Chapter LXV: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (62)

PATCHOULI, PATCH-LEAF, also PUTCH and PUTCHA-LEAF, s. In Beng. _pachapāt_; Deccani Hind. _pacholī_. The latter are trade names of the dried leaves of a labiate plant allied to mint (_Pogostemon patchouly_, Pelletier). It is supposed to be a cultivated variety of _Pogostemon Heyneanus_, Bentham, a native of the Deccan. It is grown in native gardens throughout India, Ceylon, and the Malay Islands, and the dried flowering spikes and leaves of the plant, which are used, are sold in every bazar in Hindustan. The _pacha-pāt_ is used as an ingredient in tobacco for smoking, as hair-scent by women, and especially for stuffing mattresses and laying among clothes as we use lavender. In a fluid form _patchouli_ was introduced into England in 1844, and soon became very fashionable as a perfume.

The origin of the word is a difficulty. The name is alleged in Drury, and in Forbes Watson's _Nomenclature_ to be Bengāli. Littré says the word _patchouli_ is _patchey-elley_, 'feuille de patchey'; in what language we know not; perhaps it is from Tamil _pachcha_, 'green,' and _êlâ_, _êlam_, an aromatic perfume for the hair. [The _Madras Gloss._ gives Tamil _paççilai_, _paççai_, 'green,' _ilai_, 'leaf.']

1673.—"_Note_, that if the following Goods from _Acheen_ hold out the
following _Rates_, the Factor employed is no further responsible.

* * * * *

PATCH LEAF, 1 _Bahar Maunds_ 7 20 _sear_."—_Fryer_, 209.

PATECA, s. This word is used by the Portuguese in India for a water-melon (_Citrullus vulgaris_, Schrader; _Cucurbita Citrullus_, L.). It is from the Ar. _al-baṭṭikh_ or _al-biṭṭīkh_. F. Johnson gives this 'a melon, musk-melon. A pumpkin; a cucurbitaceous plant.' We presume that this is not merely the too common dictionary looseness, for the chaos of cucurbitaceous nomenclature, both vulgar and scientific, is universal (see _A. De Candolle, Origine des Plantes cultivées_). In Lane's _Modern Egyptians_ (ed. 1837, i. 200) the word _butteekh_ is rendered explicitly 'water-melon.' We have also in Spanish _albadeca_, which is given by Dozy and Eng. as 'espèce de melon'; and we have French _pastèque_, which we believe always means a water-melon. De Candolle seems to have no doubt that the water-melon was cultivated in ancient Egypt, and believes it to have been introduced into the Graeco-Roman world about the beginning of our era; whilst Hehn carries it to Persia from India, 'whether at the time of the Arabian or of the Mongol domination, (and then) to Greece, through the medium of the Turks, and to Russia, through that of the Tartar States of Astrakan and Kazan.'

The name PATECA, looking to the existence of the same word in Spanish, we should have supposed to have been Portuguese long before the Portuguese establishment in India; yet the whole of what is said by Garcia de Orta is inconsistent with this. In his _Colloquio XXXVI._ the gist of the dialogue is that his visitor from Europe, Ruano, tells how he had seen what seemed a most beautiful melon, and how Garcia's housekeeper recommended it, but on trying it, it tasted only of mud instead of melon! Garcia then tells him that at Diu, and in the Bālaghāt, &c., he would find excellent melons with the flavour of the melons of Portugal but "those others which the Portuguese here in India call PATECAS are quite another thing—huge round or oval fruits, with black seeds—not sweet (_doce_) like the Portugal melons, but bland (_suave_), most juicy and cooling, excellent in bilious fevers, and congestions of the liver and kidneys, &c." Both name and thing are represented as novelties to Ruano. Garcia tells him also that the Arabs and Persians call it _batiec indi_, _i.e._ melon of India (F. Johnson gives '_biṭṭīkh-i-hindī_, the citrul'; whilst in Persian _hinduwāna_ is also a word for water-melon) but that the real Indian country name was (_calangari_ Mahr. _kālingaṛ_, [perhaps that known in the N.W.P. as _kalindā_, 'a water-melon']). Ruano then refers to the _budiecas_ of Castille of which he had heard, and queries if these were not the same as these Indian PATECAS, but Garcia says they are quite different. All this is curious as implying that the water-melon was strange to the Portuguese at that time (1563; see _Colloquios_, f. 141v. _seqq._).

[A friend who has Burnell's copy of Garcia De Orta tells me that he finds a note in the writing of the former on _bateca_: "_i.e._ the Arabic term. As this is used all over India, water-melons must have been imported by the Mahommedans." I believe it to be a mistake that the word is in use all over India. I do not think the word is ever used in Upper India, nor is it (in that sense) in either Shakespear or Fallon. [Platts gives: A. _biṭṭīkh_, s.m. The melon (_kharbūza_); the water-melon, _Cucurbita citrullus_.] The most common word in the N.W.P. for a water-melon is Pers. _tarbūz_, whilst the musk-melon is Pers. _kharbūza_. And these words are so rendered from the _Āīn_ respectively by Blochmann (see his E.T. i. 66, "melons ... water-melons," and the original i. 67, "_kharbuza_ ... _tarbuz_"). But with the usual chaos already alluded to, we find both these words interpreted in F. Johnson as "water-melon." And according to Hehn the latter is called in the Slav tongues _arbuz_ and in Mod. Greek καρπούσια, the first as well as the last probably from the Turkish _ḳārpūz_, which has the same meaning, for this hard _ḳ_ is constantly dropt in modern pronunciation.—H. Y.]

We append a valuable note on this from Prof. Robertson-Smith:

"(1) The classical form of the Ar. word is _biṭṭīkh_. _Baṭṭīkh_ is a widely-spread vulgarism, indeed now, I fancy, universal, for I don't think I ever heard the first syllable pronounced with an _i_.

"(2) The term, according to the law-books, includes all kinds of melons (_Lane_); but practically it is applied (certainly at least in Syria and Egypt) almost exclusively to the water-melon, unless it has a limiting adjective. Thus "the wild _biṭṭīkh_" is the colocynth, and with other adjectives it may be used of very various cucurbitaceous fruits (see examples in Dozy's _Suppt._)

"(6) The biblical form is _ăbaṭṭīkh_ (_e.g._ Numbers xi. 5, where the E.V. has 'melons'). But this is only the 'water-melon'; for in the Mishna it is distinguished from the sweet melon, the latter being named by a mere transcription in Hebrew letters of the Greek μηλοπέπων. Löw justly concludes that the Palestinians (and the Syrians, for their name only differs slightly) got the sweet melon from the Greeks, whilst for the water-melon they have an old and probably true Semitic word. For _baṭṭīkh_ Syriac has _paṭṭīkh_, indicating that in literary Arabic the _a_ has been changed to _i_, only to agree with rules of grammar. Thus popular pronunciation seems always to have kept the old form, as popular usage seems always to have used the word mainly in its old specific meaning. The Bible and the Mishna suffice to refute Hehn's view (of the introduction of the water-melon from India). Old Ḳimḥi, in his _Miklol_, illustrates the Hebrew word by the Spanish _budiecas_."

