Chapter XCII: Act III: of 1873. Under that system the highest rank of native Judge was (11)

YABOO, s. Pers. _yābū_, which is perhaps a corruption of Ar. _ya'būb_, defined by Johnson as 'a swift and long horse.' A nag such as we call 'a galloway,' a large pony or small hardy horse; the term in India is generally applied to a very useful class of animals brought from Afghanistan.

[c. 1590.—"The fifth class (YÁBÚ horses) are bred in this country, but
fall short in strength and size. Their performances also are mostly bad.
They are the offspring of Turki horses with an inferior breed."—_Āīn_,
ed. _Blochmann_, i. 234.]

1754.—"There are in the highland country of KANDAHAR and CABUL a small
kind of horses called YABOUS, which are very serviceable."—_Hanway,
Travels_, ii. 367.

[1839.—"A very strong and useful breed of ponies, called YAUBOOS, is
however reared, especially about Baumiaun. They are used to carry
baggage, and can bear a great load, but do not stand a long continuance
of hard work so well as mules."—_Elphinstone, Caubul_, ed. 1842, i. 189.]

YAK, s. The Tibetan ox (_Bos grunniens_, L., _Poëphagus_ of Gray), belonging to the Bisontine group of _Bovinae_. It is spoken of in Bogle's Journal under the odd name of the "cow-tailed cow," which is a literal sort of translation of the Hind. name _chāorī gāo_, _chāorīs_ (see CHOWRY), having been usually called "COW-TAILS" in the 18th century. [The usual native name for the beast in N. India is _suragā'o_, which comes from Skt. _surabhi_, 'pleasing.'] The name YAK does not appear in Buffon, who calls it the 'Tartarian cow,' nor is it found in the 3rd ed. of Pennant's _H. of Quadrupeds_ (1793), though there is a fair account of the animal as _Bos grunniens_ of Lin., and a poor engraving. Although the word occurs in Della Penna's account of Tibet, written in 1730, as quoted below, its first appearance in print was, as far as we can ascertain, in Turner's _Mission to Tibet_. It is the Tib. _gYak_, Jäsche's Dict. _gyag_. The animal is mentioned twice, though in a confused and inaccurate manner, by Aelian; and somewhat more correctly by Cosmas. Both have got the same fable about it. It is in medieval times described by Rubruk. The domestic yak is in Tibet the ordinary beast of burden, and is much ridden. Its hair is woven into tents, and spun into ropes; its milk a staple of diet, and its dung of fuel. The wild yak is a magnificent animal, standing sometimes 18 hands high, and weighing 1600 to 1800 lbs., and multiplies to an astonishing extent on the high plateaux of Tibet. The use of the tame yak extends from the highlands of Khokand to Kuku-khotan or Kwei-hwaching, near the great northern bend of the Yellow River.

c. A.D. 250.—"The Indians (at times) carry as presents to their King tame
tigers, trained panthers, four-horned oryxes, and cattle of two different
races, one kind of great swiftness, and another kind that are terribly
wild, that kind of cattle from (the tails of) which they make
fly-flaps...."—_Aelian, de Animalibus_, xv. cap. 14.

Again:

"There is in India a grass-eating[283] animal, which is double the size
of the horse, and which has a very bushy tail very black in colour.[284]
The hairs of the tail are finer than human hair, and the Indian women set
great store by its possession.... When it perceives that it is on the
point of being caught, it hides its tail in some thicket ... and thinks
that since its tail is not seen, it will not be regarded as of any value,
for it knows that the tail is the great object of fancy."—_Ibid._ xvi.
11.

c. 545.—"This Wild Ox is a great beast of India, and from it is got the
thing called _Tupha_, with which officers in the field adorn their horses
and pennons. They tell of this beast that if its tail catches in a tree
he will not budge but stands stock-still, being horribly vexed at losing
a single hair of its tail; so the natives come and cut his tail off, and
then when he has lost it altogether, he makes his escape."—_Cosmas
Indicopleustes_, Bk. xi. Transl. in _Cathay_, &c., p. clxxiv.

[c. 1590.—In a list of things imported from the "northern mountains" into
Oudh, we have "tails of the _Ḳutās_ cow."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 172;
and see 280.]

1730.—"Dopo di che per circa 40 giorni di camino non si trova più
abitazioni di case, ma solo alcune tende con quantità di mandre di IAK,
ossiano bovi pelosi, pecore, cavalli...."—_Fra Orazio della Penna di
Billi, Breve Notizia del Thibet_ (published by Klaproth in _Journ. As._
2d. ser.) p. 17.

1783.—"... on the opposite side saw several of the black chowry-tailed
cattle.... This very singular and curious animal deserves a particular
description.... The YAK of Tartary, called _Soora Goy_ in
Hindostan...."—_Turner's Embassy_ (pubd. 1800), 185-6. [Sir H. Yule
identifies _Soora Goy_ with _Ch'āorī Gāī_; but, as will be seen above,
the H. name is _surāgāo_.]

In the publication at the latter date appears the excellent plate after
Stubbs, called "the YAK _of Tartary_," still the standard representation
of the animal. [Also see Turner's paper (1794) in the _As. Res._, London
reprint of 1798, iv. 365 _seqq._]

Though the two following quotations from Abbé Huc do not contain the word _yak_, they are pictures by that clever artist which we can hardly omit to reproduce:

1851.—"Les bœufs à long poils étaient de véritables caricatures;
impossible de figurer rien de plus drôle; ils marchaient les jambes
écartées, et portaient péniblement un énorme système de stalactites, qui
leur pendaient sous le ventre jusqu'à terre. Ces pauvres bêtes étaient si
informes et tellement recouvertes de glaçons qu'il semblait qu'on les eût
mis confire dans du sucre candi."—_Huc et Gabet, Souvenirs d'un Voyage_,
&c. ii. 201; [E.T. ii. 108].

" "Au moment où nous passâmes le Mouroui Oussou sur la glace, un
spectacle assez bizarre s'offrit à nos yeux. Déjà nous avions remarqué de
loin ... des objets informes et noirâtres rangés en file en travers de ce
grand fleuve.... Ce fut seulement quand nous fûmes tout près, que nous
pûmes reconnaître plus de 50 bœufs sauvages incrustés dans la glace. Ils
avaient voulu, sans doute, traverser le fleuve à la nage, au moment de la
concrétion des eaux, et ils s'étaient trouvés pris par les glaçons sans
avoir la force de s'en débarrasser et de continuer leur route. Leur belle
tête, surmontée de grandes cornes, était encore à découvert; mais la
reste du corps était pris dans la glace, qui était si transparente qu'on
pouvait distinguer facilement la position de ces imprudentes bêtes; on
eût dit qu'elles étaient encore à nager. Les aigles et les corbeaux leur
avaient arraché les yeux."—_Ibid._ ii. 219; [E.T. ii. 119 _seq._ and for
a further account of the animal see ii. 81].

YAM, s. This general name in English of the large edible tuber _Dioscorea_ seems to be a corruption of the name used in the W. Indies at the time of the discovery. [Mr. Platt (9 ser. _N. & Q._ v. 226 _seq._) suggests that the original form was _nyam_ or _nyami_, in the sense of 'food,' _nyami_ meaning 'to eat' in the Fulah language of Senegal. The cannibal _Nyam-Nyams_, of whom Miss Kingsley gives an account (_Travels in W. Africa_, 330 _seq._) appear to take their name from the same word.]

