Chapter XLV: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (42)

JASK, JASQUES, CAPE-, n.p. Ar. _Rās Jāshak_, a point on the eastern side of the Gulf of Omān, near the entrance to the Persian Gulf, and 6 miles south of a port of the same name. The latter was frequented by the vessels of the English Company whilst the Portuguese held Ormus. After the Portuguese were driven out of Ormus (1622) the English trade was moved to GOMBROON (q.v.). The peninsula of which Cape Jask is the point, is now the terminus of the submarine cable from Bushire; and a company of native infantry is quartered there. _Jāsak_ appears in Yāḳūt as "a large island between the land of Omān and the Island of Kish." No island corresponds to this description, and probably the reference is an incorrect one to _Jask_ (see _Dict. de la Perse_, p. 149). By a curious misapprehension, Cape Jasques seems to have been Englished as _Cape James_ (see _Dunn's Or. Navigator_, 1780, p. 94).

1553.—"Crossing from this Cape Moçandan to that opposite to it called
JASQUE, which with it forms the mouth of the strait, we enter on the
second section (of the coast) according to our division...."—_Barros_, I.
ix. i.

1572.—

"Mas deixemos o estreito, e o conhecido
CABO DE JASQUE, dito já Carpella,
Com todo o seu terreno mal querido
Da natura, e dos dons usados della...."
_Camões_, x. 105.

By Burton:

"But now the Narrows and their noted head
CAPE JASK, Carpella called by those of yore,
quit we, the dry terrene scant favourèd
by Nature niggard of her normal store...."

1614.—"_Per Postscript._ If it please God this Persian business fall out
to y^r contentt, and y^t you thinke fitt to adventure thither, I thinke
itt not amisse to sett you downe as y^e Pilotts have informed mee of
JASQUES, w^{ch} is a towne standinge neere y^e edge of a straightte Sea
Coast where a ship may ride in 8 fathome water a Sacar shotte from y^e
shoar and in 6 fathome you maye bee nearer. JASQUE is 6 _Gemes_ (see JAM,
B) from Ormus southwards and six _Gemes_ is 60 cosses makes 30 leagues.
JASQUES lieth from Muschet east. From JASQUES to SINDA is 200 cosses or
100 leagues. At JASQUES com̃only they have northe winde w^{ch} blowethe
trade out of y^e Persian Gulfe. Mischet is on y^e Arabian Coast, and is a
little portte of Portugalls."—MS. Letter from _Nich. Downton_, dd.
November 22, 1614, in India Office; [Printed in _Foster, Letters_, ii.
177, and compare ii. 145].

1617.—"There came news at this time that there was an English ship lying
inside the Cape of Rosalgate (see ROSALGAT) with the intention of making
a fort at JASQUES in Persia, as a point from which to plunder our
cargoes...."—_Bocarro_, 672.

[1623.—"The point or peak of GIASCK."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 4.

[1630.—"IASQUES." (See under JUNK.)]

1727.—"I'll travel along the Sea-coast, towards _Industan_, or the _Great
Mogul's_ Empire. All the Shore from JASQUES to _Sindy_, is inhabited by
uncivilized People, who admit of no Commerce with Strangers...."—_A.
Hamilton_, i. 115; [ed. 1744].

JASOOS, s. Ar.-H. _jāsūs_, 'a spy.'

1803.—"I have some JASOOSES, selected by Col. C——'s brahmin for their
stupidity, that they might not pry into state secrets, who go to Sindia's
camp, remain there a _phaur_ (see PUHUR) in fear ..."—_M. Elphinstone_,
in _Life_, i. 62.

JAUN, s. This is a term used in Calcutta, and occasionally in Madras, of which the origin is unknown to the present writers. [Mr. H. Beveridge points out that it is derived from H.—Beng. _yān_, defined by Sir G. Haughton: "a vehicle, any means of conveyance, a horse, a carriage, a _palkee_." It is Skt. _yāna_, with the same meaning. The initial _ya_ in Bengali is usually pronounced _ja_. The root is _yā_, 'to go.'] It is, or was, applied to a small palankin carriage, such as is commonly used by business men in going to their offices, &c.

c. 1836.—

"Who did not know that office JAUN of pale Pomona green,
With its drab and yellow lining, and picked out black between,
Which down the Esplanade did go at the ninth hour of the day...."—
_Bole-Ponjis_, by _H. M. Parker_, ii. 215.

[The JAUN Bazar is a well-known low quarter of Calcutta.]

[1892.—

"From Tarnau in Galicia
To JAUN Bazar she came."
_R. Kipling, Ballad of Fisher's Boarding House._]

JAVA, n.p. This is a geographical name of great antiquity, and occurs, as our first quotation shows, in Ptolemy's Tables. His Ἰαβαδίου represents with singular correctness what was probably the Prakrit or popular form of _Yava-dvīpa_ (see under DIU and MALDIVES), and his interpretation of the Sanskrit is perfectly correct. It will still remain a question whether _Yava_ was not applied to some cereal more congenial to the latitude than barley,[145] or was (as is possible) an attempt to give an Indian meaning to some aboriginal name of similar sound. But the sixth of our quotations, the transcript and translation of a Sanskrit inscription in the Museum at Batavia by Mr. Holle, which we owe to the kindness of Prof. Kern, indicates that a signification of wealth in cereals was attached to the name in the early days of its Indian civilization. This inscription is most interesting, as it is the oldest _dated_ inscription yet discovered upon Javanese soil. Till a recent time it was not known that there was any mention of Java in Sanskrit literature, and this was so when Lassen published the 2nd vol. of his _Indian Antiquities_ (1849). But in fact Java was mentioned in the _Rāmāyana_, though a perverted reading disguised the fact until the publication of the Bombay edition in 1863. The passage is given in our second quotation; and we also give passages from two later astronomical works whose date is approximately known. The _Yava-Koṭi_, or _Java Point_ of these writers is understood by Prof. Kern to be the eastern extremity of the island.

We have already (see BENJAMIN) alluded to the fact that the terms _Jāwa_, _Jāwi_ were applied by the Arabs to the Archipelago generally, and often with specific reference to Sumatra. Prof. Kern, in a paper to which we are largely indebted, has indicated that this larger application of the term was originally Indian. He has discussed it in connection with the terms "Golden and Silver Islands" (_Suvarṇa dvīpa_ and _Rūpya dvīpa_), which occur in the quotation from the _Rāmāyana_, and elsewhere in Sanskrit literature, and which evidently were the basis of the Chrysē and Argyrē, which take various forms in the writings of the Greek and Roman geographers. We cannot give the details of his discussion, but his condensed conclusions are as follows:—(1.) _Suvarṇa-dvīpa_ and _Yava-dvīpa_ were according to the prevalent representations the same; (2.) Two names of islands originally distinct were confounded with one another; (3.) _Suvarṇa-dvīpa_ in its proper meaning is Sumatra, _Yava-dvīpa_ in its proper meaning is Java; (4.) Sumatra, or a part of it, and Java were regarded as one whole, doubtless because they were politically united; (5.) By _Yava-koṭi_ was indicated the east point of Java.