1598.—"... ther is an other sort like _Melons_, called PATECAS or
_Angurias_, or _Melons of India_, which are outwardlie of a darke greene
colour; inwardlie white with blacke kernels; they are verie waterish and
hard to byte, and so moyst, that as a man eateth them his mouth is full
of water, but yet verie sweet and verie cold and fresh meat, wherefore
manie of them are eaten after dinner to coole men."—_Linschoten_, 97;
[Hak. Soc. ii. 35].

c. 1610.—"Toute la campagne est couverte d'arbres fruitiers ... et
d'arbres de coton, de quantité de melons et de PATEQUES, qui sont espèce
de citrouilles de prodigieuse grosseur...."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ed. 1679,
i. 286; [Hak. Soc. i. 399, and see i. 33].

" A few pages later the word is written PASTEQUES.—_Ibid._ 301;
[Hak. Soc. i. 417].

[1663.—"PATEQUES, or water-melons, are in great abundance nearly the
whole year round: but those of _Delhi_ are soft, without colour or
sweetness. If this fruit be ever found good, it is among the wealthy
people, who import the seed and cultivate it with much care and
expense."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 250.]

1673.—"From hence (Elephanta) we sailed to the _Putachoes_, a Garden of
Melons (PUTACHO being a Melon) were there not wild Rats that hinder their
growth, and so to _Bombaim_."—_Fryer_, 76.

PATEL, POTAIL, s. The headman of a village, having general control of village affairs, and forming the medium of communication with the officers of Government. In Mahr. _paṭīl_, Hind. _paṭel_. The most probable etym. seems to be from _paṭ_, Mahr. 'a roll or register,' Skt.—Hind. _paṭṭa_. The title is more particularly current in territories that are or have been subject to the Mahrattas, "and appears to be an essentially Maráthi word, being used as a respectful title in addressing one of that nation, or a Súdra in general" (_Wilson_). The office is hereditary, and is often held under a Government grant. The title is not used in the Gangetic Provinces, but besides its use in Central and W. India it has been commonly employed in S. India, probably as a Hindustani word, though _Monigar_ (see MONEGAR) (_Maṇiyakāram_), _adhikārī_ (see ADIGAR), &c., are appropriate synonyms in Tamil and Malabar districts.

[1535.—"The TANADARS began to come in and give in their submission,
bringing with them all the patels (PATEIS) and renters with their
payments, which they paid to the Governor, who ordered fresh records to
be prepared."—_Couto_, Dec. IV. Bk. ix. ch. 2 (description of the
commencement of Portuguese rule in Bassein).

[1614.—"I perceive that you are troubled with a bad commodity, wherein
the desert of PATELL and the rest appeareth."—_Foster, Letters_, ii.
281.]

1804.—"The PATEL of Beitculgaum, in the usual style of a Mahratta PATEL,
keeps a band of plunderers for his own profit and advantage. You will
inform him that if he does not pay for the horses, bullocks, and articles
plundered, he shall be hanged also."—_Wellington_, March 27.

1809.—"... PATTELS, or headmen."—_Lord Valentia_, i. 415.

1814.—"At the settling of the _jummabundee_, they pay their proportion of
the village assessment to government, and then dispose of their grain,
cotton, and fruit, without being accountable to the PATELL."—_Forbes, Or.
Mem._ ii. 418; [2nd ed. ii. 44].

1819.—"The present system of Police, as far as relates to the villagers
may easily be kept up; but I doubt whether it is enough that the village
establishment be maintained, and the whole put under the MAMLUTDAR. The
POTAIL'S respectability and influence in the village must be kept
up."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, ii. 81.

1820.—"The PATAIL holds his office direct of Government, under a written
obligation ... which specifies his duties, his rank, and the ceremonies
of respect he is entitled to; and his perquisites, and the quantity of
freehold land allotted to him as wages."—_T. Coats_, in _Tr. Bo. Lit.
Soc._ iii. 183.

1823.—"The heads of the family ... have purchased the office of POTAIL,
or headman."—_Malcolm, Central India_, i. 99.

1826.—"The POTAIL offered me a room in his own house, and I very
thankfully accepted it."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1877, p. 241; [ed. 1873,
ii. 45].

1851.—"This affected humility was in fact one great means of effecting
his elevation. When at Poonah he (Madhajee Sindea) ... instead of
arrogating any exalted title, would only suffer himself to be called
PATEIL...."—_Fraser, Mil. Mem. of Skinner_, i. 33.

1870.—"The POTAIL accounted for the revenue collections, receiving the
perquisites and percentages, which were the accustomed dues of the
office."—_Systems of Land Tenure_ (Cobden Club), 163.

PATNA, n.p. The chief city of Bahar; and the representative of the _Palibothra_ (_Pātaliputra_) of the Greeks. Hind. _Paṭṭana_, "the city." [See quotation from D'Anville under ALLAHABAD.]

1586.—"From Bannaras I went to PATENAW downe the riuer of Ganges....
PATENAW is a very long and a great towne. In times past it was a kingdom,
but now it is vnder Zelabdim Echebar, the great Mogor.... In this towne
there is a trade of cotton, and cloth of cotton, much sugar, which they
carry from hence to Bengala and India, very much Opium, and other
commodities."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 388.

1616.—"_Bengala_, a most spacious and fruitful Province, but more
properly to be called a kingdom, which hath two very large Provinces
within it, _Purb_ (see POORUB) and PATAN, the one lying on the east, and
the other on the west side of the River Ganges."—_Terry_, ed. 1665, p.
357.

[1650.—"PATNA is one of the largest towns in India, on the margin of the
Ganges, on its western side, and it is not less than two _coss_ in
length."—_Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, i. 121 _seq._]

1673.—"_Sir William Langham_ ... is Superintendent over all the Factories
on the coast of _Coromandel_, as far as the Bay of _Bengala_, and up
Huygly River ... viz. _Fort St. George_, alias _Maderas_, _Pettipolee_,
_Mechlapatan_, _Gundore_, _Medapollon_, _Balasore_, _Bengala_, _Huygly_,
_Castle Buzzar_, PATTANAW."—_Fryer_, 38.

1726.—"If you go higher up the Ganges to the N. W. you come to the great
and famous trading city of PATTENA, capital of the Kingdom of Behar, and
the residence of the Vice-roy."—_Valentijn_, v. 164.

1727.—"PATANA is the next Town frequented by Europeans ... for Saltpetre
and raw Silk. It produces also so much Opium, that it serves all the
Countries in India with that commodity."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 21; [ed.
1744].

PATOLA, s. Canarese and Malayāl. _paṭṭuda_, 'a silk-cloth.' In the fourth quotation it is rather misapplied to the Ceylon dress (see COMBOY).

1516.—"Coloured cottons and silks which the Indians call
PATOLA."—_Barbosa_, 184.

1522.—"... PATOLOS of silk, which are cloths made at Cambaya that are
highly prized at Malaca."—_Correa, Lendas_, ii. 2, 714.

