Chapter LXXXI: Section II: runs (5)

"These were some of the most important of the golden rules carried out by
men who recognised the responsibility of their situation; and with an
adored chief, in the shape of Yule, for their ruler, whose firm,
judicious, and gentlemanly conduct made them work with willing hearts,
their endeavours were crowned with a success which far exceeded the
expectations of the most sanguine...."—_Sonthalia and the Sonthals_, by
_E. G. Man_, Barrister-at-Law, &c. Calcutta, 1867, pp. 125-127.

SOODRA, SOODER, s. Skt. _śudra_, [usually derived from root _śuć_, 'to be afflicted,' but probably of non-Aryan origin]. The (theoretical) Fourth Caste of the Hindus. In South India, there being no claimants of the 2nd or 3rd classes, the highest castes among the (so-called) _Śudras_ come next after the Brahmans in social rank, and _śudra_ is a note of respect, not of the contrary as in Northern India.

1630.—"The third Tribe or Cast, called the SHUDDERIES."—_Lord, Display_,
&c., ch. xii.

1651.—"La quatrième lignée est celle des SOUDRAES; elle est composée du
commun peuple: cette lignée a sous soy beaucoup et diverses familles,
dont une chacune prétend surpasser l'autre...."—_Abr. Roger_, Fr. ed.
1670, p. 8.

[c. 1665.—"The fourth caste is called CHARADOS or SOUDRA."—_Tavernier_,
ed. _Ball_, ii. 184.

[1667.—"... and fourthly, the tribe of SEYDRA, or artisans and
labourers."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 325.]

1674.—"The ... CHUDRER (these are the Nayres)."—_Faria y Sousa_, ii. 710.

1717.—"The Brahmens and the _Tschuddirers_ are the proper persons to
satisfy your Enquiries."—_Phillips, An Account of the Religion_, &c., 14.

1858.—"Such of the Aborigines as yet remained were formed into a fourth
class, the ÇUDRA, a class which has no rights, but only
duties."—_Whitney, Or. and Ling. Studies_, ii. 6.

1867.—"A Brahman does not stand aloof from a SOUDRA with a keener pride
than a Greek Christian shows towards a Copt."—_Dixon, New America_, 7th
ed. i. 276.

SOOJEE, SOOJY, s. Hind. _sūjī_, [which comes probably from Skt. _śuci_, 'pure']; a word curiously misinterpreted "the coarser part of pounded wheat") by the usually accurate Shakespear. It is, in fact, the fine flour, made from the heart of the wheat, used in India to make bread for European tables. It is prepared by grinding between two millstones which are not in close contact. [_Sūjī_ "is a granular meal obtained by moistening the grain overnight, then grinding it. The fine flour passes through a coarse sieve, leaving the SUJI and bran above. The latter is got rid of by winnowing, and the round, granular meal or SUJI, composed of the harder pieces of the grain, remains" (_Watt, Econ. Dict._ VI. pt. iv. 167).] It is the _semolina_ of Italy. Bread made from this was called in Low Latin _simella_; Germ. _Semmelbrödchen_, and old English _simnel-cakes_. A kind of porridge made with _soojee_ is often called _soojee_ simply. (See ROLONG.)

1810.—"Bread is not made of flour, but of the heart of the wheat, which
is very fine, ground into what is called SOOJY.... SOOJY is frequently
boiled into 'stirabout' for breakfast, and eaten with milk, salt, and
butter; though some of the more zealous may be seen to moisten it with
porter."—_Williamson, V.M._ ii. 135-136.

1878.—"SUJEE flour, ground coarse, and water."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i.
213.

SOORKY, s. Pounded brick used to mix with lime to form a hydraulic mortar. Hind. from Pers. _surkhī_, 'red-stuff.'

c. 1770.—"The terrace roofs and floors of the rooms are laid with fine
pulverized stones, which they call ZURKEE; these are mixed up with
lime-water, and an inferior kind of molasses, and in a short time grow as
hard and as smooth, as if the whole were one large stone."—_Stavorinus_,
E.T. i. 514.

1777.—"The inquiry verified the information. We found a large group of
miserable objects confined by order of Mr. Mills; some were simply so;
some under sentence from him to beat SALKEY."—_Report of Impey and
others_, quoted in _Stephen's Nuncomar and Impey_, ii. 201.

1784.—"One lack of 9-inch bricks, and about 1400 maunds of
SOORKY."—_Notifn._ in _Seton-Karr_, i. 34; see also ii. 15.

1811.—"The road from Calcutta to Baracpore ... like all the Bengal roads
it is paved with bricks, with a layer of SULKY, or broken bricks over
them."—_Solvyns, Les Hindous_, iii. The word is misused as well as
miswritten here. The substance in question is KHOA (q.v.).

SOORMA, s. Hind. from Pers. _surma_. Sulphuret of antimony, used for the purpose of darkening the eyes, _kuḥl_ of the Arabs, the _stimmi_ and _stibium_ of the ancients. With this Jezebel "painted her eyes" (2 _Kings_, ix. 30; _Jeremiah_, iv. 30 R.V.) "With it, I believe, is often confounded the sulphuret of lead, which in N. India is called _soormee_ (_ee_ is the feminine termination in Hindust.), and used as a substitute for the former: a mistake not of recent occurrence only, as Sprengel says, '_Distinguit vero Plinius marem a feminâ_'" (_Royle_, on _Ant. of Hindu Medicine_, 100). [See _Watt, Econ. Dict._ i. 271.]

[1766.—"The powder is called by them SURMA; which they pretend refreshes
and cools the eye, besides exciting its lustre, by the ambient
blackness."—_Grose_, 2nd ed. ii. 142.]

