Chapter XLIII: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (40)

(A.) Pers. _Hazāra_. It is used as a generic name for a number of tribes occupying some of the wildest parts of Afghanistan, chiefly N.W. and S.W. of Kabul. These tribes are in no respect Afghan, but are in fact most or all of them Mongol in features, and some of them also in language. The term at one time appears to have been used more generally for a variety of the wilder clans in the higher hill countries of Afghanistan and the Oxus basin, much as in Scotland of a century and a half ago they spoke of "the clans." It appears to be merely from the Pers. _hazār_, 1000. The regiments, so to speak, of the Mongol hosts of Chinghiz and his immediate successors were called HAZĀRAS, and if we accept the belief that the _Hazāras_ of Afghanistan were predatory bands of those hosts who settled in that region (in favour of which there is a good deal to be said), this name is intelligible. If so, its application to the non-Mongol people of Wakhān, &c., must have been a later transfer. [See the discussion by Bellew, who points out that "amongst themselves this people never use the term _Hazārah_ as their national appellation, and yet they have no name for their people as a nation. They are only known amongst themselves by the names of their principal tribes and the clans subordinate to them respectively." (_Races of Afghanistan_, 114.)]

c. 1480.—"The HAZĀRA, Takdari, and all the other tribes having seen this,
quietly submitted to his authority."—_Tarkhán-Náma_, in _Elliot_, i. 303.
For _Takdari_ we should probably read _Nakudari_; and see _Marco Polo_,
Bk. I. ch. 18, note on _Nigudaris_.

c. 1505.—Kabul "on the west has the mountain districts, in which are
situated Karnûd and Ghûr. This mountainous tract is at present occupied
and inhabited by the HAZÂRA and Nukderi tribes."—_Baber_, p. 136.

1508.—"Mirza Ababeker, the ruler and tyrant of Káshghar, had seized all
the Upper HAZÁRAS of Badakhshán."—_Erskine's Baber and Humáyun_, i. 287.
"_Hazáraját báládest._ The upper districts in Badakhshán were called
_Hazáras_." Erskine's note. He is using the _Tarīkh Rashīdī_. But is not
the word _Hazáras_ here, 'the clans,' used elliptically for the highland
districts occupied by them?

[c. 1590.—"The HAZÁRAHS are the descendants of the Chaghatai army, sent
by Manku Ḳáán to the assistance of Huláku Khán.... They possess horses,
sheep and goats. They are divided into factions, each covetous of what
they can obtain, deceptive in their common intercourse and their
conventions of amity savour of the wolf."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 402.]

(B.) A mountain district in the extreme N.W. of the Punjab, of which _Abbottābād_, called after its founder, General James Abbott, is the British head-quarter. The name of this region apparently has nothing to do with _Hazāras_ in the tribal sense, but is probably a survival of the ancient name of a territory in this quarter, called in Sanskrit _Abhisāra_, and figuring in Ptolemy, Arrian and Curtius as the kingdom of King _Abisarēs_. [See _M‘Crindle, Invasion of India_, 69.]

HUZOOR, s. Ar. _ḥuẓūr_, 'the presence'; used by natives as a respectful way of talking of or to exalted personages, to or of their master, or occasionally of any European gentleman in presence of another European. [The allied words _ḥaẓrat_ and _ḥuẓūrī_ are used in kindred senses as in the examples.]

[1787.—"You will send to the HUZZOOR an account particular of the
assessment payable by each ryot."—_Parwana of Tippoo_, in _Logan,
Malabar_, iii. 125.

[1813.—"The Mahratta cavalry are divided into several classes: the
HUSSERAT, or household troops called the _kassey-pagah_, are reckoned
very superior to the ordinary horse...."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i.
344.

[1824.—"The employment of that singular description of officers called
HUZOORIAH, or servants of the presence, by the Mahratta princes of
Central India, has been borrowed from the usages of the Poona court.
_Huzooriahs_ are personal attendants of the chief, generally of his own
tribe, and are usually of respectable parentage; a great proportion are
hereditary followers of the family of the prince they serve.... They are
the usual envoys to subjects on occasions of importance.... Their
appearance supersedes all other authority, and disobedience to the orders
they convey is termed an act of rebellion."—_Malcolm, Central India_, 2nd
ed. i. 536 _seq._

[1826.—"These men of authority being aware that I was a HOOGORIE, or one
attached to the suite of a great man, received me with due
respect."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 40.]

HYSON. (See under TEA.)

I

IDALCAN, HIDALCAN, and sometimes IDALXA, n.p. The title by which the Portuguese distinguished the kings of the Mahommedan dynasty of Bījapūr which rose at the end of the 15th century on the dissolution of the Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan. These names represented _'Adil Khān_, the title of the founder before he became king, more generally called by the Portuguese the SABAIO (q.v.), and _'Adil Shāh_, the distinctive style of all the kings of the dynasty. The Portuguese commonly called their kingdom BALAGHAUT (q.v.).

1510.—"The HIDALCAN entered the city (Goa) with great festivity and
rejoicings, and went to the castle to see what the ships were doing, and
there, inside and out, he found the dead Moors, whom Timoja had slain;
and round about them the brothers and parents and wives, raising great
wailings and lamentations, thus the festivity of the HIDALCAN was
celebrated by weepings and wailings ... so that he sent João Machado to
the Governor to speak about terms of peace.... The Governor replied that
Goa belonged to his lord the K. of Portugal, and that he would hold no
peace with him (Hidalcan) unless he delivered up the city with all its
territories.... With which reply back went João Machado, and the HIDALCAN
on hearing it was left amazed, saying that our people were sons of the
devil...."—_Correa_, ii. 98.

1516.—"HYDALCAN." See under SABAIO.

1546.—"Trelado de contrato que ho Gouernador Dom Johão de Crastro ffeez
com o IDALXAA, que d'antes se chamava IDALCÃO."—_Tombo_, in _Subsidios_,
39.

1563.—"And as those Governors grew weary of obeying the King of Daquem
(DECCAN), they conspired among themselves that each should appropriate
his own lands ... and the great-grandfather of this ADELHAM who now
reigns was one of those captains who revolted; he was a Turk by nation
and died in the year 1535; a very powerful man he was always, but it was
from him that we twice took by force of arms this city of
Goa...."—_Garcia_, f. 35_v_. [And comp. _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 199.]
N.B.—It was the _second_ of the dynasty who died in 1535; the original
'ADIL KHĀN (or SABAIO) died in 1510, just before the attack of Goa by the
Portuguese.