This Indian (and also insular) identification, in whole or in part, of Sumatra with Java explains a variety of puzzles, _e.g._ not merely the Arab application of _Java_, but also the ascription, in so many passages, of great wealth of gold to Java, though the island, to which that name properly belongs, produces no gold. This tradition of gold-produce we find in the passages quoted from Ptolemy, from the _Rāmāyana_, from the Holle inscription, and from Marco Polo. It becomes quite intelligible when we are taught that Java and Sumatra were at one time both embraced under the former name, for Sumatra has always been famous for its gold-production. [Mr. Skeat notes as an interesting fact that the standard Malay name _Jāwă_ and the Javanese _Jāwa_ preserve the original form of the word.]

(_Ancient_).—"Search carefully YAVA DVĪPA, adorned by seven Kingdoms, the
Gold and Silver Island, rich in mines of gold. Beyond YAVA DVĪPA is the
Mountain called Sisira, whose top touches the sky, and which is visited
by gods and demons."—_Rāmāyana_, IV. xl. 30 (from Kern).

A.D. c. 150.—"IABADIU (Ἰαβαδίου), which means 'Island of Barley,' most
fruitful the island is said to be, and also to produce much gold; also
the metropolis is said to have the name Argyrē (Silver), and to stand at
the western end of the island."—_Ptolemy_, VII. ii. 29.

414.—"Thus they voyaged for about ninety days, when they arrived at a
country called YA-VA-DI [_i.e._ _Yava-dvīpa_]. In this country heretics
and Brahmans flourish, but the Law of Buddha hardly deserves
mentioning."—_Fahian_, ext. in _Groeneveldt's Notes from Chinese
Sources_.

A.D. c. 500.—"When the sun rises in Ceylon it is sunset in the City of
the Blessed (_Siddha-pura_, _i.e._ The Fortunate Islands), noon at
YAVA-KOṬI, and midnight in the Land of the Romans."—_Aryabhata_, IV. v.
13 (from Kern).

A.D. c. 650.—"Eastward by a fourth part of the earth's circumference, in
the world-quarter of the Bhadrāśvas lies the City famous under the name
of YAVA KOTI whose walls and gates are of gold."—_Suryā-Siddhānta_, XII.
v. 38 (from Kern).

_Saka_, 654, _i.e._ A.D. 762.—"Dvīpavara_m_ YAVĀKHYAM atulan
dhân-yādivājâīhikam sampanna_m_ kanakākaraih" ... _i.e._ the incomparable
splendid island called JAVA, excessively rich in grain and other seeds,
and well provided with gold-mines."—_Inscription in Batavia Museum_ (see
above).

943.—"Eager ... to study with my own eyes the peculiarities of each
country, I have with this object visited Sind and Zanj, and Ṣanf (see
CHAMPA) and Ṣīn (China), and ZĀBAJ."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, i. 5.

" "This Kingdom (India) borders upon that of ZĀBAJ, which is the
empire of the _Mahrāj_, King of the Isles."—_Ibid._ 163.

992.—"DJAVA is situated in the Southern Ocean.... In the 12th month of
the year (992) their King _Maradja_ sent an embassy ... to go to court
and bring tribute."—_Groeneveldt's Notes from Chinese Sources_, pp.
15-17.

1298.—"When you sail from Ziamba (Chamba) 1500 miles in a course between
south and south-east, you come to a very great island called JAVA, which,
according to the statement of some good mariners, is the greatest Island
that there is in the world, seeing that it has a compass of more than
3000 miles, and is under the dominion of a great king.... Pepper,
nutmegs, spike, galanga, cubebs, cloves, and all the other good spices
are produced in this island, and it is visited by many ships with
quantities of merchandise from which they make great profits and gain,
for such an amount of gold is found there that no one would believe it or
venture to tell it."—_Marco Polo_, in _Ramusio_, ii. 51.

c. 1330.—"In the neighbourhood of that realm is a great island, JAVA by
name, which hath a compass of a good 3000 miles. Now this island is
populous exceedingly, and is the second best of all islands that
exist.... The King of this island hath a palace which is truly
marvellous.... Now the great Khan of Cathay many a time engaged in war
with this King; but this King always vanquished and got the better of
him."—_Friar Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c., 87-89.

c. 1349.—"She clandestinely gave birth to a daughter, whom she made when
grown up Queen of the finest island in the world, SABA by name...."—_John
de' Marignolli_, _ibid._ 391.

c. 1444.—"Sunt insulae duae in interiori India, e pene extremis orbis
finibus, ambae JAVA nomine, quarum altera tribus, altera duobus millibus
milliarum protenditur orientem versus; sed Majoris, Minorisque cognomine
discernuntur."—_N. Conti_, in _Poggius, De Var. Fortunae_.

1503.—The Syrian Bishops Thomas, Jaballaha, Jacob, and Denha, sent on a
mission to India in 1503 by the (Nestorian) Patriarch Elias, were
ordained to go "to the land of the Indians and the islands of the seas
which are between DABAG and Sin and Masin (see MACHEEN)."—_Assemani_,
III. Pt. i. 592. This _Dabag_ is probably a relic of the _Zābaj_ of the
_Relation_, of Maṣ'ūdī, and of Al-birūnī.

1516.—"Further on ... there are many islands, small and great, amongst
which is one very large which they call JAVA the Great.... They say that
this island is the most abundant country in the world.... There grow
pepper, cinnamon, ginger, bamboos, cubebs, and gold...."—_Barbosa_, 197.

Referring to Sumatra, or the Archipelago in general.

_Saka_, 578, _i.e._ A.D. 656.—"The Prince Adityadharma is the Deva of the
First JAVA Land (_prathama_ YAVA-_bhū_). May he be great! Written in the
year of Saka, 578. May it be great!"—From a _Sanskrit Inscription from_
Pager-Ruyong, _in_ Menang Karbau (Sumatra), publd. by _Friedrich_, in the
_Batavian Transactions_, vol. xxiii.

1224.—"MA'BAR (q.v.) is the last part of India; then comes the country of
China (_Ṣín_), the first part of which is JĀWA, reached by a difficult
and fatal sea."—_Yāḳūt_, i. 516.

" "This is some account of remotest _Ṣín_, which I record without
vouching for its truth ... for in sooth it is a far off land. I have seen
no one who had gone to it and penetrated far into it; only the merchants
seek its outlying parts, to wit the country known as JĀWA on the
sea-coast, like to India; from it are brought Aloeswood (_'ūd_), camphor,
and nard (_sunbul_), and clove, and mace (_basbāsa_), and China drugs,
and vessels of china-ware."—_Ibid._ iii. 445.

