Chapter CVII: Conclusion: Con*clu"sion, n. Etym: F., fr. L. conclusio. See Conclude (16)

Defn: A large reptile of the genus Crocodilus, of several species. They grow to the length of sixteen or eighteen feet, and inhabit the large rivers of Africa, Asia, and America. The eggs, laid in the sand, are hatched by the sun's heat. The best known species is that of the Nile (C. vulgaris, or C. Niloticus). The Florida crocodile (C. Americanus) is much less common than the alligator and has longer jaws. The name is also sometimes applied to the species of other related genera, as the gavial and the alligator.

2. (Logic)

Defn: A fallacious dilemma, mythically supposed to have been first used by a crocodile. Crocodile bird (Zoöl.), an African plover (Pluvianus ægypticus) which alights upon the crocodile and devours its insect parasites, even entering its open mouth (according to reliable writers) in pursuit of files, etc.; -- called also Nile bird. It is the trochilos of ancient writers. -- Crocodile tears, false or affected tears; hypocritical sorrow; -- derived from the fiction of old travelers, that crocodiles shed tears over their prey.

CROCODILIA Croc`o*dil"i*a (-dl"-), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. crocodilus crocodile.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of reptiles including the crocodiles, gavials, alligators, and many extinct kinds.

CROCODILIAN Croc`o*dil"i*an (krk`-dl"-an), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the crocodile; characteristic of the crocodile. -- n.

Defn: One of the Crocodilia.

CROCODILITY Croc`o*dil"i*ty (--t), n. (Logic)

Defn: A caption or sophistical mode of arguing. [R.]

CROCOISITE Cro"cois*ite (kr"kois-t), n. Etym: [Cf. F. croco.] (Min.)

Defn: Same as Crocoite.

CROCOITE Cro"co*ite (kr"k-t), n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: Lead chromate occuring in crystals of a bright hyacinth red color; -- called also red lead ore.

CROCONATE Cro"con*ate (kr"kn-t), n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt formed by the union of croconic acid with a base.

CROCONIC Cro*con"ic (kr-kn"k), a. Etym: [Gr.

1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling saffron; having the color of saffron; as, croconic acid.

2. Pertaining to, or derived from, croconic acid.

Croconic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance, C5O3(OH)2, obtained from potassium carboxide, rhodizonic acid, and various phenol and quinone derivatives of benzene, and forming yellow or orange colored salts.

CROCOSE Cro"cose (kr"ks), n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A white crystalline sugar, metameric with glucose, obtained from the coloring matter of saffron. [Written also crokose.]

CROCUS Cro"cus (kr"ks), n. Etym: [L., saffron, fr. Gr. kark, Ar. kurkum, Skr. ku.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of iridaceous plants, with pretty blossoms rising separately from the bulb or corm. C. vernus is one of the earliest of spring-blooming flowers; C. sativus produces the saffron, and blossoms in the autumn.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: A deep yellow powder; the oxide of some metal calcined to a red or deep yellow color; esp., the oxide of iron (Crocus of Mars or colcothar) thus produced from salts of irron, and used as a polishing powder. Crocus of Venus (Old Chem.), oxide of copper.

CROESUS Croe"sus (kr"ss), n. Etym: [L., fr. G.

Defn: A king of Lydia who flourished in the 6th century b. c., and was renowned for his vast wealth; hence, a common appellation for a very rich man; as, he is veritable Croesus.

CROFT Croft (krft; 115), n. Etym: [AS. croft; akin to D. kroft hillock; cf. Gael. croit hump, croft.]

Defn: A small, inclosed field, adjoining a house; a small farm. A few small crofts of stone-encumbered ground. Wordsworth.

CROFTER Croft"er (-r), n.

Defn: One who rents and tills a small farm or helding; as, the crofters of Scotland.

CROFTING Croft"ing, n.

1. Croftland. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. (Textile Manuf.)

Defn: Exposing linen to the sun, on the grass, in the process of bleaching.

CROFTLAND Croft"land (-lnd), n.

Defn: Land of superior quality, on which successive crops are raised. [Scot.] Jamieson.

CROFTON SYSTEM Crof"ton sys"tem. [After Sir Walter Crofton, Irish penologist.] (Penology)

Defn: A system of prison discipline employing for consecutive periods cellular confinement, associated imprisonment under the mark system, restraint intermediate between imprisonment and freedom, and liberation on ticket of leave.