[1829.—"SOORMA, or the oxide of antimony, is found on the western
frontier."—_Tod, Annals_, Calcutta reprint, i. 13.

[1832.—"SULMAH—A prepared permanent black dye, from antimony...."—_Mrs.
Meer Hassan Ali, Observations_, ii. 72.]

SOOSIE, s. Hind. from Pers. _sūsī_. Some kind of silk cloth, but we know not what kind. [Sir G. Birdwood (_Industr. Arts_, 246) defines _sūsīs_ as "fine-coloured cloths, made chiefly at Battala and Sialkote, striped in the direction of the warp with silk, or cotton lines of a different colour, the cloth being called _dokanni_ [_dokhānī_], 'in two stripes' if the stripe has two lines, if three, _tinkanni_ [_tīnkhānī_], and so on." In the Punjab it is 'a striped stuff used for women's trousers. This is made of fine thread, and is one of the fabrics in which English thread is now largely used' (_Francis, Mon. on Cotton Manufactures_, 7). A silk fabric of the same name is made in the N.W.P., where it is classed as a variety of _chārkhāna_, or check (_Yusuf Ali, Mon. on Silk_, 93). Forbes Watson (_Textile Manufactures_, 85) speaks of _Sousee_ as chiefly employed for trousering, being a mixture of cotton and silk. The word seems to derive its origin from _Susa_, the Biblical _Shushan_, the capital of Susiana or Elam, and from the time of Darius I. the chief residence of the Achaemenian kings. There is ample evidence to show that fabrics from Babylon were largely exported in early times. Such was perhaps the "Babylonish garment" found at Ai (_Josh._ vii. 21), which the R.V. marg. translates as a "mantle of Shinar". This a writer in Smith's _Dict. of the Bible_ calls "robes trimmed with valuable furs, or the skins themselves ornamented with embroidery" (i. 452). These Babylonian fabrics have been often described (see _Layard, Nineveh and Babylon_, 537; _Maspero, Dawn of Civ._, 470, 758; _Encycl. Bibl._ ii. 1286 _seq._; _Frazer, Pausanias_, iii. 545 _seq._). An early reference to this old trade in costly cloths will be found in the quotation from the _Periplus_ under CHINA, which has been discussed by Sir H. Yule (_Introd._ to _Gill, River of Golden Sand_, ed. 1883, p. 88 _seq._). This _Sūsī_ cloth appears in a log of 1746 as SOACIE, and was known to the Portuguese in 1550 as SOAJES (_J. R. As. Soc._, Jan. 1900, p. 158.)]

[1667.—"... 2 patch of ye finest with what colours you thinke handsome
for my own wear Chockoles and SUSAES."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak.
Soc. ii. cclxii.

[1690.—"It (Suratt) is renown'd ... for SOOSEYS...."—_Ovington_, 218.

[1714-20.—In an inventory of Sir J. Fellowes: "A SUSA
window-curtain."—2nd ser. _N. & Q._ vi. 244.]

1784.—"Four cassimeers of different colours; Patna dimity, and striped
SOOSIES."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 42.

SOPHY, n.p. The name by which the King of Persia was long known in Europe—"The _Sophy_," as the Sultan of Turkey was "The Turk" or "Grand Turk," and the King of Delhi the "Great Mogul." This title represented _Sūfī_, _Safavī_, or _Safī_, the name of the dynasty which reigned over Persia for more than two centuries (1449-1722, nominally to 1736). The first king of the family was Isma'il, claiming descent from 'Ali and the Imāms, through a long line of persons of saintly reputation at Ardebil. The surname of Sūfī or Safī assumed by Isma'il is generally supposed to have been taken from Shaikh Safī-ud-dīn, the first of his more recent ancestors to become famous, and who belonged to the class of Sūfīs or philosophic devotees. After Isma'il the most famous of the dynasty was Shāh Abbās (1585-1629).

c. 1524.—"Susiana, quae est Shushan Palatium illud regni
SOPHII."—_Abraham Peritsol_, in _Hyde, Syntagma Dissertt._ i. 76.

1560.—"De que o SUFI foy contente, e mandou gente em su
ajuda."—_Terceiro_, ch. i.

" "Quae regiones nomine Persiae ei regnantur quem Turcae
_Chislibas_, nos SOPHI vocamus."—_Busbeq. Epist._ iii. (171).

1561.—"The Queenes Maiesties _Letters to the great_ SOPHY _of Persia,
sent by_ M. Anthonie Ienkinson.

"Elizabetha Dei gratia Angliae Franciae et Hiberinae Regina, &c.
Potentissimo et inuictissimo Principi, Magno SOPHI Persarum, Medorum,
Hircanorum, Carmanorum, Margianorum, populorum cis et vltra Tygrim
fluuium, et omnium intra Mare Caspium et Persicum Sinum nationum atque
Gentium Imperatori salutem et rerum prosperarum foelicissimum
incrementum."—In _Hakl._ i. 381.

[1568.—"The King of Persia (whom here we call the great SOPHY) is not
there so called, but is called the Shaugh. It were dangerous to call him
by the name of SOPHY, because that SOPHY in the Persian tongue is a
beggar, and it were as much as to call him The great beggar."—_Geffrey
Ducket_, _ibid._ i. 447.]

1598.—"And all the Kings continued so with the name of Xa, which in
Persia is a King, and Ishmael is a proper name, whereby Xa Ismael, and Xa
Thamas are as much as to say King Ismael, and King Thamas, and of the
Turkes and Rumes are called SUFFY or SOFFY, which signifieth a great
Captaine."—_Linschoten_, ch. xxvii.; [Hak. Soc. i. 173].

