Chapter VI: Preface: TO SECOND EDITION xi (3)

—— Illustrations of the BOTANY and other branches of Nat. History of the
HIMALAYAS, and of the Floras of Cashmere. 2 vols. folio. 1839.

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RUMPHIUS (Geo. Everard Rumphf.). Herbarium Amboinense. 7 vols. folio.
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RUSSELL, Patrick. An Account of Indian SNAKES collected on the coast of
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SACY, Silvestre de. Relation de l'Egypte. _See_ ABDALLATIF.

—— CHRESTOMATHIE ARABE. 2de Ed. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1826-27.

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SANANG SETZEN. GESCHICHTE DER OST-MONGOLEN ... von Ssanang Ssetzen
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[SANDERSON, G. P. Thirteen Years among the Wild Beasts of India, 3rd ed.
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SASSETTI, LETTERE, contained in DE GUBERNATIS, q.v.

SATY. REV. The Saturday Review, London weekly newspaper.

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This is the Dutch original rendered in German as WALTER SCHULZEN, q.v.

[SCHRADER, O. Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples. Tr. by F. B.
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[SCOTT, J. G. and J. P. Hardiman. Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan
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SEIR MUTAQHERIN, or a View of Modern Times, being a History of India from
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SHERWOOD, Mrs., The Life of, chiefly Autobiographical. 1857.

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—— RELATION des VOYAGES de, nommé ordinairement Katibi Roumi, trad. sur
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[—— The Travels and Adventures of the Turkish Admiral. Trans. by A.
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[SKEAT, W. W. Malay Magic, being an Introduction to the Folklore and
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[—— A Journey through the Kingdom of Oudh in 1849-50. 2 vols. London,
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[SOCIETY in India, by an Indian Officer. 2 vols. London, 1841.

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[STANFORD Dictionary, the, of Anglicised Words and Phrases, by C. A. M.
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STANLEY'S VASCO DA GAMA. _See_ CORREA.

STAUNTON, Sir G. Authentic ACCOUNT of Lord Macartney's Embassy to the
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STEPHEN, Sir James F. Story of NUNCOMAR and Impey. 2 vols. 1885.

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ST. PIERRE, B. de. LA CHAUMIÈRE INDIENNE. 1791.

[STUART, H. A. _See_ STURROCK, J.

[STURROCK, J. and Stuart, H. A. Manual of S. Canara. 2 vols. Madras,
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SURGEON'S DAUGHTER. By Sir WALTER SCOTT. 1827. Reference by chapter.

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TAVERNIER, J. B. Les Six Voyages en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes. 2
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—— E.T., which is generally that quoted, being contained in Collections
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TERRY. A VOYAGE TO EAST INDIA, &c. Observed by Edward Terry, then
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—— An issue without the Author's name, printed at the end of the E.T. of
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—— Also a part in Purchas, Vol. II.

THEVENOT, Melchizedek. (COLLECTION). Relations de divers Voyages Curieux.
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THEVENOT, J. de. VOYAGES en Europe, Asie et Afrique. 2nd ed. 5 vols.
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TOMBO DO ESTADO DA INDIA. _See_ SUBSIDIOS and BOTELHO.

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TREVELYAN, G. O. _See_ COMPETITION-WALLAH and DAWK-BUNGALOW.

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[VÁMBÉRY, A. Sketches of Central Asia. Additional Chapters on my Travels,
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VAN DEN BROECKE, Pieter. Reysen naer Oost Indien, &c. Amsterdam, edns.
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VANDER LITH. _See_ MERVEILLES.

VANITY FAIR, a Novel without a Hero, THACKERAY'S. This is usually quoted
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VANSITTART, H. A NARRATIVE of the Transactions in Bengal, 1760-1764. 3
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VAN TWIST, Jehan; Gewesen Overhooft van de Nederlandsche comtooren
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VARTHEMA, Lodovico di. The TRAVELS of. Tr. from the orig. Italian Edition
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This is the edn. quoted with a few exceptions. Mr. Burnell writes:

"We have also used the second edition of the original (?) Italian text
(12mo. Venice, 1517). A third edition appeared at Milan in 1523 (4to.),
and a fourth at Venice in 1535. This interesting Journal was translated
into English by Eden in 1576 (8vo.), and Purchas (ii. pp. 1483-1494)
gives an abridgement; it is thus one of the most important sources."

Neither Mr. Winter Jones nor my friend Dr. Badger, in editing Varthema,
seem to have been aware of the disparagement cast on his veracity in
the famous Colloquios of Garcia de Orta (f. 29_v._ and f. 30). These
affect his statements as to his voyages in the further East; and deny
his ever having gone beyond Calicut and Cochin; a thesis which it would
not be difficult to demonstrate out of his own narrative.

[VERELST, H. A View of the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the
English Government in Bengal, including a Reply to the Misrepresentations
of Mr. Bolts, and other Writers. London, 1772.]

VERMEULEN, Genet. Oost Indische VOYAGE. 1677.

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VINCENZO MARIA. Il VIAGGIO all' Indie orientalí del P. ... Procuratore
Generale de' Carmelitani Scalzi. Folio. Roma, 1672.

VITRIACI, Jacobi (Jacques de Vitry). Hist. Jherosolym. _See_ BONGARS.

VOCABULISTA in ARABICO. (Edited by C. Schiaparelli.) Firenze, 1871.

VOIGT. HORTUS SUBURBANUS Calcuttensis. 8vo. Calcutta, 1845.

VON HARFF, Arnold. PILGERFAHRT des Ritters (1496-1499). From MSS. Cöln,
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VOYAGE TO THE EAST INDIES in 1747 and 1748.... Interspersed with many
useful and curious Observations and Anecdotes. 8vo. London, 1762.

VÜLLERS, J. A. LEXICON Persico-Latinum. 2 vols. and Suppt. Bonnae ad
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[WALLACE, Lieut. Fifteen Years in India, or Sketches of a Soldier's Life.
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WANDERINGS OF A PILGRIM in Search of the Picturesque (by Fanny Parkes). 2
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WARD, W. A VIEW OF THE History, Literature, and Religion of the HINDOOS.
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In the titles of first 2 vols. publd. in 1817, this ed. is stated to be
in 2 vols. In those of the 3rd and 4th, 1820, it is stated to be in 4
vols. This arose from some mistake, the author being absent in India
when the first two were published.