CROIS Crois (krois). n. Etym: [OF.]

Defn: See Cross, n. [Obs.]

CROISADE; CROISADO Croi*sade" (kroi-sd"), Croi*sa"do (-s"d), n. Etym: [F. criosade. See Crusade.]

Defn: A holy war; a crusade. [Obs.] Bacon.

CROISE Croise (krois), n. Etym: [F. crois crusader, fr. OF. crois, F. croix, cross. See Cross.]

1. A pilgrim bearing or wearing a cross. [Obs.]

2. A crusader. [Obs.] The conquesta of the croises extending over Palestine. Burke.

CROISSANTE Crois`san`te" (krw`sn`t"), a. Etym: [F. croissant, adj. & n., crescent.] (Her.)

Defn: Terminated with crescent; -- said of a cross the ends of which are so terminated.

CROKER Cro"ker (kr"kr), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A cultivator of saffron; a dealer in saffron. [Obs.] Holinshed.

CROMA Cro"ma (kr"m), n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: A quaver. [Obs.]

CROMLECH Crom"lech (krm"l*k), n. Etym: [W. cromlech; crom bending or bent, concave + llech a flat stone; akin to Ir. cromleac.] (Arch

Defn: A monument of rough stones composed of one or more large ones supported in a horizontal position upon others. They are found chiefly in countris inhabited by the ancient Celts, and are of a period anterior to the introduction of Christianity into these countries.

CROMORNA Cro*mor"na (kr-mr"n), n. Etym: [F. cromorne (cf. It. cromorno0, fr. G. krummhorn crooked horn, cornet, an organ pipe turned like a trumpet; krumm crooked + horn horn.] (Mus.)

Defn: A certain reed stop in the organ, of a quality of tone resembling that of the oboe. [Corruptly written cromona.]

CRONE Crone (krn), n. Etym: [OD. kronie, karonie, an old sheep, OF. carogne, F. charogne, carrion (also F. carogne illnatured woman.). See Carrion, and Crony.]

1. An old ewe. [Obs.] Tusser.

2. An old woman; -- usually in contempt. But still the crone was constant to her note. Dryden.

3. An old man; especially, a man who talks and acts like an old woman. [R.] The old crone [a negro man] lived in a hovel, . . . which his master had given him. W. Irving. A few old battered crones of office. Beaconsfield.

CRONEL Cro"nel (kr"nl), n. Etym: [Cf. Coronel spearhead, Crown.]

Defn: The iron head of a tilting spear.

CRONET Cro"net (kr"nt), n. Etym: [Cf. Coronet, Crownet.]

Defn: The coronet of a horse.

CRONIAN Cro"ni*an (kr"n-an), a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Saturnian; -- applied to the North Polar Sea. [R.] Milton.

CRONSTEDTITE Cron"stedt*ite (krn"stt-t), n. (Min.)

Defn: A mineral consisting principally of silicate of iron, and crystallizing in hexagonal prisms with perfect basal cleavage; -- so named from the Swedish mineralogist Cronstedt.

CRONY Cro"ny (kr"n), n.; pl. Cronies (-n. Etym: [Orig., an old woman. See Crone.]

1. A crone. [Obs.] "Marry not an old crony." Burton.

2. An intimate companion; a familiar frend. [Colloq.] He soon found his former cronies, though all rather the worse for the wear and tear of time. W. Irving.

CROODLE Croo"dle (kr"d'l), v. i. Etym: [Cf. Cruddle, Crudle.]

1. To cower or cuddle together, as from fear or cold; to lie close and snug together, as pigs in straw. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Forby. A dove to fly home her nest and croodle there. C. Kingsley.

2. To fawn or coax. [Obs.]

3. To coo. [Scot.]

CROOK Crook (krk), n. Etym: [OE. crok; akin to Icel. kr hook,bend, SW. krok, Dan. krog, OD. krooke; or cf. Gael. crecan crook, hook, W. crwca crooked. Cf. Crosier, Crotchet, Crutch, Encroach.]