Kazwīnī speaks in almost the same words of JĀWA. He often copies Yāḳūt, but perhaps he really means his own time (for he uses different words) when he says: "Up to this time the merchants came no further into China than to this country (JĀWA) on account of the distance and difference of religion."—ii. 18.

1298.—"When you leave this Island of Pentam and sail about 100 miles, you
reach the Island of JAVA the Less. For all its name 'tis none so small
but that it has a compass of 2000 miles or more...." &c.—_Marco Polo_,
bk. iii. ch. 9.

c. 1300.—"... In the mountains of JÁVA scented woods grow.... The
mountains of JÁVA are very high. It is the custom of the people to
puncture their hands and entire body with needles, and then rub in some
black substance."—_Rashīd-uddīn_, in _Elliot_, i. 71.

1328.—"There is also another exceeding great island, which is called
JAUA, which is in circuit more than seven [thousand?] miles as I have
heard, and where are many world's wonders. Among which, besides the
finest aromatic spices, this is one, to wit, that there be found pygmy
men.... There are also trees producing cloves, which when they are in
flower emit an odour so pungent that they kill every man who cometh among
them, unless he shut his mouth and nostrils.... In a certain part of that
island they delight to eat white and fat men when they can get
them...."—_Friar Jordanus_, 30-31.

c. 1330.—"Parmi les isles de la Mer de l'Inde il faut citer celle de
DJÂWAH, grande isle célèbre par l'abondance de ses drogues ... au sud de
l'isle de DJÂWAH on remarque la ville de Fansour, d'où le camphre
Fansoûri tire son nom."—_Géog. d'Aboulfeda_, II. pt. ii. 127. [See
CAMPHOR].

c. 1346.—"After a passage of 25 days we arrived at the Island of JĀWA,
which gives its name to the _lubān jāwiy_ (see BENJAMIN).... We thus made
our entrance into the capital, that is to say the city of Sumatra; a fine
large town with a wall of wood and towers also of wood."—_Ibn Batuta_,
iv. 228-230.

1553.—"And so these, as well as those of the interior of the Island
(Sumatra), are all dark, with lank hair, of good nature and countenance,
and not resembling the Javanese, although such near neighbours, indeed it
is very notable that at so small a distance from each other their nature
should vary so much, all the more because all the people of this Island
call themselves by the common name of JAWIS (_Jaüijs_), because they hold
it for certain that the Javanese (_os_ JÃOS) were formerly lords of this
great Island...."—_Barros_, III. v. 1.

1555.—"Beyond the Island of IAUA they sailed along by another called
Bali; and then came also vnto other called Aujaue, Cambaba, Solor.... The
course by these Islands is about 500 leagues. The ancient cosmographers
call all these Islands by the name IAUOS; but late experience hath found
the names to be very diuers as you see."—_Antonio Galvano_, old E.T. in
_Hakl._ iv. 423.

1856.—

"It is a saying in Goozerat,—
'Who goes to JAVA
Never returns.
If by chance he return,
Then for two generations to live upon,
Money enough he brings back.'"
_Râs Mâlâ_, ii. 82; [ed. 1878, p. 418].

JAVA-RADISH, s. A singular variety (_Raphanus caudatus_, L.) of the common radish (_R. sativus_, L.), of which the pods, which attain a foot in length, are eaten and not the root. It is much cultivated in Western India, under the name of _mugra_ [see _Baden-Powell, Punjab Products_, i. 260]. It is curious that the Hind. name of the common radish is _mūlī_, from _mūl_, 'root,' exactly analogous to _radish_ from _radix_.

[JAVA-WIND, s. In the Straits Settlements an unhealthy south wind blowing from the direction of Java is so called. (Compare SUMATRA, B.)]

JAWAUB, s. Hind. from Ar. _jawāb_, 'an answer.' In India it has, besides this ordinary meaning, that of 'dismissal.' And in Anglo-Indian colloquial it is especially used for a lady's refusal of an offer; whence the verb passive '_to be jawaub'd_.' [The JAWAUB Club consisted of men who had been at least half a dozen times '_jawaub'd_.'

1830.—"'The JUWAWB'D CLUB,' asked Elsmere, with surprise, 'what is that?'

"''Tis a fanciful association of those melancholy candidates for wedlock
who have fallen in their pursuit, and are smarting under the sting of
rejection.'"—_Orient. Sport. Mag._, reprint 1873, i. 424.]

JAWĀB among the natives is often applied to anything erected or planted for a symmetrical double, where

"Grove nods at grove, each alley has a brother,
And half the platform just reflects the other."

"In the houses of many chiefs every picture on the walls has its JAWAB (or duplicate). The portrait of Scindiah now in my dining-room was the JAWAB (copy in fact) of Mr. C. Landseer's picture, and hung opposite to the original in the Darbar room" (_M.-Gen. Keatinge_). ["The masjid with three domes of white marble occupies the left wing and has a counterpart (JAWĀB) in a precisely similar building on the right hand side of the Tāj. This last is sometimes called the false masjid; but it is in no sense dedicated to religious purposes."—_Führer, Monumental Antiquities, N.W.P._, p. 64.]

JAY, s. The name usually given by Europeans to the _Coracias Indica_, Linn., the _Nīlkanṭh_, or 'blue-throat' of the Hindus, found all over India.

[1878.—"They are the commonality of birddom, who furnish forth the mobs
which bewilder the drunken-flighted JAY when he jerks, shrieking in a
series of blue hyphen-flashes through the air...."—_Ph. Robinson, In My
Indian Garden_, 3.]

JEEL, s. Hind. _jhīl_. A stagnant sheet of inundation; a mere or lagoon. Especially applied to the great sheets of remanent inundation in Bengal. In Eastern Bengal they are also called BHEEL (q.v.)

[1757.—"Towards five the guard waked me with notice that the Nawab would
presently pass by to his palace of Mootee JEEL."—_Holwell's Letter_ of
Feb. 28, in _Wheeler, Early Records_, 250.]

The _Jhīls_ of Silhet are vividly and most accurately described (though the word is not used) in the following passage:—

c. 1778.—"I shall not therefore be disbelieved when I say that in
pointing my boat towards Sylhet I had recourse to my compass, the same as
at sea, and steered a straight course through a lake not less than 100
miles in extent, occasionally passing through villages built on
artificial mounds: but so scanty was the ground that each house had a
canoe attached to it."—_Hon. Robert Lindsay_, in _Lives of the Lindsays_,
iii. 166.

1824.—"At length we ... entered what might be called a sea of reeds. It
was, in fact, a vast JEEL or marsh, whose tall rushes rise above the
surface of the water, having depth enough for a very large vessel. We
sailed briskly on, rustling like a greyhound in a field of
corn."—_Heber_, i. 101.

1850.—"To the geologist the JHEELS and Sunderbunds are a most instructive
region, as whatever may be the mean elevation of their waters, a
permanent depression of 10 to 15 feet would submerge an immense
tract."—_Hooker's Himalayan Journals_, ed. 1855, ii. 265.