1594-5.—"There are three distinct States in the Dakhin. The
NIZÁM-UL-MULKIYA, 'ADIL KHÁNIYA, and KUTBU-L-MULKIYA. The settled rule
among them was, that if a foreign army entered their country, they united
their forces and fought, notwithstanding the dissensions and quarrels
they had among themselves. It was also the rule, that when their forces
were united, Nizám-ul-Mulk commanded the centre, 'ADIL KHÁN the right,
and Kutbu-l-Mulk the left. This rule was now observed, and an immense
force had been collected."—_Akbar-Nāma_, in _Elliot_, vi. 131.

IMAUM, s. Ar. _Imām_, 'an exemplar, a leader' (from a root signifying 'to aim at, to follow after'), a title technically applied to the Caliph (_Khalīfa_) or 'Vicegerent,' or Successor, who is the head of Islām. The title "is also given—in its religious import only—to the heads of the four orthodox sects ... and in a more restricted sense still, to the ordinary functionary of a mosque who leads in the daily prayers of the congregation" (_Dr. Badger, Omân_, App. A.). The title has been perhaps most familiar to Anglo-Indians as that of the Princes of 'Omān, or "IMAUMS of Muscat," as they were commonly termed. This title they derived from being the heads of a sect (_Ibādhiya_) holding peculiar doctrine as to the Imamate, and rejecting the Caliphate of Ali or his successors. It has not been assumed by the Princes themselves since Sa'īd bin Ahmad who died in the early part of last century, but was always applied by the English to Saiyid Sa'īd, who reigned for 52 years, dying in 1856. Since then, and since the separation of the dominions of the dynasty in Omān and in Africa, the title IMĀM has no longer been used.

It is a singular thing that in an article on Zanzibar in the _J. R. Geog. Soc._ vol. xxiii. by the late Col. Sykes, the Sultan is always called the _Imaun_, [of which other examples will be found below].

1673.—"At night we saw _Muschat_, whose vast and horrid Mountains no
Shade but Heaven does hide.... The Prince of this country is called
IMAUM, who is guardian at _Mahomet's_ Tomb, and on whom is devolved the
right of _Caliphship_ according to the Ottoman belief."—_Fryer_, 220.

[1753.—"These people are Mahommedans of a particular sect ... they are
subject to an IMAN, who has absolute authority over them."—_Hanway_, iii.
67.

[1901.—Of the Bombay Kojas, "there were only 12 IMANS, the last of the
number ... having disappeared without issue."—_Times_, April 12.]

IMAUMBARRA, s. This is a hybrid word _Imām-bāṛā_, in which the last part is the Hindī _bāṛā_, 'an enclosure,' &c. It is applied to a building maintained by Shī'a communities in India for the express purpose of celebrating the MOHURRUM ceremonies (see HOBSON-JOBSON). The sepulchre of the Founder and his family is often combined with this object. The Imāmbāṛā of the Nawāb Asaf-ud-daula at Lucknow is, or was till the siege of 1858, probably the most magnificent modern Oriental structure in India. It united with the objects already mentioned a mosque, a college, and apartments for the members of the religious establishment. The great hall is "conceived on so grand a scale," says Fergusson, "as to entitle it to rank with the buildings of an earlier age." The central part of it forms a vaulted apartment of 162 feet long by 53½ wide.

[1837.—"In the afternoon we went to see the EMAUNBERRA."—_Miss Eden, Up
the Country_, i. 87.]

IMPALE, v. It is startling to find an injunction to impale criminals given by an English governor (Vansittart, apparently) little more than a century ago. [See CALUETE.]

1764.—"I request that you will give orders to the Naib of Dacca to send
some of the Factory Sepoys along with some of his own people, to
apprehend the said murderers and to IMPALE them, which will be very
serviceable to traders."—_The Governor of Fort William_ to the Nawab; in
_Long_, 389.

1768-71.—"The punishments inflicted at Batavia are excessively severe,
especially such as fall upon the Indians. IMPALEMENT is the chief and
most terrible."—_Stavorinus_, i. 288. This writer proceeds to give a
description of the horrible process, which he witnessed.

INAUM, ENAUM, s. Ar. _in'ām_, 'a gift' (from a superior), 'a favour,' but especially in India a gift of rent-free land: also land so held. IN'ĀMDĀR, the holder of such lands. A full detail of the different kinds of _in'ām_, especially among the Mahrattas, will be found in _Wilson_, s.v. The word is also used in Western India for BUCKSHEESH (q.v.). This use is said to have given rise to a little mistake on the part of an English political traveller some 30 or 40 years ago, when there had been some agitation regarding the IN'AM lands and the alleged harshness of the Government in dealing with such claims. The traveller reported that the public feeling in the west of India was so strong on this subject that his very palankin-bearers at the end of their stage invariably joined their hands in supplication, shouting, "IN'AM! IN'AM! Sahib!"

INDIA, INDIES, n.p. A book might be written on this name. We can only notice a few points in connection with it.

It is not easy, if it be possible, to find a truly native (_i.e._ Hindu) name for the whole country which we call India; but the _conception_ certainly existed from an early date. _Bhāratavarsha_ is used apparently in the Purānas with something like this conception. _Jambudwīpa_, a term belonging to the mythical cosmography, is used in the Buddhist books, and sometimes, by the natives of the south, even now. The accuracy of the definitions of India in some of the Greek and Roman authors shows the existence of the same conception of the country that we have now; a conception also obvious in the modes of speech of Hwen T'sang and the other Chinese pilgrims. The Aśoka inscriptions, c. B.C. 250, had enumerated Indian kingdoms covering a considerable part of the conception, and in the great inscription at Tanjore, of the 11th century A.D., which incidentally mentions the conquest (real or imaginary) of a great part of India, by the king of Tanjore, Vīra-Chola, the same system is followed. In a copperplate of the 11th century, by the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyāna, we find the expression "from the Himālaya to the Bridge" (_Ind. Antiq._ i. 81), _i.e._ the Bridge of Rāma, or 'Adam's Bridge,' as our maps have it. And Mahommedan definitions as old, and with the name, will be found below. Under the Hindu kings of Vijayanagara also (from the 14th century) inscriptions indicate all India by like expressions.

The origin of the name is without doubt (Skt.) _Sindhu_, 'the sea,' and thence the Great River on the West, and the country on its banks, which we still call _Sindh_.[144] By a change common in many parts of the world, and in various parts of India itself, this name exchanged the initial sibilant for an aspirate, and became (eventually) in Persia _Hindū_, and so passed on to the Greeks and Latins, viz. Ἰνδοὶ for the people, Ἰνδός for the river, Ἰνδική and India for the country on its banks. Given this name for the western tract, and the conception of the country as a whole to which we have alluded, the name in the mouths of foreigners naturally but gradually spread to the whole.