1. A bend, turn, or curve; curvature; flexure. Through lanes, and crooks, and darkness. Phaer.

2. Any implement having a bent or crooked end. Especially: (a) The staff used by a shepherd, the hook of which serves to hold a runaway sheep. (b) A bishop's staff of office. Cf. Pastoral stafu. He left his crook, he left his flocks. Prior.

3. A pothook. "As black as the crook." Sir W. Scott.

4. An artifice; trick; tricky device; subterfuge. For all yuor brags, hooks, and crooks. Cranmer.

5. (Mus.)

Defn: A small tube, usually curved, applied to a trumpet, horn, etc., to change its pitch or key.

6. A person given to fraudulent practices; an accomplice of thieves, forgers, etc. [Cant, U.S.] By hook or by crook, in some way or other; by fair means or foul.

CROOK Crook (krk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooking.] Etym: [OE. croken; cf. Sw. kr, Dan. kr. See Crook, n.]

1. To turn from a straight line; to bend; to curve. Crook the pregnant hinges of the knee. Shak.

2. To turn from the path of rectitude; to pervert; to misapply; to twist. [Archaic] There is no one thing that crooks youth more than such unlawfull games. Ascham. What soever affairs pass such a man's hands, he crooketh them to his own ends. Bacon.

CROOK Crook, v. i.

Defn: To bend; to curve; to wind; to have a curvature. " The port . . . crooketh like a bow." Phaer. Their shoes and pattens are snouted, and piked more than a finger long, crooking upwards. Camden.

CROOKBACK Crook"back` (krk"bk), n.

Defn: A crooked back; one who has a crooked or deformed back; a hunchback.

CROOKBACK Crook"back`, a.

Defn: Hunched. Shak. `

CROOKBILL Crook"bill` ( -bl`), n. (Zoöl)

Defn: A New Zealand plover (Anarhynchus frontalis), remarkable for having the end of the beak abruptly bent to the right.

CROOKED Crook"ed (krk"d), a.

1. Characterized by a crook or curve; not straight; turning; bent; twisted; deformed. "Crooked paths." Locke. he is deformed, crooked, old, and sere. Shak.

2. Not straightforward; deviating from rectitude; distorted from the right. They are a perverse and crooked generation. Deut. xxxii. 5.

3. False; dishonest; fraudulent; as, crooked dealings. Crooked whisky, whisky on wich the paiment of duty has been fraudulently evaded. [Slang, U.S.] Barlett.

CROOKEDLY Crook"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: In a curved or crooked manner; in a perverse or untoward manner.

CROOKEDNESS Crook"ed*ness, n.

Defn: The condition or quality of being crooked; hence, deformity of body or of mind; deviation from moral rectitude; perverseness.

CROOKEN Crook"en (krk"'n), v. t.

Defn: To make crooked. [Obs.]

CROOKES SPACE Crookes space (krooks). [After Sir William Crookes, English chemist, who first described it.] (Physics)

Defn: The dark space within the negative-pole glow at the cathode of a vacuum tube, observed only when the pressure is low enough to give a striated discharge; -- called also Crookes layer.

CROOKES TUBE Crookes" tube` (krks" tb`). (Phys.)

Defn: A vacuum tube in which the exhaustion is carried to a very high degree, with the production of a distinct class of effects; -- so called from W. Crookes who introduced it.

CROOKNECK Crook"neck`, n.

Defn: Either of two varieties of squash, distinguished by their tapering, recurved necks. The summer crookneck is botanically a variety of the pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) and matures early in the season. It is pale yellow in color, with warty excrescences. The winter crookneck belongs to a distinct species (C. moschata) and is smooth and often striped. [U. S.]

CROON Croon (krn), v. i. Etym: [OE. croinen, cf. D. kreunen to moan.

1. To make a continuous hollow moan, as cattle do when in pain. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. To hum or sing in a low tone; to murmur softly. Here an old grandmother was crooning over a sick child, and rocking it to and fro. Dickens.

CROON Croon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooned (krnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooning.]

1. To sing in a low tone, as if to one's self; to hum. Hearing such stanzas crooned in her praise. C. Bront

2. To soothe by singing softly. The fragment of the childish hymn with which he sung and crooned himself asleep. Dickens.

CROON Croon, n.