1885.—"You attribute to me an act, the credit of which was due to Lieut.
George Hutchinson, of the late Bengal Engineers.[146] That able officer,
in company with the late Colonel Berkley, H.M. 32nd Regt., laid out the
defences of the Alum Bagh camp, remarkable for its bold plan, which was
so well devised that, with an apparently dangerous extent, it was
defensible at every point by the small but ever ready force under Sir
James Outram. A long interval ... was defended by a post of support
called 'Moir's Picket' ... covered by a wide expanse of JHEEL, or lake,
resulting from the rainy season. Foreseeing the probable drying up of the
water, Lieut. Hutchinson, by a clever inspiration, marched all the
transport elephants through and through the lake, and when the water
disappeared, the dried clay-bed, pierced into a honey-combed surface of
circular holes a foot in diameter and two or more feet deep, became a
better protection against either cavalry or infantry than the water had
been...."—_Letter_ to Lt.-Col. P. R. Innes from _F. M. Lord Napier of
Magdāla_, dd. April 15.

JEEL and BHEEL are both applied to the artificial lakes in Central India and Bundelkhand.

JEETUL, s. Hind. _jītal_. A very old Indian denomination of copper coin, now entirely obsolete. It long survived on the western coast, and the name was used by the Portuguese for one of their small copper coins in the forms _ceitils_ and _zoitoles_. It is doubtful, however, if _ceitil_ is the same word. At least there is a medieval Portuguese coin called _ceitil_ and _ceptil_ (see _Fernandes_, in _Memorias da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa_, 2da Classe, 1856); this may have got confounded with the Indian JITAL. The _jītal_ of the Delhi coinage of Alā-ud-dīn (c. 1300) was, according to Mr. E. Thomas's calculations, 1/64 of the silver _tanga_, the coin called in later days the rupee. It was therefore just the equivalent of our modern _pice_. But of course, like most modern denominations of coin, it has varied greatly.

c. 1193-4.—"According to Ḳuṭb-ud-Dīn's command, Nizam-ud-Dīn Mohammad, on
his return, brought them [the two slaves] along with him to the capital,
Dihli; and Malik Ḳuṭb-ud-Dīn purchased both the Turks for the sum of
100,000 JITALS."—_Raverty, Ṭabaḳāṭ-i-Nāṣiri_, p. 603.

c. 1290.—"In the same year ... there was dearth in Dehli, and grain rose
to a JITAL per sír (see SEER)."—_Ẓiáh-ud-dín Barní_, in _Elliot_, iii.
146.

c. 1340.—"The dirhem _sultānī_ is worth ⅓ of the dirhem _shashtānī_ ...
and is worth 3 _fals_, whilst the JĪTAL is worth 4 _fals_; and the dirhem
_hashtkānī_, which is exactly the silver dirhem of Egypt and Syria, is
worth 32 _fals_."—_Shihābuddīn_, in _Notices et Extraits_, xiii. 212.

1554.—In Sunda. "The cash (_caixas_) here go 120 to the tanga of silver;
the which _caixas_ are a copper money larger than CEITILS, and pierced in
the middle, which they say have come from China for many years, and the
whole place is full of them."—_A. Nunes_, 42.

c. 1590.—"For the purpose of calculation the dam is divided into 25
parts, each of which is called a JÉTAL. This imaginary division is only
used by accountants."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 31.

1678.—"48 JUTTALS, 1 _Pagod_, an Imaginary Coin."—_Fryer_ (at Surat),
206.

c. 1750-60.—"At Carwar 6 pices make the JUTTAL, and 48 JUTTALS a
Pagoda."—_Grose_, i. 282.

JEHAUD, s. Ar. _jihād_, ['an effort, a striving']; then a sacred war of Musulmans against the infidel; which Sir Herbert Edwardes called, not very neatly, 'a crescentade.'

[c. 630 A.D.—"Make war upon such of those to whom the Scriptures have
been given who believe not in God, or in the last day, and who forbid not
that which God and his Prophet have forbidden, and who profess not the
profession of the truth, until they pay tribute (_jizyah_) out of hand,
and they be humbled."—_Korān_, Surah ix. 29.]

1880.—"When the Athenians invaded Ephesus, towards the end of the
Peloponnesian War, Tissaphernes offered a mighty sacrifice at Artemis,
and raised the people in a sort of JEHAD, or holy war, for her
defence."—_Sat. Review_, July 17, 84_b_.

[1901.—"The matter has now assumed the aspect of a 'SCHAD,' or holy war
against Christianity."—_Times_, April 4.]

JELAUBEE, s. Hind. _jalebī_, [which is apparently a corruption of the Ar. _zalābiya_, P. _zalībiya_]. A rich sweetmeat made of sugar and ghee, with a little flour, melted and trickled into a pan so as to form a kind of interlaced work, when baked.

[1870.—"The poison is said to have been given once in sweetmeats,
JELABEES."—_Chevers, Med. Jurisp._ 178.]

JELLY, s. In South India this is applied to vitrified brick refuse used as metal for roads. [The _Madras Gloss._ gives it as a synonym for KUNKUR.] It would appear from a remark of C. P. Brown (MS. notes) to be Telugu _zalli_, Tam. _shalli_, which means properly '_shivers_, bits, pieces.'

[1868.—"... anicuts in some instances coated over the crown with JELLY in
chunam."—_Nelson, Man. of Madura_, Pt. v. 53.]

JELUM, n.p. The most westerly of the "Five Rivers" that give their name to the PUNJAB (q.v.), (among which the Indus itself is not usually included). Properly _Jailam_ or _Jīlam_, now apparently written _Jhīlam_, and taking this name from a town on the right bank. The Jhilam is the Ὑδάσπης of Alexander's historians, a name corrupted from the Skt. _Vitastā_, which is more nearly represented by Ptolemy's Βιδάσπης. A still further (Prakritic) corruption of the same is _Behat_ (see BEHUT).

1037.—"Here he (Mahmūd) fell ill, and remained sick for fourteen days,
and got no better. So in a fit of repentance he forswore wine, and
ordered his servants to throw all his supply ... into the JAILAM.
..."—_Baihaḳī_, in _Elliot_, ii. 139.

c. 1204.—"... in the height of the conflict, Shams-ud-dîn, in all his
panoply, rode right into the water of the river JĪLAM ... and his warlike
feats while in that water reached such a pitch that he was despatching
those infidels from the height of the waters to the lowest depths of Hell
..."—_Ṭabaḳāṭ_, by _Raverty_, 604-5.