1600.—"There are great store of INIAMAS growing in Guinea, in great
fields."—_Purchas_, ii. 957.

1613.—"... Moreover it produces great abundance of INHAMES, or large
subterranean tubers, of which there are many kinds, like the _camottes_
of America, and these _inhames_ boiled or roasted serve in place of
bread."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 19.

1764.—

"In meagre lands
'Tis known the YAM will ne'er to bigness swell."
_Grainger_, Bk. i.

Z

ZABITA, s. Hind. from Ar. _ẓābitā_. An exact rule, a canon, but in the following it seems to be used for a tariff of assessment:

1799.—"I have established the ZABETA for the shops in the Fort as fixed
by Macleod. It is to be paid annually."—_Wellington_, i. 49.

ZAMORIN, s. The title for many centuries of the Hindu sovereign of Calicut and the country round. The word is Malayāl. _Sāmūtiri_, _Sāmūri_, _Tāmātiri_, _Tāmūri_, a _tadbhava_ (or vernacular modification) of Skt. _Sāmundri_, 'the Sea-King.' (See also _Wilson, Mackenzie MSS._ i. xcvii.) [Mr. Logan (_Malabar_, iii. Gloss. s.v.) suggests that the title SAMUDRI is a translation of the Rāja's ancient Malayāl. title of _Kunnalakkon_, _i.e._ 'King (_kon_) of the hills (_kunnu_) and waves (_ala_).' The name has recently become familiar in reference to the curious custom by which the Zamorin was attacked by one of the candidates for his throne (see the account by A. Hamilton (ed. 1744, i. 309 _seq._ _Pinkerton_, viii. 374) quoted by Mr. Frazer (_Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. ii. 14 _seq._).]

c. 1343.—"The sultan is a Kāfir called the SĀMARĪ.... When the time of
our departure for China came, the sultan, the SĀMARĪ equipped for us one
of the 13 junks which were lying in the port of Calicut."—_Ibn Batuta_,
iv. 89-94.

1442.—"I saw a man with his body naked like the rest of the Hindus. The
sovereign of this city (Calicut) bears the title of SĀMARI. When he dies
it is his sister's son who succeeds him."—_Abdurrazzāk_?, in _India in
the XVth. Cent._ 17.

1498.—"First Calicut whither we went.... The King whom they call CAMOLIM
(for ÇAMORIM) can muster 100,000 men for war, with the contingents that
he receives, his own authority extending to very few."—_Roteiro de Vasco
da Gama._

1510.—"Now I will speak of the King here in Calicut, because he is the
most important King of all those before mentioned, and is called SAMORY,
which in the Pagan language means God on earth."—_Varthema_, 134. The
traveller confounds the word with _tamburān_, which does mean 'Lord.'
[Forbes (see below) makes the same mistake.]

1516.—"This city of Calicut is very large.... This King became greater
and more powerful than all the others: he took the name of ZOMODRI, which
is a point of honour above all other Kings."—_Barbosa_, 103.

[1552.—"SAMARAO." See under CELEBES.]

1553.—"The most powerful Prince of this Malebar was the King of Calecut,
who _par excellence_ was called CAMARIJ, which among them is as among us
the title Emperor."—_Barros_, I. iv. 7.

[1554.—Speaking of the Moluccas, "CAMARAO, which in their language means
Admiral."—_Castanheda_, Bk. vi. ch. 66.]

" "I wrote him a letter to tell him ... that, please God, in a
short time the imperial fleet would come from Egypt to the SĀMARI, and
deliver the country from the hands of the infidels."—_Sidi 'Ali_, p. 83.
[Vambéry, who in his translation betrays a remarkable ignorance of Indian
geography, speaks (p. 24) of "Samiri, the ruler of _Calcutta_," by which
he means _Calicut_.]

1563.—"And when the King of Calecut (who has for title SAMORIM or
Emperor) besieged Cochin...."—_Garcia_, f. 58_b_.

1572.—

"Sentado o Gama junto ao rico leito
Os seus mais affastados, prompto em vista
Estava o SAMORI no trajo, e geyto
Da gente, nunca dantes delle vista."
_Camões_, vii. 59.

By Burton:

"When near that splendid couch took place the guest
and others further off, prompt glance and keen
the SAMORIN cast on folk whose garb and gest
were like to nothing he had ever seen."

1616.—Under this year there is a note of a Letter from Underecoon-Cheete
the Great SAMORIN or K. of Calicut to K. James.—_Sainsbury_, i. 462.

1673.—"Indeed it is pleasantly situated under trees, and it is the Holy
See of their ZAMERHIN or Pope."—_Fryer_, 52.

1781.—"Their (the Christians') hereditary privileges were respected by
the ZAMORIN himself."—_Gibbon_, ch. xlvii.

1785.—A letter of Tippoo's applies the term to a tribe or class, speaking
of '2000 SAMORIES'; who are these?—_Select Letters_, 274.

1787.—"The ZAMORIN is the only ancient sovereign in the South of
India."—_T. Munro_, in _Life_, i. 59.

1810.—"On our way we saw one of the ZAMORIM'S houses, but he was absent
at a more favoured residence of Paniany."—_Maria Graham_, 110.

[1814.—"The King of Calicut was, in the Malabar language, called SAMORY,
or ZAMORINE, that is to say, God on the earth."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd
ed. i. 263. See quotation above from Varthema.]

" "... nor did the conqueror (Hyder Ali) take any notice of the
ZAMORINE'S complaints and supplications. The unfortunate prince, after
fasting three days, and finding all remonstrance vain, set fire to his
palace, and was burned, with some of his women and their
brahmins."—_Ibid._ iv. 207-8; [2nd ed. ii. 477]. This was a case of
TRAGA.

[1900.—"The ZAMORIN of Calicut who succeeded to the gadi (GUDDY) three
months ago, has died."—_Pioneer Mail_, April 13.]

ZANZIBAR, n.p. This name was originally general, and applied widely to the East African coast, at least south of the River Jubb, and as far as the Arab traffic extended. But it was also specifically applied to the island on which the Sultan of Zanzibar now lives (and to which we now generally restrict the name); and this was the case at least since the 15th century, as we see from the _Roteiro_. The Pers. _Zangī-bār_, 'Region of the Blacks,' was known to the ancients in the form _Zingis_ (_Ptolemy_, i. 17, 9; iv. 7, 11) and _Zingium_. The Arab softening of the _g_ made the name into _Zanjībār_, and this the Portuguese made into _Zanzibar_.

c. 545.—"And those who navigate the Indian Sea are aware that ZINGIUM, as
it is called, lies beyond the country where the incense grows, which is
called Barbary."—_Cosmas_, in _Cathay_, &c., clxvii.

c. 940.—"The land of the ZANJ begins at the channel issuing from the
Upper Nile" (by this the Jubb seems meant) "and extends to the country of
SOFĀLA and of the Wakwak."—_Maṣ'ūdī, Prairies d'Or_, iii. 7.

c. 1190.—Alexander having eaten what was pretended to be the head of a
black captive says:

"... I have never eaten better food than this!
Since a man of ZANG is in eating so heart-attracting,
To eat any other roast meat to me is not agreeable!"
_Sikandar-Nāmah of Nizāmī_, by
_Wilberforce Clarke_, p. 104.