Some have imagined that the name of the land of _Nod_ ('wandering'), to which Cain is said to have migrated, and which has the same consonants, is but a form of this; which is worth noting, as this idea may have had to do with the curious statement in some medieval writers (_e.g._ John Marignolli) that certain eastern races were "the descendants of Cain." In the form _Hidhu_ [_Hindus_, see _Encycl. Bibl._ ii. 2169] India appears in the great cuneiform inscription on the tomb of Darius Hystaspes near Persepolis, coupled with _Gadāra_ (_i.e._ _Gandhāra_, or the Peshawar country), and no doubt still in some degree restricted in its application. In the Hebrew of Esther i. 1, and viii. 9, the form is _Hōd(d)ū_, or perhaps rather _Hiddū_ (see also _Peritsol_ below). The first Greek writers to speak of India and the Indians were Hecataeus of Miletus, Herodotus, and Ctesias (B.C. c. 500, c. 440, c. 400). The last, though repeating more fables than Herodotus, shows a truer conception of what India was.

Before going further, we ought to point out that INDIA itself is a Latin form, and does not appear in a Greek writer, we believe, before Lucian and Polyænus, both writers of the middle of the 2nd century. The Greek form is ἡ Ἰνδική, or else 'The Land of the Indians.'

The name of 'India' spread not only from its original application, as denoting the country on the banks of the Indus, to the whole peninsula between (and including) the valleys of Indus and Ganges; but also in a vaguer way to all the regions beyond. The compromise between the vaguer and the more precise use of the term is seen in Ptolemy, where the boundaries of the true India are defined, on the whole, with surprising exactness, as 'India within the Ganges,' whilst the darker regions beyond appear as 'India beyond the Ganges.' And this double conception of India, as 'India Proper' (as we may call it), and India in the vaguer sense, has descended to our own time.

So vague became the conception in the 'dark ages' that the name is sometimes found to be used as synonymous with Asia, 'Europe, Africa, and India,' forming the three parts of the world. Earlier than this, however, we find a tendency to discriminate different Indias, in a form distinct from Ptolemy's _Intra et extra Gangem_; and the terms _India Major_, _India Minor_ can be traced back to the 4th century. As was natural where there was so little knowledge, the application of these terms was various and oscillating, but they continued to hold their ground for 1000 years, and in the later centuries of that period we generally find a third India also, and a tendency (of which the roots go back, as far at least as Virgil's time) to place one of the three in Africa.

It is this conception of a twofold or threefold India that has given us and the other nations of Europe the vernacular expressions in plural form which hold their ground to this day: the _Indies_, les _Indes_, (It.) le _Indie_, &c.

And we may add further, that China is called by Friar Odoric Upper India (_India Superior_), whilst Marignolli calls it _India Magna_ and _Maxima_, and calls Malabar _India Parva_, and _India Inferior_.

There was yet another, and an Oriental, application of the term India to the country at the mouth of the Tigris and Euphrates, which the people of Basra still call _Hind_; and which Sir H. Rawlinson connects with the fact that the Talmudic writers confounded Obillah in that region with the _Havila_ of Genesis. (See _Cathay_, &c., 55, note.)

In the work of the Chinese traveller Hwen T'sang again we find that by him and his co-religionists a plurality of Indias was recognised, _i.e._ five, viz. North, Central, East, South, and West.

Here we may remark how two names grew out of the original _Sindhu_. The aspirated and Persianised form _Hind_, as applied to the great country beyond the Indus, passed to the Arabs. But when they invaded the valley of the Indus and found it called _Sindhu_, they adopted that name in the form _Sind_, and thenceforward '_Hind_ and _Sind_' were habitually distinguished, though generally coupled, and conceived as two parts of a great whole.

Of the application of _India_ to an Ethiopian region, an application of which indications extend over 1500 years, we have not space to speak here. On this and on the medieval plurality of Indias reference may be made to two notes on _Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. vol. ii. pp. 419 and 425.

The vague extension of the term India to which we have referred, survives in another form besides that in the use of '_Indies_.' _India_, to each European nation which has possessions in the East, may be said, without much inaccuracy, to mean in colloquial use that part of the East in which their own possessions lie. Thus to the Portuguese, _India_ was, and probably still is, the West Coast only. In their writers of the 16th and 17th century a distinction is made between _India_, the territory of the Portuguese and their immediate neighbours on the West Coast, and _Mogor_, the dominions of the Great Mogul. To the Dutchman _India_ means Java and its dependencies. To the Spaniard, if we mistake not, _India_ is Manilla. To the Gaul are not _les Indes_ Pondicherry, Chandernagore, and Réunion?

As regards the WEST INDIES, this expression originates in the misconception of the great Admiral himself, who in his memorable enterprise was seeking, and thought he had found, a new route to the 'Indias' by sailing west instead of east. His discoveries were to Spain _the_ Indies, until it gradually became manifest that they were not identical with the ancient lands of the east, and then they became the _West-Indies_.

INDIAN is a name which has been carried still further abroad; from being applied, as a matter of course, to the natives of the islands, supposed of India, discovered by Columbus, it naturally passed to the natives of the adjoining continent, till it came to be the familiar name of all the tribes between (and sometimes even including) the Esquimaux of the North and the Patagonians of the South.

This abuse no doubt has led to our hesitation in applying the term to a native of India itself. We use the adjective _Indian_, but no modern Englishman who has had to do with India ever speaks of a man of that country as 'an Indian.' Forrest, in his _Voyage to Mergui_, uses the inelegant word _Indostaners_; but in India itself a HINDUSTANI means, as has been indicated under that word, a native of the upper Gangetic valley and adjoining districts. Among the Greeks 'an Indian' (Ἰνδὸς) acquired a notable specific application, viz. to an elephant driver or MAHOUT (q.v.).

B.C. c. 486.—"Says Darius the King: By the grace of Ormazd these (are)
the countries which I have acquired besides Persia. I have established my
power over them. They have brought tribute to me. That which has been
said to them by me they have done. They have obeyed my law. Medea ...
Arachotia (_Harauvatish_), Sattagydia (_Thatagush_), Gandaria (_Gadára_),
India (HIDUSH)...."—On the Tomb of Darius at Nakhsh-i-Rustam, see
_Rawlinson's Herod._ iv. 250.

B.C. c. 440.—"Eastward of INDIA lies a tract which is entirely sand.
Indeed, of all the inhabitants of Asia, concerning whom anything is
known, the INDIANS dwell nearest to the east, and the rising of the
Sun."—_Herodotus_, iii. c. 98 (_Rawlinson_).