1601.—"_Sir Toby._ Why, man, he's a very devil: I have not seen such a
firago....

"They say, he has been fencer to the SOPHY."—_Twelfth Night_, III. iv.

[c. 1610.—"This King or SOPHY, who is called the Great Chaa."—_Pyrard de
Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 253.]

1619.—"Alla porta di Sciah SOFÌ, si sonarono nacchere tutto il giorno: ed
insomma tutta la città e tutto il popolo andò in allegrezza, concorrendo
infinita gente alla meschita di Schia SOFÌ, a far _Gratiarum
actionem_."—_P. della Valle_, i. 808.

1626.—

"Were it to bring the Great Turk bound in chains
Through France in triumph, or to couple up
The SOPHY and great Prester-John together;
I would attempt it."
_Beaum. & Fletch., The Noble Gentleman_, v. 1.

c. 1630.—"Ismael at his Coronation proclaim'd himself King of _Persia_ by
the name of _Pot-shaw_ (PADSHAW)-_Ismael_-SOPHY. Whence that word SOPHY
was borrowed is much controverted. Whether it be from the Armenian idiom,
signifying Wooll, of which the Shashes are made that ennobled his new
order. Whether the name was from SOPHY his grandsire, or from the Greek
word _Sophos_ imposed upon _Aydar_ at his conquest of _Trebizond_ by the
Greeks there, I know not. Since then, many have called the Kings of
Persia SOPHY'S: but I see no reason for it; since _Ismael's_ son, grand
and great grandsons Kings of _Persia_ never continued that name, till
this that now reigns, whose name indeed is _Soffee_, but casuall."—_Sir
T. Herbert_, ed. 1638, 286.

1643.—"Y avoit vn Ambassadeur Persien qui auoit esté enuoyé en Europe de
la part du Grand SOPHY Roy de Perse."—_Mocquet, Voyages_, 269.

1665.—

"As when the Tartar from his Russian foe,
By Astracan, over the snowy plains
Retires; or Bactrian SOPHY, from the horns
Of Turkish crescent, leaves all waste beyond
The realm of Aladule, in his retreat
To Tauris or Casbeen...."
_Paradise Lost_, x. 431 _seqq._

1673.—"But the SUFFEE'S Vicar-General is by his Place the Second Person
in the Empire, and always the first Minister of State."—_Fryer_, 338.

1681.—"La quarta parte comprehende el Reyno de Persia, cuyo Señor se
llama en estos tiempos, el Gran SOPHI."—_Martinez, Compendio_, 6.

1711.—"In Consideration of the Company's good Services ... they had half
of the Customs of _Gombroon_ given them, and their successors, by a
Firman from the SOPHI or Emperor."—_Lockyer_, 220.

1727.—"The whole Reign of the last _Sophi_ or King, was managed by such
Vermin, that the _Ballowches_ and _Mackrans_ ... threw off the Yoke of
Obedience first, and in full Bodies fell upon their Neighbours in
_Caramania_."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 108; [ed. 1744, i. 105].

1815.—"The SUFFAVEAN monarchs were revered and deemed holy on account of
their descent from a saint."—_Malcolm, H. of Pers._ ii. 427.

1828.—"It is thy happy destiny to follow in the train of that brilliant
star whose light shall shed a lustre on Persia, unknown since the days of
the earlier SOOFEES."—_J. B. Fraser, The Kuzzilbash_, i. 192.

SOUBA, SOOBAH, s. Hind. from Pers. _ṣūba_. A large Division or Province of the Mogul Empire (_e.g._ the _Ṣūbah_ of the Deccan, the _Ṣūbah_ of Bengal). The word is also frequently used as short for _Sūbadār_ (see SOUBADAR), 'the Viceroy' (over a _ṣūba_). It is also "among the Maraṭhas sometimes applied to a smaller division comprising from 5 to 8 _ṭarafs_" (_Wilson_).

c. 1594.—"In the fortieth year of his majesty's reign, his dominions
consisted of 105 SIRCARS.... The empire was then parcelled into 12 grand
divisions, and each was committed to the government of a SOOBADAR ...
upon which occasion the Sovereign of the world distributed 12 Lacks of
beetle. The names of the SOOBAHS were Allahabad, Agra, Owdh, Ajmeer,
Ahmedabad, Bahar, Bengal, Dehly, Cabul, Lahoor, Multan, and Malwa: when
his majesty conquered Berar, Khandeess, and Ahmednagur, they were formed
into three SOOBAHS, increasing the number to 15."—_Ayeen_, ed. _Gladwin_,
ii. 1-5; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 115].

1753.—"Princes of this rank are called SUBAHS. _Nizam al muluck_ was
SUBAH of the _Decan_ (or Southern) provinces.... The Nabobs of
_Condanore_, _Cudapah_, _Carnatica_, _Yalore_, &c., the Kings of
_Tritchinopoly_, _Mysore_, _Tanjore_, are subject to this SUBAH-ship.
Here is a subject ruling a larger empire than any in Europe, excepting
that of the Muscovite."—_Orme, Fragments_, 398-399.

1760.—"Those Emirs or Nabobs, who govern great Provinces, are stiled
SUBAHS, which imports the same as Lord-Lieutenants or
Vice-Roys."—_Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal_, p. 6.

1763.—"From the word SOUBAH, signifying a province, the Viceroy of this
vast territory (the Deccan) is called SOUBAHDAR, and by the Europeans
improperly SOUBAH."—_Orme_, i. 35.

1765.—"Let us have done with this ringing of changes upon SOUBAHS;
there's no end to it. Let us boldly dare to be SOUBAH
ourselves...."—_Holwell, Hist. Events_, &c., i. 183.