1298.—"ZANGHIBAR is a great and noble Island, with a compass of some 2000
miles. The people ... are all black, and go stark naked, with only a
little covering for decency. Their hair is as black as pepper, and so
frizzly that even with water you can scarcely straighten it," &c.,
&c.—_Marco Polo_, ii. 215. Marco Polo regards the coast of Zanzibar as
belonging to a great island like Madagascar.

1440.—"Kalikut is a very safe haven ... where one finds in abundance the
precious objects brought from maritime countries, especially from Habshah
(see HUBSHEE, ABYSSINIA, ZIRBAD, and ZANZIBAR." _Abdurrazzāk_, in _Not.
et Exts._, xiv. 436.

1498.—"And when the morning came, we found we had arrived at a very great
island called JAMGIBER, peopled with many Moors, and standing good ten
leagues from the coast."—_Roteiro_, 105.

1516.—"Between this island of San Lorenzo (_i.e._ Madagascar) and the
continent, not very far from it are three islands, which are called one
Manfia, another ZANZIBAR, and the other Penda; these are inhabited by
Moors; they are very fertile islands."—_Barbosa_, 14.

1553.—"And from the streams of this river Quilimance towards the west, as
far as the Cape of Currents, up to which the Moors of that coast do
navigate, all that region, and that still further west towards the Cape
of Good Hope (as we call it), the Arabians and Persians of those parts
call ZANGUEBAR, and the inhabitants they call ZANGUY."—_Barros_, I. viii.
4.

" A few pages later we have "Isles of Pemba, _Zanzibar_, Monfia,
Comoro," showing apparently that a difference had grown up, at least
among the Portuguese, distinguishing ZANGUEBAR the continental region
from ZANZIBAR the Island.

c. 1586.

"And with my power did march to ZANZIBAR
The western (_sic_) part of Afric, where I view'd
The Ethiopian Sea, rivers, and lakes...."
_Marlowe's Tamburlane the Great_, 2d. part, i. 3.

1592.—"From hence we went for the Isle of ZANZIBAR on the coast of
MELINDE, where at wee stayed and wintered untill the beginning of
February following."—_Henry May_, in _Hakl._ iv. 53.

ZEBU, s. This whimsical name, applied in zoological books, English as well as French, to the humped domestic ox (or BRAHMINY BULL) of India, was taken by Buffon from the exhibitors of such a beast at a French fair, who perhaps invented the word, but who told him the beast had been brought from Africa, where it was called by that name. We have been able to discover no justification for this in African dialects, though our friend Mr. R. Cust has kindly made search, and sought information from other philologists on our account. _Zebu_ passes, however, with most people as an Indian word; thus _Webster's Dictionary_ says, "ZEBU, the native Indian name." The only word at all like it that we can discover is ZOBO (q.v.) or _zhobo_, applied in the semi-Tibetan regions of the Himālaya to a useful hybrid, called in Ladak by the slightly modified form _dsomo_. In Jäschke's _Tibetan Dict._ we find "_Ze'-ba_ ... 1. hump of a camel, zebu, etc." This is curious, but, we should think, only one of those coincidences which we have had so often to notice.

Isidore Geoffroy de St. Hilaire, in his work _Acclimatation et Domestication des Animaux Utiles_, considers the ox and the _zebu_ to be two distinct species. Both are figured on the Assyrian monuments, and both on those of ancient Egypt. The humped ox also exists in Southern Persia, as Marco Polo mentions. Still, the great naturalist to whose work we have referred is hardly justified in the statement quoted below, that the "zebu" is common to "almost the whole of Asia" with a great part of Africa. [Mr. Blanford writes: "The origin of _Bos indicus_ (sometimes called ZEBU by European naturalists) is unknown, but it was in all probability tropical or sub-tropical, and was regarded by Blyth as probably African. No ancestral form has been discovered among Indian fossil bovines, which ... comprise species allied to the gaur and buffalo" (_Mammalia_, 483 _seq._).]

c. 1772.—"We have seen this small hunched ox alive.... It was shown at
the fair in Paris in 1752 (_sic_, but a transcript from the French
edition of 1837 gives 1772) under the name of ZEBU; which we have adopted
to describe the animal by, for it is a particular breed of the ox, and
not a species of the buffalo."—_Buffon's Nat. Hist._, E.T. 1807, viii.
19, 20; see also p. 33.

1861.—"Nous savons donc positivement qu'à une époque où l'occident était
encore couvert de forêts, l'orient, déjà civilisé, possédait dejà le
boeuf et le ZEBU; et par consequent c'est de l'orient que ces animaux
sont sortis, pour devenir, l'un (le boeuf) cosmopolite, l'autre commun à
presque toute l'Asie et à une grande partie de l'Afrique."—_Geoffroy St.
Hilaire_ (work above referred to, 4th ed. 1861).

[1898.—"I have seen a herd of ZEBRAS (_sic_) or Indian humped cattle, but
cannot say where they are kept."—In 9 ser. _N. & Q._ i. 468.]

ZEDOARY, and ZERUMBET, ss. These are two aromatic roots, once famous in pharmacy and often coupled together. The former is often mentioned in medieval literature. The former is Arabic _jadwār_, the latter Pers. _zarambād_. There seems some doubt about the scientific discrimination of the two. Moodeen Sheriff says that Zedoary (_Curcuma zedoaria_) is sold in most bazars under the name of _anbehaldī_, whilst _jadvār_, or _zhadvār_, is the bazar name of roots of varieties of non-poisonous aconites. There has been considerable confusion in the nomenclature of these drugs [see _Watt, Econ. Dict._ ii. 655, 670]. Dr. Royle, in his most interesting discourse on the _Antiquity of Hindoo Medicine_ (p. 77), transcribes the following prescription of the physician Aetius, in which the name of Zedoary first occurs, along with many other Indian drugs:

c. A.D. 540.—"ZADOR (_i.e._ _zedoariae_), galangae, ligustici, seselis,
cardamomi, piperis longi, piperis albi, cinnamomi, zingiberis, seminis
Smyrnii, caryophylli, phylli, stachyos, MYROBALANI, phu, costi, scordii,
silphii vel laserpitii, rhei barbarici, poeoniae; alii etiam arboris
nucis viscum et paliuri semen, itemque saxifragum ac casiam addunt; ex
his singulis stateres duos commisceto...."

c. 1400.—"Canell and SETEWALE of price."—_R. of the Rose._

1516.—"In the Kingdom of Calicut there grows much pepper ... and very
much good ginger of the country, cardamoms, myrobolans of all kinds,
bamboo canes, ZERUMBA, ZEDOARY, wild cinnamon."—_Barbosa_, 154.

1563.—"... da ZEDOARIA faz capitulo Avicena e de ZERUMBET; e isto que
chamamos ZEDOARIA, chama Avicena _geiduar_, e o outro nome não lhe sei,
porque o não ha senão nas terras confins á China e este _geiduar_ e uma
mézinha de muito preço, e não achada senão nas mãos dos que os Gentios
chamam _jogues_, ou outros a quem os Mouros chamam calandares."—_Garcia_,
f. 216_v_-217.

[1605.—"SETWETH," a copyist's error for _Setwall_.—_Birdwood, First
Letter Book_, 200.]