1545.—"... homems ... enchachados com PATOLAS de seda."—_Pinto_, ch. clx.
(_Cogan_, p. 219).

1552.—"They go naked from the waist upwards, and below it they are
clothed with silk and cotton which they call PATOLAS."—_Castanheda_, ii.
78.

[1605.—"PATTALA."—_Birdwood, Letter Book_, 74.]

1614.—"... PATOLLAS...."—_Peyton_, in _Purchas_, i. 530.

PATTAMAR, PATIMAR, &c. This word has two senses:

A. A foot-runner, a courier. In this use the word occurs only in the older writers, especially Portuguese.

B. A kind of lateen-rigged ship, with one, two, or three masts, common on the west coast. This sense seems to be comparatively modern. In both senses the word is perhaps the Konkani _path-mār_, 'a courier.' C. P. Brown, however, says that _patta-mar_, applied to a vessel, is Malayāl. signifying "goose-wing." Molesworth's _Mahr. Dict._ gives both _patemārī_ and _phatemārī_ for "a sort of swift-sailing vessel, a _pattymar_," with the etym. "tidings-bringer." _Patta_ is 'tidings,' but the second part of the word so derived is not clear. Sir. J. M. Campbell, who is very accurate, in the _Bo. Gazetteer_ writes of the vessel as _pātimār_, though identifying, as we have done, both uses with _pathmār_, 'courier.' The Moslem, he says, write _phatemārī_ quasi _fatḥ-mār_, 'snake of victory'(?). [The _Madras Gloss._ gives Mal. _pattamāri_, Tam. _pāttimār_, from _patār_, Hind. 'tidings' (not in Platts), _māri_, Mahr. 'carrier.'] According to a note in _Notes and Extracts_, No. 1 (Madras, 1871), p. 27, under a Ft. St. Geo. Consultation of July 4, 1673, _Pattamar_ is therein used "for a native vessel on the Coromandel Coast, though now confined to the Western Coast." We suspect a misapprehension. For in the following entry we have no doubt that the parenthetical gloss is wrong, and that _couriers_ are meant:

"A letter sent to the President and Councell at Surratt by a Pair of
PATTAMARS (native craft) express...."—_Op. cit._ No. ii. p. 8. [On this
word see further Sir H. Yule's note on _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 165.]

A.—

1552.—"... But Lorenço de Brito, seeing things come to such a pass that
certain Captains of the King (of Cananor) with troops chased him to the
gates, he wrote to the Viceroy of the position in which he was by
PATAMARES, who are men that make great journeys by land."—_De Barros_,
II. i. 5.

The word occurs repeatedly in _Correa, Lendas_, _e.g._ III. i. 108, 149,
&c.

1598.—"... There are others that are called PATAMARES, which serue onlie
for Messengers or Posts, to carie letters from place to place by land in
winter-time when men cannot travaile by sea."—_Linschoten_, 78; [Hak.
Soc. i. 260, and see ii. 165].

1606.—"The eight and twentieth, a PATTEMAR told that the Governor was a
friend to us only in shew, wishing the _Portugalls_ in our roome; for we
did no good in the Country, but brought Wares which they were forced to
buy...."—_Roger Hawes_, in _Purchas_, i. 605.

[1616.—"The PATAMAR (for so in this country they call poor footmen that
are letter-bearers)...."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 227.]

1666.—"Tranquebar, qui est eloigné de Saint Thomé de cinq journées d'un
Courier à pié, qu'on appelle PATAMAR."—_Thevenot_, v. 275.

1673.—"After a month's Stay here a PATAMAR (a Foot Post) from _Fort St.
George_ made us sensible of the Dutch being gone from thence to
Ceylon."—_Fryer_, 36.

[1684.—"The PATTAMARS that went to Codaloor by reason of the deepness of
the Rivers were forced to Return...."—_Pringle, Diary Ft. St. Geo._ 1st
ser. iii. 133.]

1689.—"A PATTAMAR, _i.e._ a Foot Messenger, is generally employ'd to
carry them (letters) to the remotest Bounds of the Empire."—_Ovington_,
251.

1705.—"Un PATEMARE qui est un homme du Pais; c'est ce que nous appellons
un exprès...."—_Luillier_, 43.

1758.—"Yesterday returned a PATTAMAR or express to our Jew merchant from
Aleppo, by the way of the Desert...."—_Ives_, 297.

c. 1760.—"Between Bombay and Surat there is a constant intercourse
preserved, not only by sea ... but by PATTAMARS, or foot-messengers
overland."—_Grose_, i. 119. This is the last instance we have met of the
word in this sense, which is now quite unknown to Englishmen.

B.—

1600.—"... Escrevia que hum barco pequeno, dos que chamam PATAMARES, se
meteria...."—_Lucena, Vida do P. F. Xavier_, 185.

[1822.—"About 12 o'clock on the same night they embarked in PADDIMARS for
Cochin."—_Wallace, Fifteen Years_, 206.]

1834.—A description of the PATAMÁRS, with a plate, is given in Mr. John
Edye's paper on Indian coasting vessels, in vol. i. of the _R. As. Soc.
Journal_.

1860.—"Among the vessels at anchor lie the dows (see DHOW) of the Arabs,
the PETAMARES of Malabar, and the dhoneys (see DONEY) of
Coromandel."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 103.

PATTELLO, PATELLEE, s. A large flat-bottomed boat on the Ganges; Hind. _paṭelā_. [Mr. Grierson gives among the Behar boats "the _paṭelī_ or _paṭailī_, also called in Sāran _katrā_, on which the boards forming the sides overlap and are not joined edge to edge," with an illustration (_Bihar Peasant Life_, 42).]

[1680.—"The PATELLA; the boats that come down from Pattana with
Saltpeeter or other goods, built of an Exceeding Strength and are very
flatt and burthensome."—_Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. 15.]

1685.—"We came to a great _Godowne_, where ... this Nabob's Son has laid
in a vast quantity of Salt, here we found divers great PATELLOS taking in
their lading for Pattana."—_Ibid._ Jan 6; [Hak. Soc. i. 175].

1860.—"The PUTELEE (or Kutora), or Baggage-boat of Hindostan, is a very
large, flat-bottomed, clinker-built, unwieldy-looking piece of rusticity
of probably ... about 35 tons burthen; but occasionally they may be met
with double this size."—_Colesworthy Grant, Rural Life in Bengal_, p. 6.

PAULIST, n.p. The Jesuits were commonly so called in India because their houses in that country were formerly always dedicated to St. Paul, the great Missionary to the Heathen. They have given up this practice since their modern re-establishment in India. They are still called _Paolotti_ in Italy, especially by those who don't like them.

c. 1567.—"... e vi sono assai Chiese dei PADRI DI SAN PAULO i quali fanno
in quei luoghi gran profitto in conuertire quei popoli."—_Federici_, in
_Ramusio_, iii. 390.