1783.—"They broke their treaty with him, in which they stipulated to pay
400,000_l._ a year to the SUBAH of Bengal."—_Burke's Speech on Fox's
India Bill, Works_, iii. 468.

1804.—"It is impossible for persons to have behaved in a more shuffling
manner than the SOUBAH'S servants have...."—_Wellington_, ed. 1837, iii.
11.

1809.—"These (pillars) had been removed from a sacred building by
Monsieur Dupleix, when he assumed the rank of SOUBAH."—_Lord Valentia_,
i. 373.

1823.—"The Delhi Sovereigns whose vast empire was divided into SOUBAHS,
or Governments, each of which was ruled by a SOUBAHDAR or
Viceroy."—_Malcolm, Cent. India_, i. 2.

SOUBADAR, SUBADAR, s. Hind. from Pers. _ṣūbadār_, 'one holding a _ṣūba_' (see SOUBA).

A. The Viceroy, or Governor of a _ṣūba_.

B. A local commandant or chief officer.

C. The chief native officer of a company of Sepoys; under the original constitution of such companies, its actual captain.

A. See SOUBA.

B.—

1673.—"The SUBIDAR of the Town being a Person of Quality ... he (the
Ambassador) thought good to give him a Visit."—_Fryer_, 77.

1805.—"The first thing that the SUBIDAR of Vire Rajendra Pettah did, to
my utter astonishment, was to come up and give me such a shake by the
hand, as would have done credit to a Scotsman."—Letter in _Leyden's
Life_, 49.

C.—

1747.—"14th September.... Read the former from Tellicherry adviseing that
... in a day or two they shall despatch another SUBIDAR with 129 more
Sepoys to our assistance."—MS. _Consultations at Fort St. David_, in
_India Office_.

1760.—"One was the SUBAHDAR, equivalent to the Captain of a
Company."—_Orme_, iii. 610.

c. 1785.—"... the SUBAHDARS or commanding officers of the black
troops."—_Carraccioli, L. of Clive_, iii. 174.

1787.—"A Troop of Native Cavalry on the present Establishment consists of
1 European Subaltern, 1 European Serjeant, 1 SUBIDAR, 3 JEMADARS, 4
HAVILDARS, 4 Naiques (NAIK), 1 Trumpeter, 1 Farrier, and 68
Privates."—_Regns. for the Hon. Comp.'s Black Troops on the Coast of
Coromandel_, &c., p. 6.

[SOUDAGUR, s. P.—H. _saudāgar_, Pers. _saudā_, 'goods for sale'; a merchant, trader; now very often applied to those who sell European goods in civil stations and cantonments.

[1608.—"... and kill the merchants (SODAGARES mercadores)."—_Livras das
Moncoẽs_, i. 183.

[c. 1809.—"The term SOUDAGUR, which implies merely a principal merchant,
is here (Behar) usually given to those who keep what the English of India
call EUROPE shops; that is, shops where all sorts of goods imported from
Europe, and chiefly consumed by Europeans, are retailed."—_Buchanan,
Eastern India_, i. 375.

[c. 1817.—"This sahib was a very rich man, a SOUDAGUR...."—_Mrs.
Sherwood, Last Days of Boosy_, 84.]

SOURSOP, s.

A. The fruit _Anona muricata_, L., a variety of the CUSTARD APPLE. This kind is not well known on the Bengal side of India, but it is completely naturalised at Bombay. The terms _soursop_ and _sweetsop_ are, we believe, West Indian.

B. In a note to the passage quoted below, Grainger identifies the _soursop_ with the _suirsack_ of the Dutch. But in this, at least as regards use in the East Indies, there is some mistake. The latter term, in old Dutch writers on the East, seems always to apply to the Common JACK fruit, the 'sourjack,' in fact, as distinguished from the superior kinds, especially the _champada_ of the Malay Archipelago.

A.—

1764.—

"... a neighbouring hill
Which Nature to the SOURSOP had resigned."
_Grainger_, Bk. 2.

B.—

1659.—"There is another kind of tree (in Ceylon) which they call SURSACK
... which has leaves like a laurel, and bears its fruit, not like other
trees on twigs from the branches, but on the trunk itself...."
&c.—_Saar_, ed. 1672, p. 84.

1661.—Walter Schulz says that the famous fruit Jaka was called by the
Netherlanders in the Indies SOORSACK.—p. 236.

1675.—"The whole is planted for the most part with coco-palms, mangoes,
and SUURSACKS."—_Ryklof van Goens_, in _Valentijn, Ceylon_, 223.

1768-71.—"The SURSAK-tree has a fruit of a similar kind with the durioon
(DURIAN), but it is not accompanied by such a fetid smell."—_Stavorinus_,
E.T. i. 236.

1778.—"The one which yields smaller fruit, without seed, I found at
Columbo, Gale, and several other places. The name by which it is properly
known here is the _Maldivian_ SOUR SACK, and its use here is less
universal than that of the other sort, which ... weighs 30 or 40
lbs."—_Thunberg_, E.T. iv. 255.

[1833.—"Of the eatable fruited kinds above referred to, the most
remarkable are the SWEETSOP, SOUR SOP, and cherimoyer...."—_Penny Cycl._
ii. 54.]

SOWAR, SUWAR, s. Pers. _sawār_, 'a horseman.' A native cavalry soldier; a mounted orderly. In the Greek provinces in Turkey, the word is familiar in the form σουβάρις, pl. σουβαρίδες, for a mounted gendarme. [The regulations for _suwārs_ in the Mogul armies are given by _Blochmann_, _Āīn_, i. 244 _seq._]

1824-5.—"... The SOWARS who accompanied him."—_Heber_, Orig. i. 404.