ZEMINDAR, s. Pers. _zamīn-dār_, 'landholder.' One holding land on which he pays revenue to the Government direct, and not to any intermediate superior. In Bengal Proper the zemindars hold generally considerable tracts, on a permanent settlement of the amount to be paid to Government. In the N.W. Provinces there are often a great many zemindars in a village, holding by a common settlement, periodically renewable. In the N.W. Provinces the rustic pronunciation of the word _zamīndār_ is hardly distinguishable from the ordinary Anglo-Indian pronunciation of _jama'dār_ (see JEMADAR), and the form given to _zamīndār_ in early English records shows that this pronunciation prevailed in Bengal more than two centuries ago.

1683.—"We lay at Bogatchera, a very pleasant and delightfull Country, y^e
GEMIDAR invited us ashore, and showed us Store of Deer, Peacocks, &c.,
but it was not our good fortune to get any of them."—_Hedges, Diary_,
April 11; [Hak. Soc. i. 77, also i. 89].

[1686.—"He has ordered downe 300 horse under the conduct of three
JEMIDARS."—In ditto, II. lvi.]

1697.—"Having tried all means with the JEMIDAR of the Country adjacent to
us to let us have the town of _De Calcutta_ at the usual Hire or Rent,
rather than fail, having promised him ¼ Part more than the Place at
present brings him in, and all to no Purpose, he making frivolous and
idle Objections, that he will not let us have any Part of the Country in
the Right Honourable Company's name, but that we might have it to our use
in any of the Natives Names; the Reason he gives for it is, that the
Place will be wholly lost to him—that we are a Powerful People—and that
he cannot be possessed of his Country again when he sees Occasion—whereas
he can take it from any of the Natives that rent any Part of his Country
at his Pleasure.

* * * * *

October 31st, 1698. "The Prince having given us the three towns adjacent
to our Settlement, viz. _De Calcutta_, _Chutanutte_, and _Gobinpore_, or
more properly may be said the JEMMIDARSHIP of the said towns, paying the
said Rent to the King as the JEMIDARS have successively done, and at the
same time ordering the JEMMIDAR of the said towns to make over their
Right and Title to the English upon their paying to the JEMIDAR(S) One
thousand Rupees for the same, it was agreed that the Money should be
paid, being the best Money that ever was spent for so great a Privilege;
but the JEMMIDAR(S) making a great Noise, being unwilling to part with
their Countrey ... and finding them to continue in their averseness,
notwithstanding the Prince had an officer upon them to bring them to a
Compliance, it is agreed that 1,500 Rupees be paid them, provided they
will relinquish their title to the said towns, and give it under their
Hands in Writing, that they have made over the same to the Right
Honourable Company."—_Ext. of Consns. at Chuttanutte_, the 29th December
(Printed for Parliament in 1788).

In the preceding extracts the _De_ prefixed to Calcutta is Pers. _deh_,
'village,' or 'township,' a common term in the language of Indian Revenue
administration. An 'Explanation of Terms' furnished by W. Hastings to the
Fort William Council in 1759 thus explains the word:

"DEEH—the ancient limits of any village or parish. Thus, 'DEEH Calcutta'
means only that part which was originally inhabited."—(In _Long_, p.
176.)

1707-8.—In a "List of Men's Names, &c., immediately in the Service of the
Hon^{ble} Vnited Compy. in their Factory of Fort William, Bengal

* * * * *
New Co. 170⅞
* * * * *
Mr. William Bugden ... JEMIDAR or rent gatherer.
* * * * *
1713.
Mr. Edward Page ... JEMENDAR."
_MS. Records_ in India Office.

1762.—"One of the articles of the Treaty with Meer Jaffier says the
Company shall enjoy the ZEMIDARY of the Lands from Calcutta down to
Culpee, they paying what is paid in the King's Books."—_Holograph_
(unpublished) _Letter of Ld. Clive_, in India Office Records, _dated_
Berkeley Square, Jan. 21.

1776.—"The Countrey JEMITDARS remote from Calcutta, treat us frequently
with great Insolence; and I was obliged to retreat with only an officer
and 17 Sepoys near 6 Miles in the face of 3 or 400 Burgundasses (see
BURKUNDAUZE), who lined the Woods and Kept a straggling Fire all y^e
Way."—_MS. Letter of Major James Rennell_, dd. August 5.

1778.—"This avaricious disposition the English plied with presents, which
in 1698 obtained his permission to purchase from the ZEMINDAR, or Indian
proprietor, the town of Sootanutty, Calcutta and Govindpore."—_Orme_, ii.
17.

1809.—"It is impossible for a province to be in a more flourishing state:
and I must, in a great degree, attribute this to the total absence of
ZEMINDARS."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 456. He means _zemindars_ of the Bengal
description.

1812.—"... the ZEMINDARS, or hereditary Superintendents of Land."—_Fifth
Report_, 13.

[1818.—"The Bengal farmers, according to some, are the tenants of the
Honourable Company; according to others, of the JUMIDARUS, or
land-holders."—_Ward, Hindoos_, i. 74.]

1822.—"Lord Cornwallis's system was commended in Lord Wellesley's time
for some of its parts, which we now acknowledge to be the most defective.
Surely you will not say it has no defects. The one I chiefly alluded to
was its leaving the ryots at the mercy of the ZEMINDARS."—_Elphinstone_,
in _Life_, ii. 182.

1843.—"Our plain clothing commands far more reverence than all the jewels
which the most tawdry ZEMINDAR wears."—_Macaulay, Speech on Gates of
Somnauth._

1871.—"The ZEMINDARS of Lower Bengal, the landed proprietary established
by Lord Cornwallis, have the worst reputation as landlords, and appear to
have frequently deserved it."—_Maine, Village Communities_, 163.

ZENANA, s. Pers. _zanāna_, from _zan_, 'woman'; the apartments of a house in which the women of the family are secluded. This Mahommedan custom has been largely adopted by the Hindus of Bengal and the Mahrattas. ZANĀNA is also used for the women of the family themselves. The growth of the admirable Zenana Missions has of late years made this word more familiar in England. But we have heard of more than one instance in which the objects of this Christian enterprise have been taken to be an amiable aboriginal tribe—"the ZENANAS."

[1760.—"I am informed the Dutch chief at Bimlipatam has ... embarked his
JENNINORA on board a sloop bound to Chinsurah...."—In _Long_, 236.]

1761.—"... I asked him where the Nabob was? Who replied, he was asleep in
his ZUNANA."—_Col. Coote_, in _Van Sittart_, i. 111.

1780.—"It was an object with the Omrahs or great Lords of the Court, to
hold captive in their ZENANAHS, even hundreds of females."—_Hodges,
Travels_, 22.

1782.—"Notice is hereby given that one _Zoraveer_, CONSUMAH to Hadjee
Mustapha of Moorshedabad these 13 years, has absconded, after
stealing.... He has also carried away with him two Women, heretofore of
Sujah Dowlah's ZENANA; purchased by Hadjee Mustapha when last at Lucknow,
one for 300 and the other for 1200 Rupees."—_India Gazette_, March 9.

1786.—

"Within the Zenana, no longer would they
In a starving condition impatiently stay,
But break out of prison, and all run away."
_Simpkin the Second_, 42.

" "Their behaviour last night was so furious, that there seemed the
greatest probability of their proceeding to the uttermost extremities,
and that they would either throw themselves from the walls, or force open
the doors of the ZENANAHS."—_Capt. Jaques_, quoted in _Articles of Charge
against Hastings_, in _Burke_, vii. 27.

1789.—"I have not a doubt but it is much easier for a gentleman to
support a whole ZENANA of Indians than the extravagance of one English
lady."—_Munro's Narr._ 50.

1790.—"In a Mussleman Town many complaints arise of the _Passys_ or Toddy
Collectors climbing the Trees and overlooking the JENANAS or Women's
apartments of principal Natives."—_Minute_ in a letter from _Bd. of
Revenue_ to Govt. of Bengal, July 12.—MS. in India Office.

1809.—"Musulmauns ... even carried their depravity so far as to make
secret enquiries respecting the females in their districts, and if they
heard of any remarkable for beauty, to have them forcibly removed to
their ZENANAS."—_Lord Valentia_, i. 415.

1817.—"It was represented by the Rajah that they (the bailiffs) entered
the house, and endeavoured to pass into the ZENANA, or women's
apartments."—_J. Mill, Hist._ iv. 294.

1826.—"The women in the ZANANAH, in their impotent rage, flew at Captain
Brown, who came off minus a considerable quantity of skin from his
face."—_John Shipp_, iii. 49.

1828.—"'Thou sayest Tippoo's treasures are in the fort?' 'His treasures
and his ZENANA; I may even be able to secure his person.'"—_Sir W. Scott,
The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xii.

ZEND, ZENDAVESTA, s. Zend is the name which has been commonly applied, for more than a hundred years to that dialect of the ancient Iranian (or Persian) language in which the Avesta or Sacred Books of Zorastrianism or the old Persian religion are written. The application of the name in this way was quite erroneous, as the word _Zand_ when used alone in the Parsi books indicates a 'commentary or explanation,' and is in fact applied only to some PAHLAVI translation, commentary, or gloss. If the name Zend were now to be used as the designation of any language it would more justly apply to the Pahlavi itself. At the same time Haug thinks it probable that the term Zand was originally applied to a commentary written in the same language as the Avesta itself, for in the Pahlavi translations of the Yasna, a part of the Avesta, where the scriptures are mentioned, Avesta and Zend are coupled together, as of equal authority, which could hardly have been the case if by Zend the translator meant his own work. No name for the language of the ancient scriptures has been found in the Parsi books; and _Avesta_ itself has been adopted by scholars in speaking of the language. The fragments of these scriptures are written in two dialects of the Eastern Iranian, one, the more ancient, in which the _Gāthas_ or hymns are written; and a later one which was for many centuries the spoken and written language of Bactria.

The word _Zand_, in Haug's view, may be referred to the root _zan_, 'to know'; Skt. _jnā_, Gr. γνω, Lat. _gno_ (as in _a_gno_sco_, _co_gno_sco_), so that its meaning is 'knowledge.' Prof. J. Oppert, on the other hand, identifies it with old Pers. _zannda_, 'prayer.'

ZENDAVESTA is the name which has been by Europeans popularly applied to the books just spoken of as the Avesta. The term is undoubtedly an inversion, as, according to Haug, "the Pahlavi books always style them _Avistâk va Zand_ (Avesta and Zend)" _i.e._ the Law with its traditional and authoritative explanation. _Abastâ_, in the sense of law, occurs in the funeral inscription of Darius at Behistūn; and this seems now the most generally accepted origin of the term in its application to the Parsi sacred books. (This is not, however, the explanation given by Haug.) Thus, '_Avesta_ and Zend' signify together 'The Law and the Commentary.'

The Avesta was originally much more extensive than the texts which now exist, which are only fragments. The Parsi tradition is that there were twenty-one books called _Nasks_, the greater part of which were burnt by Alexander in his conquest of Persia; possibly true, as we know that Alexander did burn the palace at Persepolis. The collection of fragments which remains, and is known as the Zend-avesta, is divided, in its usual form, into two parts. I. The Avesta properly so called, containing (_a_) the _Vendîdâd_, a compilation of religious laws and of mythical tales; (_b_) the _Vispêrad_, a collection of litanies for the sacrifice; and (_c_) the _Yasna_, composed of similar litanies and of 5 hymns or _Gâthas_ in an old dialect. II. The _Khorda_, or small, _Avesta_, composed of short prayers for recitation by the faithful at certain moments of the day, month, or year, and in presence of the different elements, with which certain other hymns and fragments are usually included.

The term Zendavesta, though used, as we see below, by Lord in 1630, first became familiar in Europe through the labours of Anquetil du Perron, and his publication of 1771. [The Zend-Avesta has now been translated in _Sacred Books of the East_, by J. Darmesteter, L. H. Mills; _Pahlavi Texts_, by E. W. West.]

c. 930.—"Zarādasht, the son of Asbimām, ... had brought to the Persians
the book AL-BASTĀH in the old Fārsī tongue. He gave a commentary on this,
which is the ZAND, and to this commentary yet another explanation which
was called BAZAND...."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, ii. 167. [See _Haug, Essays_, p. 11.]

c. 1030.—"The chronology of this same past, but in a different shape, I
have also found in the book of Hamza ben Alhusain Alisfahâni, which he
calls '_Chronology of great nations of the past and present_.' He says
that he has endeavoured to correct his account by means of the ABASTÂ,
which is the religious code (of the Zoroastrians). Therefore I have
transferred it into this place of my book."—_Al-Birûnî, Chronology of
Ancient Nations_, by _Sachau_, p. 112.

" "Afterwards the wife gave birth to six other children, the names
of whom are known in the AVASTÂ."—_Ibid._ p. 108.

1630.—"Desirous to add anything to the ingenious that the opportunities
of my Travayle might conferre vpon mee, I ioyned myselfe with one of
their Church men called their _Daroo_, and by the interpretation of a
_Parsee_, whose long imployment in the Companies Service, had brought him
to mediocrity in the _English_ tongue, and whose familiarity with me,
inclined him to further my inquiries: I gained the knowledge of what
hereafter I shall deliver as it was compiled in a booke writ in the
Persian Characters containing their Scriptures, and in their own language
called their ZVNDAVASTAVV."—_Lord, The Religion of the Persees, The
Proeme._

[c. 1630.—"Being past the Element of Fire and the highest Orbs (as saith
their ZUNDAVASTAIO)...."—_Sir T. Herbert_, 2nd ed. 1677, p. 54.]

1653.—"Les ottomans appellent _gueuures_ vne secte de Payens que nous
connoissons sous le nom d'adorateurs du feu, les Persans sous celuy
d'_Atechperes_, et les Indou sous celuy de Parsi, terme dont ils se
nommẽt eux-mesmes.... Ils ont leur Saincte Escriture ou ZUNDEUASTAVV, en
deux volumes composée par vn nommé Zertost, conduit par vn Ange nommé
Abraham ou plus-tost Bahaman Vmshauspan...."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_,
ed. 1657, pp. 200-201.

1700.—"Suo itaque Libro (Zerdusht) ... alium affixit specialem Titulum
ZEND, seu alias ZENDAVESTÂ; vulgus sonat _Zund_ et _Zundavastaw_. Ita ut
quamvis illud ejus Opus variis Tomis, sub distinctis etiam nominibus,
constet, tamen quidvis ex dictorum Tomorum quovis, satis propriè et
legitimè citari possit, sub dicto generali nomine, utpote quod, hac
ratione, in operum ejus complexu seu Syntagmate contineri
intelligatur.... Est autem ZEND nomen Arabicum: et ZENDAVESTÂ conflatum
est ex superaddito nomine _Hebraeo-Chaldaico, Eshta_, _i.e._ ignis, unde
Εστία ... supra dicto nomine _Zend_ apud Arabes, significatur _Igniarium_
seu _Focile_.... Cum itaque nomine ZEND significetur _Igniarium_, et
ZENDAVESTÂ _Igniarium et Ignis_," &c.—_T. Hyde, Hist. Rel. Vet. Persarum
eorumque Magorum_, cap. xxv., ed. Oxon. 1760, pp. 335-336.

1771.—"Persuadé que les usages modernes de l'Asie doivent leur origine
aux Peuples et aux Religions qui l'ont subjuguée, je me suis proposé
d'étudier dans les sources l'ancienne Théologie des Nations habituées
dans les Contrées immenses qui sont à l'Est de l'Euphrate, et de
consulter sur leur Histoire, les livres originaux. Ce plan m'a engagé à
remonter aux Monumens les plus anciens. Je les ai trouvé de deux espèces:
les prémiers écrits en Samskretan; ce sont les _Vedes_, Livres sacrés des
Pays, qui de l'Indus s'étendent aux frontières de la Chine: les seconds
écrits en ZEND, ancienne Langue du Nord de la Perse; c'est le ZEND
AVESTA, qui passe pour avoir été la Loi des Contrées bornées par
l'Euphrate, le Caucase, l'Oxus, et la mer des Indes."—_Anquetil du
Perron, Zend-Avesta, Ouvrage de Zoroastre—Documens Préliminaires_, p.
iii.

" "Dans deux cens ans, quand les Langues ZEND et Pehlvie (PAHLAVI)
seront devenues en Europe familières aux Sçavans, on pourra, en
rectifiant les endroits où je me serai trompé, donner une Traduction plus
exacte du ZEND-AVESTA, et ci ce que je dis ici excitant l'émulation,
avance le terme que je viens de fixer, mes fautes m'auront conduit au but
que je me suis proposé."—_Ibid._ Preface, xvii.

1884.—"The supposition that some of the books were destroyed by Alexander
the Great is contained in the introductory chapter of the Pehlevi
_Viraf-Nama_, a book written in the Sassanian times, about the 6th or 7th
century, and in which the event is thus chronicled:—'The wicked, accursed
Guna Mino (the evil spirit), in order to make the people sceptical about
their religion, instigated the accursed Alexiedar (Alexander) the Ruman,
the inhabitant of Egypt, to carry war and hardships to the country of
Iran (Persia). He killed the monarch of Iran, and destroyed and made
desolate the royal court. And this religion, that is, all the books of
AVESTA and ZEND, written with gold ink upon prepared cow-skins, was
deposited in the archives of Stakhar (Istakhar or Persepolis) of Papak.
The accursed, wretched, wicked _Ashmogh_ (destroyer of the pious),
Alexiedar the evil-doer, took them (the books) out and burnt
them."—_Dosabhai Framji, H. of the Parsis_, ii. 158-159.

ZERBAFT, s. Gold-brocade, Pers. _zar_, 'gold,' _bāft_, 'woven.'

[1900.—"Kamkwabs, or kimkhwabs (KINCOB), are also known as ZAR-BAFT
(gold-woven), and mushajjar (having patterns)."—_Yusuf Ali, Mon. on Silk
Fabrics_, 86.]

ZILLAH, s. This word is properly Ar. (in Indian pron.) _ẓila_, 'a rib,' thence 'a side,' a district. It is the technical name for the administrative districts into which British India is divided, each of which has in the older provinces a Collector, or Collector and Magistrate combined, a Sessions Judge, &c., and in the newer provinces, such as the Punjab and B. Burma, a Deputy Commissioner.

[1772.—"With respect to the TALOOKDARRYS and inconsiderable ZEMINDARRYS,
which formed a part of the Huzzoor (HUZOOR) ZILAHS or Districts which
paid their rents immediately to the General CUTCHERRY at
Moorshedabad...."—_W. Hastings_, in _Hunter, Annals of Bengal_, 4th ed.,
388.]

1817.—"In each district, that is in the language of the country, each
ZILLAH ... a ZILLAH Court was established."—_Mill's Hist._ v. 422.

ZINGARI, n.p. This is of course not Anglo-Indian, but the name applied in various countries of Europe, and in various modifications, _zincari_, _zingani_, _zincali_, _chingari_, _zigeuner_, &c., to the gypsies.

Various suggestions as to its derivation have been made on the supposition that it is of Indian origin. Borrow has explained the word as 'a person of mixt blood,' deriving it from the Skt. _sankara_, 'made up.' It is true that _varṅa sankara_ is used for an admixture of castes and races (_e.g._ in _Bhāgavad Gītā_, i. 41, &c.), but it is not the name of any caste, nor would people to whom such an opprobrious epithet had been applied be likely to carry it with them to distant lands. A writer in the _Saturday Review_ once suggested the Pers. _zīngar_, 'a saddler.' Not at all probable. In Sleeman's _Ramaseeana_ or Vocabulary of the peculiar Language used by the Thugs (Calcutta, 1836), p. 85, we find:

"CHINGAREE, a class of Multani Thugs, sometimes called _Naiks_, of the
Mussulman faith. They proceed on their expeditions in the character of
Brinjaras, with cows and bullocks laden with merchandize, which they
expose for sale at their encampments, and thereby attract their victims.
They use the rope of their bullocks instead of the _roomal_ in
strangling. They are an ancient tribe of Thugs, and take their wives and
children on their expeditions."

[These are the Chāngars of whom Mr. Ibbetson (_Panjab Ethnog._ 308) gives an account. A full description of them has been given by Dr. G. W. Leitner (_A Sketch of the Changars and of their Dialect_, Lahore, 1880), in which he shows reason to doubt any connection between them and the Zingari.] De Goeje (_Contributions to the Hist. of the Gypsies_) regards that people as the Indian _Zoṭṭ_ (_i.e._ _Jatt_ of Sind). He suggests as possible origins of the name first _shikārī_ (see SHIKAREE), and then Pers. _changī_, 'harper,' from which a plural _changān_ actually occurs in Lane's _Arabian Nights_, iii. 730, note 22. [These are the Al-Jink, male dancers (see _Burton, Ar. Nights_, viii. 18).]

If the name is to be derived from India, the term in Sleeman's _Vocabulary_ seems a more probable origin than the others mentioned here. But is it not more likely that _zingari_, like Gipsy and Bohemian, would be a name given _ab extra_ on their appearing in the West, and not carried with them from Asia?

ZIRBAD, n.p. Pers. _zīr-bād_, 'below the wind,' _i.e._ leeward. This is a phrase derived from nautical use, and applied to the countries eastward of India. It appears to be adopted with reference to the S.W. Monsoon. Thus by the extracts from the _Mohit_ or 'Ocean' of Sidi 'Ali Kapudān (1554), translated by Joseph V. Hammer in the _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, we find that one chapter (unfortunately not given) treats "Of the Indian Islands above and below the wind." The islands "above the wind" were probably Ceylon, the Maldives, Socotra, &c., but we find no extract with precise indication of them. We find however indicated as the "tracts situated below the wind" Malacca, Sumatra, Tenasserim, Bengal, Martaban, Pegu. The phrase is one which naturally acquires a specific meaning among sea-faring folk, of which we have an instance in the Windward and Leeward Islands of the W. Indies. But probably it was adopted from the Malays, who make use of the same nomenclature, as the quotations show.