1623.—"I then went to the College of the Jesuit Fathers, the Church of
which, like that at Daman, at Bassaim, and at almost all the other cities
of the Portuguese in India, is called SAN PAOLO; whence it happens that
in India the said Fathers are known more commonly by the name of PAOLISTI
than by that of Jesuits."—_P. della Valle_, April 27; [iii. 135].

c. 1650.—"The _Jesuits_ at _Goa_ are known by the name of PAULISTS; by
reason that their great Church is dedicated to St. _Paul_. Nor do they
wear Hats, or Corner-Caps, as in _Europe_, but only a certain Bonnet,
resembling the Skull of a Hat without the Brims."—_Tavernier_, E.T. 77;
[ed. _Ball_, i. 197].

1672.—"There was found in the fortress of Cranganor a handsome convent,
and Church of the PAULISTS, or disciples and followers of Ignatius
Loyola...."—_Baldaeus, Germ._, p. 110. In another passage this author
says they were called PAULISTS because they were first sent to India by
Pope Paul III. But this is not the correct reason.

1673.—"St. Paul's was the first Monastery of the Jesuits in _Goa_, from
whence they receive the name PAULISTINS."—_Fryer_, 150.

[1710.—See quotation under COBRA DE CAPELLO.]

1760.—"The Jesuits, who are better known in India by the appellation of
PAULISTS, from their head church and convent of St. Paul's in
Goa."—_Grose_, i. 50.

PAUNCHWAY, s. A light kind of boat used on the rivers of Bengal; like a large DINGY (q.v.), with a tilted roof of matting or thatch, a mast and four oars. Beng. _panśī_, and _pansoī_. [Mr. Grierson (_Peasant Life_, 43) describes the _pansūhī_ as a boat with a round bottom, but which goes in shallow water, and gives an illustration.]

[1757.—"He was then beckoning to his servant that stood in a PONSY above
the Gaut."—_A. Grant, Account of the Loss of Calcutta_, ed. by _Col.
Temple_, p. 7.]

c. 1760.—"PONSWAYS, Guard-boats."—_Grose_ (Glossary).

1780.—"The PAUNCHWAYS are nearly of the same general construction (as
budgerows), with this difference, that the greatest breadth is somewhat
further aft, and the stern lower."—_Hodges_, 39-40.

1790.—"Mr. Bridgwater was driven out to sea in a common PAUNCHWAY, and
when every hope forsook him the boat floated into the harbour of
Masulipatam."—_Calcutta Monthly Review_, i. 40.

1823.—"... A PANCHWAY, or passage-boat ... was a very characteristic and
interesting vessel, large and broad, shaped like a snuffer-dish; a deck
fore-and-aft, and the middle covered with a roof of
palm-branches...."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 21.

1860.—"... You may suppose that I engage neither pinnace nor _bujra_ (see
BUDGEROW), but that comfort and economy are sufficiently obtained by
hiring a small _bhouliya_ (see BOLIAH) ... what is more likely at a fine
weather season like this, a small native PUNSÓEE, which, with a double
set of hands, or four oars, is a lighter and much quicker boat."—_C.
Grant, Rural Life in Bengal_, 10 [with an illustration].

PAWL, s. Hind. _pāl_, [Skt. _paṭala_, 'a roof']. A small tent with two light poles, and steep sloping sides; no walls, or ridge-pole. I believe the statement 'no ridge-pole,' is erroneous. It is difficult to derive from memory an exact definition of tents, and especially of the difference between PAWL and SHOOLDARRY. A reference to India failed in getting a reply. The SHOOLDARRY is not essentially different from the PAWL, but is trimmer, tauter, better closed, and sometimes has two FLIES. [The names of tents are used in various senses in different parts. The _Madras Gloss._ defines a PAUL as "a small tent with two light poles, a ridge-bar, and steep sloping sides; the walls, if any, are very short, often not more than 6 inches high. Sometimes a second ridge above carries a second roof over the first; this makes a common shooting tent." Mr. G. R. Dampier writes: "These terms are, I think, used rather loosely in the N.W.P. SHOLDĀRĪ generally means a servant's tent, a sort of _tente d'abri_, with very low sides: the sides are generally not more than a foot high; there are no doors only flaps at one end. PĀL is generally used to denote a sleeping tent for Europeans; the roof slopes on both sides from a longitudinal ridge-pole; the sides are much higher than in the SHOLDĀRĪ, and there is a door at one end; the FLY is almost invariably single. The Raoti (see ROWTEE) is incorrectly used in some places to denote a sleeping PĀL; it is, properly speaking, I believe, a larger tent, of the same kind, but with doors in the side, not at the end. In some parts I have found they use the word PĀL as equivalent to SHOLDĀRĪ and BILṬAN (? _bell-tent_)."]

1785.—"Where is the great quantity of baggage belonging to you, seeing
that you have nothing besides tents, PAWLS, and other such necessary
articles?"—_Tippoo's Letters_, p. 49.

1793.—"There were not, I believe, more than two small PAULS, or tents,
among the whole of the deputation that escorted us from
Patna."—_Kirkpatrick's Nepaul_, p. 118.

[1809.—"The shops which compose the Bazars, are mostly formed of blankets
or coarse cloth stretched over a bamboo, or some other stick for a
ridge-pole, supported at either end by a forked stick fixed in the
ground. These habitations are called PALS."—_Broughton, Letters_, ed.
1892, p. 20.]

1827.—"It would perhaps be worth while to record ... the matériel and
personnel of my camp equipment; an humble captain and single man
travelling on the most economical principles. One double-poled tent, one
routee (see ROWTEE), or small tent, a PÂL or servants' tent, 2 elephants,
6 camels, 4 horses, a pony, a buggy, and 24 servants, besides mahouts,
serwâns or camel-drivers, and tent pitchers."—_Mundy, Journal of a Tour
in India_, [3rd ed. p. 8]. We may note that this is an absurd
exaggeration of any equipment that, even seventy-five years since, would
have characterised the march of a "humble captain travelling on
economical principles," or any one under the position of a highly-placed
civilian. Captain Mundy must have been enormously extravagant.

[1849.—"... we breakfasted merrily under a PAUL (a tent without walls,
just like two cards leaning against each other)."—_Mrs. Mackenzie, Life
in the Mission_, ii. 141.]

PAWN, s. The BETEL-leaf (q.v.) Hind. _pān_, from Skt. _parṇa_, 'a leaf.' It is a North Indian term, and is generally used for the combination of betel, areca-nut, lime, &c., which is politely offered (along with otto of roses) to visitors, and which intimates the termination of the visit. This is more fully termed PAWN-SOOPARIE (_supārī_, [Skt. _supriya_, 'pleasant,'] is Hind. for areca). "These leaves are not vsed to bee eaten alone, but because of their bitternesse they are eaten with a certaine kind of fruit, which the _Malabars_ and _Portugalls_ call _Arecca_, the _Gusurates_ and _Decanijns_ _Suparijs_...." (In _Purchas_, ii. 1781).

1616.—"The King giving mee many good words, and two pieces of his PAWNE
out of his Dish, to eate of the same he was eating...."—_Sir T. Roe_, in
_Purchas_, i. 576; [Hak. Soc. ii. 453].

