.—"Odoris autem suavitas, et diversa thymiamata, et amomum, et
cyphi, oenanthe, MUSCUS, et peregrini muris pellicula, quod dissolutis et
amatoribus conveniat, nemo nisi dissolutus negat."—_St. Jerome_, in Lib.
Secund. _adv. Jovinianum_, ed. _Vallarsii_, ii. col. 337.

c. 545.—"This little animal is the MUSK (μόσχος). The natives call it in
their own tongue καστοῦρι. They hunt it and shoot it, and binding tight
the blood collected about the navel they cut this off, and this is the
sweet smelling part of it, and what we call MUSK."—_Cosmas
Indicopleustes_, Bk. xi.

["MUSKE commeth from Tartaria.... There is a certaine beast in Tartaria,
which is wilde and big as a wolfe, which beast they take aliue, and beat
him to death with small stanes y^t his blood may be spread through his
whole body, then they cut it in pieces, and take out all the bones, and
beat the flesh with the blood in a mortar very smal, and dry it, and make
purses to put it in of the skin, and these be the Cods of MUSKE."—_Caesar
Frederick_, in _Hakl._ ii. 372.]

1673.—"MUSK. It is best to buy it in the Cod ... that which openeth with
a bright Mosk colour is best."—_Fryer_, 212.

MUSK-RAT, s. The popular name of the _Sorex caerulescens_, Jerdon, [_Crocidura caerulea_, Blanford], an animal having much the figure of the common shrew, but nearly as large as a small brown rat. It diffuses a strong musky odour, so penetrative that it is commonly asserted to affect bottled beer by running over the bottles in a cellar. As Jerdon judiciously observes, it is much more probable that the corks have been affected before being used in bottling; [and Blanford (_Mammalia,_ 237) writes that "the absurd story ... is less credited in India than it formerly was, owing to the discovery that liquors bottled in Europe and exported to India are not liable to be tainted."] When the female is in heat she is often seen to be followed by a string of males giving out the odour strongly. Can this be the _mus peregrinus_ mentioned by St. Jerome (see MUSK), as P. Vincenzo supposes?

c. 1590.—"Here (in Tooman Bekhrad, n. of Kabul R.) are also MICE that
have a fine MUSKY SCENT."—_Ayeen_, by _Gladwin_ (1800) ii. 166; [ed.
_Jarrett_, ii. 406].

[1598.—"They are called sweet smelling RATTES, for they have a smell as
if they were full of MUSKE."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 303.]

1653.—"Les rats d'Inde sont de deux sortes.... La deuxiesme espece que
les Portugais appellent _cheroso_ ou odoriferant est de la figure d'vn
furet" (a ferret), "mais extremement petit, sa morseure est veneneuse.
Lorsqu'il entre en vne chambre l'on le sent incontinent, et l'on l'entend
crier _krik, krik, krik_."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 256. I
may note on this that Jerdon says of the _Sorex murinus_,—the large
musk-rat of China, Burma, and the Malay countries, extending into Lower
Bengal and Southern India, especially the Malabar coast, where it is said
to be the common species (therefore probably that known to our
author),—that the bite is considered venomous by the natives (_Mammals_,
p. 54), [a belief for which, according to Blanford (_l.c._ p. 236), there
is no foundation].

1672.—P. Vincenzo Maria, speaking of his first acquaintance with this
animal (_il ratto del musco_), which occurred in the Capuchin Convent at
Surat, says with simplicity (or malignity?): "I was astonished to
perceive an odour so fragrant[176] in the vicinity of those most
religious Fathers, with whom I was at the moment in
conversation."—_Viaggio_, p. 385.

1681.—"This country has its vermin also. They have a sort of Rats they
call MUSK-RATS, because they smell strong of musk. These the inhabitants
do not eat of, but of all other sorts of Rats they do."—_Knox_, p. 31.

1789.—H. Munro in his _Narrative_ (p. 34) absurdly enough identifies this
animal with the BANDICOOT, q.v.

1813.—See _Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 42; [2nd. ed. i. 26].

MUSLIN, s. There seems to be no doubt that this word is derived from Mosul (Mauṣal or Mauṣil) on the Tigris,[177] and it has been from an old date the name of a texture, but apparently not always that of the thin semi-transparent tissue to which we now apply it. Dozy (p. 323) says that the Arabs employ _mauṣili_ in the same sense as our word, quoting the _Arabian Nights_ (Macnaghten's ed., i. 176, and ii. 159), in both of which the word indicates the material of a _fine_ turban. [Burton (i. 211) translates 'Mosul stuff,' and says it may mean either of 'Mosul fashion,' or muslin.] The quotation from Ives, as well as that from Marco Polo, seems to apply to a different texture from what we call muslin.