1856.—

"Hydaspes! often have thy waves run tuned
To battle music, since the soldier King,
The Macedonian, dipped his golden casque
And swam thy swollen flood, until the time
When Night the peace-maker, with pious hand,
Unclasping her dark mantle, smoothed it soft
O'er the pale faces of the brave who slept
Cold in their clay, on Chillian's bloody field."
_The Banyan Tree._

JEMADAR, JEMAUTDAR, &c. Hind. from Ar.—P. _jama'dar_, _jama'_ meaning 'an aggregate,' the word indicates generally, a leader of a body of individuals. [Some of the forms are as if from Ar.—P. _jamā'at_, 'an assemblage.'] Technically, in the Indian army, it is the title of the second rank of native officer in a company of sepoys, the Sūbadār (see SOUBADAR) being the first. In this sense the word dates from the reorganisation of the army in 1768. It is also applied to certain officers of police (under the _dārogha_), of the customs, and of other civil departments. And in larger domestic establishments there is often a _jemadār_, who is over the servants generally, or over the stables, camp service and orderlies. It is also an honorific title often used by the other household servants in addressing the _bihishtī_ (see BHEESTY).

1752.—"The English battalion no sooner quitted Tritchinopoly than the
regent set about accomplishing his scheme of surprising the City, and ...
endeavoured to gain 500 of the Nabob's best peons with firelocks. The
JEMAUTDARS, or captains of these troops, received his bribes and promised
to join."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, i. 257.

1817.—"... Calliaud had commenced an intrigue with some of the JEMATDARS,
or captains of the enemy's troops, when he received intelligence that the
French had arrived at Trichinopoly."—_Mill_, iii. 175.

1824.—"'Abdullah' was a Mussulman convert of Mr. Corrie's, who had
travelled in Persia with Sir Gore Ouseley, and accompanied him to
England, from whence he was returning ... when the Bishop took him into
his service as a 'JEMAUTDAR,' or head officer of the peons."—Editor's
note to _Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 65.

[1826.—"The principal officers are called JUMMAHDARS, some of whom
command five thousand horse."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 56.]

JENNYE, n.p. Hind. _Janaī_. The name of a great river in Bengal, which is in fact a portion of the course of the Brahmaputra (see BURRAMPOOTER), and the conditions of which are explained in the following passage written by one of the authors of this Glossary many years ago: "In Rennell's time, the Burrampooter, after issuing westward from the Assam valley, swept south-eastward, and forming with the Ganges a fluvial peninsula, entered the sea abreast of that river below Dacca. And so almost all English maps persist in representing it, though this eastern channel is now, unless in the rainy season, shallow and insignificant; the vast body of the Burrampooter cutting across the neck of the peninsula under the name of JENAI, and uniting with the Ganges near Pubna (about 150 miles N.E. of Calcutta), from which point the two rivers under the name of Pudda (_Padda_) flow on in mighty union to the sea." (_Blackwood's Mag._, March 1852, p. 338.)

The river is indicated as an offshoot of the Burrampooter in Rennell's Bengal Atlas (Map No. 6) under the name of JENNI, but it is not mentioned in his _Memoir of the Map of Hindostan_. The great change of the river's course was palpably imminent at the beginning of the last century; for Buchanan (c. 1809) says: "The river threatens to carry away all the vicinity of Dewangunj, and perhaps to force its way into the heart of Nator." (_Eastern India_, iii. 394; see also 377.) Nator or Nattore was the territory now called Rajshāhī District. The real direction of the change has been further south. The Janai is also called the _Jamunā_ (see under JUMNA). Hooker calls it _Jummal_ (?) noticing that the maps still led him to suppose the Burrampooter flowed 70 miles further east (see _Him. Journals_, ed. 1855, ii. 259).

JENNYRICKSHAW, s. Read Capt. Gill's description below. Giles states the word to be taken from the Japanese pronunciation of three characters, reading _jin-riki-sha_, signifying '_Man—Strength—Cart_.' The term is therefore, observes our friend E. C. Baber, an exact equivalent of "_Pullman-Car_"! The article has been introduced into India, and is now in use at Simla and other hill-stations. [The invention of the vehicle is attributed to various people—to an Englishman known as "Public-spirited Smith" (8 ser. _Notes and Queries_, viii. 325); to native Japanese about 1868-70, or to an American named Goble, "half-cobbler and half-missionary." See _Chamberlain, Things Japanese_, 3rd ed. 236 _seq._]

1876.—"A machine called a JINNYRICKSHAW is the usual public conveyance of
Shanghai. This is an importation from Japan, and is admirably adapted for
the flat country, where the roads are good, and coolie hire cheap.... In
shape they are like a buggy, but very much smaller, with room inside for
one person only. One coolie goes into the shafts and runs along at the
rate of 6 miles an hour; if the distance is long, he is usually
accompanied by a companion who runs behind, and they take it in turn to
draw the vehicle."—_W. Gill, River of Golden Sand_, i. 10. See also p.
163.

1880.—"The Kuruma or JIN-RI-KI-SHA consists of a light perambulator body,
an adjustable hood of oiled paper, a velvet or cloth lining and cushion,
a well for parcels under the seat, two high slim wheels, and a pair of
shafts connected by a bar at the ends."—_Miss Bird, Japan_, i. 18.

[1885.—"We ... got into RICKSHAWS to make an otherwise impossible descent
to the theatre."—_Lady Dufferin, Viceregal Life_, 89.]

JEZYA, s. Ar. _jizya_. The poll-tax which the Musulman law imposes on subjects who are not Moslem.

[c. 630 A.D. See under JEHAUD.]

c. 1300.—"The Kázi replied ... 'No doctor but the great doctor (Hanifa)
to whose school we belong, has assented to the imposition of JIZYA on
Hindus. Doctors of other schools allow of no alternative but "Death or
Islam."'"—_Ẓiā-ud-dīn Barnī_, in _Elliot_, iii. 184.

1683.—"Understand what custome ye English paid formerly, and compare ye
difference between that and our last order for taking custome and JIDGEA.
If they pay no more than they did formerly, they complain without
occasion. If more, write what it is, and there shall be an
abatement."—_Vizier's Letter to Nabob_, in _Hedges, Diary_, July 18;
[Hak. Soc. i. 100].

1686.—"Books of accounts received from Dacca, with advice that it was
reported at the Court there that the Poll-money or JUDGEEA lately ordered
by the Mogul would be exacted of the English and Dutch.... Among the
orders issued to Pattana Cossumbazar, and Dacca, instructions are given
to the latter place not to pay the JUDGEEA or Poll-tax, if
demanded."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consns._ (on Tour) Sept. 29 and Oct. 10; _Notes
and Extracts_, No. i. p. 49.

1765.—"When the _Hindoo_ Rajahs ... submitted to _Tamarlane_; it was on
these capital stipulations: That ... the emperors should never impose the
JESSERAH (or poll-tax) upon the Hindoos."—_Holwell, Hist. Events_, i. 37.

JHAUMP, s. A hurdle of and bamboo, used as a shutter or door. Hind. _jhānp_, Mahr. _jhānpa_; in connection with which there are verbs, Hind. _jhānp-nā_, _jhāpnā_, _ḍhānpnā_, 'to cover.' See _jhoprā_, s.v. AK; [but there seems to be no etymological connection].