1827.—"Hartley had therefore no resource save to keep his eye steadily
fixed on the lighted match of the SOWAR ... who rode before him."—_Sir W.
Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xiii.

[1830.—"... Meerza, an ASSWAR well known on the Collector's
establishment."—_Or. Sport. Mag._ reprint 1873, i. 390.]

SOWAR, SHOOTER-, s. Hind. from Pers. _shutur-sawār_, the rider of a dromedary or swift camel. Such riders are attached to the establishment of the Viceroy on the march, and of other high officials in Upper India. The word _sowar_ is quite misused by the Great Duke in the passage below, for a camel-_driver_, a sense it never has. The word written, or intended, may however have been SURWAUN (q.v.)

[1815.—"As we approached the camp his oont-SURWARS (camel-riders) went
ahead of us."—_Journal, Marquess of Hastings_, i. 337.]

1834.—"I ... found a fresh horse at Sufter Jung's tomb, and at the Kutub
(COOTUB) a couple of riding camels and an attendant SHUTUR SUWAR."—_Mem.
of Col. Mountain_, 129.

[1837.—"There are twenty SHOOTER SUWARS (I have not an idea how I ought
to spell those words), but they are native soldiers mounted on swift
camels, very much _trapped_, and two of them always ride before our
carriage."—_Miss Eden, Up the Country_, i. 31.]

1840.—"Sent a SHUTA SARWAR (camel driver) off with an express to
Simla."—_Osborne, Court and Camp of Runj. Singh_, 179.

1842.—"At Peshawur, it appears by the papers I read last night, that they
have camels, but no SOWARS, or drivers."—Letter of _D. of Wellington_, in
_Indian Administration of Ld. Ellenborough_, 228.

1857.—"I have given general notice of the SHUTUR SOWAR going into Meerut
to all the Meerut men."—_H. Greathed's Letters during Siege of Delhi_,
42.

SOWARRY, SUWARREE, s. Hind. from Pers. _sawārī_. A cavalcade, a cortège of mounted attendants.

1803.—"They must have tents, elephants, and other SEWARY; and must have
with them a sufficient body of troops to guard their persons."—_A.
Wellesley_, in _Life of Munro_, i. 346.

1809.—"He had no SAWARRY."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 388.

1814.—"I was often reprimanded by the Zemindars and native officers, for
leaving the SUWARREE, or state attendants, at the outer gate of the city,
when I took my evening excursion."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii. 420; [2nd ed.
ii. 372].

[1826.—"The 'ASWARY,' or suite of Trimbuckje, arrived at the
palace."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 119.]

1827.—"Orders were given that on the next day all should be in readiness
for the SOWARREE, a grand procession, when the Prince was to receive the
Begum as an honoured guest."—_Sir Walter Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter_,
ch. xiv.

c. 1831.—"Je tâcherai d'éviter toute la poussière de ces immenses
SOWARRIS."—_Jacquemont, Corresp._ ii. 121.

[1837.—"The Raja of Benares came with a very magnificent SURWARREE of
elephants and camels."—_Miss Eden, Up the Country_, i. 35.]

SOWARRY CAMEL, s. A swift or riding camel. See SOWAR, SHOOTER-.

1835.—"'I am told you dress a camel beautifully,' said the young
Princess, 'and I was anxious to ... ask you to instruct my people how to
attire a SAWĀRĪ CAMEL.' This was flattering me on a very weak point:
there is but one thing in the world that I perfectly understand, and that
is how to dress a camel."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, ii. 36.

SOWCAR, s. Hind. _sāhūkār_; alleged to be from Skt. _sādhu_, 'right,' with the Hind. affix _kār_, 'doer'; Guj. Mahr. _sāvakār_. A native banker; corresponding to the CHETTY of S. India.

1803.—"You should not confine your dealings to one SOUCAR. Open a
communication with every SOUCAR in Poonah, and take money from any man
who will give it you for bills."—_Wellington, Desp._, ed. 1837, ii. 1.

1826.—"We were also SAHOUKARS, and granted bills of exchange upon Bombay
and Madras, and we advanced moneys upon interest."—_Pandurang Hari_, 174;
[ed. 1873, i. 251].

[In the following the word is confounded with SOWAR:

[1877.—"It was the habit of the SOWARS, as the goldsmiths are called, to
bear their wealth upon their persons."—_Mrs. Guthrie, My Year in an
Indian Fort_, i. 294.]

SOY, s. A kind of condiment once popular. The word is Japanese _si-yau_ (a young Japanese fellow-passenger gave the pronunciation clearly as _sho-yu_.—A. B.), Chin. _shi-yu_. [Mr. Platts (9 ser. _N. & Q._ iv. 475) points out that in Japanese as written with the native character _soy_ would not be _siyau_, but _siyau-yu_; in the Romanised Japanese this is simplified to _shoyu_ (colloquially this is still further reduced, by dropping the final vowel, to _shoy_ or _soy_). Of this monosyllable only the _so_ represents the classical _siyau_; the final consonant (_y_) is a relic of the termination _yu_. The Japanese word is itself derived from the Chinese, which at Shanghai is _sze-yu_, at Amoy, _si-iu_, at Canton, _shi-yau_, of which the first element means 'salted beans,' or other fruits, dried and used as condiments; the second element merely means 'oil.'] It is made from the beans of a plant common in the Himālaya and E. Asia, and much cultivated, viz. _Glycine Soja_, Sieb. and Zucc. (_Soya hispida_, Moench.), boiled down and fermented. [In India the bean is eaten in places where it is cultivated, as in Chutia Nāgpur (_Watt, Econ. Dict._ iii. 510 _seq._)]

1679.—"... Mango and SAIO, two sorts of sauces brought from the East
Indies."—_Journal of John Locke_, in _Ld. King's Life of L._, i. 249.