1298.—"All the cloths of gold and silk that are called MOSOLINS are made
in this country (Mausul)."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. i. chap. 5.

c. 1544.—"_Almussoli_ est regio in Mesopotamia, in qua texuntur telae ex
bombyce valde pulchrae, quae apud Syros et Aegyptios et apud mercatores
Venetos appellantur MUSSOLI, ex hoc regionis nomine. Et principes
Aegyptii et Syri, tempore aestatis sedentes in loco honorauiliori induunt
vestes ex hujusmodi MUSSOLI."—_Andreae Bellunensis_, Arabicorum nominum
quae in libris _Avicennae_ sparsim legebantur _Interpretatio_.

1573.—"... you have all sorts of Cotton-works, Handkerchiefs, long
Fillets, Girdles ... and other sorts, by the _Arabians_ called MOSSELLINI
(after the Country _Mussoli_, from whence they are brought, which is
situated in Mesopotamia), by us MUSLIN."—_Rauwolff_, p. 84.

c. 1580.—"For the rest the said Agiani (misprint for Bagnani, BANYANS)
wear clothes of white MUSSOLO or _sessa_ (?); having their garments very
long and crossed over the breast."—_Gasparo Balbi_, f. 33_b_.

1673.—"Le drap qu'on estend sur les matelas est d'une toille aussy fine
que de la MOUSCELINE."—App. to _Journal d'Ant. Galland_, ii. 198.

1685.—"I have been told by several, that MUSCELIN (so much in use here
for cravats) and _Calligo_ (!), and the most of the Indian linens, are
made of nettles, and I see not the least improbability but that they may
be made of the fibres of them."—_Dr. Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray_, in _Ray
Correspondence_, 1848, p. 163.

c. 1760.—"This city (Mosul)'s manufacture is MUSSOLIN [read MUSSOLEN] (a
cotton cloth) which they make very strong and pretty fine, and sell for
the European and other markets."—_Ives, Voyage_, p. 324.

MUSNUD, s. H.—Ar. _masnad_, from root _sanad_, 'he leaned or rested upon it.' The large cushion, &c., used by native Princes in India, in place of a throne.

1752.—"Salabat-jing ... went through the ceremony of sitting on the
MUSNUD or throne."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, i. 250.

1757.—"On the 29th the Colonel went to the Soubah's Palace, and in the
presence of all the Rajahs and great men of the court, led him to the
MUSLAND...."—_Reflexions by Luke Scrafton, Esq._, ed. 1770, p. 93.

1803.—"The Peshwah arrived yesterday, and is to be seated on the
MUSNUD."—_A. Wellesley_, in _Munro's Life_, i. 343.

1809.—"In it was a MUSNUD, with a carpet, and a little on one side were
chairs on a white cloth."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 346.

1824.—"They spread fresh carpets, and prepared the royal MUSNUD, covering
it with a magnificent shawl."—_Hajji Baba_, ed. 1835, p. 142.

1827.—"The Prince Tippoo had scarcely dismounted from his elephant, and
occupied the MUSNUD, or throne of cushions."—_Sir W. Scott, Surgeon's
Daughter_, ch. xiv.

MUSSALLA, s. P.—H. (with change of sense from Ar. _maṣāliḥ_, pl. of _maṣlaḥa_) 'materials, ingredients,' lit. 'things for the good of, or things or affairs conducive to good.' Though sometimes used for the ingredients of any mixture, _e.g._ to form a cement, the most usual application is to spices, curry-stuffs and the like. There is a tradition of a very gallant Governor-General that he had found it very tolerable, on a sharp but brief campaign, to "rough it on CHUPRASSIES and MUSSAULCHEES" (qq.v.), meaning _chupatties_ and _mussalla_.

1780.—"A dose of MARSALL, or purgative spices."—_Munro, Narrative_, 85.

1809.—"At the next hut the woman was grinding MISSALA or curry-stuff on a
flat smooth stone with another shaped like a rolling pin."—_Maria
Graham_, 20.

MUSSAUL, s. Hind. from Ar. _mash'al_, 'a torch.' It is usually made of rags wrapt round a rod, and fed at intervals with oil from an earthen pot.

c. 1407.—"Suddenly, in the midst of the night they saw the Sultan's camp
approaching, accompanied by a great number of MASHAL."—_Abdurazzāk_, in
_N. & Exts._ xiv. Pt. i. 153.

1673.—"The _Duties_[178] march like Furies with their lighted MUSSALS in
their hands, they are Pots filled with Oyl in an Iron Hoop like our
Beacons, and set on fire by stinking rags."—_Fryer_, 33.

1705.—"... flambeaux qu'ils appellent MANSALLES."—_Luillier_, 89.

1809.—"These MUSSAL or link-boys."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 17.

1810.—"The MOSAUL, or flambeau, consists of old rags, wrapped very
closely round a small stick."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 219.