1. A low, continued moan; a murmur.

2. A low singing; a plain, artless melody.

CROP Crop (krp), n. Etym: [OE. crop, croppe, craw, top of a plant, harvest, AS. crop, cropp, craw, top, bunch, ear of corn; akin to D. krop craw, G. kropf, Icel. kroppr hump or bunch on the body, body; but cf. also W. cropa, croppa, crop or craw of a bird, Ir. & Gael. sgroban. Cf. Croup, Crupper, Croup.]

1. The pouchlike enlargement of the gullet of birds, serving as a receptacle for food; the craw.

2. The top, end, or highest part of anything, especially of a plant or tree. [Obs.] "Crop and root." Chaucer.

3. That which is cropped, cut, or gathered from a single felld, or of a single kind of grain or fruit, or in a single season; especially, the product of what is planted in the earth; fruit; harvest. Lab'ring the soil, and reaping plenteous crop, Corn, wine, and oil. Milton.

4. Grain or other product of the field while standing.

5. Anything cut off or gathered. Guiltless of steel, and from the razor free, It falls a plenteous crop reserved for thee. Dryden.

6. Hair cut close or short, or the act or style of so cutting; as, a convict's crop.

7. (Arch.)

Defn: A projecting ornament in carved stone. Specifically, a finial. [Obs.]

8. (Mining.) (a) Tin ore prepared for smelting. (b) Outcrop of a vein or seam at the surface. Knight.

9. A riding whip with a loop instead of a lash. Neck and crop, altogether; roughly and at once. [Colloq.]

CROP Crop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cropped (krpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cropping.]

1. To cut off the tops or tips of; to bite or pull off; to browse; to pluck; to mow; to reap. I will crop off from the top of his young twigs a tender one. Ezek. xvii. 22.

2. Fig.: To cut off, as if in harvest. Death . . . .crops the growing boys. Creech.

3. To cause to bear a crop; as, to crop a field.

CROP Crop, v. i.

Defn: To yield harvest. To crop out. (a) (Geol.) To appear above the surface, as a seam or vein, or inclined bed, as of coal. (b) To come to light; to be manifest; to appear; as, the peculiarities of an author crop out. -- To crop up, to sprout; to spring up. "Cares crop up in villas." Beaconsfield.

CROP-EAR Crop"-ear` (krp"r`), n.

Defn: A person or animal whose ears are cropped.

CROP-EARED Crop"-eared` (krp"rd`), a.

Defn: Having the ears cropped.

CROPFUL Crop"ful (-fl), a.

Defn: Having a full crop or belly; satiated. Milton.

CROPPER Crop"per (krp"pr), n.

1. One that crops.

2. A variety of pigeon with a large crop; a pouter.

3. (Mech.)

Defn: A machine for cropping, as for shearing off bolts or rod iron, or for facing cloth.

4. A fall on one's head when riding at full speed, as in hunting; hence, a sudden failure or collapse. [Slang.]

CROPSICK Crop"sick` (kr"sk`), a.

Defn: Sick from excess in eating or drinking. [Obs.] "Cropsick drunkards." Tate. -- Crop"sick`ness, n. [Obs.] Whitlock.

CROP-TAILED Crop"-tailed` (-tld`), a.

Defn: Having the tail cropped.

CROQUANTE Cro`quante", n. [F.]

Defn: A brittle cake or other crisp pastry.

CROQUET Cro*quet" (kr-k"), n. Etym: [From French; cf. Walloon croque blow, fillip. F. croquet a crisp biscuit, croquer to crunch, fr. croc a crackling sound, of imitative origin. Croquet then properly meant a smart tap on the ball.]

1. An open-air game in which two or more players endeavor to drive wooden balls, by means of mallets, through a series of hoops or arches set in the ground according to some pattern.

2. The act of croqueting.

CROQUET Cro*quet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Croqueted (-kd); p. pr. & vb. n. Croqueting (-k"ng).]

Defn: In the game of croquet, to drive away an opponent's ball, after putting one's own in contact with it, by striking one's own ball with the mallet.

CROQUETTE Cro*quette", n. Etym: [F., fr. croquer to crunch.] (Cookery)

Defn: A ball of minced meat, fowl, rice, or other ingredients, highly seasoned, and fried.

CRORE Crore (krr), n. Etym: [Hind. karor, Skr. koTi.]

Defn: Ten millions; as, a crore of rupees (which is nearly $5,000,000). [East Indies] Malcolm.