JHOOM, s. _jhūm_. This is a word used on the eastern frontiers of Bengal for that kind of cultivation which is practised in the hill forests of India and Indo-China, under which a tract is cleared by fire, cultivated for a year or two, and then abandoned for another tract, where a like process is pursued. This is the _Kumari_ (see COOMRY) of S.W. India, the _Chena_ of Ceylon (see _Emerson Tennent_, ii. 463), the _toung-gyan_ of Burma [_Gazetteer_, ii. 72, 757, the _dahya_ of North India (Skt. _dah_, 'to burn'), _ponam_ (Tam. _pun_, 'inferior'), or _ponacaud_ (Mal. _punakkātu_, _pun_, 'inferior,' _kātu_, 'forest') of Malabar]. In the Philippine Islands it is known as _gainges_; it is practised in the Ardennes, under the name of _sartage_, and in Sweden under the name of _svedjande_ (see _Marsh, Earth as Modified by Human Action_, 346).

[1800.—"In this hilly tract are a number of people ... who use a kind of
cultivation called the _Cotucadu_, which a good deal resembles that which
in the Eastern parts of Bengal is called JUMEA."—_Buchanan, Mysore_, ii.
177.]

1883.—"It is now many years since Government, seeing the waste of forest
caused by JUMING, endeavoured to put a stop to the practice.... The
people JUMED as before, regardless of orders."—_Indian Agriculturist_,
Sept. (Calcutta).

1885.—"JUMING disputes often arose, one village against another, both
desiring to JUM the same tract of jungle, and these cases were very
troublesome to deal with. The JUMING season commences about the middle of
May, and the air is then darkened by the smoke from the numerous
clearings...." (Here follows an account of the process).—_Lt.-Col. Lewin,
A Fly on the Wheel_, 348 _seqq._

JIGGY-JIGGY, adv. Japanese equivalent for 'make haste!' The Chinese syllables _chih-chih_, given as the origin, mean 'straight, straight!' Qu. 'right ahead'? (_Bp. Moule_).

JILLMILL, s. Venetian shutters, or as they are called in Italy, _persiane_. The origin of the word is not clear. The Hind. word '_jhilmilā_' seems to mean 'sparkling,' and to have been applied to some kind of gauze. Possibly this may have been used for blinds, and thence transferred to shutters. [So Platts in his _H. Dict._] Or it may lave been an _onomatopoeia_, from the rattle of such shutters; or it may have been corrupted from a Port. word such as _janella_, 'a window.' All this is conjecture.

[1832.—"Besides the purdahs, the openings between the pillars have blinds
neatly made of bamboo strips, wove together with coloured cords: these
are called JHILLMUNS or cheeks" (see CHICK, A).—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali,
Observations_, i. 306.]

1874.—"The front (of a Bengal house) is generally long, exhibiting a
pillared verandah, or a row of French casements, and JILL-MILLED
windows."—_Calc. Review_, No. cxvii. 207.

JOCOLE, s. We know not what this word is; perhaps 'toys'? [Mr. W. Foster writes: "On looking up the I.O. copy of the _Ft. St. George Consultations_ for Nov. 22, 1703, from which Wheeler took the passage, I found that the word is plainly not JOCOLES, but JOCOLET, which is a not unusual form of CHOCOLATE." The _N.E.D._ s.v. _Chocolate_, gives as other forms _jocolatte_, _jacolatt_, _jocalat_.]

1703.—"... sent from the Patriarch to the Governor with a small present
of JOCOLES, oil, and wines."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 32.

JOGEE, s. Hind. _jogī_. A Hindu ascetic; and sometimes a 'conjuror.' From Skt. _yogīn_, one who practises the _yoga_, a system of meditation combined with austerities, which is supposed to induce miraculous power over elementary matter. In fact the stuff which has of late been propagated in India by certain persons, under the names of theosophy and esoteric Buddhism, is essentially the doctrine of the Jogis.

1298.—"There is another class of people called CHUGHI who ... form a
religious order devoted to the Idols. They are extremely long-lived,
every man of them living to 150 or 200 years ... there are certain
members of the Order who lead the most ascetic life in the world, going
stark naked."—_Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. ii. 351.

1343.—"We cast anchor by a little island near the main, ANCHEDIVA (q.v.),
where there was a temple, a grove, and a tank of water.... We found a
JOGĪ leaning against the wall of a _budkhāna_ or temple of idols"
(respecting whom he tells remarkable stories).—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 62-63,
and see p. 275.

c. 1442.—"The Infidels are divided into a great number of classes, such
as the Bramins, the JOGHIS and others."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in the
XVth Cent._, 17.

1498.—"They went and put in at Angediva ... there were good
water-springs, and there was in the upper part of the island a tank built
with stone, with very good water and much wood ... there were no
inhabitants, only a beggar-man whom they call JOGUEDES."—_Correa_, by
_Lord Stanley_, 239. Compare Ibn Batuta above. After 150 years, tank,
grove, and JOGI just as they were!

1510.—"The King of the IOGHE is a man of great dignity, and has about
30,000 people, and he is a pagan, he and all his subjects; and by the
pagan Kings he and his people are considered to be saints, on account of
their lives, which you shall hear ..."—_Varthema_, p. 111. Perhaps the
chief of the _Gorakhnātha_ Gosains, who were once very numerous on the
West Coast, and have still a settlement at Kadri, near Mangalore. See _P.
della Valle's_ notice below.

1516.—"And many of them noble and respectable people, not to be subject
to the Moors, go out of the Kingdom, and take the habit of poverty,
wandering the world ... they carry very heavy chains round their necks
and waists, and legs; and they smear all their bodies and faces with
ashes.... These people are commonly called JOGUES, and in their own
speech they are called _Zoame_ (see SWAMY) which means Servant of God....
These JOGUES eat all meats, and do not observe any idolatry."—_Barbosa_,
99-100.

1553.—"Much of the general fear that affected the inhabitants of that
city (Goa before its capture) proceeded from a Gentoo, of Bengal by
nation, who went about in the habit of a JOGUE, which is the straitest
sect of their Religion ... saying that the City would speedily have a new
Lord, and would be inhabited by a strange people, contrary to the will of
the natives."—_De Barros_, Dec. II. liv. v. cap. 3.

" "For this reason the place (Adam's Peak) is so famous among all
the Gentiledom of the East yonder, that they resort thither as pilgrims
from more than 1000 leagues off, and chiefly those whom they call JÓGUES,
who are as men who have abandoned the world and dedicated themselves to
God, and make great pilgrimages to visit the Temples consecrated to
him."—_Ibid._ Dec. III. liv. ii. cap. 1.

1563.—"... to make them fight, like the _cobras de capello_ which the
JOGUES carry about asking alms of the people, and these JOGUES are
certain heathen (_Gentios_) who go begging all about the country,
powdered all over with ashes, and venerated by all the poor heathen, and
by some of the Moors also...."—_Garcia_, f. 156_v_, 157.