B.C. c. 300.—"INDIA then (ἡ τοίνυν Ἰνδικὴ) being four-sided in plan, the
side which looks to the Orient and that to the South, the Great Sea
compasseth; that towards the Arctic is divided by the mountain chain of
Hēmōdus from Scythia, inhabited by that tribe of Scythians who are called
Sakai; and on the fourth side, turned towards the West, the Indus marks
the boundary, the biggest or nearly so of all rivers after the
Nile."—_Megasthenes_, in _Diodorus_, ii. 35. (From Müller's _Fragm. Hist.
Graec._, ii. 402.)

A.D. c. 140.—"Τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ινδοῦ πρὸς ἔω, τοῦτό μοι ἔστω ἡ τῶν Ἰνδῶν γῆ,
καὶ Ἰνδοὶ οὖτοι ἔστωσαν."—_Arrian, Indica_, ch. ii.

c. 590.—"As for the land of the Hind it is bounded on the East by the
Persian Sea (_i.e._ the Indian Ocean), on the W. and S. by the countries
of Islām, and on the N. by the Chinese Empire.... The length of the land
of the Hind from the government of Mokrān, the country of Manṣūra and
Bodha and the rest of Sind, till thou comest to Ḳannūj and thence passest
on to Tobbat (see TIBET), is about 4 months, and its breadth from the
Indian Ocean to the country of Ḳannūj about three months."—_Istakhri_,
pp. 6 and 11.

c. 650.—"The name of _T'ien-chu_ (India) has gone through various and
confused forms.... Anciently they said _Shin-tu_; whilst some authors
called it _Hien-teou_. Now conforming to the true pronunciation one
should say IN-TU."—_Hwen T'sang_, in _Pèl. Bouddh._, ii. 57.

c. 944.—"For the nonce let us confine ourselves to summary notices
concerning the kings of SIND and HIND. The language of Sind is different
from that of HIND...."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, i. 381.

c. 1020.—"INDIA (AL-HIND) is one of those plains bounded on the south by
the Sea of the Indians. Lofty mountains bound it on all the other
quarters. Through this plain the waters descending from the mountains are
discharged. Moreover, if thou wilt examine this country with thine eyes,
if thou wilt regard the rounded and worn stones that are found in the
soil, however deep thou mayest dig,—stones which near the mountains,
where the rivers roll down violently, are large; but small at a distance
from the mountains, where the current slackens; and which become mere
sand where the currents are at rest, where the waters sink into the soil,
and where the sea is at hand—then thou wilt be tempted to believe that
this country was at a former period only a sea which the debris washed
down by the torrents hath filled up...."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Reinaud's
Extracts, Journ. As._ ser. 4. 1844.

" "HIND is surrounded on the East by Chín and Máchín, on the West
by Sind and Kábul, and on the South by the Sea."—_Ibid._ in _Elliot_, i.
45.

1205.—"The whole country of HIND, from Pershaur to the shores of the
Ocean, and in the other direction, from Siwistán to the hills of
Chín...."—_Hasan Nizāmī_, in _Elliot_, ii. 236. That is, from Peshawar in
the north, to the Indian Ocean in the south; from Sehwan (on the west
bank of the Indus) to the mountains on the east dividing from China.

c. 1500.—"HODU quae est INDIA extra et intra Gangem."—_Itinera Mundi_ (in
Hebrew), by _Abr. Peritsol_, in _Hyde, Syntagma Dissertt._, Oxon, 1767,
i. 75.

1553.—"And had Vasco da Gama belonged to a nation so glorious as the
Romans he would perchance have added to the style of his family, noble as
that is, the surname 'OF INDIA,' since we know that those symbols of
honour that a man wins are more glorious than those that he inherits, and
that Scipio gloried more in the achievement which gave him the surname of
'_Africanus_,' than in the name of Cornelius, which was that of his
family."—_Barros_, I. iv. 12.

1572.—Defined, without being named, by Camoens:

"Alem do Indo faz, e aquem do Gange
Hu terreno muy grãde, e assaz famoso,
Que pela parte Austral o mar abrange,
E para o Norte o Emodio cavernoso."
_Lusiadas_, vii. 17.

Englished by Burton:

"Outside of Indus, inside Ganges, lies
a wide-spread country, famed enough of yore;
northward the peaks of caved Emódus rise,
and southward Ocean doth confine the shore."

1577.—"INDIA is properly called that great Province of Asia, in the
whiche great Alexander kepte his warres, and was so named of the ryuer
Indus."—_Eden, Hist. of Trauayle_, f. 3_v_.

The _distinct_ INDIAS.

c. 650.—"The circumference of the Five Indies is about 90,000 _li_; on
three sides it is bounded by a great sea; on the north it is backed by
snowy mountains. It is wide at the north and narrow at the south; its
figure is that of a half-moon."—_Hwen T'sang_, in _Pèl. Bouddh._, ii. 58.

1298.—"INDIA THE GREATER is that which extends from Maabar to Kesmacoran
(_i.e._ from Coromandel to Mekran), and it contains 13 great kingdoms....
INDIA THE LESSER extends from the Province of Champa to Mutfili (_i.e._
from Cochin-China to the Kistna Delta), and contains 8 great Kingdoms....
Abash (Abyssinia) is a very great province, and you must know that it
constitutes the MIDDLE INDIA."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 34, 35.

c. 1328.—"What shall I say? The greatness of this INDIA is beyond
description. But let this much suffice concerning INDIA THE GREATER and
THE LESS. Of INDIA TERTIA I will say this, that I have not indeed seen
its many marvels, not having been there...."—_Friar Jordanus_, p. 41.

INDIA MINOR, in _Clavijo_, looks as if it were applied to Afghanistan:

1404.—"And this same Thursday that the said Ambassadors arrived at this
great River (the Oxus) they crossed to the other side. And the same day
... came in the evening to a great city which is called _Tenmit_
(Termedh), and this used to belong to INDIA MINOR, but now belongs to the
empire of Samarkand, having been conquered by Tamurbec."—_Clavijo_, §
ciii. (_Markham_, 119).

INDIES.

c. 1601.—"He does smile his face into more lines than are in the new map
with the augmentation of the INDIAES."—_Twelfth Night_, Act iii. sc. 2.

1653.—"I was thirteen times captive and seventeen times sold in the
INDIES."—_Trans. of Pinto_, by _H. Cogan_, p. 1.

1826.—"... Like a French lady of my acquaintance, who had so general a
notion of the East, that upon taking leave of her, she enjoined me to get
acquainted with a friend of hers, living as she said _quelque part dans_
LES INDES, and whom, to my astonishment, I found residing at the Cape of
Good Hope."—_Hajji Baba_, Introd. Epistle, ed. 1835, p. ix.

INDIA of the PORTUGUESE.

c. 1567.—"Di qui (Coilan) a Cao Comeri si fanno settanta due miglia, _e
qui si finisse la costa_ DELL'INDIA."—_Ces. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii.
390.