1442.—"The inhabitants of the sea coasts arrive here (at Ormuz) from the
countries of Tchin, Java, Bengal, the cities of ZIRBAD."—_Abdurrazzāk_,
in _India in the XVth Cent._ 6.

1553.—"... Before the foundation of Malaca, in this Cingapura ... met all
the navigators of the seas to the West of India and of those to the East
of it, which last embrace the regions of Siam, China, Choampa, Camboja,
and the many thousand islands that lie in that Orient. And these two
quarters the natives of the land distinguish as Dybananguim
(_di-bāwa-angīn_) and Ataz Anguim (_ātas-angīn_) which are as much as to
say 'BELOW THE WINDS' and '_above the winds_,' below being West and above
East."—_Barros_, Dec. II. Liv. vi. cap. i. In this passage De Barros goes
unusually astray, for the use of the Malay expressions which he quotes,
_bawa-angin_ (or _di-bawah_) 'BELOW THE WIND,' and _ātas_ (or _di-ātas_)
angīn, 'above the wind,' is just the reverse of his explanation, the
former meaning the east, and the latter the west (see below).

c. 1590.—"_Kalanbak_ (see CALAMBAK) is the wood of a tree brought from
ZÍRBÁD (?)"—_Āīn_, i. 81. A mistaken explanation is given in the
foot-note from a native authority, but this is corrected by Prof.
Blochmann at p. 616.

1726.—"The Malayers are also commonly called _Orang di Bawah Angin_, or
'people BENEATH THE WIND,' otherwise _Easterlings_, as those of the West,
and particularly the Arabs, are called _Orang Atas Angin_, or 'people
above the wind,' and known as Westerlings."—_Valentijn_, v. 310.

" "The land of the Peninsula, &c., was called by the geographers
ZIERBAAD, meaning in Persian 'beneath the wind.'"—_Ibid._ 317.

1856.—"There is a peculiar idiom of the Malay language, connected with
the monsoons.... The Malays call all countries west of their own
'countries above the wind,' and their own and all countries east of it
'countries BELOW THE WIND.'... The origin of the phrase admits of no
explanation, unless it have reference to the most important of the two
monsoons, the western, that which brought to the Malayan countries the
traders of India."—_Crawfurd's Desc. Dict._ 288.

ZOBO, ZHOBO, DSOMO, &c., s. Names used in the semi-Tibetan tracts of the Himālaya for hybrids between the yak bull and the ordinary hill cow, much used in transport and agriculture. See quotation under ZEBU. The following are the connected Tibetan terms, according to Jaeschke's Dict. (p. 463): "_mdzo_, a mongrel bred of Yak bull and common cow; _bri-mdzo_, a mongrel bred of common bull and yak cow; _m_DZOPO, a male; _m_DZO-MO, a female animal of the kind, both valued as domestic cattle." [Writing of the Lower Himālaya, Mr. Atkinson says: "When the sire is a yak and the dam a hill cow, the hybrid is called JUBU; when the parentage is reversed, the produce is called _garjo_. The _jubu_ is found more valuable than the other hybrid or than either of the pure stocks" (_Himalayan Gazetteer_, ii. 38). Also see _Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 350.]

1298.—"There are wild cattle in that country almost as big as elephants,
splendid creatures, covered everywhere but in the back with shaggy hair a
good four palms long. They are partly black, partly white, and really
wonderfully fine creatures, and the hair or wool is extremely fine and
white, finer and whiter than silk. Messer Marco brought some to Venice as
a great curiosity, and so it was reckoned by those who saw it. There are
also plenty of them tame, which have been caught young. They also cross
these with the common cow, and the cattle from this cross are wonderful
beasts, and better for work than other animals. These the people use
commonly for burden and general work, and in the plough as well; and at
the latter they will do twice as much work as any other cattle, being
such very strong beasts."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. 57.

1854.—"The ZOBO, or cross between the yak and the hill-cow (much
resembling the English cow) is but rarely seen in these mountains
(Sikkim), though common in the N.W. Himalaya."—_Hooker's Him. Journals_,
2d ed. i. 203.

[1871.—"The plough in Lahoul ... is worked by a pair of DZOS (hybrids
between the cow and yak)."—_Harcourt, Him. Dists. of Kooloo, Lahoul, and
Spiti_, 180.

[1875.—"Ploughing is done chiefly with the hybrid of the yak bull and the
common cow; this they call ZO if male and ZOMO if female."—_Drew, Jummoo
and Kashmir_, 246.]

ZOUAVE, s. This modern French term is applied to certain regiments of light infantry in a quasi-Oriental costume, recruited originally in Algeria, and from various races, but now only consisting of Frenchmen. The name _Zuawa_, _Zouaoua_ was, according to Littré, that of a Kabyle tribe of the Jurjura which furnished the first soldiers so called.

[ZUBT, ZUBTEE, adj. and s. of which the corrupted forms are JUBTEE, JUPTEE. Ar. _ẓabt̤_, lit. 'keeping, guarding,' but more generally in India, in the sense of 'seizure, confiscation.' In the _Āīn_ it is used in the sense which is still in use in the N.W.P., 'cash rents on the more valuable crops, such as sugar-cane, tobacco, etc., in those districts where rents in kind are generally paid.'

[c. 1590.—"Of these Parganahs, 138 pay revenue in cash from crops charged
at special rates (in orig. _ẓabt̤ī_)."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarret_, ii. 153.

[1813.—"ZEBT ... restraint, confiscation, sequestration. ZEBTY. Relating
to restraint or confiscation; what has been confiscated.... Lands resumed
by _Jaffier Khan_ which had been appropriated in _Jaghire_ (see
JAGHEER)."—Glossary to _Fifth Report_.

[1851.—"You put down one hundred rupees. If the water of your land does
not come ... then my money shall be confiscated to the Sahib. If it does
then your money shall be ZUPT (confiscated)."—_Edwardes, A Year on the
Punjab Frontier_, i. 278.]

ZUMBOORUCK, s. Ar. Turk. Pers. _zambūrak_ (spelt _zanbūrak_), a small gun or swivel usually carried on a camel, and mounted on a saddle;—a falconet. [See a drawing in R. Kipling's _Beast and Man in India_, 255.] It was, however, before the use of gunpowder came in, the name applied sometimes to a cross-bow, and sometimes to the _quarrel_ or bolt shot from such a weapon. The word is in form a Turkish diminutive from Ar. _zambūr_, 'a hornet'; much as 'musket' comes from _mosquetta_. Quatremère thinks the name was given from the twang of the cross-bow at the moment of discharge (see _H. des Mongols_, 285-6; see also _Dozy, Suppt._ s.v.). This older meaning is the subject of our first quotation:

1848.—"Les écrivains arabes qui ont traité des guerres des croisades,
donnent à l'arbalête, telle que l'employait les chrétiens, le nom de
ZENBOUREK. La première fois qu'ils en font mention, c'est en parlant du
siège de Tyr par Saladin en 1187.... Suivant l'historien des patriarches
d'Alexandrie, le ZENBOUREK était une flêche de l'épaisseur du pouce, de
la longueur d'une coudée, qui avait quatre faces ... il traversait
quelque fois au même coup deux hommes placés l'un derrière l'autre....
Les musulmans paraissent n'avoir fait usage qu'assez tard du ZENBOUREK.
Djèmal-Eddin est, à ma connaissance, le premier écrivain arabe qui, sous
la date 643 (1245 de J.C.), cite cette arme comme servant aux guerriers
de l'Islamisme; c'est à propos du siège d'Ascalon par le sultan
d'Egypte.... Mais bientôt l'usage du ZENBOUREK devint commun en Orient,
et dans la suite des Turks ottomans entretinrent dans leurs armées un
corps de soldats appelés ZENBOUREKDJIS. Maintenant ... ce mot a tout à
fait changé d'acception, et l'on donne en Perse le nom de ZENBOUREK à une
petite pièce d'artillerie légère."—_Reinaud, De l'Art Militaire chez les
Arabes au moyen age. Journ. As._, Ser. IV., tom. xii. 211-213.