[1623.—"... a plant, whose leaves resemble a Heart, call'd here PAN, but
in other parts of India, Betle."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 36.]

1673.—"... it is the only Indian entertainment, commonly called
PAWN."—_Fryer_, p. 140.

1809.—"On our departure PAWN and roses were presented, but we were spared
the _attar_, which is every way detestable."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 101.

PAWNEE, s. Hind. _pānī_, 'water.' The word is used extensively in Anglo-Indian compound names, such as BILAYUTEE PAWNEE, 'soda-water,' brandy-PAWNEE, _Khush-bo_ PAWNEE (for European scents), &c., &c. An old friend, Gen. J. T. Boileau, R.E. (Bengal), contributes from memory the following Hindi ode to Water, on the Pindaric theme ἄριστον μὲν ὕδωρ, or the Thaletic one ἀρχὴ δε τῶν πάντων ὑδωρ!

"PĀNĪ kūā, pānī tāl;
PĀNĪ āṭā, pānī dāl;
PĀNĪ bāgh, pānī ramnā;
PĀNĪ Gangā, pānī Jumnā;
PĀNĪ haṅstā, pānī rotā;
PĀNĪ jagtā, pānī sotā;
PĀNĪ bāp, pānī mā;
Barā nām PĀNĪ kā!"

Thus rudely done into English:

"Thou, Water, stor'st our Wells and Tanks,
Thou fillest Gunga's, Jumna's banks;
Thou Water, sendest daily food,
And fruit and flowers and needful wood;
Thou, Water, laugh'st, thou, Water, weepest;
Thou, Water, wak'st, thou, Water, sleepest;
—Father, Mother, in thee blent,—
Hail, O glorious element!"

PAWNEE, KALLA, s. Hind. _kālā pānī_, _i.e._ 'Black Water'; the name of dread by which natives of the interior of India designate the Sea, with especial reference to a voyage across it, and to transportation to penal settlements beyond it. "Hindu servants and sepoys used to object to cross the Indus, and called _that_ the KĀLĀ PĀNĪ. I think they used to assert that they lost caste by crossing it, which might have induced them to call it by the same name as the ocean,—or possibly they believed it to be part of the river that flows round the world, or the country beyond it to be outside the limits of Aryavartta" (_Note by Lt.-Col. J. M. Trotter_).

1823.—"An agent of mine, who was for some days with Cheetoo" (a famous
Pindārī leader), "told me he raved continually about KALA PANEE, and that
one of his followers assured him when the Pindarry chief slept, he used
in his dreams to repeat these dreaded words aloud."—_Sir J. Malcolm,
Central India_ (2nd ed.), i. 446.

1833.—"KALA PANY, dark water, in allusion to the Ocean, is the term used
by the Natives to express transportation. Those in the interior picture
the place to be an island of a very dreadful description, and full of
malevolent beings, and covered with snakes and other vile and dangerous
nondescript animals."—_Mackintosh, Acc. of the Tribe of Ramoosies_, 44.

PAYEN-GHAUT, n.p. The country on the coast below the Ghauts or passes leading up to the table-land of the Deccan. It was applied usually on the west coast, but the expression _Carnatic_ PAYEN-GHAUT is also pretty frequent, as applied to the low country of Madras on the east side of the Peninsula, from Hind. and Mahr. _ghāt_, combined with Pers. _pāīn_, 'below.' [It is generally used as equivalent to _Talaghāt_, "but some Musalmans seem to draw the distinction that the Pāyīn-ghāt is nearer to the foot of the Ghāts than the Talaghāt" (_Le Fanu, Man. of Salem_, ii. 338).]

1629-30.—"But ('Azam Khán) found that the enemy having placed their
elephants and baggage in the fort of Dhárúr, had the design of descending
the PÁYÍN-GHÁT."—_Abdu'l Hamíd Lahori_, in _Elliot_, vii. 17.

1784.—"Peace and friendship ... between the said Company and the Nabob
Tippo Sultan Bahauder, and their friends and allies, particularly
including therein the Rajahs of Tanjore and Travencore, who are friends
and allies to the English and the Carnatic PAYEN GHAUT."—_Treaty of
Mangalore_, in _Munro's Narr._, 252.

1785.—"You write that the European taken prisoner in the PÂYEN-GHAUT ...
being skilled in the mortar practice, you propose converting him to the
faith.... It is known (or understood)."—_Letters of Tippoo_, p. 12.

PAZEND, s. See for meaning of this term s.v. PAHLAVI, in connection with ZEND. (See also quotation from _Maṣ'ūdī_ under latter.)

PECUL, PIKOL, s. Malay and Javanese _pikul_, 'a man's load.' It is applied as the Malay name of the Chinese weight of 100 _katis_ (see CATTY), called by the Chinese themselves _shih_, and = 133⅓lb. _avoird._ Another authority states that the _shih_ is = 120 _kin_ or _katis_, whilst the 100 _kin_ weight is called in Chinese _tan_.

1554.—"In China 1 TAEL weighs 7½ TANGA LARINS of silver, and 16 TAELS = 1
caté (see CATTY); 100 catés = 1 PICO = 45 tangas of silver weigh 1 mark,
and therefore 1 PICO = 133½ arratels (see ROTTLE)."—_A. Nunes_, 41.

" "And in China anything is sold and bought by _cates_ and PICOS
and _taels_, provisions as well as all other things."—_Ibid._ 42.

1613.—"Bantam pepper vngarbled ... was worth here at our comming tenne
Tayes the PECCULL which is one hundred cattees, making one hundred
thirtie pound _English_ subtill."—_Saris_, in _Purchas_, i. 369.

[1616.—"The wood we have sold at divers prices from 24 to 28 mas per
PICOLL."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 259.]

PEDIR, n.p. The name of a port and State of the north coast of Sumatra. Barros says that, before the establishment of Malacca, Pedir was the greatest and most famous of the States on that island. It is now a place of no consequence.

1498.—It is named as PATER in the _Roteiro_ of Vasco da Gama, but with
very incorrect information. See p. 113.

1510.—"We took a junk and went towards Sumatra, to a city called
PIDER.... In this country there grows a great quantity of pepper, and of
long pepper which is called _Molaga_ ... in this port there are laden
with it every year 18 or 20 ships, all of which go to
Cathai."—_Varthema_, 233.

1511.—"And having anchored before the said PEDIR, the Captain General
(Alboquerque) sent for me, and told me that I should go ashore to learn
the disposition of the people ... and so I went ashore in the evening,
the General thus sending me into a country of enemies,—people too whose
vessels and goods we had seized, whose fathers, sons, and brothers we had
killed;—into a country where even among themselves there is little
justice, and treachery in plenty, still more as regards strangers; truly
he acted as caring little what became of me!... The answer given me was
this: that I should tell the Captain Major General that the city of PEDIR
had been for a long time noble and great in trade ... that its port was
always free for every man to come and go in security ... that they were
_men_ and not _women_, and that they could hold for no friend one who
seized the ships visiting their harbours; and that if the General desired
the King's friendship let him give back what he had seized, and then his
people might come ashore to buy and sell."—Letter of _Giov. da Empoli_,
in _Archiv. Stor. Ital._ 54.