CROSIER Cro"sier (kr"zhr), n. Etym: [OE. rocer, croser, croyser, fr. croce crosier, OF. croce, croche, F. crosse, fr. LL. crocea, crocia, from the same German or Celtic sourse as F. croc hook; akin to E. crook.]

Defn: The pastoral staff of a bishop (also of an archbishop, being the symbol of his office as a shepherd of the flock of God.

Note: The true shape of the crosier was with a hooked or curved top; the archbishop's staff alone bore a cross instead of a crook, and was of exceptional, not of regular form. Skeat.

CROSIERED Cro"siered (-zhrd), a.

Defn: Bearing a crosier.

CROSLET Cros"let (krs"lt; 115), n.

Defn: See Crosslet.

CROSS Cross (krs; 115), n. Etym: [OE. crois, croys, cros; the former fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, fr. L. crux; the second is perh. directly fr. Prov. cros, crotz. fr. the same L. crux; cf. Icel. kross. Cf. Crucial, Crusade, Cruise, Crux.]

1. A gibbet, cosisting of two pieces of timber placed transversely upon one another, in various forms, as a T, or +, with the horizontal piece below the upper end of the upright, or as an X. It was anciently used in the execution of criminals. Nailed to the cross By his own nation. Milton.

2. The sign or mark of the cross, made with the finger, or in ink, etc., or actually represented in some material; the symbol of Christ's death; the ensign and chosen symbol of Christianity, of a Christian people, and of Christendom. The custom of making the sign of the cross with the hand or finger, as a means of conferring blessing or preserving from evil, is very old. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. Before the cross has waned the crescent's ray. Sir W. Scott. Tis where the cross is preached. Cowper.

3. Affiction regarded as a test of patience or virtue; trial; disappointment; opposition; misfortune. Heaven prepares a good man with crosses. B. Jonson.

4. A piece of money stamped with the figure of a cross, also, that side of such a piece on which the cross is stamped; hence, money in general. I should bear no cross if I did bear you; for I think you have no money in your purse. Shak.

5. An appendage or ornament or anything in the form of a cross; a badge or ornamental device of the general shape of a cross; hence, such an ornament, even when varying considerably from that form; thus, the Cross of the British Order of St. George and St. Michael consist of a central medallion with seven arms radiating from it.

6. (Arch.)

Defn: A monument in the form of a cross, or surmounted bu a cross, set up in a public place; as, a market cross; a boundary cross; Charing Cross in London. Dun-Edin's Cross, a pillared stone, Rose on a turret octagon. Sir W. Scott.

7. (Her.)

Defn: A common heraldic bearing, of which there are many varieties. See the Illustration, above.

8. The crosslike mark or symbol used instead of a signature by those unable to write. Five Kentish abbesses . . . .subscribed their names and crosses. Fuller.

9. Church lands. [Ireland] [Obs.] Sir J. Davies.

10. A line drawn across or through another line.

11. Hence: A mixing of breeds or stock, especially in cattle breeding; or the product of such intermixture; a hybrid of any kind. Toning down the ancient Viking into a sort of a cross between Paul Jones and Jeremy Diddler. Lord Dufferin.

12. (Surveying)

Defn: An instrument for laying of offsets perpendicular to the main course.

13. (Mech.)

Defn: A pipe-fitting with four branches the axes of which usually form's right angle. Cross and pile, a game with money, at which it is put to chance whether a coin shall fall with that side up which bears the cross, or the other, which is called pile, or reverse; the game called heads or tails. -- Cross bottony or bottoné. See under Bottony. -- Cross estoilé (Her.). a cross, each of whose arms is pointed like the ray of a star; that is, a star having four long points only. -- Cross of Calvary. See Calvary, 3. -- Southern cross. (Astron.) See under Southern. -- To do a thing on the cross, to act dishonestly; -- opposed to acting on the square. [Slang] -- To take up the cross, to bear troubles and afflictions with patience from love to Christ.

CROSS Cross (krs), a.

1. Not parallel; lying or falling athwart; transverse; oblique; intersecting. The cross refraction of the second prism. Sir I. Newton.