1598.—"At the ende of the countrey of _Cambaia_ beginneth INDIA and the
lands of Decam and Cuncam ... from the island called Das Vaguas (read
_Vaquas_) ... which is the righte coast that in all the East Countries is
called INDIA.... Now you must vnderstande that this coast of INDIA
beginneth at _Daman_, or the Island Das Vaguas, and stretched South and
by East, to the Cape of _Comorin_, where it endeth."—_Linschoten_, ch.
ix.-x.; [Hak. Soc. i. 62. See also under ABADA].

c. 1610.—"Il y a grand nombre des Portugais qui demeurent ès ports du
cette coste de Bengale ... ils n'osoient retourner en L'INDE, pour
quelques fautes qu'ils y ont commis."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 239; [Hak.
Soc. i. 334].

1615.—"Sociorum literis, qui Mogoris Regiam incolunt auditum est in INDIA
de celeberrimo Regno illo quod Saraceni Cataium vocant."—_Trigautius, De
Christianâ Expeditione apud Sinas_, p. 544.

1644.—(Speaking of the Daman district above Bombay.)—"The fruits are
nearly all the same as those that you get in INDIA, and especially many
_Mangas_ and _Cassaras_ (?), which are like chestnuts."—_Bocarro, MS._

It is remarkable to find the term used, in a similar restricted sense, by the Court of the E.I.C. in writing to Fort St. George. They certainly mean some part of the west coast.

1670.—They desire that DUNGAREES may be supplied thence if possible, as
"they were not procurable on the COAST OF INDIA, by reason of the
disturbances of Sevajee."—_Notes and Exts._, Pt. i. 2.

1673.—"The Portugals ... might have subdued INDIA by this time, had not
we fallen out with them, and given them the first Blow at Ormuz ... they
have added some Christians to those formerly converted by St. Thomas, but
it is a loud Report to say all INDIA."—_Fryer_, 137.

1881.—In a correspondence with Sir R. Morier, we observe the Portuguese
Minister of Foreign Affairs calls their Goa Viceroy "The Governor General
of INDIA."

INDIA of the DUTCH.

1876.—The Dorian "is common throughout all INDIA."—_Filet, Plant-Kunding
Woordenboek_, 196.

INDIES applied to AMERICA.

1563.—"And please to tell me ... which is better, this (_Radix Chinae_)
or the _guiacão_ of our INDIES as we call them...."—_Garcia_, f. 177.

INDIAN. This word in English first occurs, according to Dr. Guest, in the following passage:—

A.D. 433-440.

"Mid israelum ic waes
Mid ebreum and INDEUM, and mid egyptum."
In _Guest's English Rhythms_, ii. 86-87.

But it may be queried whether _indeum_ is not here an error for _iudeum_;
the converse error to that supposed to have been made in the printing of
Othello's death-speech—

"of one whose hand
Like the base _Judean_ threw a pearl away."

INDIAN _used for_ MAHOUT.

B.C. ? 116-105.—"And upon the beasts (the elephants) there were strong
towers of wood, which covered every one of them, and were girt fast unto
them with devices: there were also upon every one two and thirty strong
men, that fought upon them, beside the INDIAN that ruled them."—_I.
Maccabees_, vi. 37.

B.C. c. 150.—"Of Beasts (_i.e._ elephants) taken with all their INDIANS
there were ten; and of all the rest, which had thrown their INDIANS, he
got possession after the battle by driving them together."—_Polybius_,
Bk. i. ch. 40; see also iii. 46, and xi. 1. It is very curious to see the
drivers of _Carthaginian_ elephants thus called _Indians_, though it may
be presumed that this is only a Greek application of the term, not a
Carthaginian use.

B.C. c. 20.—"Tertio die ... ad Thabusion castellum imminens fluvio Indo
ventum est; cui fecerat nomen INDUS ab elephanto dejectus."—_Livy_, Bk.
xxxviii. 14. This Indus or "Indian" river, named after the Mahout thrown
into it by his elephant, was somewhere on the borders of Phrygia.

A.D. c. 210.—"Along with this elephant was brought up a female one called
Nikaia. And the wife of their INDIAN being near death placed her child of
30 days old beside this one. And when the woman died a certain marvellous
attachment grew up of the Beast towards the child...."—_Athenaeus_, xiii.
ch. 8.

INDIAN, for _Anglo-Indian_.

1816.—"... our best INDIANS. In the idleness and obscurity of home they
look back with fondness to the country where they have been useful and
distinguished, like the ghosts of Homer's heroes, who prefer the
exertions of a labourer on the earth to all the listless enjoyments of
Elysium."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i. 367.

INDIGO, s. The plant _Indigofera tinctoria_, L. (N.O. _Leguminosae_), and the dark blue dye made from it. Greek Ἰνδικὸν. This word appears from Hippocrates to have been applied in his time to _pepper_. It is also applied by Dioscorides to the mineral substance (a variety of the red oxide of iron) called Indian red (_F. Adams_, Appendix to _Dunbar's Lexicon_). [_Liddell & Scott_ call it "a dark-blue dye, indigo." The dye was used in Egyptian mummy-cloths (_Wilkinson, Ancient Egypt_, ed. 1878, ii. 163).]

A.D. c. 60.—"Of that which is called Ἰνδικὸν one kind is produced
spontaneously, being as it were a scum thrown out by the Indian reeds;
but that used for dyeing is a purple efflorescence which floats on the
brazen cauldrons, which the craftsmen skim off and dry. That is deemed
best which is blue in colour, succulent, and smooth to the
touch."—_Dioscorides_, v. cap. 107.

c. 70.—"After this ... INDICO (_Indicum_) is a colour most esteemed; out
of India it commeth; whereupon it tooke the name; and it is nothing els
but a slimie mud cleaving to the foame that gathereth about canes and
reeds: whiles it is punned or ground, it looketh blacke; but being
dissolved it yeeldeth a woonderfull lovely mixture of purple and azur ...
INDICO is valued at 20 denarii the pound. In physicke there is use of
this INDICO; for it doth assuage swellings that doe stretch the
skin."—_Plinie_, by _Ph. Holland_, ii. 531.

c. 80-90.—"This river (_Sinthus_, _i.e._ Indus) has 7 mouths ... and it
has none of them navigable except the middle one only, on which there is
a coast mart called Barbaricon.... The articles imported into this mart
are.... On the other hand there are exported _Costus_, _Bdellium_ ... and
_Indian Black_ (Ἰνδικὸν μέλαν, _i.e._ INDIGO)."—_Periplus_, 38, 39.

1298.—(At Coilum) "They have also abundance of very fine INDIGO (_ynde_).
This is made of a certain herb which is gathered and [after the roots
have been removed] is put into great vessels upon which they pour water,
and then leave it till the whole of the plant is decomposed...."—_Marco
Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 22.