1516.—"The Moors live in the seaports, and the Gentiles in the interior
(of Sumatra). The principal kingdom of the Moors is called PEDIR. Much
very good pepper grows in it, which is not so strong or so fine as that
of Malabar. Much silk is also grown there, but not so good as the silk of
China."—_Barbosa_, 196.

1538.—"Furthermore I told him what course was usually held for the
fishing of seed-pearl between _Pullo Tiquos_ and _Pullo Quenim_, which in
time past were carried by the _Bataes_ to _Pazem_ (see PASEI) and PEDIR,
and exchanged with the _Turks_ of the Straight of _Mecqua_, and the Ships
of _Judaa_ (see JUDEA) for such Merchandise as they brought from _Grand
Cairo_."—_Pinto_ (in _Cogan_), 25.

1553.—"After the foundation of Malaca, and especially after our entrance
to the Indies, the Kingdom of Pacem began to increase, and that of PEDIR
to wane. And its neighbour of Achem, which was then insignificant, is now
the greatest of all, so vast are the vicissitudes in States of which men
make so great account."—_Barros_, iii. v. 1.

1615.—"Articles exhibited against John Oxwicke. That since his being in
PEEDERE 'he did not entreate' anything for Priaman and Tecoe, but only an
answer to King James's letter...."—_Sainsbury_, i. 411.

" "PEDEARE."—_Ibid._ p. 415.

PEEÁDA. See under PEON.

PEENUS, s. Hind. _pīnas_; a corruption of Eng. _pinnace_. A name applied to a class of budgerow rigged like a brig or brigantine, on the rivers of Bengal, for European use. Roebuck gives as the marine Hind. for pinnace, _p'hineez_. [The word has been adopted by natives in N. India as the name for a sort of palankin, such as that used by a bride.]

[1615.—"Soe he sent out a PENISSE to look out for them."—_Cocks's Diary_,
Hak. Soc. i. 22.]

1784.—"For sale ... a very handsome PINNACE Budgerow."—In _Seton-Karr_,
i. 45.

[1860.—"The PINNACE, the largest and handsomest, is perhaps more
frequently a private than a hired boat—the property of the planter or
merchant."—_C. Grant, Rural Life in Bengal_, 4 (with an illustration).]

PEEPUL, s. Hind. _pīpal_, Skt. _pippala_, _Ficus religiosa_, L.; one of the great fig-trees of India, which often occupies a prominent place in a village, or near a temple. The _Pīpal_ has a strong resemblance, in wood and foliage, to some common species of poplar, especially the aspen, and its leaves with their long footstalks quaver like those of that tree. This trembling is popularly attributed to spirits agitating each leaf. And hence probably the name of 'Devil's tree' given to it, according to Rheede (_Hort. Mal._ i. 48), by Christians in Malabar. It is possible therefore that the name is identical with that of the poplar. Nothing would be more natural than that the Aryan immigrants, on first seeing this Indian tree, should give it the name of the poplar which they had known in more northern latitudes (_popul-us_, _pappel_, &c.). Indeed, in Kumāon, a true sp. of poplar (_Populus ciliata_) is called by the people _gar-pipal_ (qu. _ghar_, or 'house'-peepul? [or rather perhaps as another name for it is _pahāṛī_, from _gir_, _giri_, 'a mountain']). Dr. Stewart also says of this _Populus_: "This tree grows to a large size, occasionally reaching 10 feet in girth, and from its leaves resembling those of the pipal ... is frequently called by that name by plainsmen" (_Punjab Plants_, p. 204). A young _peepul_ was shown to one of the present writers in a garden at Palermo as _populo delle Indie_. And the recognised name of the peepul in French books appears to be _peuplier d'Inde_. Col. Tod notices the resemblance (_Rajasthan_, i. 80), and it appears that Vahl called it _Ficus populifolia_. (See also _Geograph. Magazine_, ii. 50). In Balfour's _Indian Cyclopaedia_ it is called by the same name in translation, 'the poplar-leaved Fig-tree.' We adduce these facts the more copiously perhaps because the suggestion of the identity of the names _pippala_ and _populus_ was somewhat scornfully rejected by a very learned scholar. The tree is peculiarly destructive to buildings, as birds drop the seeds in the joints of the masonry, which becomes thus penetrated by the spreading roots of the tree. This is alluded to in a quotation below. "I remember noticing among many Hindus, and especially among Hinduized Sikhs, that they often say _Pīpal ko jātā hūṅ_ ('I am going to the Peepul Tree'), to express 'I am going to say my prayers.'" (_Lt.-Col. John Trotter_.) (See BO-TREE.)

c. 1550.—"His soul quivered like a PIPAL leaf."—_Rāmāyana of Tulsi Dás_,
by _Growse_ (1878), ii. 25.

[c. 1590.—"In this place an arrow struck Sri Kishn and buried itself in a
PIPAL tree on the banks of the _Sarsuti_."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii.
246.]

1806.—"Au sortir du village un PIPAL élève sa tête majestueuse.... Sa
nombreuse posterité l'entoure au loin sur la plaine, telle qu'une armée
de géans qui entrelacent fraternellement leurs bras informes."—_Haafner_,
i. 149. This writer seems to mean a BANYAN. The _peepul_ does not drop
roots in that fashion.

1817.—"In the second ordeal, an excavation in the ground ... is filled
with a fire of PIPPAL wood, into which the party must walk barefoot,
proving his guilt if he is burned; his innocence, if he escapes
unhurt."—_Mill_ (quoting from Halhed), ed. 1830, i. 280.

1826.—"A little while after this he arose, and went to a PEEPUL-tree, a
short way off, where he appeared busy about something, I could not well
make out what."—_Pandurang Hari_, 26; [ed. 1873, i. 36, reading PEEPAL].

1836.—"It is not proper to allow the English, after they have made made
war, and peace has been settled, to remain in the city. They are
accustomed to act like the PEEPUL tree. Let not Younger Brother therefore
allow the English to remain in his country."—Letter from _Court of China_
to _Court of Ava_. See _Yule, Mission to Ava_, p. 265.

1854.—"Je ne puis passer sous silence deux beaux arbres ... ce sont le
PEUPLIER _d'Inde_ à larges feuilles, arbre réputé sacré...."—_Pallegoix,
Siam_, i. 140.

1861.—

"... Yonder crown of umbrage hoar
Shall shield her well; the PEEPUL whisper a dirge
And Caryota drop her tearlike store
Of beads; whilst over all slim Casuarine
Points upwards, with her branchlets ever green,
To that remaining Rest where Night and Tears are o'er."
_Barrackpore Park, 18th Nov. 1861._

PEER, s. Pers. _pīr_, a Mahommedan Saint or _Beatus_. But the word is used elliptically for the tombs of such personages, the circumstance pertaining to them which chiefly creates notoriety or fame of sanctity; and it may be remarked that WALI (or _Wely_ as it is often written), _Imāmzāda_, _Shaikh_, and _Marabout_ (see ADJUTANT), are often used in the same elliptical way in Syria, Persia, Egypt, and Barbary respectively. We may add that _Nabī_ (Prophet) is used in the same fashion.