1688.—"I have been told that SOY is made with a fishy composition, and it
seems most likely by the Taste; tho' a Gentleman of my Acquaintance who
was very intimate with one that sailed often from Tonquin to Japan, from
whence the true _Soy_ comes, told me that it was made only with Wheat and
a sort of Beans mixt with Water and Salt."—_Dampier_, ii. 28.

1690.—"... SOUY, the choicest of all Sawces."—_Ovington_, 397.

1712.—"Hoc legumen in coquinâ Japonicâ utramque replet paginam; ex eo
namque conficitur: tum puls _Miso_ dicta, quae ferculis pro consistentiâ,
et butyri loco additur, butyrum enim hôc coelô res ignota est; tum SOOJU
dictum embamma, quod nisi ferculis, certè frictis et assatis omnibus
affunditur."—_Kaempfer, Amoen. Exot._ p. 839.

1776.—An elaborate account of the preparation of Soy is given by
_Thunberg, Travels_, E.T. iv. 121-122; and more briefly by Kaempfer on
the page quoted above.

[1900.—"Mushrooms shred into small pieces, flavoured with _shoyu_"
(SOY).—_Mrs. Frazer, A Diplomatist's Wife in Japan_, i. 238.]

SPIN, s. An unmarried lady; popular abbreviation of 'Spinster.' [The Port. equivalent _soltera_ (_soltiera_) was used in a derogatory sense (_Gray_, note on _Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 128).]

SPONGE-CAKE, s. This well-known form of cake is called throughout Italy _pane di Spagna_, a fact that suggested to us the possibility that the English name is really a corruption of _Spanish-cake_. The name in Japan tends to confirm this, and must be our excuse for introducing the term here.

1880.—"There is a cake called _kasateira_ resembling SPONGE-CAKE.... It
is said to have been introduced by the Spaniards, and that its name is a
corruption of _Castilla_."—_Miss Bird's Japan_, i. 235.

SPOTTED-DEER, s. _Axis maculatus_ of Gray; [_Cervus axis_ of Blanford (_Mammalia_, 546)]; Hind. _chītal_, Skt. _chitra_, 'spotted.'

1673.—"The same Night we travelled easily to Megatana, using our
Fowling-Pieces all the way, being here presented with Rich Game, as
Peacocks, Doves, and Pigeons, _Chitrels_, or SPOTTED DEER."—_Fryer_, 71.

[1677.—"SPOTTED DEARE we shall send home, some by y^e Europe ships, if
they touch here."—_Forrest, Bombay Letters_, i. 140.]

1679.—"There being conveniency in this place for ye breeding up of
SPOTTED DEER, which the Hon'ble Company doe every yeare order to be sent
home for His Majesty, it is ordered that care be taken to breed them up
in this Factory (Madapollam), to be sent home accordingly."—_Ft. St.
George Council_ (on Tour), 16th April, in _Notes and Exts., Madras_,
1871.

1682.—"This is a fine pleasant situation, full of great shady trees, most
of them _Tamarins_, well stored with peacocks and SPOTTED DEER like our
fallow-deer."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct. 16; [Hak. Soc. i. 39].

SQUEEZE, s. This is used in Anglo-Chinese talk for an illegal exaction. It is, we suppose, the translation of a Chinese expression. It corresponds to the _malatolta_ of the Middle Ages, and to many other slang phrases in many tongues.

1882.—"If the licence (of the Hong merchants) ... was costly, it secured
to them uninterrupted and extraordinary pecuniary advantages; but on the
other hand it subjected them to 'calls' or 'SQUEEZES' for contributions
to public works, ... for the relief of districts suffering from scarcity
... as well as for the often imaginary ... damage caused by the
overflowing of the 'Yangtse Keang' or the 'Yellow River.'"—_The Fankwae
at Canton_, p. 36.

STATION, s. A word of constant recurrence in Anglo-Indian colloquial. It is the usual designation of the place where the English officials of a district, or the officers of a garrison (not in a fortress) reside. Also the aggregate society of such a place.

[1832.—"The nobles and gentlemen are frequently invited to witness a
'STATION ball.'..."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Observations_, i. 196.]

1866.—

"And if I told how much I ate at one Mofussil STATION,
I'm sure 'twould cause at home a most extraordinary sensation."
_Trevelyan, The Dawk Bungalow_, in _Fraser_, lxxiii. p. 391.

" "Who asked the STATION to dinner, and allowed only one glass of
SIMKIN to each guest."—_Ibid._ 231.

STEVEDORE, s. One employed to stow the cargo of a ship and to unload it. The verb _estivar_ [Lat. _stipare_] is used both in Sp. and Port. in the sense of stowing cargo, implying originally to pack close, as to press wool. _Estivador_ in the sense of a wool-packer only is given in the Sp. Dictionaries, but no doubt has been used in every sense of _estivar_. See _Skeat_, s.v.

STICK-INSECT, s. The name commonly applied to certain orthopterous insects, of the family _Phasmidae_, which have the strongest possible resemblance to dry twigs or pieces of stick, sometimes 6 or 7 inches in length.

1754.—"The other remarkable animal which I met with at _Cuddalore_ was
the ANIMATED STALK, of which there are different kinds. Some appear like
dried straws tied together, others like grass...."—_Ives_, 20.

1860.—"The STICK-INSECT.—The _Phasmidae_ or spectres ... present as close
a resemblance to small branches, or leafless twigs, as their congeners do
to green leaves...."—_Tennent, Ceylon_, i. 252.

[STICKLAC, s. LAC encrusted on sticks, which in this form is collected in the jungles of Central India.