1584.—"INDICO from Zindi and Cambaia."—_Barrett_, in _Hakl._ ii. 413.

[1605-6.—"... for all which we shall buie Ryse, INDICO, Lapes Bezar which
theare in aboundance are to be hadd."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_, 77.

[1609.—"... to buy such Comodities as they shall finde there as INDICO,
of Laher (Lahore), here worth viij^s the pounde _Serchis_ and the best
_Belondri_...."—_Ibid._ 287. _Serchis_ is Sarkhej, the _Sercaze_ of
Forbes (_Or. Mem._, 2nd ed. ii. 204) near Ahmadābād: Sir G. Birdwood with
some hesitation identifies _Belondri_ with Valabhi, 20 m. N.W. of
Bhāvnagar.

[1610.—"_Anil_ or INDIGUE, which is a violet-blue dye."—_Pyrard de
Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 246.]

1610.—"In the country thereabouts is made some INDIGO."—_Sir H.
Middleton_, in _Purchas_, i. 259.

[1616.—"INDIGO is made thus. In the prime June they sow it, which the
rains bring up about the prime September: this they cut and it is called
the _Newty_ (H. _naudhā_, 'a young plant'), formerly mentioned, and is a
good sort. Next year it sprouts again in the prime August, which they cut
and is the best INDIGO, called _Jerry_ (H. _jaṛī_, 'growing from the root
(_jaṛ_).'"—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 241.]

c. 1670.—Tavernier gives a detailed account of the manufacture as it was
in his time. "They that sift this INDIGO must be careful to keep a
Linnen-cloath before their faces, and that their nostrils be well
stopt.... Yet ... they that have sifted INDIGO for 9 or 10 days shall
spit nothing but blew for a good while together. Once I laid an egg in
the morning among the sifters, and when I came to break it in the evening
it was all blew within."—_E.T._ ii. 128-9; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 11].

We have no conception what is meant by the following singular (apparently sarcastic) entry in the _Indian Vocabulary_:—

1788.—"INDERGO—a drug of no estimation that grows wild in the woods."
[This is H. _indarjau_, Skt. _indra-yava_, "barley of Indra," the
_Wrightia tinctoria_, from the leaves of which a sort of indigo is made.
See _Watt, Econ. Dict._ VI. pt. iv. 316. "INDERJÒ of the species of warm
bitters."—_Halhed, Code_, ed. 1781, p. 9.]

1881.—"Découvertes et Inventions.—Décidément le cabinet Gladstone est
poursuivi par la malechance. Voici un savant chimiste de Munich qui vient
de trouver le moyen se preparer artificiellement et à très bon marché le
bleu INDIGO. Cette découverte peut amener la ruine du gouvernement des
Indes anglaises, qui est déjà menacé de la banqueroute. L'INDIGO, en
effet, est le principal article de commerce des Indes (!); dans
l'Allemagne, seulement, on en importe par an pour plus de cent cinquante
millions de francs."—_Havre Commercial Paper_, quoted in _Pioneer Mail_,
Feb. 3.

INGLEES, s. Hind. _Inglīs_ and _Inglis_. Wilson gives as the explanation of this: "Invalid soldiers and _sipahis_, to whom allotments of land were assigned as pensions; the lands so granted." But the word is now used as the equivalent of (sepoy's) _pension_ simply. Mr. Carnegie, [who is followed by Platts], says the word is "probably a corruption of _English_, as pensions were unknown among native Governments, whose rewards invariably took the shape of land assignments." This, however, is quite unsatisfactory; and Sir H. Elliot's suggestion (mentioned by Wilson) that the word was a corruption of _invalid_ (which the sepoys may have confounded in some way with _English_) is most probable.

INTERLOPER, s. One in former days who traded without the license, or outside the service, of a company (such as the E.I.C.) which had a charter of monopoly. The etymology of the word remains obscure. It _looks_ like Dutch, but intelligent Dutch friends have sought in vain for a Dutch original. _Onderloopen_, the nearest word we can find, means 'to be inundated.' The hybrid etymology given by Bailey, though allowed by Skeat, seems hardly possible. Perhaps it is an English corruption from _ontloopen_, 'to evade, escape, run away from.' [The _N.E.D._ without hesitation gives _interlope_, a form of _leap_. Skeat, in his _Concise Dict._, 2nd ed., agrees, and quotes Low Germ. and Dutch _enterloper_, 'a runner between.']

1627.—"INTERLOPERS in trade, ¶ Attur Acad. pa. 54."—_Minsheu._ (What is
the meaning of the reference?) [It refers to "The _Atturneyes Academie_"
by Thomas Powell or Powel, for which see 9 ser. _Notes and Queries_, vii.
198, 392].

1680.—"The commissions relating to the INTERLOPER, or private trader,
being considered, it is resolved that a notice be fixed up warning all
the Inhabitants of the Towne, not, directly or indirectly, to trade,
negotiate, aid, assist, countenance, or hold any correspondence, with
Captain William Alley or any person belonging to him or his ship without
the license of the Honorable Company. Whoever shall offend herein shall
answeare it at their Perill."—_Notes and Exts._, Pt. iii. 29.

1681.—"The Shippe EXPECTATION, Capt. Ally Com̃and^r, an INTERLOPER,
arrived in ye Downes from Porto Novo."—_Hedges, Diary_, Jan. 4; [Hak.
Soc. i. 15].

[1682.—"The Agent having notice of an INTERLOPER lying in Titticorin Bay,
immediately sent for ye Councell to consult about it...."—_Pringle, Diary
of Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser. i. 69.]

" "The Spirit of Commerce, which sees its drifts with eagle's eyes,
formed associations at the risque of trying the consequence at law ...
since the statutes did not authorize the Company to seize or stop the
ships of these adventurers, whom they called INTERLOPERS."—_Orme's
Fragments_, 127.

1683.—"If God gives me life to get this _Phirmaund_ into my possession,
ye Honble. Compy. shall never more be much troubled with
INTERLOPERS."—_Hedges, Diary_, Jan. 6; [Hak. Soc. i. 62].

" "_May 28._ About 9 this morning Mr. Littleton, Mr. Nedham, and
Mr. Douglass came to y^e factory, and being sent for, were asked 'Whether
they did now, or ever intended, directly or indirectly, to trade with any
INTERLOPERS that shall arrive in the Bay of Bengall?'

"Mr. Littleton answered that, 'he did not, nor ever intended to trade
with any INTERLOPER.'

"Mr. Nedham answered, 'that at present he did not, and that he came to
gett money, and if any such offer should happen, he would not refuse it.'