The work originally appeared at Serampore, 1811, 4 vols. 4to, and an
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WARING, E. J. The Tropical Resident at Home, &c. 8vo. 1866.

WASSAF, Geschichte Wassafs, Persisch herausgegeben, und Deutsch
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WATREMAN, W. THE FARDLE OF FACIONS. London, 1555. Also reprinted in the
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[WATT, G. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. 10 vols.
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WELLINGTON DESPATCHES. The Edn. quoted is usually that of 1837.

WELSH, Col. James. MILITARY REMINISCENCES of nearly 40 years' Active
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WHEELER, J. T. Madras in the Olden Time ... compiled from Official
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—— EARLY RECORDS of British India. Calcutta, 1878. 2nd ed. 1879.

WHELER, Rev. SIR GEORGE. Journey into Greece. Folio. 1682.

WITNEY (Prof. W. D.) ORIENTAL AND LINGUISTICAL STUDIES. 2 vols. New York,
1873-74.

WIDOWS, HINDOO. Papers relating to E.I. Affairs; printed by order of
Parliament. Folio. 1821.

[WILKINSON, R. J. A Malay-English Dictionary. Part I. Singapore, 1901.]

WILKS, Col. Mark. HISTORICAL SKETCHES of the South of India in an Attempt
to trace the Hist. of Mysoor. 3 vols. 4to. 1810-17. 2nd ed., 2 vols. 8vo.
Madras, 1869.

WILLIAMS, Monier. RELIGIOUS THOUGHT and Life in India. Part I., 1883.

[—— Brāhmanism and Hindūism. 4th ed. London, 1891.]

WILLIAMS, S. Wells. CHINESE COMMERCIAL GUIDE. 4th ed. Canton, 1856.

WILLIAMSON, V. M. The East India Vade Mecum, by Capt. Thomas Williamson
(the author of _Oriental Field Sports_). 2 vols. 8vo. 1810.

WILLIAMSON, Capt. T. ORIENTAL FIELD SPORTS. Atlas folio. 1807.

WILLS, C. T. In the Land of the Lion and the Sun, or MODERN PERSIA. 1883.

[WILSON, A. The Abode of Snow, Observations on a Journey from Chinese
Tibet to the Indian Caucasus. Edinburgh, 1875.]

WILSON, JOHN, D.D., Life of, by George SMITH, LL.D. 1878.

[—— Indian Caste. 2 vols. Bombay, 1877.]

WOLFF, J. Travels and Adventures. 2 vols. London, 1860.]

WOLLASTON, A. N. ENGLISH-PERSIAN DICTIONARY. 8vo. 1882.

WRIGHT, T. EARLY TRAVELS in Palestine, edited with Notes. (Bohn.) 1848.

WRIGHT, T. Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England in the Middle Ages.
1862.

WYLLIE, J. W. S. ESSAYS on the External Policy of India. Edited by Dr. W.
W. Hunter. 1875.

WYTFLIET. HISTOIRE des Indes. Fo., 3 pts. Douay. 1611.

XAVERII, Scti. Francisci. Indiarum Apostoli EPISTOLARUM Libri Quinque.
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XAVIER, ST. FRANCIS, Life and Letters of, by Rev. H. I. COLERIDGE (S.J.).
2 vols. 8vo. 1872.

[YUSUF ALI, A. A Monograph on Silk Fabrics produced in the North-Western
Provinces and Oudh. Allahabad, 1900.]

ZEDLER, J. H. Grosses Vollständliges Universal Lexicon. 64 vols. folio.
Leipzig, 1732-1750; and Supplement, 4 vols. 1751-1754.

ZIEGENBALG. _See_ PROPAGATION OF THE GOSPEL.

CORRIGENDA.

PAGE. COL.

32 _b._—APOLLO BUNDER. Mr. S. M. Edwardes (_History of Bombay, Town
and Island, Census Report_, 1901, p. 17) derives this name from
'Pallav Bandar,' 'the Harbour of Clustering Shoots.'

274 _a._—CREASE. 1817. "the Portuguese commander requested permission
to see the CROSS which Janiere wore...."—_Rev. R. Fellowes_,
_History of Ceylon_, chap. v. quoted in 9 ser. _N. & Q._ I. 85.

276 _b._—_For_ "Porus" _read_ "Portus."

380 _b._—_For_ "It is probable that what that geographer ..." _read_ "It
is probable from what ..."

499 _b._—The reference to BAO was accidentally omitted. The word is
Peguan _bā_ (pronounced _bā-a_), "a monastery." The
quotation from Sangermano (p. 88) runs: "There is not any
village, however small, that has not one or more large wooden
houses, which are a species of convent, by the Portuguese in
India called BAO."

511 _a._—_For_ "ADAWLVT" _read_ "ADAWLAT."

565 _a._—Mr. Edwardes (_op. cit._ p. 5) derives MAZAGONG from Skt.
_matsya-grāma_, "fish-village," due to "the pungent odour of
the fish, which its earliest inhabitants caught, dried and
ate."

655 _b._—_For_ "Steven's" _read_ "Stevens'."

678 _a._—Mr. Edwardes (_op. cit._ p. 15) derives PARELL from _padel_,
"the Tree-Trumpet Flower" (_Bignonia suaveolens_).

816 _a._—_For_ "_shā-bāsh_" _read_ "_shāh-bāsh_."

858 _b._—_For_ "SOWAR" _read_ "SONAR, a goldsmith."

920 _b._—TIFFIN add:

1784.—"Each temperate day
With health glides away,
No TRIFFINGS[20] our forenoons profane."
—_Memoirs of the Late War in Asia_, by _An Officer of
Colonel Baillie's Detachment_, ii. _Appendix_, _p._ 293.

1802.—"I suffered a very large library to be useless whence I
might have extracted that which would have been of more service
to me than running about to TIFFINS and noisy parties."
—_Metcalfe_, to _J. W. Sherer_, in _Kaye_, _Life of Lord
Metcalfe_, I. 81.

A GLOSSARY OF ANGLO-INDIAN COLLOQUIAL TERMS AND PHRASES OF ANALOGOUS ORIGIN.

ABADA, s. A word used by old Spanish and Portuguese writers for a 'rhinoceros,' and adopted by some of the older English narrators. The origin is a little doubtful. If it were certain that the word did not occur earlier than c. 1530-40, it would most probably be an adoption from the Malay _badak_, 'a rhinoceros.' The word is not used by Barros where he would probably have used it if he knew it (see quotation under GANDA); and we have found no proof of its earlier existence in the language of the Peninsula; if this should be established we should have to seek an Arabic origin in such a word as _abadat_, _ābid_, fem. _ābida_, of which one meaning is (_v._ _Lane_) 'a wild animal.' The usual form _abada_ is certainly somewhat in favour of such an origin. [Prof. Skeat believes that the _a_ in _abada_ and similar Malay words represents the Arabic article, which was commonly used in Spanish and Portuguese prefixed to Arabic and other native words.] It will be observed that more than one authority makes it the female rhinoceros, and in the dictionaries the word is feminine. But so Barros makes _Ganda_. [Mr W. W. Skeat suggests that the female was the more dangerous animal, or the one most frequently met with, as is certainly the case with the crocodile.]

1541.—"Mynes of Silver, Copper, Tin, and Lead, from whence great
quantities thereof were continually drawn, which the Merchants carried
away with Troops of Elephants and Rhinoceroses (_em cafilas de elefantes
e_ BADAS) for to transport into the Kingdoms of _Sornau_, by us called
_Siam_, _Passiloco_, _Sarady_, (_Savady_ in orig.), _Tangu_, _Prom_,
_Calaminham_ and other Provinces...."—_Pinto_ (orig. cap. xli.) in
_Cogan_, p. 49. The kingdoms named here are Siam (see under SARNAU);
Pitchalok and Sawatti (now two provinces of Siam); Taungu and Prome in B.
Burma; Calaminham, in the interior of Indo-China, more or less fabulous.

1544.—"Now the King of Tartary was fallen upon the city of _Pequin_ with
so great an army as the like had never been seen since _Adam's_ time; in
this army ... were seven and twenty Kings, under whom marched 1,800,000
men ... with four score thousand Rhinoceroses" (_donde partirão com
oitenta mil_ BADAS).—_Ibid._ (orig. cap. cvii.) in _Cogan_, p. 149.

[1560.—See quotation under LAOS.]

1585.—"It is a very fertile country, with great stoare of prouisioun;
there are elephants in great number and ABADAS, which is a kind of beast
so big as two great buls, and hath vppon his snowt a little
horne."—_Mendoza_, ii. 311.

1592.—"We sent commodities to their king to barter for Amber-greese, and
for the hornes of ABATH, whereof the Kinge onely hath the traffique in
his hands. Now this ABATH is a beast that hath one horne only in her
forehead, and is thought to be the female Vnicorne, and is highly
esteemed of all the Moores in those parts as a most soveraigne remedie
against poyson."—_Barker_ in _Hakl._ ii. 591.

1598.—"The ABADA, or Rhinoceros, is not in India,[21] but onely in
_Bengala_ and _Patane_."—_Linschoten_, 88. [Hak. Soc. ii. 8.]

"Also in _Bengala_ we found great numbers of the beasts which in Latin
are called _Rhinocerotes_, and of the Portingalles ABADAS."—_Ibid._ 28.
[Hak. Soc. i. 96.]

c. 1606.—"... ove portano le loro mercanzie per venderle a' Cinesi,
particolarmente ... molti corni della BADA, detto
Rinoceronte...."—_Carletti_, p. 199.

1611.—"BADA, a very fierce animal, called by another more common name
_Rhinoceros_. In our days they brought to the King Philip II., now in
glory, a BADA which was long at Madrid, having his horn sawn off, and
being blinded, for fear he should hurt anybody.... The name of BADA is
one imposed by the Indians themselves; but assuming that there is no
language but had its origin from the Hebrew in the confusion of tongues
... it will not be out of the way to observe that BADA is an Hebrew word,
from _Badad_, 'solus, solitarius,' for this animal is produced in desert
and very solitary places."—_Cobarruvias_, s.v.

1613.—"And the woods give great timber, and in them are produced
elephants, BADAS...."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 10 _v_.

1618.—"A China brought me a present of a cup of ABADO (or black unecorns
horne) with sugar cakes."—_Cocks's Diary_, ii. 56.

1626.—On the margin of Pigafetta's _Congo_, as given by Purchas (ii.
1001), we find: "Rhinoceros or ABADAS."

1631.—"Lib. v. cap. 1. De ABADA seu Rhinocerote."—_Bontii Hist. Nat. et
Med._

1726.—"ABADA, s. f. La hembra del Rhinoceronte."—_Dicc. de la Lengua
Castellana._

ABCÁREE, ABKÁRY. H. from P. _āb-kārī_, the business of distilling or selling (strong) waters, and hence elliptically the excise upon such business. This last is the sense in which it is used by Anglo-Indians. In every district of India the privilege of selling spirits is farmed to contractors, who manage the sale through retail shopkeepers. This is what is called the 'ABKARY System.' The system has often been attacked as promoting tippling, and there are strong opinions on both sides. We subjoin an extract from a note on the subject, too long for insertion in integrity, by one of much experience in Bengal—Sir G. U. Yule.

_June, 1879._—"Natives who have expressed their views are, I believe,
unanimous in ascribing the increase of drinking to our ABKAREE system. I
don't say that this is putting the cart before the horse, but they are
certainly too forgetful of the increased means in the country, which, if
not the sole cause of the increased consumption, has been at least a very
large factor in that result. I myself believe that more people drink now
than formerly; but I knew one gentleman of very long and intimate
knowledge of Bengal, who held that there was as much drinking in 1820 as
in 1860."

In any case exaggeration is abundant. All Sanskrit literature shows that
tippling is no absolute novelty in India. [See the article on "Spirituous
Drinks in Ancient India," by Rajendralala Mitra, _Indo-Aryans_, i. 389
_seqq._]

1790.—"In respect to ABKARRY, or Tax on Spirituous Liquors, which is
reserved for Taxation ... it is evident that we cannot establish a
general rate, since the quantity of consumption and expense of
manufacture, etc., depends upon the vicinity of principal stations. For
the amount leviable upon different Stills we must rely upon officers'
local knowledge. The public, indeed, cannot suffer, since, if a few
stills are suppressed by over-taxation, drunkenness is diminished."—In a
_Letter from Board of Revenue_ (Bengal) to Government, 12th July. MS. in
_India Office_.

1797.—"The stamps are to have the words 'ABCAREE licenses' inscribed in
the Persian and Hindu languages and character."—_Bengal Regulations_, x.
33.

ABIHÓWA. Properly P. _āb-o-hawā_, 'water and air.' The usual Hindustani expression for 'climate.'

1786.—"What you write concerning the death of 500 Koorgs from small-pox
is understood ... they must be kept where the climate [ĀB-O-HAWĀ] may
best agree with them."—_Tippoo's Letters_, 269.

ABYSSINIA, n.p. This geographical name is a 16-century Latinisation of the Arabic _Ḥabash_, through the Portuguese _Abex_, bearing much the same pronunciation, minus the aspirate. [See HUBSHEE.]

[1598.—"The countrey of the ABEXYNES, at Prester John's
land."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 38.

1617.—"He sent mee to buy three ABASSINES."—_Sir T. Roe, Travels_, Hak.
Soc. ii. 445.]

A. C. (_i.e._ 'after compliments'). In official versions of native letters these letters stand for the omitted formalities of native compliments.

ACHÁNOCK, n.p. H. _Chānak_ and _Achānak_. The name by which the station of BARRACKPORE is commonly known to Sepoys and other natives. Some have connected the name with that of Job _Charnock_, or, as A. Hamilton calls him, CHANNOCK, the founder of Calcutta, and the quotations render this probable. Formerly the Cantonment of Secrole at Benares was also known, by a transfer no doubt, as _Chhotā_ (or 'Little') ACHĀNAK. Two additional remarks may be relevantly made: (1) Job's name was certainly _Charnock_, and not _Channock_. It is distinctly signed "Job Charnock," in a MS. letter from the factory at "Chutta," _i.e._ Chuttanuttee (or Calcutta) in the India Office records, which I have seen. (2) The map in Valentijn which shows the village of TSJANNOK, though published in 1726, was apparently compiled by Van der Broecke in 1662. Hence it is not probable that it took its name from Job Charnock, who seems to have entered the Company's service in 1658. When he went to Bengal we have not been able to ascertain. [See _Diary of Hedges_, edited by Sir H. Yule, ii., xcix. In some "Documentary Memoirs of Job Charnock," which form part of vol. lxxv. (1888) of the Hakluyt Soc., Job is said to have "arrived in India in 1655 or 1656."]

1677.—"The ship _Falcone_ to go up the river to Hughly, or at least to
CHANNOCK."—Court's Letter to Ft. St. Geo. of 12th December. In _Notes and
Extracts_, Madras, 1871, No. 1., p. 21; see also p. 23.

1711.—"CHANOCK-Reach hath two shoals, the upper one in CHANOCK, and the
lower one on the opposite side ... you must from below _Degon_ as
aforesaid, keep the starboard shore aboard until you come up with a
Lime-Tree ... and then steer over with CHANOCK Trees and house between
the two shoals, until you come mid-river, but no nearer the house."—_The
English Pilot_, 55.

1726.—"'t stedeken TSJANNOCK."—_Valentijn_, v. 153. In Val.'s map of
Bengal also, we find opposite to _Oegli_ (Hoogly), TSJANNOK, and then
_Collecatte_, and _Calcula_.

1758.—"Notwithstanding these solemn assurances from the Dutch it was
judged expedient to send a detachment of troops ... to take possession of
Tanna Fort and CHARNOC'S Battery opposite to it."—Narrative of Dutch
attempt in the Hoogly, in _Malcolm's Life of Clive_, ii. 76.

1810.—"The old village of ACHANOCK stood on the ground which the post of
Barrackpore now occupies."—_M. Graham_, 142.

1848.—"From an oral tradition still prevalent among the natives at
Barrackpore ... we learn that Mr. Charnock built a bungalow there, and a
flourishing bazar arose under his patronage, before the settlement of
Calcutta had been determined on. Barrackpore is at this day best known to
the natives by the name of CHANOCK."—_The Bengal Obituary_, Calc. p. 2.

ACHÁR, s. P. _āchār_, Malay _ắchār_, adopted in nearly all the vernaculars of India for acid and salt relishes. By Europeans it is used as the equivalent of 'pickles,' and is applied to all the stores of Crosse and Blackwell in that kind. We have adopted the word through the Portuguese; but it is not impossible that Western Asiatics got it originally from the Latin _acetaria_.—(See _Plin. Hist. Nat._ xix. 19).

1563.—"And they prepare a conserve of it (_Anacardium_) with salt, and
when it is green (and this they call ACHAR), and this is sold in the
market just as olives are with us."—_Garcia_, f. 17.

1596.—Linschoten in the Dutch gives the word correctly, but in the
English version (Hak. Soc. ii. 26) it is printed _Machar_.

[1612.—"ACHAR none to be had except one jar."—_Danvers, Letters_, i.
230.]

1616.—"Our _jurebasso's_ (JURIBASSO) wife came and brought me a small
jarr of ACHAR for a present, desyring me to exskews her husband in that
he abcented hymselfe to take phisik."—_Cocks_, i. 135.

1623.—"And all these preserved in a way that is really very good, which
they call ACCIAO."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 708. [Hak. Soc. ii. 327.]

1653.—"ACHAR est vn nom Indistanni, ou Indien, que signifie des mangues,
ou autres fruits confis avec de la moutarde, de l'ail, du sel, et du
vinaigre à l'Indienne."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, 531.

1687.—"ACHAR I presume signifies sauce. They make in the _East Indies_,
especially at _Siam_ and _Pegu_, several sorts of ACHAR, as of the young
tops of Bamboes, &c. Bambo-_Achar_ and Mango-_Achar_ are most
used."—_Dampier_, i. 391.

1727.—"And the Soldiery, Fishers, Peasants, and Handicrafts (of Goa) feed
on a little Rice boiled in Water, with a little bit of Salt Fish, or
ATCHAAR, which is pickled Fruits or Roots."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 252. [And
see under KEDGEREE.]

1783.—We learn from Forrest that limes, salted for sea-use against
scurvy, were used by the _Chulias_ (CHOOLIA), and were called ATCHAR
(_Voyage to Mergui_, 40). Thus the word passed to Java, as in next
quotation:

1768-71.—"When green it (the mango) is made into ATTJAR; for this the
kernel is taken out, and the space filled in with ginger, pimento, and
other spicy ingredients, after which it is pickled in
vinegar."—_Stavorinus_, i. 237.

ACHEEN, n.p. (P. _Āchīn_ [Tam. _Attai_, Malay _Acheh_, _Achih_] 'a wood-leech'). The name applied by us to the State and town at the N.W. angle of Sumatra, which was long, and especially during the 16th and 17th centuries, the greatest native power on that Island. The proper Malay name of the place is _Acheh_. The Portuguese generally called it _Achem_ (or frequently by the adhesion of the genitive preposition, _Dachem_, so that Sir F. Greville below makes two kingdoms), but our ACHEEN seems to have been derived from mariners of the P. Gulf or W. India, for we find the name so given (_Āchīn_) in the _Āīn-i-Akbari_, and in the Geog. Tables of Ṣādiḳ Isfahānī. This form may have been suggested by a jingling analogy, such as Orientals love, with Māchīn (MACHEEN). See also under LOOTY.

1549.—"Piratarum ACENORUM nec periculum nec suspicio fuit."—_S. Fr. Xav.
Epistt._ 337.

1552.—"But after Malacca was founded, and especially at the time of our
entry into India, the Kingdom of Pacem began to increase in power, and
that of Pedir to diminish. And that neighbouring one of ACHEM, which was
then insignificant, is now the greatest of all."—_Barros_, III. v. 8.

1563.—

"Occupado tenhais na guerra infesta
Ou do sanguinolento,
Taprobanico[22] ACHEM, que ho mar molesta
Ou do Cambaico occulto imiguo nosso."
_Camões, Ode prefixed to Garcia de Orta._

c. 1569.—"Upon the headland towards the West is the Kingdom of ASSI,
governed by a Moore King."—_Cæsar Frederike_, tr. in _Hakluyt_, ii. 355.

c. 1590.—"The _zabád_ (civet), which is brought from the harbour-town of
Sumatra, from the territory of ACHÍN, goes by the name of
_Sumatra-zabád_, and is by far the best."—_Āīn_, i. 79.

1597.—"... do Pegu como do DACHEM."—_King's Letter_, in _Arch. Port. Or._
fasc. 3, 669.

1599.—"The iland of Sumatra, or Taprobuna, is possessed by many Kynges,
enemies to the Portugals; the cheif is the Kinge of DACHEM, who besieged
them in Malacca.... The Kinges of ACHEYN and Tor (read _Jor_ for
_Johore_) are in lyke sort enemies to the Portugals."—_Sir Fulke
Greville_ to Sir F. Walsingham (in _Bruce_, i. 125).

[1615.—"It so proved that both Ponleema and Governor of Tecoo was come
hither for ACHEIN."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 3.

1623.—"ACEM which is Sumatra."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 287.]

c. 1635.—"ACHÍN (a name equivalent in rhyme and metre to 'Máchín') is a
well-known island in the Chinese Sea, near to the equinoctial
line."—_Ṣādiḳ Isfahānī_ (Or. Tr. F.), p. 2.

1780.—"ARCHIN." See quotation under BOMBAY MARINE.

1820.—"In former days a great many junks used to frequent ACHIN. This
trade is now entirely at an end."—_Crawfurd, H. Ind. Arch._ iii. 182.

ADAM'S APPLE. This name (_Pomo d'Adamo_) is given at Goa to the fruit of the _Mimusops Elengi_, Linn. (_Birdwood_); and in the 1635 ed. of Gerarde's _Herball_ it is applied to the Plantain. But in earlier days it was applied to a fruit of the Citron kind.—(See _Marco Polo_, 2nd ed., i. 101), and the following:

c. 1580.—"In his hortis (of Cairo) ex arboribus virescunt mala citria,
aurantia, limonia sylvestria et domestica POMA ADAMI vocata."—_Prosp.
Alpinus_, i. 16.

c. 1712.—"It is a kind of lime or citron tree ... it is called POMUM
ADAMI, because it has on its rind the appearance of two bites, which the
simplicity of the ancients imagined to be the vestiges of the impression
which our forefather made upon the forbidden fruit...." _Bluteau_, quoted
by Tr. of _Alboquerque_, Hak. Soc. i. 100. The fruit has nothing to do
with _zamboa_, with which Bluteau and Mr. Birch connect it. See JAMBOO.

ADATI, s. A kind of piece-goods exported from Bengal. We do not know the proper form or etymology. It may have been of half-width (from H. _ādhā_, 'half'). [It may have been half the ordinary length, as the Salampore (SALEMPOORY) was half the length of the cloth known in Madras as _Punjum_. (_Madras Man. of Ad._ iii. 799). Also see Yule's note in _Hedges' Diary_, ii. ccxl.]

1726.—"_Casseri_ (probably _Kasiári_ in Midnapur Dist.) supplies many
_Taffatshelas_ (ALLEJA, SHALEE), _Ginggangs_, _Allegias_, and ADATHAYS,
which are mostly made there."—_Valentijn_, v. 159.

1813.—Among piece-goods of Bengal: "ADDATIES, Pieces 700" (_i.e._ pieces
to the ton).—_Milburn_, ii. 221.

ADAWLUT, s. Ar.—H.—_'adālat_, 'a Court of Justice,' from _'adl_, 'doing justice.' Under the Mohammedan government there were 3 such courts, viz., _Nizāmat_ 'ADĀLAT, _Dīwānī_ 'ADĀLAT, and _Faujdārī_ 'ADĀLAT, so-called from the respective titles of the officials who nominally presided over them. The first was the chief Criminal Court, the second a Civil Court, the third a kind of Police Court. In 1793 regular Courts were established under the British Government, and then the _Sudder_ ADAWLUT (_Ṣadr 'Adālat_) became the chief Court of Appeal for each Presidency, and its work was done by several European (Civilian) Judges. That Court was, on the criminal side, termed _Nizamut Adawlat_, and on the civil side _Dewanny Ad._ At Madras and Bombay, _Foujdarry_ was the style adopted in lieu of _Nizamut_. This system ended in 1863, on the introduction of the Penal Code, and the institution of the High Courts on their present footing. (On the original history and constitution of the Courts see _Fifth Report_, 1812, p. 6.)

What follows applies only to the Bengal Presidency, and to the administration of justice under the Company's Courts beyond the limits of the Presidency town. Brief particulars regarding the history of the Supreme Courts and those Courts which preceded them will be found under SUPREME COURT.

The grant, by Shāh 'Ālam, in 1765, of the Dewanny of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa to the Company, transferred all power, civil and military, in those provinces, to that body. But no immediate attempt was made to undertake the direct detailed administration of either revenue or justice by the agency of the European servants of the Company. Such superintendence, indeed, of the administration was maintained in the prior acquisitions of the Company—viz., in the Zemindary of Calcutta, in the Twenty-four Pergunnas, and in the Chucklas (CHUCKLAH) or districts of Burdwan, Midnapoor, and Chittagong, which had been transferred by the Nawab, Kāsim 'Ali Khān, in 1760; but in the rest of the territory it was confined to the agency of a Resident at the Moorshedabad Durbar, and of a 'Chief' at Patna. Justice was administered by the Mohammedan courts under the native officials of the Dewanny.

In 1770, European officers were appointed in the districts, under the name of _Supervisors_, with powers of control over the natives employed in the collection of the Revenue and the administration of justice, whilst local councils, with superior authority in all branches, were established at Moorshedabad and Patna. It was not till two years later that, under express orders from the Court of Directors, the effective administration of the provinces was undertaken by the agency of the Company's covenanted servants. At this time (1772) Courts of Civil Justice (_Mofussil Dewanny Adawlut_) were established in each of the Districts then recognised. There were also District Criminal Courts (_Foujdary Adawlut_) held by CAZEE or MUFTY under the superintendence, like the Civil Court, of the Collectors, as the Supervisors were now styled; whilst Superior Courts (_Sudder Dewanny_, _Sudder Nizamut_ ADAWLUT) were established at the Presidency, to be under the superintendence of three or four members of the Council of Fort William.

In 1774 the Collectors were recalled, and native 'Amils (AUMIL) appointed in their stead. Provincial Councils were set up for the divisions of Calcutta, Burdwan, Dacca, Moorshedabad, Dinagepore, and Patna, in whose hands the superintendence, both of revenue collection and of the administration of civil justice, was vested, but exercised by the members in rotation.

The state of things that existed under this system was discreditable. As Courts of Justice the provincial Councils were only "colourable imitations of courts, which had abdicated their functions in favour of their own subordinate (native) officers, and though their decisions were nominally subject to the Governor-General in Council, the Appellate Court was even a more shadowy body than the Courts of first instance. The Court never sat at all, though there are some traces of its having at one time decided appeals on the report of the head of the KHALSA, or native exchequer, just as the Provincial Council decided them on the report of the Cazis and Muftis."[23]

In 1770 the Government resolved that Civil Courts, independent of the Provincial Councils, should be established in the six divisions named above,[24] each under a civilian judge with the title of Superintendent of the _Dewanny Adawlut_; whilst to the Councils should still pertain the trial of causes relating to the public revenue, to the demands of zemindars upon their tenants, and to boundary questions. The appeal from the District Courts still lay to the Governor-General and his Council, as forming the Court of _Sudder Dewanny_; but that this might be real, a judge was appointed its head in the person of Sir Elijah Impey, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, an appointment which became famous. For it was represented as a transaction intended to compromise the acute dissensions which had been going on between that Court and the Bengal Government, and in fact as a bribe to Impey. It led, by an address from the House of Commons, to the recall of Impey, and constituted one of the charges in the abortive impeachment of that personage. Hence his charge of the Sudder Dewanny ceased in November, 1782, and it was resumed in form by the Governor-General and Council.

In 1787, the first year of Lord Cornwallis's government, in consequence of instructions from the Court of Directors, it was resolved that, with an exception as to the Courts at Moorshedabad, Patna, and Dacca, which were to be maintained independently, the office of judge in the Mofussil Courts was to be attached to that of the collection of the revenue; in fact, the offices of Judge and Collector, which had been divorced since 1774, were to be reunited. The duties of Magistrate and Judge became mere appendages to that of Collector; the administration of justice became a subordinate function; and in fact all Regulations respecting that administration were passed in the Revenue Department of the Government.

Up to 1790 the criminal judiciary had remained in the hands of the native courts. But this was now altered; four Courts of Circuit were created, each to be superintended by two civil servants as judges; the _Sudder Nizamut Adawlut_ at the Presidency being presided over by the Governor-General and the members of Council.

In 1793 the constant succession of revolutions in the judicial system came to something like a pause, with the entire reformation which was enacted by the Regulations of that year. The Collection of Revenue was now entirely separated from the administration of justice; Zillah Courts under European judges were established (Reg. iii.) in each of 23 Districts and 3 cities, in Bengal, Behar, and Orissa; whilst Provincial Courts of Appeal, each consisting of three judges (Reg. v.), were established at Moorshedabad, Patna, Dacca, and Calcutta. From these Courts, under certain conditions, further appeal lay to the Sudder Dewanny ADAWLUTS at the Presidency.

As regarded criminal jurisdiction, the judges of the Provincial Courts were also (Reg. ix., 1793) constituted Circuit Courts, liable to review by the _Sudder Nizamut_. Strange to say, the impracticable idea of placing the duties of both of the higher Courts, civil and criminal, on the shoulders of the executive Government was still maintained, and the Governor-General and his Council were the constituted heads of the _Sudder Dewanny_ and _Sudder Nizamut_. This of course continued as unworkable as it had been; and in Lord Wellesley's time, eight years later, the two _Sudder Adawluts_ were reconstituted, with three regular judges to each, though it was still ruled (Reg. ii., 1801) that the chief judge in each Court was to be a member of the Supreme Council, not being either the Governor-General or the Commander-in-Chief. This rule was rescinded by Reg. x. of 1805.

The number of Provincial and Zillah Courts was augmented in after years with the extension of territory, and additional Sudder Courts, for the service of the Upper Provinces, were established at Allahabad in 1831 (Reg. vi.), a step which may be regarded as the inception of the separation of the N.W. Provinces into a distinct Lieutenant-Governorship, carried out five years later. But no change that can be considered at all organic occurred again in the judiciary system till 1862; for we can hardly consider as such the abolition of the Courts of Circuit in 1829 (Reg. i.), and that of the Provincial Courts of Appeal initiated by a section in Reg. v. of 1831, and completed in 1833.

1822.—"This refers to a traditional story which Mr. Elphinstone used to
relate.... During the progress of our conquests in the North-West many of
the inhabitants were encountered flying from the newly-occupied
territory. 'Is Lord Lake coming?' was the enquiry. 'No,' was the reply,
'the ADAWLUT is coming.'"—_Life of Ephinstone_, ii. 131.

1826.—"The ADAWLUT or Court-house was close by."—_Pandurang Hari_, 271
[ed. 1873, ii. 90].

ADIGAR, s. Properly _adhikār_, from Skt. _adhikārin_, one possessing authority; Tam. _adhikāri_, or _-kāren_. The title was formerly in use in South India, and perhaps still in the native States of Malabar, for a rural headman. [See quot. from Logan below.] It was also in Ceylon (_adikārama_, _adikār_) the title of chief minister of the Candyan Kings. See PATEL.

1544.—"Fac te comem et humanum cum isti Genti praebeas, tum praesertim
magistratibus eorum et Praefectis Pagorum, quos ADIGARES vocant."—_S. Fr.
Xav. Epistt._ 113.

1583.—"Mentre che noi erauamo in questa città, l'assalirono sù la mezza
notte all' improuiso, mettendoui il fuoco. Erano questi d'una città
uicina, lontana da S. Thomè, doue stanno i Portoghesi, un miglio, sotto
la scorta d'un loro Capitano, che risiede in detta città ... et questo
Capitano è da loro chiamato ADICARIO."—_Balbi_, f. 87.

1681.—"There are two who are the greatest and highest officers in the
land. They are called ADIGARS; I may term them Chief Judges."—_Knox_, 48.

1726.—" ADIGAAR. This is as it were the second of the
_Dessave_."—_Valentijn_ (Ceylon), _Names of Officers_, &c., 9.

1796.—"In Malabar esiste oggidi l'uffizio ... molti _Káriakárer_ o
ministri; molti ADHIGÁRI o ministri d'un distretto...."—_Fra Paolino_,
237.

1803.—"The highest officers of State are the ADIGARS or Prime Ministers.
They are two in number."—_Percival's Ceylon_, 256.

[1810-17.—"Announcing in letters ... his determination to exercise the
office of Serv ADIKAR."—_Wilks, Mysoor_, i. 264.

1887.—"Each _amsam_ or parish has now besides the ADHIKĀRI or man of
authority, headman, an accountant."—_Logan, Man. of Malabar_, i. 90.]

ADJUTANT, s. A bird so called (no doubt) from its comical resemblance to a human figure in a stiff dress pacing slowly on a parade-ground. It is the H. _haṛgīla_, or gigantic crane, and popular scavenger of Bengal, the _Leptoptilus argala_ of Linnæus. The H. name is by some dictionaries derived from a supposed Skt. word _haḍḍa-gila_, 'bone-swallower.' The compound, however appropriate, is not to be found in Böhtlingk and Roth's great Dictionary. The bird is very well described by Aelian, under the name of Κήλα, which is perhaps a relic of the still preserved vernacular one. It is described by another name, as one of the peculiarities of India, by Sultan Baber. See PELICAN.

"The feathers known as Marabou or Comercolly feathers, and sold in
Calcutta, are the tail-coverts of this, and the _Lept. Javanica_, another
and smaller species" (_Jerdon_). The name _marabout_ (from the Ar.
_murābit_, 'quiet,' and thence 'a hermit,' through the Port. _marabuto_)
seems to have been given to the bird in Africa on like reason to that of
adjutant in India. [Comercolly, properly Kumārkhāli, is a town in the
Nadiya District, Bengal. See _Balfour, Cycl._ i. 1082.]

c. A.D. 250.—"And I hear that there is in India a bird _Kēla_, which is 3
times as big as a bustard; it has a mouth of a frightful size, and long
legs, and it carries a huge crop which looks like a leather bag; it has a
most dissonant voice, and whilst the rest of the plumage is ash-coloured,
the tail-feathers are of a pale (or greenish) colour."—_Aelian, de Nat.
Anim._ xvi. 4.

c. 1530.—"One of these (fowls) is the _dīng_, which is a large bird. Each
of its wings is the length of a man; on its head and neck there is no
hair. Something like a bag hangs from its neck; its back is black, its
breast white; it frequently visits Kābul. One year they caught and
brought me a _dīng_, which became very tame. The flesh which they threw
it, it never failed to catch in its beak, and swallowed without ceremony.
On one occasion it swallowed a shoe well shod with iron; on another
occasion it swallowed a good-sized fowl right down, with its wings and
feathers."—_Baber_, 321.

1754.—"In the evening excursions ... we had often observed an
extraordinary species of birds, called by the natives _Argill_ or
_Hargill_, a native of Bengal. They would majestically stalk along before
us, and at first we took them for Indians naked.... The following are the
exact marks and dimensions.... The wings extended 14 feet and 10 inches.
From the tip of the bill to the extremity of the claw it measured 7 feet
6 inches.... In the craw was a _Terapin_ or land-tortoise, 10 inches
long; and a large black male cat was found entire in its
stomach."—_Ives_, 183-4.