[1813.—"These nocturnal processions illumined by many hundred MASSAULS or
torches, illustrate the parable of the ten virgins...."—_Forbes, Or.
Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 274.

[1857.—"Near him was another Hindoo ... he is called a MUSSAL; and the
lamps and lights are his special department."—_Lady Falkland, Chow-Chow_,
2nd ed. i. 35.]

MUSSAULCHEE, s. Hind. _mash'alchī_ from _mash'al_ (see MUSSAUL), with the Turkish termination _chī_, generally implying an agent. [In the _Arabian Nights_ (_Burton_, i. 239) _al-masha'ilī_ is the executioner.] The word properly means a link-boy, and was formerly familiar in that sense as the epithet of the person who ran alongside of a palankin on a night journey, bearing a MUSSAUL. "In Central India it is the special duty of the barber (_nāī_) to carry the torch; hence _nāī_ commonly = 'torch-bearer'" (_M.-Gen. Keatinge_). The word [or sometimes in the corrupt form MUSSAUL] is however still more frequent as applied to a humble domestic, whose duty was formerly of a like kind, as may be seen in the quotation from Ld. Valentia, but who now looks after lamps and washes dishes, &c., in old English phrase 'a scullion.'

1610.—"He always had in service 500 MASSALGEES."—_Finch_, in _Purchas_,
i. 432.

1662.—(In Asam) "they fix the head of the corpse rigidly with poles, and
put a lamp with plenty of oil, and a MASH'ALCHÍ [torch-bearer] alive into
the vault, to look after the lamp."—_Shihábuddín Tálish_, tr. by
_Blochmann_, in _J.A.S.B._ xli. Pt. i. 82.

[1665.—"They (flambeaux) merely consist of a piece of iron hafted in a
stick, and surrounded at the extremity with linen rags steeped in oil,
which are renewed ... by the MASALCHIS, or link boys, who carry the oil
in long narrow-necked vessels of iron or brass."—_Bernier_, ed.
_Constable_, 361.]

1673.—"Trois MASSALGIS du Grand Seigneur vinrent faire honneur à M.
l'Ambassadeur avec leurs feux allumés."—_Journal d'Ant. Galland_, ii.
103.

1686.—"After strict examination he chose out 2 persons, the _Chout_
(_Chous?_), an Armenian, who had charge of watching my tent that night,
and my MOSSALAGEE, a person who carries the light before me in the
night."—_Hedges, Diary_, July 2; [Hak. Soc. i. 232].

[1775.—"... MASHARGUES, Torch-bearers."—Letter of _W. Mackrabie_, in
_Francis, Letters_, i. 227.]

1791.—"... un MASOLCHI, ou porte-flambeau, pour la nuit."—_B. de St.
Pierre, La Chaumière Indienne_, 16.

1809.—"It is universally the custom to drive out between sunset and
dinner. The MASSALCHEES, when it grows dark, go out to meet their masters
on their return, and run before them, at the full rate of eight miles an
hour, and the numerous lights moving along the esplanade produce a
singular and pleasing effect."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 240.

1813.—"The occupation of MASSAULCHEE, or torch-bearer, although generally
allotted to the village barber, in the purgannas under my charge, may
vary in other districts."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 417; [2nd ed. ii. 43].

1826.—"After a short conversation, they went away, and quickly returned
at the head of 200 men, accompanied by MUSSALCHEES or
torch-bearers."—_Pandurang Hari_, 557; [ed. 1873, ii. 69].

[1831.—"... a MOSSOLEI, or man to light up the place."—_Asiatic Journal_,
N.S. v. 197.]

MUSSENDOM, CAPE, n.p. The extreme eastern point of Arabia, at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Properly speaking, it is the extremity of a small precipitous island of the name, which protrudes beyond the N.E. horn of 'Omān. The name is written _Masándim_ in the map which Dr. Badger gives with his _H. of 'Oman_. But it is _Rās Masandam_ (or possibly _Masandum_) in the _Mohit_ of Sidi 'Ali Kapudān (_J. As. Soc. Ben._, v. 459). Sprenger writes _Mosandam_ (_Alt. Geog. Arabiens_, p. 107). [Morier gives another explanation (see the quotation below).]

1516.—"... it (the coast) trends to the N.E. by N. 30 leagues until Cape
MOCONDON, which is at the mouth of the Sea of Persia."—_Barbosa_, 32.

1553.—"... before you come to Cape MOÇANDAN, which Ptolemy calls
_Asaboro_ (Ἀσαβῶν ἄκρον) and which he puts in 23½°, but which we put in
26°; and here terminates our first division" (of the Eastern
Coasts).—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1572.—

"Olha o cabo Asabóro que chamado
Agora he MOÇANDÃO dos navegantes:
Por aqui entra o lago, que he fechado
De Arabia, e Persias terras abundantes."
_Camões_, x. 102.

By Burton: