Chapter LXXXVI: Act III: of 1873. Under that system the highest rank of native Judge was (5)

1626.—"They vse much the powder of a certaine Herbe called CHIA, of which
they put as much as a Walnut-shell may containe, into a dish of
Porcelane, and drinke it with hot water."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 587.

1631.—"_Dur._ You have mentioned the drink of the Chinese called THEE;
what is your opinion thereof?... _Bont._ ... The Chinese regard this
beverage almost as something sacred ... and they are not thought to have
fulfilled the rites of hospitality to you until they have served you with
it, just like the Mahometans with their Caveah (see COFFEE). It is of a
drying quality, and banishes sleep ... it is beneficial to asthmatic and
wheezing patients."—_Jac. Bontius, Hist. Nat. et Med. Ind. Or._ Lib. i.
Dial. vi. p. 11.

1638.—"Dans les assemblées ordinaires (à Sourat) que nous faisions tous
les iours, nous ne prenions que du THÈ, dont l'vsage est fort cummun par
toutes les Indes."—_Mandelslo_, ed. Paris, 1659, p. 113.

1658.—"Non mirum est, multos etiam nunc in illo errore versari, quasi
diversae speciei plantae essent THE et TSIA, cum è contra eadem sit,
cujus decoctum Chinensibus THE, Iaponensibus TSIA nomen audiat; licet
horum TSIA, ob magnam contributionem et coctionem, nigrum THE
appellatur."—_Bontii Hist. Nat._ Pisonis Annot. p. 87.

1660.—(September) "28th.... I did send for a cup of TEA (a China drink)
of which I never had drank before."—_Pepys's Diary._ [Both Ld. Braybrooke
(4th ed. i. 110) and Wheatley (i. 249) read TEE, and give the date as
Sept. 25.]

1667.—(June) "28th.... Home and there find my wife making of TEA; a drink
which Mr. Pelling, the Potticary, tells her is good for her cold and
defluxions."—_Ibid._ [_Wheatley_, vi. 398].

1672.—"There is among our people, and particularly among the womankind a
great abuse of THEE, not only that too much is drunk ... but this is also
an evil custom to drink it with a full stomach; it is better and more
wholesome to make use of it when the process of digestion is pretty well
finished.... It is also a great folly to use sugar candy with
THEE."—_Baldaeus_, Germ. ed. 179. (This author devotes five columns to
tea, and its use and abuse in India).

1677.—"Planta dicitur CHÀ, vel ... Cià, ... cujus usus in _Chinae_
claustris nescius in Europae quoque paulatim sese insinuare attentat....
Et quamvis Turcarum _Cave_ (see COFFEE) et Mexicanorum _Ciocolata_ eundem
praestent effectum, CIÀ tamen, quam nonulli quoque TE vocant, ea multum
superat," etc.—_Kircher, China Illust._ 180.

" "Maer de CIÂ (of THEE) sonder achting op eenije tijt te hebben,
is novit schadelijk."—_Vermeulen_, 30.

1683.—"Lord Russell ... went into his chamber six or seven times in the
morning, and prayed by himself, and then came out to Tillotson and me; he
drunk a little TEA and some sherry."—_Burnet, Hist. of Own Time_, Oxford
ed. 1823, ii. 375.

1683.—

"Venus her Myrtle, Phœbus has his Bays;
TEA both excels which She[265] vouchsafes to praise,
The best of Queens, and best of Herbs we owe
To that bold Nation which the Way did show
To the fair Region where the Sun does rise,
Whose rich Productions we so justly prize."—_Waller._

1690.—"... Of all the followers of _Mahomet_ ... none are so rigidly
Abstemious as the _Arabians_ of _Muscatt_.... For TEA and COFFEE, which
are judg'd the privileg'd Liquors of all the _Mahometans_, as well as
_Turks_, as those of _Persia_, _India_, and other parts of _Arabia_, are
condemned by them as unlawful...."—_Ovington_, 427.

1726.—"I remember well how in 1681 I for the first time in my life drank
THEE at the house of an Indian Chaplain, and how I could not understand
how sensible men could think it a treat to drink what tasted no better
than hay-water."—_Valentijn_, v. 190.

1789.—

"And now her vase a modest Naiad fills
With liquid crystal from her pebbly rills;
Piles the dry cedar round her silver urn,
(Bright climbs the blaze, the crackling faggots burn).
Culls the green herb of China's envy'd bowers,
In gaudy cups the steaming treasure pours;
And sweetly smiling, on her bended knee,
Presents the fragrant quintessence of TEA."
_Darwin, Botanic Garden, Loves of the Plants_, Canto ii.

1844.—"The Polish word for tea, _Herbata_, signifies more properly
'herb,' and in fact there is little more of the genuine Chinese beverage
in the article itself than in its name, so that we often thought with
longing of the delightful Russian TSHAÏ, genuine in word and fact."—_J.
I. Kohl, Austria_, p. 444.

The following are some of the names given in the market to different kinds of tea, with their etymologies.

1. (TEA), BOHEA. This name is from the _Wu-i_ (dialectically _Bú-î_)-shan Mountains in the N.W. of Fuh-kien, one of the districts most famous for its black tea. In Pope's verse, as Crawfurd points out, _Bohea_ stands for a tea in use among fashionable people. Thus:

"To part her time 'twixt reading and BOHEA,
To muse, and spill her solitary tea."
_Epistle to Mrs Teresa Blount._

[The earliest examples in the _N.E.D._ carry back the use of the word to the first years of the 18th century.]

1711.—"There is a parcel of extraordinary fine BOHEE TEA to be sold at
26_s._ per Pound, at the sign of the Barber's Pole, next door to the
Brazier's Shop in Southampton Street in the Strand."—Advt. in the
_Spectator_ of April 2, 1711.

1711.—

"Oh had I rather unadmired remained
On some lone isle or distant northern land;
Where the gilt chariot never marks the way,
Where none learn ombre, none e'er taste BOHEA."
_Belinda_, in _Rape of the Lock_, iv. 153.

The last quotation, and indeed the first also, shows that the word was then pronounced _Bohay_. At a later date BOHEA sank to be the market name of one of the lowest qualities of tea, and we believe it has ceased altogether to be a name quoted in the tea-market. The following quotations seem to show that it was the general name for "black-tea."

1711.—"BOHEA is of little Worth among the _Moors_ and _Gentoos_ of India,
_Arrabs_ and _Persians_ ... that of 45 Tale (see TAEL) would not fetch
the Price of green Tea of 10 Tale a PECULL."—_Lockyer_, 116.

1721.—

"Where Indus and the double Ganges flow,
On odorif'rous plains the leaves do grow,
Chief of the treat, a plant the boast of fame,
Sometimes called green, BOHEA'S the greater name."
_Allan Ramsay's Poems_, ed. 1800, i. 213-14.

1726.—"A^{nno} 1670 and 1680 there was knowledge only of BOEY Tea and
Green Tea, but later they speak of a variety of other sorts ... CONGO ...
PEGO ... _Tongge_, _Rosmaryn Tea_, rare and very dear."—_Valentijn_, iv.
14.

1727.—"In September they strip the Bush of all its Leaves, and, for Want
of warm dry Winds to cure it, are forced to lay it on warm Plates of Iron
or Copper, and keep it stirring gently, till it is dry, and that Sort is
called BOHEA."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 289; [ed. 1744, ii. 288].

But Zedler's _Lexicon_ (1745) in a long article on THEE gives THEE BOHEA as "the worst sort of all." The other European trade-names, according to Zedler, were THEE-PECO, CONGO which the Dutch called the best, but THEE CANCHO was better still and dearer, and CHAUCON best of all.

2. (TEA) CAMPOY, a black tea also. _Kam-pui_, the Canton pron. of the characters _Kien-pei_, "select-dry (over a fire)."

3. (TEA) CONGOU (a black tea). This is _Kang-hu_ (TÊ) the Amoy pronunciation of the characters _Kung-fu_, 'work or labour.' [Mr. Pratt (9 ser. _N. & Q._ iv. 26) writes: "The _N.E.D._ under _Congou_ derives it from the standard Chinese _Kung-fu_ (which happens also to be the Cantonese spelling); 'the omission of the _f_,' we are told, 'is the foreigner's corruption.' It is nothing of the kind. The Amoy name for this tea is _Kong-hu_, so that the omission of the _f_ is due to the local Chinese dialect."]

4. HYSON (a green tea). This is _He-_ (_hei_ and _ai_ in the south) _-ch'un_, 'bright spring,' [which Mr. Ball (_Things Chinese_, 586) writes _yu-ts'in_, 'before the rain'], characters which some say formed the HONG name of a tea-merchant named Le, who was in the trade in the dist. of Hiu-ning (S.W. of Hang-chau) about 1700; others say that _He-chun_ was Le's daughter, who was the first to separate the leaves, so as to make what is called HYSON. [Mr. Ball says that it is so called, "the young hyson being half-opened leaves plucked in April before the spring rains."]

c. 1772.—

"And Venus, goddess of the eternal smile,
Knowing that stormy brows but ill become
Fair patterns of her beauty, hath ordained
Celestial TEA;—a fountain that can cure
The ills of passion, and can free from frowns.
* * * * *
To her, ye fair! in adoration bow!
Whether at blushing morn, or dewy eve,
Her smoking cordials greet your fragrant board
With HYSON, or BOHEA, or CONGO crown'd."
_R. Fergusson, Poems._

5. OOLONG (bl. tea). _Wu-lung_, 'black dragon'; respecting which there is a legend to account for the name. ["A black snake (and snakes are sometimes looked upon as dragons in China) was coiled round a plant of this tea, and hence the name" (_Ball_, _op. cit._ 586).]

6. PEKOE (do.). _Pak-ho_, Canton pron. of characters _pŏh-hao_, 'white-down.'

7. POUCHONG (do.). _Pao-chung_, 'fold-sort.' So called from its being packed in small paper packets, each of which is supposed to be the produce of one choice tea-plant. Also called PADRE-_souchong_, because the priests in the Wu-i hills and other places prepare and pack it.

8. SOUCHONG (do.). _Siu-chung_, Canton for _Siao-chung_, 'little-sort.'

1781.—"Les Nations Européennes retirent de la Chine des thés connus sous
les noms de thé BOUY, thé vert, et THÉ SAOTHON."—_Sonnerat_, ii. 249.

9. TWANKAY (green tea). From _T'un-k'i_, the name of a mart about 15 m. S.W. of Hwei-chau-fu in Ngan-hwei. Bp. Moule says (perhaps after W. Williams?) from _T'un-k'i_, name of a stream near Yen-shau-fu in Chi-kiang. [Mr. Pratt (_loc. cit._) writes; "The Amoy _Tun-ke_ is nearer, and the Cantonese _Tun-kei_ nearer still, its second syllable being absolutely the same in sound as the English. The Twankay is a stream in the E. of the province of Nganhwui, where Twankay tea grows."] _Twankay_ is used by Theodore Hook as a sort of slang for 'tea.'

10. YOUNG HYSON. This is called by the Chinese _Yü-t'sien_, 'rain-before,' or '_Yu-before_,' because picked before _Kuh-yu_, a term falling about 20th April (see HYSON above). According to Giles it was formerly called, in trade, _Uchain_, which seems to represent the Chinese name. In an "_Account of the Prices at which Teas have been put up to Sale, that arrived in England in 1784, 1785_" (MS. India Office Records) the Teas are (from cheaper to dearer):—

"BOHEA TEA,
CONGOU,
SOUCHONG,
Singlo (?),
HYSON."

TEA-CADDY, s. This name, in common English use for a box to contain tea for the daily expenditure of the household, is probably corrupted, as Crawfurd suggests, from CATTY, a weight of 1⅓ _lb._ (q.v.). A '_catty-box_,' meaning a box holding a _catty_, might easily serve this purpose and lead to the name. This view is corroborated by a quotation which we have given under CADDY (q.v.) A friend adds the remark that in his youth 'Tea-caddy' was a Londoner's name for Harley Street, due to the number of E.I. Directors and proprietors supposed to inhabit that district.

TEAPOY, s. A small tripod table. This word is often in England imagined to have some connection with _tea_, and hence, in London shops for japanned ware and the like, a _teapoy_ means a tea-chest fixed on legs. But this is quite erroneous. _Tipāī_ is a Hindustāni, or perhaps rather an Anglo-Hindustāni word for a tripod, from Hind. _tīn_, 3, and Pers. _pāē_, 'foot.' The legitimate word from the Persian is _sipāī_ (properly _sihpāya_), and the legitimate Hindi word _tirpad_ or _tripad_, but _tipāī_ or _tepoy_ was probably originated by some European in analogy with the familiar CHARPOY (q.v.) or 'four-legs,' possibly from inaccuracy, possibly from the desire to avoid confusion with another very familiar word SEPOY, SEAPOY. [Platts, however, gives _tipāī_ as a regular Hind. word, Skt. _tri-pād-ikā_.] The word is applied in India not only to a three-legged table (or any very small table, whatever number of legs it has), but to any tripod, as to the tripod-stands of surveying instruments, or to trestles in carpentry. _Sihpāya_ occurs in 'Ali of Yezd's history of Timur, as applied to the trestles used by Timur in bridging over the Indus (_Elliot_, iii. 482). A teapoy is called in Chinese by a name having reference to tea: viz. _Ch'a-chi'rh_. It has 4 legs.

[c. 1809.—"(Dinajpoor) SEPAYA, a wooden stand for a lamp or candle with
three feet."—_Buchanan, Eastern India_, ii. 945.]

1844.—"'Well, to be sure, it does seem odd—very odd;'—and the old
gentleman chuckled,—'most odd to find a person who don't know what a
TEPOY is.... Well, then, a TEPOY or _tinpoy_ is a thing with three feet,
used in India to denote a little table, such as that just at your right.'

"'Why, that table has four legs,' cried Peregrine.

"'It's a TEPOY all the same,' said Mr. Havethelacks."—_Peregrine
Pulteney_, i. 112.

TEAK, s. The tree, and timber of the tree, known to botanists as _Tectona grandis_, L., N.O. _Verbenaceae_. The word is Malayāl. _tekka_, Tam. _tekku_. No doubt this name was adopted owing to the fact that Europeans first became acquainted with the wood in Malabar, which is still one of the two great sources of supply; Pegu being the other. The Skt. name of the tree is _śāka_, whence the modern Hind. name _sāgwān_ or _sāgūn_ and the Mahr. _śāg_. From this last probably was taken _sāj_, the name of teak in Arabic and Persian. And we have doubtless the same word in the σαγαλίνα of the Periplus, one of the exports from Western India, a form which may be illustrated by the Mahr. adj. _sāgalī_, 'made of the teak, belonging to teak.' The last fact shows, in some degree, how old the export of teak is from India. Teak beams, still undecayed, exist in the walls of the great palace of the Sassanid Kings at Seleucia or Ctesiphon, dating from the middle of the 6th century. [See _Birdwood, First Letter Book_, Intro. XXIX.] Teak has continued to recent times to be imported into Egypt. See _Forskal_, quoted by Royle (_Hindu Medicine_, 128). The _gopher-wood_ of Genesis is translated _sāj_ in the Arabic version of the Pentateuch (Royle). [It was probably cedar (see _Encycl. Bibl._ s.v.)]

Teak seems to have been hardly known in Gangetic India in former days. We can find no mention of it in Baber (which however is indexless), and the only mention we can find in the _Āīn_, is in a list of the weights of a cubic yard of 72 kinds of wood, where the name "_Ságaun_" has not been recognised as teak by the learned translator (see _Blochmann's_ E.T. i. p. 228).

c. A.D. 80.—"In the innermost part of this Gulf (the Persian) is the Port
of Apologos, lying near Pasine Charax and the river Euphrates.

"Sailing past the mouth of the Gulf, after a course of 6 days you reach
another port of Persia called Omana. Thither they are wont to despatch
from Barygaza, to both these ports of Persia, great vessels with brass,
and timbers and beams of TEAK (ζύλων σαγαλίνων καὶ δοκῶν), and horns and
spars of shisham (see SISSOO) (σασαμίνων), and of ebony...."—_Peripl.
Maris Erythr._ § 35-36.

c. 800.—(under Hārūn al Rashīd) "Faẓl continued his story '... I heard
loud wailing from the house of Abdallah ... they told me he had been
struck with the _judām_, that his body was swollen and all black.... I
went to Rashīd to tell him, but I had not finished when they came to say
Abdallah was dead. Going out at once I ordered them to hasten the
obsequies.... I myself said the funeral prayer. As they let down the bier
a slip took place, and the bier and earth fell in together; an
intolerable stench arose ... a second slip took place. I then called for
planks of _teak_ (SĀJ)...."—Quotation in _Maṣ'ūdī, Prairies d'Or_, vi.
298-299.

c. 880.—"From Kol to Sindān, where they collect TEAK-_wood_ (SĀJ) and
cane, 18 farsakhs."—_Ibn Khurdādba_, in _J. As. S._ VI. tom. v. 284.

c. 940.—"... The _teak-tree_ (SĀJ). This tree, which is taller than the
date-palm, and more bulky than the walnut, can shelter under its branches
a great number of men and cattle, and you may judge of its dimensions by
the logs that arrive, of their natural length, at the depôts of Basra, of
'Irāk, and of Egypt...."—_Māṣ'ūdī_, iii. 12.

Before 1200.—Abu'l-ḍhali' the Sindian, describing the regions of Hind,
has these verses:

* * * * *
"By my life! it is a land where, when the rain falls,
Jacinths and pearls spring up for him who wants ornaments.
There too are produced MUSK and CAMPHOR and _ambergris_ and _agila_,
* * * * *
And ivory there, and _teak_ (AL-SĀJ) and aloeswood and sandal...."
Quoted by _Kazwini_, in _Gildemeister_, 217-218.

The following order, in a King's Letter to the Goa Government, no doubt refers to Pegu teak, though not naming the particular timber:

1597.—"We enjoin you to be very vigilant not to allow the Turks to export
any timber from the Kingdom of Pegu, nor from that of Achem (see ACHEEN),
and you must arrange how to treat this matter, particularly with the King
of Achem."—In _Archiv. Port. Orient._ fasc. ii. 669.

1602.—"... It was necessary in order to appease them, to give a promise
in writing that the body should not be removed from the town, but should
have public burial in our church in sight of everybody; and with this
assurance it was taken in solemn procession and deposited in a box of
_teak_ (TECA), which is a wood not subject to decay...."—_Sousa, Oriente
Conquist._ (1710), ii. 265.

[ " "Of many of the roughest thickets of bamboos and of the largest
and best wood in the world, that is TECA."—_Couto_, Dec. VII. Bk. vi. ch.
6. He goes on to explain that all the ships and boats made either by
Moors or Gentiles since the Portuguese came to India, were of this wood
which came from the inexhaustible forests at the back of Damaun.]

1631.—Bontius gives a tolerable cut of the foliage, &c., of the
Teak-tree, but writing in the Archipelago does not use that name,
describing it under the title "_Quercus Indica_, Kiati Malaiis
dicta."—Lib. vi. cap. 16. On this Rheede, whose plate of the tree is, as
usual, excellent (_Hortus Malabaricus_, iv. tab. 27), observes justly
that the teak has no resemblance to an oak-tree, and also that the Malay
name is not _Kiati_ but _Jati_. _Kiati_ seems to be a mistake of some
kind growing out of _Kayu-jati_, 'Teak-wood.'

1644.—"Hã nestas terras de Damam muyta e boa madeyra de TECA, a milhor de
toda a India, e tambem de muyta parte do mundo, porque com ser muy fasil
de laurar he perduravel, e particullarmente nam lhe tocando
agoa."—_Bocarro, MS._

1675.—"At Cock-crow we parted hence and observed that the Sheds here were
round thatched and lined with broad Leaves of TEKE (the Timber Ships are
built with) in Fashion of a Bee-hive."—_Fryer_, 142.

" "... TEKE by the Portuguese, SOGWAN by the Moors, is the firmest
Wood they have for Building ... in Height the lofty Pine exceeds it not,
nor the sturdy Oak in Bulk and Substance.... This Prince of the Indian
Forest was not so attractive, though mightily glorious, but
that...."—_Ibid._ 178.

1727.—"_Gundavee_ is next, where good Quantities of TEAK Timber are cut,
and exported, being of excellent Use in building of Houses or Ships."—_A.
Hamilton_, i. 178; [ed. 1744].

1744.—"TECKA is the name of costly wood which is found in the Kingdom of
Martaban in the East Indies, and which never decays."—_Zeidler, Univ.
Lexicon_, s.v.

1759.—"They had endeavoured to burn the TEAK _Timbers_ also, but they
lying in a _swampy place_, could not take fire."—_Capt. Alves, Report on
Loss of Negrais_, in _Dalrymple_, i. 349.

c. 1760.—"As to the wood it is a sort called TEAK, to the full as durable
as oak."—_Grose_, i. 108.

1777.—"Experience hath long since shewn, that ships built with oak, and
joined together with wooden trunnels, are by no means so well calculated
to resist the extremes of heat and damp, in the tropical latitudes of
Asia, as the ships which are built in India of TEKEWOOD, and bound with
iron spikes and bolts."—_Price's Tracts_, i. 191.

1793.—"The TEEK forests, from whence the marine yard at Bombay is
furnished with that excellent species of ship-timber, lie along the
western side of the Gaut mountains ... on the north and north-east of
Basseen.... I cannot close this subject without remarking the
unpardonable negligence we are guilty of in delaying to build TEAK ships
of war for the service of the Indian seas."—_Rennell, Memoir_, 3rd ed.
260.

[1800.—"TAYCA, _Tectona Robusta_."—_Buchanan, Mysore_, i. 26.]

TEE, s. The metallic decoration, generally gilt and hung with tinkling bells, on the top of a dagoba in Indo-Chinese countries, which represents the _chatras_ [_chhattras_] or umbrellas which in ancient times, as royal emblems, crowned these structures. Burm. _h'ti_, 'an umbrella.'

1800.—"... In particular the TEE, or umbrella, which, composed of open
iron-work, crowned the spire, had been thrown down."—_Symes_, i. 193.

1855.—"... gleaming in its white plaster, with numerous pinnacles and
tall central spire, we had seen it (Gaudapalen Temple at Pugan) from far
down the Irawadi rising like a dim vision of Milan Cathedral.... It is
cruciform in plan ... exhibiting a massive basement with porches, and
rising above in a pyramidal gradation of terraces, crowned by a spire and
HTEE. The latter has broken from its stays at one side, and now leans
over almost horizontally...."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, 1858, p. 42.

1876.—"... a feature known to Indian archaeologists as a
TEE...."—_Fergusson, Ind. and East. Archit._ 64.

TEEK, adj. Exact, precise, punctual; also parsimonious, [a meaning which Platts does not record]. Used in N. India. Hind. _ṭhīk_.

[1843.—"They all feel that _the good old rule of right_ (TEEK), as long
as a man does his duty well, can no longer be relied upon."—_G. W.
Johnson, Stranger in India_, i. 290.]

[1878.—"... 'it is necessary to send an explanation to the magistrate,
and the return does not look so THÊK' (a word expressing all
excellence)."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i. 253.]

TEERUT, TEERTHA, s. Skt. and Hind. _tīrth_, _tīrtha_. A holy place of pilgrimage and of bathing for the good of the soul, such as Hurdwar, or the confluence at PRAAG (Allahabad).

[1623.—"The Gentiles call it _Ram_TIRT, that is, Holy Water."—_P. della
Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 205.]

c. 1790.—"Au temple l'enfant est reçue par les devedaschies (DEVA-DASI)
des mains de ses parens, et après l'avoir baignée dans le TIRTHA ou étang
du temple, elles lui mettent des vêtemens neufs...."—_Haafner_, ii. 114.

[1858.—"He then summoned to the place no less than three CRORES and half,
or thirty millions and half of TEERUTS, or angels (_sic_) who preside
each over his special place of religious worship."—_Sleeman, Journey
through Oudh_, ii. 4.]

TEHR, TAIR, &c., s. The wild goat of the Himālaya; _Hemitragus jemlaicus_, Jerdon, [Blanford, _Mammalia_, 509]. In Nepāl it is called _jhāral_. (See SURROW).

TEJPAT, s. Hind. _tejpāt_, Skt. _teja-patra_, 'pungent leaf.' The native name for MALABATHRUM.

1833.—"Last night as I was writing a long description of the TĒZ-PĀT, the
leaf of the cinnamon-tree, which humbly pickles beef, leaving the honour
of crowning heroes to the _Laurus nobilis_...."—_Wanderings of a
Pilgrim_, i. 278.

1872.—TEJPÁT is mentioned as sold by the village shopkeeper, in _Govinda
Samanta_, i. 223.

(1) TELINGA, n.p. Hind. _Tilangā_, Skt. _Tailanga_. One of the people of the country east of the Deccan, and extending to the coast, often called, at least since the Middle Ages, _Tiliñgāna_ or _Tilangāna_, sometimes _Tiling_ or _Tilang_. Though it has not, perhaps, been absolutely established that this came from a form _Triliñga_, the habitual application of _Tri-Kaliñga_, apparently to the same region which in later days was called TILINGA, and the example of actual use of _Triliñga_, both by Ptolemy (though he carries us beyond the Ganges) and by a Tibetan author quoted below, do make this a reasonable supposition (see _Bp. Caldwell's Dravidian Grammar_, 2nd ed. Introd. pp. 30 _seqq._, and the article KLING in this book).

A.D. c. 150.—"Τρίγλυπτον, τὸ καὶ Τρίλιγγον Βασιλείον ...
κ.τ.λ."—_Ptolemy_, vi. 2, 23.

1309.—"On Saturday the 10th of Sha'bán, the army marched from that spot,
in order that the pure tree of Islám might be planted and flourish in the
soil of TILANG, and the evil tree which had struck its roots deep, might
be torn up by force.... When the blessed canopy had been fixed about a
mile from Arangal (Warangal, N.E. of Hyderabad), the tents around the
fort were pitched so closely that the head of a needle could not get
between them."—_Amīr Khusrū_, in _Elliot_, iii. 80.

1321.—"In the year 721 H. the Sultán (Ghiyásu-ddín) sent his eldest son,
Ulugh Khán, with a canopy and an army against Arangal and
TILANG."—_Ziá-uddín Barní_, _Ibid._ 231.

c. 1335.—"For every mile along the road there are three _dāwāt_ (post
stations) ... and so the road continues for six months' marching, till
one reaches the countries of TILING and Ma'bar...."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii.
192.

" In the list of provinces of India under the Sultan of Delhi,
given by Shihāb-ud-dīn Dimishkī, we find both TALANG and TALANJ, probably
through some mistake.—_Not. et Exts._ Pt. 1. 170-171.

c. 1590.—"Ṣūba Berār.... Its length from Batāla (or Patiāla) to Bairāgaṛh
is 200 _kuroh_ (or kos); its breadth from Bīdar to Hindia 180. On the
east of Bairāgaṛh it marches with Bastar; on the north with Hindia; on
the south with TILINGĀNA; on the west with Mahkarābād...."—_Āīn_ (orig.)
i. 476; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 228; and see 230, 237].

1608.—"In the southern lands of India since the day when the Turushkas
(Turks, _i.e._ Mahommedans) conquered Magadha, many abodes of Learning
were founded; and though they were inconsiderable, the continuance of
instruction and exorcism was without interruption, and the Pandit who was
called the Son of Men, dwelt in Kalinga, a part of
TRILINGA."—_Tāranātha's H. of Buddhism_ (Germ. ed. of Schiefner), p. 264.
See also 116, 158, 166.

c. 1614.—"Up to that time none of the _zamíndárs_ of distant lands, such
as the Rájá of TILANG, Pegu, and Malabar, had ventured upon disobedience
or rebellion."—_Firishta_, in _Elliot_, vi. 549.

1793.—"TELLINGANA, of which Warangoll was the capital, comprehended the
tract lying between the Kistnah and Godavery Rivers, and east of
Visiapour...."—_Rennell's Memoir_, 3rd ed. p. [cxi.]

(2) TELINGA, s. This term in the 18th century was frequently used in Bengal as synonymous with SEPOY, or a native soldier disciplined and clothed in quasi-European fashion, [and is still commonly used by natives to indicate a sepoy or armed policeman in N. India], no doubt because the first soldiers of that type came to Bengal from what was considered to be the Telinga country, viz. Madras.

1758.—"... the latter commanded a body of Hindu soldiers, armed and
accoutred and disciplined in the European manner of fighting; I mean
those soldiers that are become so famous under the name of
TALINGAS."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, ii. 92.

c. 1760.—"... Sepoys, sometimes called TELLINGAS."—_Grose_, in his
_Glossary_, see vol. I. xiv.

1760.—"300 TELINGEES are run away, and entered into the Beerboom Rajah's
service."—In _Long_, 235; see also 236, 237, and (1761) p. 258,
"TELLINGERS."

c. 1765.—"Somro's force, which amounted to 15 or 16 field-pieces and 6000
or 7000 of those foot soldiers called TALINGHAS, and which are armed with
flint muskets, and accoutred as well as disciplined in the _Frenghi_ or
European manner."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 254.

1786.—"... _Gardi_ (see GARDEE), which is now the general name of
Sipahies all over India, save Bengal ... where they are stiled TALINGAS,
because the first Sipahees that came in Bengal (and they were imported in
1757 by Colonel Clive) were all TALINGAS or TELOUGOUS born ... speaking
hardly any language but their native...."—Note by Tr. of _Seir
Mutaqherin_, ii. 93.

c. 1805.—"The battalions, according to the old mode of France, were
called after the names of cities and forts.... The TELINGAS, composed
mostly of Hindoos, from Oude, were disciplined according to the old
English exercise of 1780...."—_Sketch of the Regular Corps, &c., in
Service of Native Princes_, by _Major Lewis Ferdinand Smith_, p. 50.

1827.—"You are a Sahib Angrezie.... I have been a TELINGA ... in the
Company's service, and have eaten their salt. I will do your
errand."—_Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xiii.

1883.—"We have heard from natives whose grandfathers lived in those
times, that the Oriental portions of Clive's army were known to the
Bengalis of Nuddea as TELINGAS, because they came, or were supposed to
have accompanied him from Telingana or Madras."—_Saty. Review_, Jan. 29,
p. 120.

TELOOGOO, n.p. The first in point of diffusion, and the second in culture and copiousness, of the Dravidian languages of the Indian Peninsula. It is "spoken all along the eastern coast of the Peninsula, from the neighbourhood of Pulicat" (24 m. N. of Madras) "where it supersedes Tamil, to Chicacole, where it begins to yield to the Oriya (see OORIYA), and inland it prevails as far as the eastern boundary of the Marâtha country and Mysore, including within its range the 'CEDED DISTRICTS' and Karnûl (see KURNOOL), a considerable part of the territories of the Nizam ... and a portion of the Nâgpûr country and Goṇḍvâna" (_Bp. Caldwell's Dravid. Gram. Introd._ p. 29). _Telugu_ is the name given to the language of the people themselves (other forms being, according to Bp. Caldwell, TELUNGA, TELINGA, TAILINGA, TENUGU, and TENUNGU), as the language of Telingāna (see TELINGA (1)). It is this language (as appears in the passage from Fryer) that used to be, perhaps sometimes is, called GENTOO at Madras. [Also see BADEGA.]

1673.—"Their Language they call generally GENTU ... the peculiar name of
their speech is TELINGA."—_Fryer_, 33.

1793.—"The TELLINGA language is said to be in use, at present, from the
River Pennar in the Carnatic, to Orissa, along the coast, and inland to a
very considerable distance."—_Rennell, Memoir_, 3rd ed. p. [cxi].

TEMBOOL, Betel-leaf. Skt. _tāmbūla_, adopted in Pers. as _tāmbūl_, and in Ar. _al-tambūl_. [It gives its name to the Tambolis or Tamolis, sellers of betel in the N. Indian bazars.]

1298.—"All the people of this city, as well as the rest of India, have a
custom of perpetually keeping in the mouth a certain leaf called
TEMBUL...."—_Marco Polo_, ii. 358.

1498.—"And he held in his left hand a very great cup of gold as high as a
half _almude_ pot ... into which he spat a certain herb which the men of
this country chew for solace, and which herb they call ATAMBOR."—_Roteiro
de V. da Gama_, 59.

1510.—"He also eats certain leaves of herbs, which are like the leaves of
the sour orange, called by some TAMBOLI."—_Varthema_, 110.

1563.—"Only you should know that Avicenna calls the betre (BETEL) TEMBUL,
which seems a word somewhat corrupted, since everybody pronounces it
TAMBUL, and not _tembul_."—_Garcia_, f. 37_h_.

TENASSERIM, n.p. A city and territory on the coast of the Peninsula of Further India. It belonged to the ancient kingdom of Pegu, and fell with that to Ava. When we took from the latter the provinces east and south of the Delta of the Irawadi, after the war of 1824-26, these were officially known as "the Martaban and Tenasserim Province," or often as "the Tenasserim Provinces." We have the name probably from the Malay form _Tanasari_. We do not know to what language the name originally belongs. The Burmese call it _Ta-nen-thā-ri_. ["The name Tenasserim (Malay _Tanah-sari_), 'the land of happiness or delight,' was long ago given by the Malays to the Burma province, which still keeps it, the Burmese corruption being _Tanang-sari_" (_Gray_, on _Pyrard de Laval_, quoted below).]

c. 1430.—"Relicta Taprobane ad urbem THENASSERIM supra ostium fluvii
eodem nomine vocitati diebus XVI tempestate actus est. Quae regio et
elephantis et verzano (BRAZIL-WOOD) abundat."—_Nic. Conti_, in _Poggio de
Var. Fort._ lib. iv.

1442.—"The inhabitants of the shores of the Ocean come thither (to
Hormuz) from the countries of Chīn (CHINA), Jāvah, Bangāla, the cities of
ZIRBĀD (q.v.), of TENASERI, of Sokotara, of _Shahrinao_ (see SARNAU), of
the Isles of Dīwah Mahal (MALDIVES)."—_Abdur-razzāk_, in _Not. et Exts._
xiv. 429.

1498.—"TENAÇAR is peopled by Christians, and the King is also a Christian
... in this land is much brasyll, which makes a fine vermilion, as good
as the grain, and it costs here 3 cruzados a BAHAR, whilst in Quayro
(Cairo) it costs 60; also there is here aloes-wood, but not
much."—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 110.

1501.—TANASER appears in the list of places in the East Indies of which
Amerigo Vespucci had heard from the Portuguese fleet at C. Verde. Printed
in _Baldelli Boni's Il Milione_, pp. liii. _seqq._

1506.—"At TENAZAR grows all the _verzi_ (BRAZIL), and it costs 1½ ducats
the baar (BAHAR), equal to 4 _kantars_. This place, though on the coast,
is on the mainland. The King is a Gentile; and thence come pepper,
cinnamon, galanga, camphor that is eaten, and camphor that is not
eaten.... This is indeed the first mart of spices in India."—_Leonardo
Ca' Masser_, in _Archiv. Stor. Ital._ p. 28.

1510.—"The city of TARNASSARI is situated near the sea, etc."—_Varthema_,
196. This adventurer's account of Tenasserim is an imposture. He
describes it by implication as in India Proper, somewhere to the north of
Coromandel.

1516.—"And from the Kingdom of Peigu as far as a city which has a
seaport, and is named TANASERY, there are a hundred
leagues...."—_Barbosa_, 188.

1568.—"The Pilot told vs that wee were by his altitude not farre from a
citie called TANASARY, in the Kingdom of Pegu."—_C. Frederike_, in
_Hakl._ ii. 359. See _Lancaster_.

c. 1590.—"In _Kambayat_ (CAMBAY) a Nákhuda (NACODA) gets 800 R.... In
Pegu and DAHNASARI, he gets half as much again as in Cambay."—_Āīn_, i.
281.

[1598.—"Betweene two Islandes the coast runneth inwards like a bow,
wherein lyeth the towne of TANASSARIEN."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 103.
In the same page he writes TANASSARIA.

[1608.—"The small quantities they have here come from
TANNASERYE."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 22.

[c. 1610.—"Some Indians call it (Ceylon) TENASIRIN, signifying land of
delights, or earthly paradise."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii. 140, with Gray's
note (Hak. Soc.) quoted above.]

1727.—"Mr. _Samuel White_ was made Shawbandaar (SHABUNDER) or
Custom-Master at Merjee (MERGUI) and TANACERIN, and Captain Williams was
Admiral of the King's Navy."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 64; [ed. 1744].

1783.—"TANNASERIM...."—_Forrest, V. to Mergui_, 4.

TERAI, TERYE, s. Hind. _tarāī_, 'moist (land)' from _tar_, 'moist' or 'green.' [Others, however, connect it with _tara_, _tala_, 'beneath (the Himālaya).'] The term is specially applied to a belt of marshy and jungly land which runs along the foot of the Himālaya north of the Ganges, being that zone in which the moisture which has sunk into the talus of porous material exudes. A tract on the south side of the Ganges, now part of Bhāgalpūr, was also formerly known as the JUNGLE-TERRY (q.v.).

1793.—"Helloura, though standing very little below the level of Cheeria
Ghat's top is nevertheless comprehended in the TURRY or TURRYANI of
Nepaul ... TURRYANI properly signifies low marshy lands, and is sometimes
applied to the flats lying below the hills in the interior of Nepaul, as
well as the low tract bordering immediately on the Company's northern
frontier."—_Kirkpatrick's Nepaul_ (1811), p. 40.

1824.—"Mr. Boulderson said he was sorry to learn from the raja that he
did not consider the unhealthy season of the TERRAI yet over ... I asked
Mr. B. if it were true that the monkeys forsook these woods during the
unwholesome months. He answered that not the monkeys only, but everything
which had the breath of life instinctively deserts them from the
beginning of April to October. The tigers go up to the hills, the
antelopes and wild hogs make incursions into the cultivated plain ... and
not so much as a bird can be heard or seen in the frightful
solitude."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, 250-251.

[The word is used as an adj. to describe a severe form of malarial fever, and also a sort of double felt hat, worn when the sun is not so powerful as to require the use of a SOLA TOPEE.

[1879.—"Remittent has been called Jungle Fever, TERAI Fever, Bengal
Fever, &c., from the locality in which it originated...."—_Moore, Family
Med. for India_, 211.

[1880.—"A TERAI hat is sufficient for a Collector."—_Ali Baba_, 85.]

THAKOOR, s. Hind. _ṭhākur_, from Skt. _ṭhakkura_, 'an idol, a deity.' Used as a term of respect, Lord, Master, &c., but with a variety of specific applications, of which the most familiar is as the style of Rājpūt nobles. It is also in some parts the honorific designation of a barber, after the odd fashion which styles a tailor _khalīfa_ (see CALEEFA); a _bihishtī_, _jama'-dār_ (see JEMADAR); a sweeper, MEHTAR. And in Bengal it is the name of a Brahman family, which its members have Anglicised as _Tagore_, of whom several have been men of character and note, the best known being Dwārkanāth Tagore, "a man of liberal opinions and enterprising character" (_Wilson_), who died in London in 1840.

[c. 1610.—"The nobles in blood (in the Maldives) add to their name
TACOUROU."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 217.

[1798.—"The THACUR (so Rajput chieftains are called) was naked from the
waist upwards, except the sacrificial thread or scarf on his shoulders
and a turban on his head."—_L. of Colebrooke_, 462.

[1881.—"After the sons have gone to their respective offices, the mother
changing her clothes retires into the THAKUR_ghar_ (the place of
worship), and goes through her morning service...."—_S. C. Bose, The
Hindoos as they are_, 13.]

THERMANTIDOTE, s. This learned word ("heat-antidote") was applied originally, we believe, about 1830-32 to the invention of the instrument which it designates, or rather to the application of the instrument, which is in fact a winnowing machine fitted to a window aperture, and incased in wet TATTIES (q.v.), so as to drive a current of cooled air into a house during hot, dry weather. We have a dim remembrance that the invention was ascribed to Dr. Spilsbury.

1831.—"To the 21st of June, this oppressive weather held its sway; our
only consolation grapes, iced-water, and the THERMANTIDOTE, which answers
admirably, almost too well, as on the 22d. I was laid up with rheumatic
fever and lumbago, occasioned ... by standing or sleeping before
it."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, i. 208.

[Mrs Parkes saw for the first time a THERMANTIDOTE at Cawnpore in
1830.—_Ibid._ i. 134.]

1840.—"... The thermometer at 112° all day in our tents, notwithstanding
tatties, PHERMANTICLOTES,[266] and every possible invention that was
likely to lessen the stifling heat."—_Osborne, Court and Camp of Runjeet
Singh_, 132.

1853.—"... then came punkahs by day, and next punkahs by night, and then
tatties, and then THERM-ANTIDOTES, till at last May came round again, and
found the unhappy Anglo-Indian world once more surrounded with all the
necessary but uncomfortable sweltering panoply of the hot
weather."—_Oakfield_, i. 263-4.

1878.—"They now began (c. 1840) to have the benefit of THERMANTIDOTES,
which however were first introduced in 1831; the name of the inventor is
not recorded."—_Calcutta Rev._ cxxiv. 718.

1880.—"... low and heavy punkahs swing overhead; a sweet breathing of wet
_khaskhas_ grass comes out of the THERMANTIDOTE."—_Sir Ali Baba_, 112.

THUG, s. Hind. _ṭhag_, Mahr. _ṭhak_, Skt. _sṭhaga_, 'a cheat, a swindler.' And this is the only meaning given and illustrated in R. Drummond's _Illustrations of Guzerattee_, &c. (1808). But it has acquired a specific meaning, which cannot be exhibited more precisely or tersely than by Wilson: "Latterly applied to a robber and assassin of a peculiar class, who sallying forth in a gang ... and in the character of wayfarers, either on business or pilgrimage, fall in with other travellers on the road, and having gained their confidence, take a favourable opportunity of strangling them by throwing their handkerchiefs round their necks, and then plundering them and burying their bodies." The proper specific designation of these criminals was _phānsīgar_ or _phānsigar_, from _phansī_, 'a noose.'

According to Mackenzie (in _As. Res._ xiii.) the existence of gangs of these murderers was unknown to Europeans till shortly after the capture of Seringapatam in 1799, when about 100 were apprehended in Bangalore. But Fryer had, a century earlier, described a similar gang caught and executed near Surat. The _Phānsigars_ (under that name) figured prominently in an Anglo-Indian novel called, we think, "The English in India," which one of the present writers read in early boyhood, but cannot now trace. It must have been published between 1826 and 1830.

But the name of _Thug_ first became thoroughly familiar not merely to that part of the British public taking an interest in Indian affairs, but even to the mass of Anglo-Indian society, through the publication of the late Sir William Sleeman's book "_Ramaseeana_; or a Vocabulary of the peculiar language used by the THUGS, with an Introduction and Appendix, descriptive of that Fraternity, and of the Measures which have been adopted by the Supreme Government of India for its Suppression," Calcutta, 1836; and by an article on it which appeared in the _Edinburgh Review_, for Jan. 1837, (lxiv. 357). One of Col. Meadows Taylor's Indian romances also, _Memoirs of a Thug_ (1839), has served to make the name and system familiar. The suppression of the system, for there is every reason to believe that it was brought to an end, was organised in a masterly way by Sir W. (then Capt.) Sleeman, a wise and admirable man, under the government and support of Lord William Bentinck. [The question of the Thugs and their modern successors has been again discussed in the _Quarterly Review_, Oct. 1901.]

c. 1665.—"Les Voleurs de ce pais-là sont les plus adroits du monde; ils
ont l'usage d'un certain lasset à noeud coulant, qu'ils savent jetter si
subtilement au col d'un homme, quand ils sont à sa portée, qu'ils ne le
manquent jamais; en sorte qu'en un moment ils l'étranglent ..."
&c.—_Thevenot_, v. 123.

1673.—"They were Fifteen, all of a Gang, who used to lurk under Hedges in
narrow Lanes, and as they found Opportunity, by a Device of a Weight tied
to a Cotton Bow-string made of Guts, ... they used to throw it upon
Passengers, so that winding it about their Necks, they pulled them from
their Beasts and dragging them upon the Ground strangled them, and
possessed themselves of what they had ... they were sentenced to _Lex
Talionis_, to be hang'd; wherefore being delivered to the _Catwal_ or
Sheriff's Men, they led them two Miles with Ropes round their Necks to
some Wild Date-trees: In their way thither they were chearful, and went
singing, and smoaking Tobacco ... as jolly as if going to a Wedding; and
the Young Lad now ready to be tied up, boasted, That though he were not
14 Years of Age, he had killed his Fifteen Men...."—_Fryer_, 97.

1785.—"Several men were taken up for a most cruel method of robbery and
murder, practised on travellers, by a tribe called PHANSEEGURS, or
stranglers ... under the pretence of travelling the same way, they enter
into conversation with the strangers, share their sweetmeats, and pay
them other little attentions, until an opportunity offers of suddenly
throwing a rope round their necks with a slip-knot, by which they
dexterously contrive to strangle them on the spot."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._
iv. 13; [2nd ed. ii. 397].

1808.—"PHANSEEO. A term of abuse in Guzerat, applied also, truly, to
thieves or robbers who strangle children in secret or travellers on the
road."—_R. Drummond, Illustrations_, s.v.

1820.—"In the more northern parts of India these murderers are called
THEGS, signifying deceivers."—_As. Res._ xiii. 250.

1823.—"The THUGS are composed of all castes, Mahommedans even were
admitted: but the great majority are Hindus; and among these the
Brahmins, chiefly of the Bundelcund tribes, are in the greatest numbers,
and generally direct the operations of the different bands."—_Malcolm,
Central India_, ii. 187.

1831.—"The inhabitants of Jubbulpore were this morning assembled to
witness the execution of 25 THUGS.... The number of THUGS in the
neighbouring countries is enormous; 115, I believe, belonged to the party
of which 25 were executed, and the remainder are to be transported; and
report says there are as many in Sauger Jail."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_,
i. 201-202.

1843.—"It is by the command, and under the special protection of the most
powerful goddesses that the THUGS join themselves to the unsuspecting
traveller, make friends with him, slip the noose round his neck, plunge
their knives in his eyes, hide him in the earth, and divide his money and
baggage."—_Macaulay, Speech on Gates of Somnauth._

1874.—"If a THUG makes strangling of travellers a part of his religion,
we do not allow him the free exercise of it."—_W. Newman_, in
_Fortnightly Rev._, N.S. xv. 181.

[Tavernier writes: "The remainder of the people, who do not belong to either of these four castes, are called _Pauzecour_." This word Mr. Ball (ii. 185) suggests to be equivalent to either PARIAH or PHANSIGAR. Here he is in error. _Pauzecour_ is really Skt. _Pancha-Gauḍa_, the five classes of northern Brahmans, for which see _Wilson_, (_Indian Caste_, ii. 124 _seqq._).]

TIBET, n.p. The general name of the vast and lofty table-land of which the Himālaya forms the southern marginal range, and which may be said roughly to extend from the Indus elbow, N.W. of Kashmīr, to the vicinity of Sining-fu in Kansuh (see SLING) and to Tatsienlu on the borders of Szechuen, the last a distance of 1800 miles. The origin of the name is obscure, but it came to Europe from the Mahommedans of Western Asia; its earliest appearance being in some of the Arab Geographies of the 9th century.

Names suggestive of _Tibet_ are indeed used by the Chinese. The original form of these (according to our friend Prof. Terrien de la Couperie) was _Tu-pot_; a name which is traced to a prince so called, whose family reigned at Liang-chau, north of the Yellow R. (in modern Kansuh), but who in the 5th century was driven far to the south-west, and established in eastern Tibet a State to which he gave the name of _Tu-pot_, afterwards corrupted into _Tu-poh_ and _Tu-fan_. We are always on ticklish ground in dealing with derivations from or through the Chinese. But it is doubtless possible, perhaps even probable, that these names passed into the western form _Tibet_, through the communication of the Arabs in Turkestan with the tribes on their eastern border. This may have some corroboration from the prevalence of the name _Tibet_, or some proximate form, among the Mongols, as we may gather both from Carpini and Rubruck in the 13th century (quoted below), and from Sanang Setzen, and the Mongol version of the _Bodhimor_ several hundred years later. These latter write the name (as represented by I. J. Schmidt), _Tūbet_ and _Tōbōt_.

[c. 590.—"TOBBAT." See under INDIA.]

851.—"On this side of China are the countries of the Taghazghaz and the
Khākān of TIBBAT; and that is the termination of China on the side of the
Turks."—_Relation_, &c., tr. par _Reinaud_, pt. i. p. 60.

c. 880.—"Quand un étranger arrive au _Tibet_ (_al_-TIBBAT), il éprouve,
sans pouvoir s'en rendre compte, un sentiment de gaieté et de bien être
qui persiste jusqu'au départ."—_Ibn Khurdādba_, in _J. As._ Ser. vi. tom.
v. 522.

c. 910.—"The country in which lives the goat which produces the musk of
China, and that which produces the musk of TIBBAT are one and the same;
only the Chinese get into their hands the goats which are nearest their
side, and the people of TIBBAT do likewise. The superiority of the musk
of TIBBAT over that of China is due to two causes; first, that the
musk-goat on the TIBBAT side of the frontier finds aromatic plants,
whilst the tracts on the Chinese side only produce plants of a common
kind."—_Relation_, &c., pt. 2, pp. 114-115.

c. 930.—"This country has been named TIBBAT because of the establishment
there of the Himyarites, the word _thabat_ signifying to fix or establish
oneself. That etymology is the most likely of all that have been
proposed. And it is thus that Di'bal, son of 'Alī-al-Khuzā'ī, vaunts this
fact in a poem, in which when disputing with Al-Kumair he exalts the
descendants of Ḳaṭḷān above those of Nizāar, saying:

"'Tis they who have been famous by their writings at the gate of Merv,
And who were writers at the gate of Chīn,
'Tis they who have bestowed on Samarkand the name of Shamr,
And who have transported thither the _Tibetans_" (_Al_-TUBBATĪNA).[267]
_Mas'ūdī_, i. 352.

c. 976.—"From the sea to TIBET is 4 months' journey, and from the sea of
Fārs to the country of Kanauj is 3 months' journey."—_Ibn Haukal_, in
_Elliot_, i. 33.

c. 1020.—"Bhútesar is the first city on the borders of TIBET. There the
language, costume, and appearance of the people are different. Thence to
the top of the highest mountain, of which we spoke ... is a distance of
20 parasangs. From the top of it TIBET looks red and Hind
black."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Elliot_, i. 57.

1075.—"Τοῦ μόσχου, διάφορα εἴδη εἰσίν· ὦν ὁ κρείττων γίνεται ἐν πόλει
τινὶ πολὺ τοῦ Χοράση ἀνατολικοτερα, λεγομένη Τουπάτα· ἔστι δὲ τὴν χροιὰν
ὑπόξανθον· τοῦτου δὲ ἧπτον ὁ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδιάς μετακομιζόμενος· ῥέπει δὲ ἐπὶ
τὸ μελάντερον· καὶ τούτου πάλιν ὑποδεέστερος ὁ ἀπὸ τῶν Σίνων ἀγόμενος·
πάντες δε ἐν ὀμφαλῷ ἀπογεννῶνται ζώου τινὸς μονοκέρωτος μέγιστου ὁμοιόυ
δορκάδος."—_Symeon Seth_, quoted by _Bochart, Hieroz._ III. xxvi.

1165.—"This prince is called in Arabic Sultan-al-Fars-al-Kábar ... and
his empire extends from the banks of the Shat-al-Arab to the City of
Samarkand ... and reaches as far as THIBET, in the forests of which
country that quadruped is found which yields the musk."—_Rabbi Benjamin_,
in _Wright's Early Travels_, 106.

c. 1200.—

"He went from Hindustan to the TIBAT-land....
From TIBAT he entered the boundaries of Chīn."
_Sikandar Nāmah_, E.T. by
_Capt. H. W. Clarke_, R.E., p. 585.

1247.—"Et dum reverteretur exercitus ille, videlicet Mongalorum, venit ad
terram Buri-THABET, quos bello vicerunt: qui sunt pagani. Qui
consuetudinem mirabilem imo potius miserabilem habent: quia cum alicujus
pater humanae naturae debitum solvit, omnem congregant parentelam ut
comedant eum, sicut nobis dicebatur pro certo."—_Joan. de Plano Carpini_,
in _Rec. de Voyages_, iv. 658.

1253.—"Post istos sunt TEBET, homines solentes comedere parentes suos
defunctos, ut causa pietatis non facerent aliud sepulchrum eis nisi
viscera sua."—_Rubruq._ in _Recueil de Voyages_, &c. iv. 289.

1298.—"TEBET est une grandisime provence qve lengajes ont por elles, et
sunt ydres.... Il sunt maint grant laironz ... il sunt mau custumés; il
ont grandismes chenz mastin qe sunt grant come asnes et sunt mout buen a
prendre bestes sauvajes."—_Marco Polo_, Geog. Text. ch. cxvi.

1330.—"Passando questa provincia grande perveni a un altro gran regno che
si chiama TIBET, ch'ene ne confini d'India ed e tutta al gran Cane ... la
gente di questa contrada dimora in tende che sono fatte di feltri neri.
La principale cittade è fatta tutta di pietre bianche e nere, e tutte le
vie lastricate. In questa cittade dimora il Atassi (Abassi?) che viene a
dire in nostro modo il Papa."—_Fr. Odorico_, Palatine MS., in _Cathay_,
&c. App. p. lxi.

c. 1340.—"The said mountain (_Karāchīl_, the Himālaya) extends in length
a space of 3 months' journey, and at the base is the country of THABBAT,
which has the antelopes which give musk."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 438-439.

TICAL, s. This (_tikāl_) is a word which has long been in use by foreign traders to Burma, for the quasi-standard weight of (uncoined) current silver, and is still in general use in B. Burma as applied to that value. This weight is by the Burmese themselves called _kyat_, and is the hundredth part of the VISS (q.v.), being thus equivalent to about 1¼ rupee in value. The origin of the word _tikāl_ is doubtful. Sir A. Phayre suggests that possibly it is a corruption of the Burmese words _ta-kyat_, "one kyat." On the other hand perhaps it is more probable that the word may have represented the Indian _ṭakā_ (see TUCKA). The word is also used by traders to Siam. But there likewise it is a foreign term; the Siamese word being _bat_. In Siam the _tikal_ is according to Crawfurd a silver _coin_, as well as a weight equivalent to 225½ grs. English. In former days it was a short cylinder of silver bent double, and bearing two stamps, thus half-way between the Burmese bullion and proper coin.[268]

[1554.—"TICALS." See MACAO B. Also see VISS.]

1585.—"Auuertendosi che vna _bize_ di peso è per 40 once Venetiane, e
ogni _bize_ è TECCALI cento, e vn _gito_ val TECCALI 25, e vn _abocco_
val TECCALI 12½."—_G. Balbi_ (in Pegu), f. 108.

[1615.—"Cloth to the value of six cattes (CATTY) less three
TIGGALLS."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 107.

[1639.—"Four TICALS make a Tayl (TAEL)."—_Mandelslo_, E.T. ii. 130.]

1688.—"The proportion of their (Siamese) Money to ours is, that their
TICAL, which weighs no more than half a Crown, is yet worth three
shillings and three half-pence."—_La Loubère_, E.T. p. 72.

1727.—"_Pegu_ Weight.

1 _Viece_ is 39 ou. _Troy_,
or 1 _Viece_ 100 TECULS.
140 _Viece_ a _Bahaar_ (see BAHAR).

The _Bahaar_ is 3 PECUL China."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 317; [ed. 1744].

c. 1759.—"... a dozen or 20 fowls may be bought for a TICAL (little more
than ½ a Crown)."—In _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 121.

1775.—Stevens, _New and Complete Guide to E.I. Trade_, gives

"Pegu weight:
100 moo = 1 Tual (read TICAL).
100 tual (TICAL) = 1 vis (see VISS) = 3 lb. 5 oz. 5 dr. avr.
150 vis = 1 CANDY."

And under Siam:

"80 Tuals (TICALS) = 1 CATTY.
50 CATTIES = 1 PECUL."