1707.—"Prince Bedár Bakht ... was killed by a cannon-ball, and many of
his followers also fell.... His younger brother Wálájáh was killed by a
ball from a ZAMBÚRAK."—_Khāfī Khān_, in _Elliot_, vii. 398.

c. 1764.—"Mirza Nedjef Qhan, who was preceded by some ZEMBERECS, ordered
that kind of artillery to stand in the middle of the water and to fire on
the eminence."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 250.

1825.—"The reign of Futeh Allee Shah has been far from remarkable for its
military splendour.... He has rarely been exposed to danger in action,
but, early in his reign ... he appeared in the field, ... till at last
one or two shots from ZUMBOORUCKS dropping among them, he fell from his
horse in a swoon of terror...."—_J. B. Fraser, Journey into Khorasān_ in
1821-22, pp. 197-8.

[1829.—"He had no cannon; but was furnished with a description of
ordnance, or swivels, called ZUMBOORUK, which were mounted on camels; and
which, though useful in action, could make no impression on the slightest
walls...."—_Malcolm, H. of Persia_, i. 419.]

1846.—"So hot was the fire of cannon, musquetry, and ZAMBOORAKS, kept up
by the Khalsa troops, that it seemed for some moments impossible that the
entrenchments could be won under it."—_Sir Hugh Gough's desp. on the
Battle of Sobraon_, dd. Feb 13.

" "The flank in question (at Subrāon) was mainly guarded by a line
of two hundred 'ZUMBOORUKS,' or falconets; but it derived some support
from a salient battery, and from the heavy guns retained on the opposite
bank of the river."—_Cunningham's H. of the Sikhs_, 322.

INDEX.

Abada, 1a

Abadie, 16a

Abado, 2a

Abase, 389b

Abash, 428b

Abassines, 2b

Abastà, 982b

Abath, 1b

Abbasee, Abbesse, 389b

Abcáree, 2a

Abeshi, 428b;
Abexynes, 2b

Abihówa, 2b

Abkáry, Abkarry, 2a

Abrahmanes, 112a;
Abraiaman, Abraiamin, 111b

Abrawan, Abrooan, 706a

Abu-Sarūr, 45a

Abyssinia, 2b

A.C., 2b

Acajou, Acaju, 168b

Acali, 9b

Acaplen, 159a

Acciao, 3b

Acem, 4a

Aceni, 4a

Acha, 439b

Achānak, Achánock, 2b

Achár, 3a

Acheen, 3a;
Achein, 4a;
Achem, 3b, 4a;
Acheyn, 4a;
Achín, 4a

Açuquere, 864b

Adami pomum, 4b;
Adam's Apple, 4a

Adap, 39a;
Adapol, 39b

Adathay, Adati, 4b, 706a

Adawlut, 4b, 6b, 512a

Addati, 4b

Adelham, 432a, 628b, 779a

Adhigári, Adhikāri, Adicario, Adigaar, 7a;
Adigar, Adigares, 6b, 7a, 686a;
Adikar, 7a

Adjutant, 7a, 289b, 694b, 849a

Admiral, 18a

Aduano, 310b

Ady, 176b

Æde, 336b, 630b

Affanan, Affion, 641b

Affiore, 780a

Afghán, 7b;
Afghaun, 8a

Afranjah, 353a

Africo, 8b

A-fu-yung, 641a

Agal-wood, 336a

Agam, 8b

Agar, 336a

Agar-agar, 8b

Ag-bōt, 9a

Agdaun, 8b

Ageagayes, 39a

Agenas, 9a

Āg-gāri, 8b

Agin-boat, 9a

Agla-wood, 335b

Agomia, 468b

Agramuzo, 646b

Aguacat, Aguacata, Aguacate, 15a, b

Aguila, 335b

Agun-boat, 9a

Agwan, 8a

Agy, 409a

Ahadi, 408b

Aḥshām, 136a, 345a

Ahucatl, 15b

Ajnās, 9a

Ak, 9a, 593a

Akalee, Akāli, 9a, b, 216a

Akaok-wun, 972a

Akee, 439b

Akyáb, 9b

Ala-blaze-pan, 10a

Alacatijven, 11b

Alacha, Alachah, 13a, b

Alacre, 500a

Alagarto, 14a

Alaias, Alajah, 13b, a

Albabo, 43a

Albacore, 10a

Albatros, Albatrose, 11a;
Albatross, 10b

Albecato, 15a

Albetrosse, 11a

Albicore, 10b

Albatross, 11a

Albocore, 10a

Alcara, 430a

Alcatief, Alcatif, Alcatifa, Alcatifada, Alcatiffa, 11b

Alcatrarce, Alcatrarsa, Alcatrarzi, Alcatraz, 10b, 11a

Alchah, 13a, b, 57a

Alchore, 409b

Alcorana, 11b

Alcove, 11b

Aldea, Aldée, 12a, 379a

Alefante, 341b

Alegie, 11b

Aleppee, 12a

Alfandega, 367b;
Alfandica, Alfandiga, Alfandigue, 12a, b

Alfange, 410b

Algarve, 595a

Algatrosse, 11a

Alguada, 12b

Alhamel, 429b

Aligarto, Aligata, 14a, b

Alighol, 15b

Aljofar, Aljofre, 12b, 203a

Allachas, 13b

Allahabad, 12b, 729b

Allajar, 13b

Allasakatrina, 16b

Alleegole, 15b

Allegator, 14b

Alleia, 13b;
Allegia, 4b;
Alleja, Allejah, 13a, 706a

Alliballi, 706a

Allibannee, 706a

Alligator, 13b;
-pear, 14b;
Alligatur, 14b

Alliza, 13b

Allowai, 16b

Allygole, Allygool, 15b

Almadia, 15b, 14a, 175b, 323a

Almanack, 16a

Almar, Almarie, 16a

Almazem, 536a

Almer, Almirah, 16a

Almocaden, 569a

Almyra, 16a

Alongshore wind, 519a

Aloes, 16a, 335b;
-wood, 16b

Aloo, -Bokhara, 16b

Alpeen, 17a

Alroch, 706a

Alsukkar, 864a

Altare, 41b

Alva, 429b

Alxofar, 12b, 174a

Amaal, 429b

Amacan, Amacao, Amacau, 527a, 578a, 812b

Amaco, 21a

Amadabat, Amadava, Amadavad, Amadavat, 41b

Amah, 17a

Amakau, 527a

Amal, 429b

Amangue, 554b

Amaree, 17a

Amauco, 20b

Amaury, 17a

Amba, 554a

Ambaree, Ambári, Ambarreh, 17a

Ambarreh, 17b

Amboyna, 17b

Ambun, 17b

Amburan, 554a

Ambweno, 17b

Ameen, 17b

Ameer, 17b