"Mr. Douglass answered, he did not, nor ever intended to trade with them;
but he said 'what Estate he should gett here he would not scruple to send
it home upon any INTERLOPER.'

"And having given their respective answers they were dismist."—_Ibid._
Hak. Soc. i. 90-91.

1694.—"Whether y^e souldiers lately sent up hath created any jealousye in
y^e INTERLOP^{RS}: or their own Actions or guilt I know not, but they are
so cautious y^t every 2 or 3 bales y^t are packt they immediately send on
board."—MS. Letter from _Edwd. Hern_ at _Hugley_ to the Rt. Worshp^{ll}
_Charles Eyre Esq. Agent for Affaires_ of the _Rt. Honble. East India
Comp^a._ in _Bengall_, &c^a. (9th Sept.). _MS. Record in India Office._

1719.—"... their business in the _South Seas_ was to sweep those coasts
clear of the _French_ INTERLOPERS, which they did very
effectually."—_Shelvocke's Voyage_, 29.

" "I wish you would explain yourself; I cannot imagine what reason
I have to be afraid of any of the Company's ships, or Dutch ships, I am
no INTERLOPER."—_Robinson Crusoe_, Pt. ii.

1730.—"To INTERLOPE [of _inter_, L. between, and LOOPEN, _Du._ to run, q.
d. to run in between, and intercept the Commerce of others], to trade
without proper Authority, or interfere with a Company in
Commerce."—_Bailey's English Dict._ s.v.

1760.—"ENTERLOOPER. Terme de Commerce de Mer, fort en usage parmi les
Compagnies des Pays du Nord, comme l'Angleterre, la Hollande, Hambourg,
le Danemark, &c. Il signifie un vaisseau d'un particulier qui pratique et
fréquente les Côtes, et les Havres ou Ports de Mer éloignés, pour y faire
un commerce clandestin, au préjudice des Compagnies qui sont autorisées
elles seules à le faire dans ces mêmes lieux.... Ce mot se prononce comme
s'il étoit écrit EINTRELOPRE. Il est emprunté de l'Anglois, de _enter_
qui signifie entrer et entreprendre, et de _Looper_, Courreur."—_Savary
des Bruslons, Dict. Univ. de Commerce_, Nouv. ed., Copenhague, s.v.

c. 1812.—"The fault lies in the clause which gives the Company power to
send home INTERLOPERS ... and is just as reasonable as one which should
forbid all the people of England, except a select few, to look at the
moon."—_Letter of Dr. Carey_, in _William Carey_, by James Culross, D.D.,
1881, p. 165.

IPECACUANHA (WILD), s. The garden name of a plant (_Asclepias curassavica_, L.) naturalised in all tropical countries. It has nothing to do with the true ipecacuanha, but its root is a powerful emetic, whence the name. The true ipecacuanha is cultivated in India.

IRON-WOOD. This name is applied to several trees in different parts; _e.g._ to _Mesua ferrea_, L. (N.O. _Clusiaceae_), Hind. _nagkesar_; and in the Burmese provinces to _Xylia dolabriformis_, Benth.

I-SAY. The Chinese mob used to call the English soldiers _A′says_ or _Isays_, from the frequency of this apostrophe in their mouths. (The French gamins, it is said, do the same at Boulogne.) At Amoy the Chinese used to call out after foreigners AKEE! AKEE! a tradition from the Portuguese _Aqui!_ 'Here!' In Java the French are called by the natives _Orang_ DEEDONG, _i.e._ the _dîtes-donc_ people. (See _Fortune's Two Visits to the Tea Countries_, 1853, p. 52; and _Notes and Queries in China and Japan_, ii. 175.)

[1863.—"The Sepoys were ... invariably called 'ACHAS.' _Acha_ or good is
the constantly recurring answer of a Sepoy when spoken to...."—_Fisher,
Three Years in China_, 146.]

ISKAT, s. Ratlines. A marine term from Port. _escada_ (_Roebuck_).

[ISLAM, s. Infn. of Ar. _salm_, 'to be or become safe'; the word generally used by Mahommedans for their religion.

[1616.—"Dated in Achen 1025 according to the rate of SLAM."—_Foster,
Letters_, iv. 125.

[1617.—"I demanded the debts ... one [of the debtors] for the valew of
110 r[ials] is termed SLAM."—_Letter of E. Young_, from Jacatra, Oct. 3,
I.O. Records: O.C. No. 541.]

ISTOOP, s. Oakum. A marine term from Port. _estopa_ (_Roebuck_).

ISTUBBUL, s. This usual Hind. word for 'stable' may naturally be imagined to be a corruption of the English word. But it is really Ar. _iṣṭabl_, though that no doubt came in old times from the Latin _stabulum_ through some Byzantine Greek form.

ITZEBOO, s. A Japanese coin, the smallest silver denomination. _Itsi-bū_, 'one drachm.' [The _N.E.D._ gives _itse_, _itche_, 'one,' _bū_, 'division, part, quarter']. Present value about 1_s._ Marsden says: "ITZEBO, a small gold piece of oblong form, being 0.6 inch long, and 0.3 broad. Two specimens weighed 2 dwt. 3 grs. only" (_Numism. Orient._, 814-5). See _Cocks's Diary_, i. 176, ii. 77. [The coin does not appear in the last currency list; see _Chamberlain, Things Japanese_, 3rd ed. 99.]

[1616.—"ICHIBOS." (See under KOBANG.)

[1859.—"We found the greatest difficulty in obtaining specimens of the
currency of the country, and I came away at last the possessor of a
solitary ITZIBU. These are either of gold or silver: the gold ITZIBU is a
small oblong piece of money, intrinsically worth about seven and
sixpence. The intrinsic value of the gold half-ITZIBU, which is not too
large to convert into a shirt-stud, is about one and tenpence."—_L.
Oliphant, Narr. of Mission_, ii. 232.]

IZAM MALUCO, n.p. We often find this form in Correa, instead of NIZAMALUCO (q.v.).

J

JACK, s. Short for JACK-SEPOY; in former days a familiar style for the native soldier; kindly, rather than otherwise.

1853.—"... he should be leading the JACKS."—_Oakfield_, ii. 66.