[1567.—"JOGUES." See under CASIS.

[c. 1610.—"The Gentiles have also their Abedalles (_Abd-Allah_), which
are like to our hermits, and are called JOGUIES."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak.
Soc. i. 343.]

1624.—"Finally I went to see the King of the JOGIS (Gioghi) where he
dwelt at that time, under the shade of a cottage, and I found him roughly
occupied in his affairs as a man of the field and husbandman ... they
told me his name was _Batinata_, and that the hermitage and the place
generally was called Cadira (_Kadri_)."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 724; [Hak.
Soc. ii. 350, and see i. 37, 75].

[1667.—"I allude particularly to the people called JAUGUIS, a name which
signifies 'united to God.'"—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 316.]

1673.—"Near the Gate in a Choultry sate more than Forty naked JOUGIES, or
men united to God, covered with Ashes and pleited Turbats of their own
Hair."—_Fryer_, 160.

1727.—"There is another sort called JOUGIES, who ... go naked except a
bit of Cloth about their Loyns, and some deny themselves even that,
delighting in Nastiness, and an holy Obscenity, with a great Show of
Sanctity."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 152; [ed. 1744, i. 153].

1809.—

"Fate work'd its own the while. A band
Of YOGUEES, as they roamed the land
Seeking a spouse for Jaga-Naut their God,
Stray'd to this solitary glade."
_Curse of Kehama_, xiii. 16.

c. 1812.—"Scarcely ... were we seated when behold, there poured into the
space before us, not only all the YOGEES, Fakeers, and rogues of that
description ... but the King of the Beggars himself, wearing his peculiar
badge."—_Mrs. Sherwood_, (describing a visit to Henry Martyn at
Cawnpore), _Autobiog._, 415.

"_Apnē gānw kā_ JOGĪ _ān gānw kā sidh_." Hind. proverb: "The man who is a
JOGI in his own village is a deity in another."—Quoted by _Elliot_, ii.
207.

JOHN COMPANY, n.p. An old personification of the East India Company, by the natives often taken seriously, and so used, in former days. The term COMPANY is still applied in Sumatra by natives to the existing (Dutch) Government (see _H. O. Forbes, Naturalist's Wanderings_, 1885, p. 204). [_Dohāī_ COMPANY _Bahādur kī_ is still a common form of native appeal for justice, and COMPANY _Bāgh_ is the usual phrase for the public garden of a station. It has been suggested, but apparently without real reason, that the phrase is a corruption of COMPANY JAHĀN, "which has a fine sounding smack about it, recalling Shāh Jehān and Jehāngīr, and the golden age of the Moguls" (_G. A. Sala_, quoted in _Notes and Queries_, 8 ser. ii. 37). And Sir G. Birdwood writes: "The earliest coins minted by the English in India were of copper, stamped with a figure of an irradiated _lingam_, the phallic 'Roi Soleil.' The mintage of this coin is unknown (? Madras), but without doubt it must have served to ingratiate us with the natives of the country, and may have given origin to their personification of the Company under the potent title of KUMPANI JEHAN, which, in English mouths, became 'John Company'" (_Report on Old Records_, 222, note).]

[1784.—"Further, I knew that as simple Hottentots and Indians could form
no idea of the Dutch Company and its government and constitution, the
Dutch in India had given out that this was one mighty ruling prince who
was called JAN or JOHN, with the surname Company, which also procured for
them more reverence than if they could have actually made the people
understand that they were, in fact, ruled by a company of
merchants."—_Andreas Spurrmann, Travels to the Cape of Good Hope, the
South-Polar Lands, and round the World_, p. 347; see 9 ser. _Notes and
Queries_, vii. 34.]

1803.—(The Nawab) "much amused me by the account he gave of the manner in
which my arrival was announced to him.... '_Lord Sahab Ka bhànja, Company
ki nawasa teshrìf laià_'; literally translated, 'The Lord's sister's son,
and the grandson of the COMPANY, has arrived.'"—_Lord Valentia_, i. 137.

1808.—"However the business is pleasant now, consisting principally of
orders to countermand military operations, and preparations to save
JOHNNY COMPANY'S cash."—_Lord Minto in India_, 184.

1818-19.—"In England the ruling power is possessed by two parties, one
the King, who is Lord of the State, and the other the Honourable COMPANY.
The former governs his own country; and the latter, though only subjects,
exceed the King in power, and are the directors of mercantile
affairs."—_Sadāsukh_, in _Elliot_, viii. 411.

1826.—"He said that according to some accounts, he had heard the Company
was an old Englishwoman ... then again he told me that some of the Topee
wallas say 'JOHN COMPANY,' and he knew that _John_ was a man's name, for
his master was called John Brice, but he could not say to a certainty
whether '_Company_' was a man's or a woman's name."—_Pandurang Hari_, 60;
[ed. 1873, i. 83, in a note to which the phrase is said to be a
corruption of _Joint Company_].

1836.—"The jargon that the English speak to the natives is most absurd. I
call it 'JOHN COMPANY'S English,' which rather affronts Mrs.
Staunton."—_Letters from Madras_, 42.

1852.—"JOHN COMPANY, whatever may be his faults, is infinitely better
than Downing Street. If India were made over to the Colonial Office, I
should not think it worth three years' purchase."—_Mem. Col. Mountain_,
293.

1888.—"It fares with them as with the sceptics once mentioned by a
South-Indian villager to a Government official. Some men had been now and
then known, he said, to express doubt if there were any such person as
JOHN COMPANY; but of such it was observed that something bad soon
happened to them."—_Sat. Review_, Feb. 14, p. 220.

JOMPON, s. Hind. _jānpān_, _japān_, [which are not to be found in Platt's _Dict._]. A kind of sedan, or portable chair used chiefly by the ladies at the Hill Sanitaria of Upper India. It is carried by two pairs of men (who are called _Jomponnies_, _i.e._ _jānpānī_ or _japānī_), each pair bearing on their shoulders a short bar from which the shafts of the chair are slung. There is some perplexity as to the origin of the word. For we find in Crawfurd's _Malay Dict._ "_Jampana_ (Jav. _Jampona_), a kind of litter." Also the _Javanese Dict._ of P. Jansz (1876) gives: "_Djempånå_—dragstoel (_i.e._ portable chair), or sedan of a person of rank." [Klinkert has _jempana_, _djempana_, _sempana_ as a State sedan-chair, and he connects _sempana_ with Skt. _sam-panna_, 'that which has turned out well, fortunate.' Wilkinson has: "_jempana_, Skt.? a kind of State carriage or sedan for ladies of the court."] The word cannot, however, have been introduced into India by the officers who served in Java (1811-15), for its use is much older in the Himālaya, as may be seen from the quotation from P. Desideri.

It seems just possible that the name may indicate the thing to have been borrowed from _Japan_. But the fact that _dpyāṅ_ means 'hang' in Tibetan may indicate another origin.