1798.—"The next is the great Heron, the _Argali_ or ADJUTANT, or Gigantic
Crane of Latham.... It is found also in Guinea."—_Pennant's View of
Hindostan_, ii. 156.

1810.—"Every bird saving the vulture, the ADJUTANT (or _argeelah_) and
kite, retires to some shady spot."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 3.

[1880.—Ball (_Jungle Life_, 82) describes the "snake-stone" said to be
found in the head of the bird.]

AFGHÁN, n.p. P.—H—_Afghān_. The most general name of the predominant portion of the congeries of tribes beyond the N.W. frontier of India, whose country is called from them _Afghānistān_. In England one often hears the country called _Afguníst-un_, which is a mispronunciation painful to an Anglo-Indian ear, and even _Af'gann_, which is a still more excruciating solecism. [The common local pronunciation of the name is _Aoghān_, which accounts for some of the forms below. Bellew insists on the distinction between the Afghān and the Pathān (PUTTAN). "The Afghan is a Pathan merely because he inhabits a Pathan country, and has to a great extent mixed with its people and adopted their language" (_Races of Af._, p. 25). The name represents Skt. _asvaka_ in the sense of a 'cavalier,' and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of Alexander.]

c. 1020.—"... AFGHÁNS and Khiljis...."—'_Utbi_ in _Elliot_, ii. 24; see
also 50, 114.

c. 1265.—"He also repaired the fort of Jalálí, which he garrisoned with
AFGHÁNS."—_Táríkh-i-Fírozsháhí_ in do. iii. 106.

14th cent.—The AFGHANS are named by the continuator of Rashiduddin among
the tribes in the vicinity of Herat (see _N. & E._ xiv. 494).

1504.—"The AFGHANS, when they are reduced to extremities in war, come
into the presence of their enemy with grass between their teeth; being as
much as to say, 'I am your ox.'"[25]—_Baber_, 159.

c. 1556.—"He was afraid of the AFGHÁNS."—_Sidi 'Ali_, in _J. As._, 1st
S., ix. 201.

1609.—"AGWANS and _Potans_."—_W. Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 521.

c. 1665.—"Such are those petty Sovereigns, who are seated on the
Frontiers of Persia, who almost never pay him anything, no more than they
do to the King of Persia. As also the _Balouches_ and AUGANS, and other
Mountaineers, of whom the greatest part pay him but a small matter, and
even care but little for him: witness the Affront they did him, when they
stopped his whole Army by cutting off the Water ... when he passed from
_Atek_ on the River _Indus_ to CABOUL to lay siege to
KANDAHAR...."—_Bernier_, E. T. 64 [ed. _Constable_, 205].

1676.—"The people called AUGANS who inhabit from _Candahar_ to _Caboul_
... a sturdy sort of people, and great robbers in the
night-time."—_Tavernier_, E. T. ii. 44; [_ed. Ball_, i. 92].

1767.—"Our final sentiments are that we have no occasion to take any
measures against the AFGHANS' King if it should appear he comes only to
raise contributions, but if he proceeds to the eastward of Delhi to make
an attack on your allies, or threatens the peace of Bengal, you will
concert such measures with Sujah Dowla as may appear best adapted for
your mutual defence."—_Court's Letter_, Nov. 20. In _Long_, 486; also see
ROHILLA.

1838.—"Professor Dorn ... discusses severally the theories that have been
maintained of the descent of the AFGHAUNS: 1st, from the Copts; 2nd, the
Jews; 3rd, the Georgians; 4th, the Toorks; 5th, the Moguls; 6th, the
Armenians: and he mentions more cursorily the opinion that they are
descended from the Indo-Scythians, Medians, Sogdians, Persians, and
Indians: on considering all which, he comes to the rational conclusion,
that they cannot be traced to any tribe or country beyond their present
seats and the adjoining mountains."—_Elphinstone's Caubool_, ed. 1839, i.
209.

AFRICO, n.p. A negro slave.

1682.—"Here we met with y^e Barbadoes Merchant ... James Cock, Master,
laden with Salt, Mules, and AFRICOS."—_Hedges, Diary_, Feb. 27. [Hak.
Soc. i. 16.]

[AGAM, adj. A term applied to certain cloths dyed in some particular way. It is the Ar. _'ajam_ (lit. "one who has an impediment or difficulty in speaking Arabic"), a foreigner, and in particular, a Persian. The adj. _'ajamī_ thus means "foreign" or "Persian," and is equivalent to the Greek βάρβαρος and the Hind. _mleććha_. Sir G. Birdwood (_Rep. on Old Rec._, p. 145) quotes from Hieronimo di Santo Stefano (1494-99), "in company with some Armenian and _Azami_ merchants": and (_ibid._) from Varthema: "It is a country of very great traffic in merchandise, and particularly with the Persians and _Azamini_, who come so far as there."]

[1614.—"Kerseys, AGAM colours."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 237.

1614.—"Persia will vent five hundred cloths and one thousand kerseys,
AGAM colours, per annum."—_Ibid._ ii. 237.]

AGAR-AGAR, s. The Malay name of a kind of sea-weed (_Spherococcus lichenoïdes_). It is succulent when boiled to a jelly; and is used by the Chinese with birdsnest (_q.v._) in soup. They also employ it as a glue, and apply it to silk and paper intended to be transparent. It grows on the shores of the Malay Islands, and is much exported to China.—(See _Crawfurd, Dict. Ind. Arch._, and _Milburn_, ii. 304).

AGDAUN, s. A hybrid H. word from H. _āg_ and P. _dān_, made in imitation of _pīk-dān_, _ḳalam-dān_, _shama-dān_ ('spittoon, pencase, candlestick'). It means a small vessel for holding fire to light a cheroot.

ĀG-GĀRI, s. H. 'Fire carriage.' In native use for a railway train.

AGUN-BOAT, s. A hybrid word for a steamer, from H. _agan_, 'fire,' and Eng. _boat_. In Bombay _Ag-bōt_ is used.

1853.—"... AGIN BOAT."—_Oakfield_, i. 84.

[AJNĀS, s. Ar. plur. of _jins_, 'goods, merchandise, crops,' etc. Among the Moguls it was used in the special sense of pay in kind, not in cash.]