2. Not accordant with what is wished or expected; interrupting; adverse; contrary; thwarting; perverse. "A cross fortune." Jer. Taylor. The cross and unlucky issue of my design. Glanvill. The article of the resurrection seems to lie marvelously cross to the common experience of mankind. South. We are both love's captives, but with fates so cross, One must be happy by the other's loss. Dryden.

3. Characterized by, or in a state of, peevishness, fretfullness, or ill humor; as, a cross man or woman. He had received a cross answer from his mistress. Jer. Taylor.

4. Made in an opposite direction, or an inverse relation; mutually inverse; interchanged; as, cross interrogatories; cross marriages, as when a brother and sister marry persons standing in the same relation to each other. Cross action (Law), an action brought by a party who is sued against the person who has sued him, upon the same subject matter, as upon the same contract. Burrill. -- Cross aisle (Arch.), a transept; the lateral divisions of a cruciform church. -- Cross axie. (a) (Mach.) A shaft, windlass, or roller, worked by levers at opposite ends, as in the copperplate printing press. (b) A driving axle. with cranks set at an angle of 90º with each other. -- Cross bedding (Geol.), oblique lamination of horizontal beds, -- Cross bill. See in the Vocabulary. -- Cross bitt. Same as Crosspiece. -- Cross bond, a form of bricklaying, in which the joints of one stretcher course come midway between those of the stretcher courses above and below, a course of headers and stretchers intervening. See Bond, n., 8. -- Cross breed. See in the Vocabulary. -- Cross breeding. See under Breeding. -- Cross buttock, a particular throw in wrestling; hence, an unexpected defeat or repulse. Smollet. -- Cross country, across the country; not by the road. "The cross- country ride." Cowper. -- Cross fertilization, the fertilization of the female products of one physiological individual by the male products of another, -- as the fertilization of the ovules of one plant by pollen from another. See Fertilization. -- Cross file, a double convex file, used in dressing out the arms or crosses of fine wheells. -- Cross fire (Mil.), lines of fire, from two or more points or places, crossing each other. -- Cross forked. (Her.) See under Forked. -- Cross frog. See under Frog. -- Cross furrow, a furrow or trench cut across other furrows to receive the water running in them and conduct it to the side of the field. -- Cross handle, a handle attached transversely to the axis of a tool, as in the augur. Knight. -- Cross lode (Mining), a vein intersecting the true or principal lode. -- Cross purpose. See Cross-purpose, in the Vocabulary. -- Cross reference, a reference made from one part of a book or register to another part, where the same or an allied subject is treated of. -- Cross sea (Naut.), a chopping sea, in which the waves run in contrary directions. -- Cross stroke, a line or stroke across something, as across the letter t. -- Cross wind, a side wind; an unfavorable wind. -- Cross wires, fine wires made to traverse the field of view in a telescope, and moved by a screw with a graduated head, used for delicate astronomical observations; spider lines. Fixed cross wires are also used in microscopes, etc.

Syn. -- Fretful; peevish. See Fretful.

CROSS Cross, prep.

Defn: Athwart; across. [Archaic or Colloq.] A fox was taking a walk one night cross a village. L'Estrange. To go cross lots, to go across the fields; totake a short cut. [Colloq.]

CROSS Cross, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crossed (krst; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Crossing.]

1. To put across or athwart; to cause to intersect; as, to cross the arms.

2. To lay or draw something, as a line, across; as, to cross the letter t.

3. To pass from one side to the other of; to pass or move over; to traverse; as, to cross a stream. A hunted hare . . . crosses and confounds her former track. I. Watts.

4. To pass, as objects going in an opposite direction at the same time. "Your kind letter crossed mine." J. D. Forbes.

5. To run counter to; to thwart; to obstruct; to hinder; to clash or interfere with. In each thing give him way; cross him in nothing. Shak. An oyster may be crossed onlove. Sheridan.

6. To interfere and cut off; to debar. [Obs.] To cross me from the golden time I look for. Shak.

7. To make the sign of the cross upon; -- followed by the reflexive pronoun; as, he crossed himself.

8. To cancel by marking crosses on or over, or drawing a line across; to erase; -- usually with out, off, or over; as, to cross out a name.

9. To cause to interbreed; -- said of different stoocks or races; to mix the breed of. To cross one's path, to oppose one's plans. Macualay.

CROSS Cross, v. i.

1. To lie or be athwart.

2. To move or pass from one side to the other, or from place to place; to make a transit; as, to cross from New York to Liverpool.