Wilson, however, has the following: "_Jhámpán_, Bengali. A stage on which snake-catchers and other juggling vagabonds exhibit; a kind of sedan used by travellers in the Himalaya, written _Jámpaun_ (?)." [Both Platts and Fallon give the word _jhappān_ as Hind.; the former does not attempt a derivation; the latter gives Hind. _jhānp_, 'a cover,' and this on the whole seems to be the most probable etymology. It may have been originally in India, as it is now in the Straits, a closed litter for ladies of rank, and the word may have become appropriated to the open conveyance in which European ladies are carried.]

1716.—"The roads are nowhere practicable for a horseman, or for a JAMPAN,
a sort of palankin."—Letter of _P. Ipolito Desideri_, dated April 10, in
_Lettres Edif._ xv. 184.

1783.—(After a description) "... by these central poles the litter, or as
it is here called, the SAMPAN, is supported on the shoulders of four
men."—_Forster's Journey_, ed. 1808, ii. 3.

[1822.—"The CHUMPAUN, or as it is more frequently called, the CHUMPALA,
is the usual vehicle in which persons of distinction, especially females,
are carried...."—_Lloyd, Gerard, Narr._ i. 105.

[1842.—"... a conveyance called a JAUMPAUN, which is like a short
palankeen, with an arched top, slung on three poles (like what is called
a TONJON in India)...."—_Elphinstone, Caubul_, ed. 1842, i. 137.

[1849.—"A JHAPPAN is a kind of arm chair with a canopy and curtains; the
canopy, &c., can be taken off."—_Mrs. Mackenzie, Life in the Mission_,
ii. 103.]

1879.—"The gondola of Simla is the 'JAMPAN' or 'jampot,' as it is
sometimes called, on the same linguistic principle ... as that which
converts asparagus into sparrow-grass.... Every lady on the hills keeps
her JAMPAN and JAMPANEES ... just as in the plains she keeps her carriage
and footmen."—Letter in _Times_, Aug. 17.

JOOL, JHOOL, s. Hind. _jhūl_, supposed by Shakespear (no doubt correctly) to be a corrupt form of the Ar. _jull_, having much the same meaning; [but Platts takes it from _jhūlnā_, 'to dangle']. Housings, body clothing of a horse, elephant, or other domesticated animal; often a quilt, used as such. In colloquial use all over India. The modern Arabs use the plur. _jilāl_ as a singular. This Dozy defines as "couverture en laine plus ou moins ornée de dessins, très large, très chaude et enveloppant le poitrail et la croupe du cheval" (exactly the Indian _jhūl_)—also "ornement de soie qu'on étend sur la croupe des chevaux aux jours de fête."

[1819.—"Dr. Duncan ... took the JHOOL, or broadcloth housing from the
elephant...."—_Tod. Personal Narr._ in _Annals_, Calcutta reprint, i.
715.]

1880.—"Horse JHOOLS, &c., at shortest notice."—Advt. in _Madras Mail_,
Feb. 13.

JOOLA, s. Hind. _jhūlā_. The ordinary meaning of the word is 'a swing'; but in the Himālaya it is specifically applied to the rude suspension bridges used there.

[1812.—"There are several kinds of bridges constructed for the passage of
strong currents and rivers, but the most common are the _Sángha_ and
JHULA" (a description of both follows).—_Asiat. Res._ xi. 475.]

1830.—"Our chief object in descending to the Sutlej was to swing on a
JOOLAH bridge. The bridge consists of 7 grass ropes, about twice the
thickness of your thumb, tied to a single post on either bank. A piece of
the hollowed trunk of a tree, half a yard long, slips upon these ropes,
and from this 4 loops from the same grass rope depend. The passenger
hangs in the loops, placing a couple of ropes under each thigh, and holds
on by pegs in the block over his head; the signal is given, and he is
drawn over by an eighth rope."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 114.

JOSS, s. An idol. This is a corruption of the Portuguese _Deos_, 'God,' first taken up in the 'Pidgin' language of the Chinese ports from the Portuguese, and then adopted from that jargon by Europeans as if they had got hold of a Chinese word. [See CHIN-CHIN.]

1659.—"But the Devil (whom the Chinese commonly called JOOSJE) is a
mighty and powerful Prince of the World."—_Walter Schulz_, 17.

" "In a four-cornered cabinet in their dwelling-rooms, they have,
as it were, an altar, and thereon an image ... this they call
JOSIN."—_Saar_, ed. 1672, p. 27.

1677.—"All the Sinese keep a limning of the Devil in their houses....
They paint him with two horns on his head, and commonly call him JOSIE
(Joosje)."—_Gerret Vermeulen, Oost Indische Voyagie_, 33.

1711.—"I know but little of their Religion, more than that every Man has
a small JOSS or God in his own House."—_Lockyer_, 181.

1727.—"Their JOSSES or Demi-gods some of human shape, some of monstrous
Figure."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 266; [ed. 1744, ii. 265].

c. 1790.—

"Down with dukes, earls, and lords, those pagan JOSSES,
False gods! away with stars and strings and crosses."
_Peter Pindar_, Ode to Kien Long.

1798.—"The images which the Chinese worship are called JOOSTJE by the
Dutch, and JOSS by the English seamen. The latter is evidently a
corruption of the former, which being a Dutch nickname for the devil, was
probably given to these idols by the Dutch who first saw
them."—_Stavorinus_, E.T. i. 173.

This is of course quite wrong.

JOSS-HOUSE, s. An idol temple in China or Japan. From JOSS, as explained in the last article.

1750-52.—"The sailors, and even some books of voyages ... call the
pagodas YOSS-HOUSES, for on enquiring of a Chinese for the name of the
idol, he answers _Grande_ YOSS, instead of _Gran Dios_."—_Olof. Toreen_,
232.

1760-1810.—"On the 8th, 18th, and 28th day of the Moon those foreign
barbarians may visit the Flower Gardens, and the Honam JOSS-HOUSE, but
not in _droves_ of over ten at a time."—'8 Regulations' at Canton, from
_The Fankwae at Canton_ (1882), p. 29.

1840.—"Every town, every village, it is true, abounds with JOSS-HOUSES,
upon which large sums of money have been spent."—_Mem. Col. Mountain_,
186.

1876.—"... the fantastic gables and tawdry ornaments of a large
JOSS-HOUSE, or temple."—_Fortnightly Review_, No. cliii. 222.

1876:—

"One Tim Wang he makee-tlavel,
Makee stop one night in JOSS-HOUSE."
_Leland, Pidgin-English Sing-Song_, p. 42.

Thus also in "pidgin," JOSS-HOUSE-_man_ or JOSS-_pidgin-man_ is a priest,
or a missionary.

JOSTICK, JOSS-STICK, s. A stick of fragrant tinder (powdered _costus_, sandalwood, &c.) used by the Chinese as incense in their temples, and formerly exported for use as cigar-lights. The name appears to be from the temple use. (See PUTCHOCK.)