[1609.—See under NUGGURCOTE.

[1623.—"Within the Mesquita (see MOSQUE) ... is a kind of little Pyramid
of Marble, and this they call PIR, that is _Old_, which they say is
equivalent to Holy; I imagine it the Sepulchre of some one of their Sect
accounted such."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 69.]

1665.—"On the other side was the Garden and the chambers of the Mullahs,
who with great conveniency and delight spend their lives there under the
shadow of the miraculous Sanctity of this PIRE, which they are not
wanting to celebrate: But as I am always very unhappy on such occasions,
he did no Miracle that day upon any of the sick."—_Bernier_, 133; [ed.
_Constable_, 415].

1673.—"Hard by this is a PEOR, or Burying place of one of the Prophets,
being a goodly monument."—_Fryer_, 240.

1869.—"Certains PIRS sont tellement renommés, qu'ainsi qu'on le verra
plus loin, le peuple a donné leurs noms aux mois lunaires où se trouvent
placées les fêtes qu'on celèbre en leur honneur."—_Garcin de Tassy, Rel.
Musulm._ p. 18.

The following are examples of the parallel use of the words named:

WALI:

1841.—"The highest part (of Hermon) crowned by the WELY, is towards the
western end."—_Robinson, Biblical Researches_, iii. 173.

" "In many of the villages of Syria the Traveller will observe
small dome-covered buildings, with grated windows and surmounted by the
crescent. These are the so-called WELIS, mausolea of saints, or tombs of
sheikhs."—_Baedeker's Egypt_, Eng. ed. Pt. i. 150.

IMAMZADA:

1864.—"We rode on for three farsakhs, or fourteen miles, more to another
IMÁMZÁDAH, called _Kafsh-gírí_...."—_Eastwick, Three Years' Residence in
Persia_, ii. 46.

1883.—"The few villages ... have numerous walled gardens, with rows of
poplar and willow-trees and stunted mulberries, and the inevitable
IMAMZADEHS."—_Col. Beresford Lovett's Itinerary Notes of Route Surveys in
N. Persia in 1881 and 1882, Proc. R.G.S._ (N.S.) v. 73.

SHAIKH:

1817.—"Near the ford (on Jordan), half a mile to the south, is a tomb
called 'SHEIKH Daoud,' standing on an apparent round hill like a
barrow."—_Irby and Mangles, Travels in Egypt_, &c., 304.

NABI:

1856.—"Of all the points of interest about Jerusalem, none perhaps gains
so much from an actual visit to Palestine as the lofty-peaked eminence
which fills up the north-west corner of the table-land.... At present it
bears the name of NEBI-Samuel, which is derived from the Mussulman
tradition—now perpetuated by a mosque and tomb—that here lies buried the
prophet Samuel."—_Stanley's Palestine_, 165.

So also NABI-_Yūnus_ at Nineveh; and see NEBI-_Mousa_ in _De Saulcy_, ii.
73.

PEGU, n.p. The name which we give to the Kingdom which formerly existed in the Delta of the Irawadi, to the city which was its capital, and to the British province which occupies its place. The Burmese name is _Bagó_. This name belongs to the Talaing language, and is popularly alleged to mean 'conquered by stratagem,' to explain which a legend is given; but no doubt this is mere fancy. The form _Pegu_, as in many other cases of our geographical nomenclature, appears to come through the Malays, who call it _Paigū_. The first European mention that we know of is in Conti's narrative (c. 1440) where Poggio has Latinized it as _Pauco-nia_; but Fra Mauro, who probably derived this name, with much other new knowledge, from Conti, has in his great map (c. 1459) the exact Malay form _Paigu_. Nikitin (c. 1475) has, if we may depend on his translator into English, _Pegu_, as has Hieronimo di S. Stefano (1499). The _Roteiro_ of Vasco da Gama (1498) has _Pegúo_, and describes the land as Christian, a mistake arising no doubt from the use of the ambiguous term _Kāfir_ by his Mahommedan informants (see under CAFFER). Varthema (1510) has _Pego_, and Giov. da Empoli (1514) _Pecù_; Barbosa (1516) again _Paygu_; but PEGU is the usual Portuguese form, as in Barros, and so passed to us.

1498.—"PEGÚO is a land of Christians, and the King is a Christian; and
they are all white like us. This King can assemble 20,000 fighting men,
_i.e._ 10,000 horsemen, as many footmen, and 400 war elephants; here is
all the musk in the world ... and on the main land he has many rubies and
much gold, so that for 10 cruzados you can buy as much gold as will fetch
25 in Calecut, and there is much lac (_lacra_) and
benzoin...."—_Roteiro_, 112.

1505.—"Two merchants of Cochin took on them to save two of the ships; one
from PEGÚ with a rich cargo of lac (_lacre_), benzoin, and musk, and
another with a cargo of drugs from Banda, nutmeg, mace, clove, and
sandalwood; and they embarked on the ships with their people, leaving to
chance their own vessels, which had cargoes of rice, for the value of
which the owners of the ships bound themselves."—_Correa_, i. 611.

1514.—"Then there is PECÙ, which is a populous and noble city, abounding
in men and in horses, where are the true mines of _linoni_ (? '_di_
linoni _e perfetti rubini_,' perhaps should be 'di _buoni_ e perfetti')
and perfect rubies, and these in great plenty; and they are fine men,
tall and well limbed and stout; as of a race of giants...."—_Empoli_, 80.

[1516.—"PEIGU." (See under BURMA).]

1541.—"BAGOU." (See under PEKING.)

1542.—"... and for all the goods which came from any other ports and
places, viz. from PEGUU to the said Port of Malaqua, from the Island of
Çamatra and from within the Straits...."—_Titolo of the Fortress and City
of Malaqua_, in _Tombo_, p. 105 in _Subsidios_.

1568.—"Concludo che non è in terra Re di possãza maggiore del Re di PEGÙ,
per ciòche ha sotto di se venti Re di corona."—_Ces. Federici_, in
_Ramusio_, iii. 394.

1572.—

"Olha o reino Arracão, olha o assento
De PEGÚ, que já monstros povoaram,
Monstros filhos do feo ajuntamento
D'huma mulher e hum cão, que sos se acharam."
_Camões_, x. 122.

By Burton:

"Arracan-realm behold, behold the seat
of PEGU peopled by a monster-brood;
monsters that gendered meeting most unmeet
of whelp and woman in the lonely wood...."

1597.—"... I recommend you to be very watchful not to allow the Turks to
export any timber from the Kingdom of PEGÚ nor yet from that of Achin
(_do Dachem_); and with this view you should give orders that this be the
subject of treatment with the King of Dachem since he shows so great a
desire for our friendship, and is treating in that sense."—_Despatch from
the King to Goa_, 5th Feb. In _Archiv. Port. Orient._ Fasc. iii.

PEGU PONIES. These are in Madras sometimes termed elliptically PEGUS, as Arab horses are universally termed Arabs. The ponies were much valued, and before the annexation of Pegu commonly imported into India; less commonly since, for the local demand absorbs them.