[1880.—"Where, however, there is a regular trade in STICK-LAC, the
propagation of the insect is systematically carried on by those who wish
for a certain and abundant crop."—_Ball, Jungle Life_, 308.]

STINK-WOOD, s. _Foetidia Mauritiana_, Lam., a myrtaceous plant of Mauritius, called there _Bois puant_. "At the Carnival in Goa, one of the sports is to drop bits of this STINK-WOOD into the pockets of respectable persons."—_Birdwood_ (MS.).

STRIDHANA, STREEDHANA, s. Skt. _stri-dhana_, 'women's property.' A term of Hindu Law, applied to certain property belonging to a woman, which follows a law of succession different from that which regulates other property. The term is first to be found in the works of Jones and Colebrooke (1790-1800), but has recently been introduced into European scientific treatises. [See Mayne, _Hindu Law_, 541 _seqq._]

1875.—"The settled property of a married woman ... is well known to the
Hindoos under the name of STRIDHAN."—_Maine, Early Institutions_, 321.

STUPA. See TOPE.

SUÁKIN, n.p. This name, and the melancholy victories in its vicinity, are too familiar now to need explanation. Arab. _Sawákin_.

c. 1331.—"This very day we arrived at the island of SAWĀKIN. It is about
6 miles from the mainland, and has neither drinkable water, nor corn, nor
trees. Water is brought in boats, and there are cisterns to collect rain
water...."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 161-2.

1526.—"The Preste continued speaking with our people, and said to Don
Rodrigo that he would have great pleasure and complete contentment, if he
saw a fort of ours erected in Macuha, or in ÇUAQUEM, or in
Zyla."—_Correa_, iii. 42; [see _Dalboquerque, Comm._ ii. 229].

[c. 1590.—"... thence it (the sea) washes both Persia and Ethiopia where
are Dahlak and SUAKIN, and is called (the Gulf of) Omán and the Persian
Sea."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 121.]

SUCKER-BUCKER, n.p. A name often given in N. India to Upper Sind, from two neighbouring places, viz., the town of _Sakhar_ on the right bank of the Indus, and the island fortress of _Bakkar_ or _Bhakkar_ in the river. An alternative name is _Roree-Bucker_, from _Rohrī_, a town opposite Bakkar, on the left bank, the name of which is probably a relic of the ancient town of _Arōr_ or _Alōr_, though the site has been changed since the Indus adopted its present bed. [See _McCrindle, Invasion of India_, 352 _seqq._]

c. 1333.—"I passed 5 days at Lāharī ... and quitted it to proceed to
BAKĀR. They thus call a fine town through which flows a canal derived
from the river Sind."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 114-115.

1521.—Shah Beg "then took his departure for BHAKKAR, and after several
days' marching arrived at the plain surrounding SAKHAR."—_Turkhān Nāma_,
in _Elliot_, i. 311.

1554.—"After a thousand sufferings we arrived at the end of some days'
journey, at Siāwan (_Sehwan_), and then, passing by Patara and Darilja,
we entered the fortress of BAKR."—_Sidi 'Ali_, p. 136.

[c. 1590.—"BHAKKAR (Bhukkar) is a notable fortress; in ancient chronicles
it is called Mamṣúrah."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 327.]

1616.—"BUCKOR, the Chiefe Citie, is called BUCKOR SUCCOR."—_Terry_, [ed.
1777, p. 75].

1753.—"Vient ensuite BUKOR, ou comme il est écrit dans la Géographie
Turque, PEKER, ville située sur une colline, entre deux bras de l'Indus,
qui en font une île ... la géographie ... ajoute que _Louhri_ (_i.e._
Rori) est une autre ville située vis-à-vis de cette île du côté
meridional, et que SEKAR, autrement SUKOR, est en même position du còté
septentrional."—_D'Anville_, p. 37.

SUCKET, s. Old English. Wright explains the word as 'dried sweetmeats or sugar-plums.' Does it not in the quotations rather mean _loaf-sugar_? [Palmer (_Folk Etymol._ 378) says that the original meaning was a 'slice of melon or gourd,' Ital. _zuccata_, 'a kind of meat made of Pumpions or Gourdes' (Florio) from _zucca_, 'a gourd or pumpkin,' which is a shortened form of _cucuzza_, a corruption of Lat. _cucurbita_ (_Diez_). This is perhaps the same word which appears in the quotation from Linschoten below, where the editor suggests that it is derived from Mahr. _sukaṭa_, 'slightly dried, desiccated,' and Sir H. Yule suggests a corruption of H. _sonṭh_, 'dried ginger.']

[1537.—"... packed in a fraile, two little barrels of
SUCKAT...."—_Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII._ xii. pt. i.
451.]

1584.—"White SUCKET from Zindi" (_i.e._ Sind) "Cambaia, and
China."—_Barret_, in _Hakl._ ii. 412.

[1598.—"Ginger by the Arabians, Persians and Turkes is called Gengibil
(see GINGER), in Gusurate, Decan, and Bengala, when it is fresh and green
Adrac, and when dried SUKTE."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 79.]

c. 1620-30.—

"... For this,
This Candy wine, three merchants were undone;
These SUCKETS brake as many more."
_Beaum. and Fletch., The Little French Lawyer_, i. 1.