JACK, s. The tree called by botanists _Artocarpus integrifolia_, L. fil., and its fruit. The name, says Drury, is "a corruption of the Skt. word _Tchackka_, which means the fruit of the tree" (_Useful Plants_, p. 55). There is, however, no such Skt. word; the Skt. names are _Kantaka_, _Phala_, _Panasa_, and _Phalasa_. [But the Malayāl. _chakka_ is from the Skt. _chakra_, 'round.'] Rheede rightly gives _Tsjaka_ (_chăkka_) as the Malayālam name, and from this no doubt the Portuguese took _jaca_ and handed it on to us. "They call it," says Garcia Orta, "in Malavar _jacas_, in Canarese and Guzerati _panas_" (f. 111). "The Tamil form is _sākkei_, the meaning of which, as may be adduced from various uses to which the word is put in Tamil, is 'the fruit abounding in rind and refuse.'" (_Letter from Bp. Caldwell._)

We can hardly doubt that this is the fruit of which Pliny writes: "Major alia pomo et suavitate praecellentior; quo sapientiores Indorum vivunt. (Folium alas avium imitatur longitudine trium cubitorum, latitudine duum). _Fructum e cortice mittit admirabilem succi dulcedine; ut uno quaternos satiet._ Arbori nomen _palae_, pomo _arienae_; plurima est in Sydracis, expeditionum Alexandri termino. Est et alia similis huic; dulcior pomo; sed interaneorum valetudini infesta" (_Hist. Nat._ xii. 12). Thus rendered, not too faithfully, by Philemon Holland: "Another tree there is in India, greater yet than the former; bearing a fruit much fairer, bigger, and sweeter than the figs aforesaid; and whereof the Indian Sages and Philosophers do ordinarily live. The leaf resembleth birds' wings, carrying three cubits in length, and two in breadth. The fruit it putteth forth at the bark, having within it a wonderfull pleasant juice: insomuch as one of them is sufficient to give four men a competent and full refection. The tree's name is _Pala_, and the fruit is called _Ariena_. Great plenty of them is in the country of the Sydraci, the utmost limit of _Alexander_ the Great his expeditions and voyages. And yet there is another tree much like to this, and beareth a fruit more delectable that this _Ariena_, albeit the guts in a man's belly it wringeth and breeds the bloudie flix" (i. 361).

Strange to say, the fruit thus described has been generally identified with the plantain: so generally that (we presume) the Linnaean name of the plantain _Musa sapientum_, was founded upon the interpretation of this passage. (It was, I find, the excellent Rumphius who originated the erroneous identification of the _ariena_ with the plantain). Lassen, at first hesitatingly (i. 262), and then more positively (ii. 678), adopts this interpretation, and seeks _ariena_ in the Skt. _vāraṇa_. The shrewder Gildemeister does the like, for he, _sans phrase_, uses _arienae_ as Latin for 'plantains.' Ritter, too, accepts it, and is not staggered even by the _uno quaternos satiet_. Humboldt, quoth he, often saw Indians make their meal with a very little manioc and three bananas of the big kind (_Platano-arton_). Still less sufficed the Indian Brahmins (_sapientes_), when one fruit was enough for four of them (v. 876, 877). Bless the venerable Prince of Geographers! Would one _Kartoffel_, even "of the big kind," make a dinner for four German Professors? Just as little would one plantain suffice four Indian Sages.

The words which we have italicised in the passage from Pliny are quite enough to show that the _jack_ is intended; the fruit growing _e cortice_ (_i.e._ piercing the bark of the stem, not pendent from twigs like other fruit), the sweetness, the monstrous size, are in combination infallible. And as regards its being the fruit of the sages, we may observe that the _jack_ fruit is at this day in Travancore one of the staples of life. But that Pliny, after his manner, has jumbled things, is also manifest. The first two clauses of his description (_Major alia_, &c.; _Folium alas_, &c.) are found in Theophrastus, but apply to _two different trees_. Hence we get rid of the puzzle about the big leaves, which led scholars astray after plantains, and originated _Musa sapientum_. And it is clear from Theophrastus that the fruit which caused dysentery in the Macedonian army was yet another. So Pliny has rolled three plants into one. Here are the passages of Theophrastus:—

"(1) And there is another tree which is both itself a tree of great size,
and produces a fruit that is wonderfully big and sweet. This is used for
food by the Indian Sages, who wear no clothes. (2) And there is yet
another which has the leaf of a very long shape, and resembling the wings
of birds, and this they set upon helmets; the length is about two
cubits.... (3) There is another tree the fruit of which is long, and not
straight but crooked, and sweet to the taste. But this gives rise to
colic and dysentery ("Ἄλλο τέ ἐστιν οὖ ὁ καρπὸς μακρὸς καὶ οὔκ εὐθύς ἀλλὰ
σκολιὸς, ἐσθιόμενος δὲ γλυκύς. οὗτος ἐν τῇ κοιλίᾳ δηγμὸν ποιεῖ καὶ
δυσεντέριαν ...") wherefore Alexander published a general order against
eating it."—(_Hist. Plant._ iv. 4-5).

It is plain that Pliny and Theophrastus were using the same authority, but neither copying the whole of what he found in it.

The second tree, whose leaves were like birds' wings and were used to fix upon helmets, is hard to identify. The first was, when we combine the additional characters quoted by Pliny but omitted by Theophrastus, certainly the _jack_; the third was, we suspect, the MANGO (q.v.). The terms long and crooked would, perhaps, answer better to the plantain, but hardly the unwholesome effect. As regards the _uno quaternos satiet_, compare Friar Jordanus below, on the _jack_: "Sufficiet circiter pro quinque personis." Indeed the whole of the Friar's account is worth comparing with Pliny's. Pliny says that it took four men _to eat a jack_, Jordanus says five. But an Englishman who had a plantation in Central Java told one of the present writers that he once cut a _jack_ on his ground which took three men—not to eat—but to carry!

As regards the names given by Pliny it is hard to say anything to the purpose, because we do not know to which of the three trees jumbled together the names really applied. If _pala_ really applied to the _jack_, possibly it may be the Skt. _phalasa_, or _panasa_. Or it may be merely _p'hala_, 'a fruit,' and the passage would then be a comical illustration of the persistence of Indian habits of mind. For a stranger in India, on asking the question, 'What on earth is that?' as he well might on his first sight of a _jack_-tree with its fruit, would at the present day almost certainly receive for answer: '_Phal hai khudāwand!_'—'It is a fruit, my lord!' _Ariena_ looks like _hiraṇya_, 'golden,' which _might_ be an epithet of the _jack_, but we find no such specific application of the word.

Omitting Theophrastus and Pliny, the oldest foreign description of the _jack_ that we find is that by Hwen T'sang, who met with it in Bengal:

c. A.D. 650.—"Although the fruit of the _pan-wa-so_ (_panasa_) is
gathered in great quantities, it is held in high esteem. These fruits are
as big as a pumpkin; when ripe they are of a reddish yellow. Split in two
they disclose inside a quantity of little fruits as big as crane's eggs;
and when these are broken there exudes a juice of reddish-yellow colour
and delicious flavour. Sometimes the fruit hangs on the branches, as with
other trees; but sometimes it grows from the roots, like the _fo-ling_
(_Radix Chinae_), which is found under the ground."—_Julien_, iii. 75.