1880.—"For sale ... also Bubble and Squeak, bay PEGUES."—_Madras Mail_,
Feb. 19.

[1890.—"Ponies, sometimes very good ones, were reared in a few districts
in Upper Burma, but, even in Burmese times, the supply was from the Shan
States. The so-called PEGU PONY, of which a good deal is heard, is, in
fact, not a Pegu pony at all, for the justly celebrated animals called by
that name were imported from the Shan States."—Report of _Capt. Evans_,
in _Times_, Oct. 17.]

PEKING, n.p. This name means 'North-Court,' and in its present application dates from the early reigns of the Ming Dynasty in China. When they dethroned the Mongol descendants of Chinghiz and Kublai (1368) they removed the capital from Taitu or Khānbāligh (_Cambaluc_ of Polo) to the great city on the Yangtsze which has since been known as _Nan-King_ or 'South-Court.' But before many years the Mongol capital was rehabilitated as the imperial residence, and became _Pe-King_ accordingly. Its preparation for reoccupation began in 1409. The first English mention that we have met with is that quoted by Sainsbury, in which we have the subjects of more than one allusion in Milton.

1520.—"Thomé Pires, quitting this pass, arrived at the Province of
Nanquij, at its chief city called by the same name, where the King dwelt,
and spent in coming thither always travelling north, four months; by
which you may take note how vast a matter is the empire of this gentile
prince. He sent word to Thomé Pires that he was to wait for him at
PEQUIJ, where he would despatch his affair. This city is in another
province so called, much further north, in which the King used to dwell
for the most part, because it was on the frontier of the
Tartars...."—_Barros_, III. vi. 1.

1541.—"This City of PEQUIN ... is so prodigious, and the things therein
so remarkable, as I do almost repent me for undertaking to discourse of
it.... For one must not imagine it to be, either as the City of _Rome_,
or _Constantinople_, or _Venice_, or _Paris_, or _London_, or _Sevill_,
or _Lisbon_.... Nay I will say further, that one must not think it to be
like to Grand _Cairo_ in _Egypt_, _Tauris_ in _Persia_, _Amadaba_
(Amadabad, AVADAVAT) in _Cambaya_, _Bisnaga(r)_ in _Narsingaa_, _Goura_
(Gouro) in _Bengala_, _Ava_ in _Chalen_, _Timplan_ in _Calaminham_,
_Martaban_ (Martavão) and _Bagou_ in _Pegu_, _Guimpel_ and _Tinlau_ in
_Siammon_, _Odia_ in the Kingdom of _Sornau_, _Passavan_ and _Dema_ in
the Island of _Java_, _Pangor_ in the Country of the _Lequiens_ (no
Lequio), _Usangea_ (Uzãgnè) in the _Grand Cauchin_, _Lancama_ (Laçame) in
_Tartary_, and _Meaco_ (Mioco) in _Jappun_ ... for I dare well affirm
that all those same are not to be compared to the least part of the
wonderful City of PEQUIN...."—_Pinto_ (in _Cogan_), p. 136 (orig. cap.
cvii.).

[c. 1586.—"The King maketh alwayes his abode in the great city PACHIN, as
much as to say in our language ... the towne of the kingdome."—_Reports
of China_, in _Hakl._ ii. 546.]

1614.—"Richard Cocks writing from Ferando understands there are great
cities in the country of Corea, and between that and the sea mighty bogs,
so that no man can travel there; but great waggons have been invented to
go upon broad flat wheels, under sail as ships do, in which they
transport their goods ... the deceased Emperor of Japan did pretend to
have conveyed a great army in these sailing waggons, to assail the
Emperor of China in his City of PAQUIN."—In _Sainsbury_, i. 343.

166*.—

"from the destined walls
Of Cambalu, seat of Cathaian Can,
And Samarchand by Oxus, Temer's throne,
To PAQUIN of Sinaean Kings...."
_Paradise Lost_, xi. 387-390.

PELICAN, s. This word, in its proper application to the _Pelicanus onocrotalus_, L., is in no respect peculiar to Anglo-India, though we may here observe that the bird is called in Hindi by the poetical name _gagan-bheṛ_, _i.e._ 'Sheep of the Sky,' which we have heard natives with their strong propensity to metathesis convert into the equally appropriate _Gangā-bheṛī_ or 'Sheep of the Ganges.' The name may be illustrated by the old term 'Cape-sheep' applied to the albatross.[222] But _Pelican_ is habitually misapplied by the British soldier in India to the bird usually called ADJUTANT (q.v.). We may remember how Prof. Max Müller, in his Lectures on Language, tells us that the Tahitians show respect to their sovereign by ceasing to employ in common language those words which form part or the whole of his name, and invent new terms to supply their place. "The object was clearly to guard against the name of the sovereign being ever used, even by accident, in ordinary conversation," 2nd ser. 1864, p. 35, [_Frazer, Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. i. 421 _seqq._]. Now, by an analogous process, it is possible that some martinet, holding the office of adjutant, at an early date in the Anglo-Indian history, may have resented the ludicrously appropriate employment of the usual name of the bird, and so may have introduced the entirely inappropriate name of _pelican_ in its place. It is in the recollection of one of the present writers that a worthy northern matron, who with her husband had risen from the ranks in the —th Light Dragoons, on being challenged for speaking of "the _pelicans_ in the barrack-yard," maintained her correctness, conceding only that "some ca'd them PAYLICANS, some ca'd them AUDJUTANTS."

1829.—"This officer ... on going round the yard (of the military prison)
... discovered a large beef-bone recently dropped. The sergeant was
called to account for this ominous appearance. This sergeant was a shrewd
fellow, and he immediately said,—'Oh Sir, the PELICANS have dropped it.'
This was very plausible, for these birds will carry enormous bones; and
frequently when fighting for them they drop them, so that this might very
probably have been the case. The moment the dinner-trumpet sounds, whole
flocks of these birds are in attendance at the barrack-doors, waiting for
bones, or anything that the soldiers may be pleased to throw to
them."—_Mem. of John Shipp_, ii. 25.

PENANG, n.p. This is the proper name of the Island adjoining the Peninsula of Malacca (_Pulo_, properly _Pulau_, _Pinang_), which on its cession to the English (1786) was named 'Prince of Wales's Island.' But this official style has again given way to the old name. _Pinang_ in Malay signifies an areca-nut or areca-tree, and, according to Crawfurd, the name was given on account of the island's resemblance in form to the fruit of the tree (_vulgo_, 'the betel-nut').

1592.—"Now the WINTER coming vpon vs with much contagious weather, we
directed our course from hence with the Ilands of _Pulo_ PINAOU (where by
the way is to be noted that _Pulo_ in the Malaian tongue signifieth an
Iland) ... where we came to an anker in a very good harborough betweene
three Ilands.... This place is in 6 degrees and a halfe to the Northward,
and some fiue leagues from the maine betweene Malacca and
Pegu."—_Barker_, in _Hakl._ ii. 589-590.