SUCLÁT, SACKCLOTH, &c., s. Pers. _saḳallāṭ_, _saḳallaṭ_, _saḳlaṭīn_, _saḳlāṭūn_, applied to certain woollen stuffs, and particularly now to European broadcloth. It is sometimes defined as _scarlet_ broad cloth; but though this colour is frequent, it does not seem to be essential to the name. [_Scarlet_ was the name of a material long before it denoted a colour. In the Liberate Roll of 14 Hen. III. (1230, quoted in _N. & Q._ 8 ser. i. 129) we read of _sanguine scarlet_, brown, red, white and scarlet _coloris de Marble_.] It has, however, been supposed that our word _scarlet_ comes from some form of the present word (see _Skeat_, s.v. _Scarlet_).[248] But the fact that the Arab. dictionaries give a form _saḳirlāṭ_ must not be trusted to. It is a modern form, probably taken from the European word, [as according to Skeat, the Turkish _iskerlat_ is merely borrowed from the Ital. _scarlatto_].

The word is found in the medieval literature of Europe in the form _siclatoun_, a term which has been the subject of controversy both as to etymology and to exact meaning (see _Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. 58, _notes_). Among the conjectures as to etymology are a derivation from Ar. _ṣaḳl_, 'polishing' (see SICLEEGUR); from Sicily (Ar. _Ṣiḳiliya_); and from the Lat. _cyclas_, _cycladatus_. In the Arabic _Vocabulista_ of the 13th century (Florence, 1871), SIḲLAṬŪN is translated by _ciclas_. The conclusion come to in the note on _Marco Polo_, based, partly but not entirely, on the modern meaning of _saḳallāṭ_, was that _saḳlāṭūn_ was probably a light woollen texture. But Dozy and De Jong give it as _étoffe de_ soie, _brochée d'or_, and the passage from Edrisi supports this undoubtedly. To the north of India the name _suklāt_ is given to a stuff imported from the borders of China.

1040.—"The robes were then brought, consisting of valuable frocks of
SAKLÁTÚN of various colours...."—_Baihaki_, in _Elliot_, ii. 148.

c. 1150.—"Almeria (_Almarīa_) was a Musulman city at the time of the
Moravidae. It was then a place of great industry, and reckoned, among
others, 800 silk looms, where they manufactured costly robes, brocades,
the stuffs known as SAḲLĀṬŪN _Isfahānī_ ... and various other silk
tissues."—_Edrisi_ (Joubert), ii. 40.

c. 1220.—"Tabrīz. The chief city of Azarbaijān.... They make there the
stuffs called _'attābī_ (see TABBY), SIḲLĀṬŪN, _Khiṭābī_, fine satins and
other textures which are exported everywhere."—_Yāḳūt_, in _Barbier de
Meynard_, i. 133.

c. 1370?—

"His heer, his berd, was lyk saffroun
That to his girdel raughte adoun
Hise shoos of Cordewane,
Of Brugges were his hosen broun
His Robe was of SYKLATOUN
That coste many a Jane."
_Chaucer, Sir Thopas_, 4 (_Furnival_, Ellesmere Text).

c. 1590.—"SUḲLĀṬ-_i-Rūmī o Farangī o Purtagālī_"

(Broadcloth of Turkey, of Europe, and of Portugal)....—_Āīn_ (orig.) i.
110. Blochmann renders '_Scarlet_ Broadcloth' (see above). [The same
word, _suḳlāṭī_, is used later on of 'woollen stuffs' made in Kashmīr
(_Jarrett, Āīn_, ii. 355).]

1673.—"_Suffahaun_ is already full of London Cloath, or SACKCLOATH
_Londre_, as they call it."—_Fryer_, 224.

" "His Hose of London SACKCLOTH of any Colour."—_Ibid._ 391.

[1840.—"... his simple dress of SOOKLAAT and flat black woollen
cap...."—_Lloyd, Gerard, Narr._ i. 167.]

1854.—"List of Chinese articles brought to India.... SUKLAT, a kind of
camlet made of camel's hair."—_Cunningham's Ladak_, 242.

1862.—"In this season travellers wear garments of sheep-skin with
sleeves, the fleecy side inwards, and the exterior covered with SOOKLAT,
or blanket."—_Punjab Trade Report_, 57.

" "BROADCLOTH (Europe), ('SUKLAT,' 'Mahoot')."—_Ibid._ _App._ p.
ccxxx.

SUDDEN DEATH. Anglo-Indian slang for a fowl served as a spatchcock, the standing dish at a dawk-bungalow in former days. The bird was caught in the yard, as the traveller entered, and was on the table by the time he had bathed and dressed.

[c. 1848.—"'SUDDEN DEATH' means a young chicken about a month old,
caught, killed, and grilled at the shortest notice."—_Berncastle, Voyage
to China_, i. 193.]

SUDDER, adj., but used as s. Literally 'chief,' being Ar. _ṣadr_. This term had a technical application under Mahommedan rule to a chief Judge, as in the example quoted below. The use of the word seems to be almost confined to the Bengal Presidency. Its principal applications are the following:

A. SUDDER BOARD. This is the 'Board of Revenue,' of which there is one at Calcutta, and one in the N.W. Provinces at Allahabad. There is a Board of Revenue at Madras, but not called 'SUDDER Board' there.

B. SUDDER COURT, _i.e._ 'Sudder ADAWLUT' (_ṣadr 'adālat_). This was till 1862, in Calcutta and in the N.W.P., the chief court of appeal from the MOFUSSIL or District Courts, the Judges being members of the Bengal Civil Service. In the year named the Calcutta Sudder Court was amalgamated with the Supreme Court (in which English Law had been administered by English Barrister-Judges), the amalgamated Court being entitled the _High Court of Judiciary_. A similar Court also superseded the Sudder Adawlut in the N.W.P.

C. SUDDER AMEEN, _i.e._ chief AMEEN (q.v.). This was the designation of the second class of native Judge in the classification which was superseded in Bengal by Act XVI. of 1868, in Bombay by Act XIV. of 1869, and in Madras by