3. To be inconsistent. [Obs.] Men's actions do not always cross with reason. Sir P. Sidney.

4. To interbreed, as races; to mix distinct breeds. If two individuals of distinct races cross, a third is invariably produced different from either. Coleridge.

CROSS-ARMED Cross"-armed` (krs"rmd), a.

Defn: With arms crossed.

CROSS-BANDED Cross"-band`ed (-bnd`d), a.

Defn: A term used when a narrow ribbon of veneer is inserted into the surfase of any piece of furniture, wainscoting, etc., so that the grain of it is contrary to the general surface.

CROSSBAR Cross"bar` (-br`), n.

Defn: A transverse bar or piece, as a bar across a door, or as the iron bar or stock which passes through the shank of an anchor to insure its turning fluke down. Russell. Crossbar shot, a projectile which folds into a sphere for loading, but on leaving the gun expands to a cross with a quarter ball at the end of each arm; -- used in naval actions for cutting the enemy's rigging.

CROSSBARRED Cross"barred` (-brd`), a.

1. Secured by, or furnished with, crossbars. Milton.

2. Made or patterned in lines crossing each other; as, crossbarred muslin.

CROSSBEAK Cross"beak` (-bk`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Crossbill.

CROSSBEAM Cross"beam` (-bm`). n.

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A girder.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A beam laid across the bitts, to which the cable is fastened when riding at anchor.

CROSS-BEARER Cross"-bear`er (-br`r), n. (R.C.Ch.)

Defn: A subdeacon who bears a cross before an archbishop or primate on solemn occasions.

CROSSBILL Cross"bill` (-bl`). (Law)

Defn: A bill brought by a defendant, in an equity or chancery suit, against the plaintiff, respecting the matter in question in that suit. Bouvier.

Note: In criminal practice, cross bills of indictment for assault, in which the prosecutor in once case is the defendant in another, may be tried together.

CROSSBILL Cross"bill`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of the genus Loxia, allied to the finches. Their mandibles are strongly curved and cross each other; the crossbeak.

CROSS-BIRTH Cross"-birth` (-brth`), n. (Med.)

Defn: Any preternatural labor, in whiche the boly of the child lies across the pelvis of the mother, so that the shoulder, arm, or trunk is the part first presented at the mouth of the uterus.

CROSSBITE Cross"bite` (-bt`), n.

Defn: A deeption; a cheat. [Obs.]

CROSSBITE Cross"bite", b. t.

Defn: To deceive; to trick; to gull. [Obs.]

CROSSBONES Cross"bones` (-bnz`), n. pl.

Defn: A representation of two of the leg bones or arm bones of a skeleton, laid crosswise, often surmounted with a skull, and serving as a symbol of death. Crossbones, scythes, hourglasses, and other lugubrios emblems of mortality. Hawthorne.

CROSSBOW Cross"bow` (-b`), n. (Archery)

Defn: A weapon, used in discharging arrows, formed by placing a bow crosswise on a stock.

CROSSBOWER Cross"bow`er (-b`r), n.

Defn: A crossbowman.[Obs.]

CROSSBOWMAN Cross"bow`man (-man), n.

Defn: One who shoots with a crossbow. See Arbalest.

CROSSBRED Cross"bred` (-brd`), a. (Stock Breeding)

Defn: Produced by mixing distinct breeds; mongrel.

CROSSBREED Cross"breed` (-brd`), n.

1. A breed or an animal produced from parents of different breeds; a new variety, as of plants, combining the qualites of two parent varieties or stocks.

2. Anything partaking of the natures of two different things; a hybrid.

CROSS-BUN Cross"-bun` (-bn`), n.

Defn: A bun or cake marked with a cross, and intended to be eaten on Good Friday.

CROSS-BUTTOCK Cross"-but`tock, n. (Wrestling)

Defn: A throw in which the wrestler turns his left side to his opponent, places his left leg across both legs of his opponent, and pulls him forward over his hip; hence, an unexpected defeat or repulse.

CROSS-CROSSLET Cross`-cross"let (-krs"lt; 115), n. (Her.)

Defn: A cross having the three upper ends crossed, so as to from three small crosses.

CROSSCUT Cross"cut` (-kt`)

Defn: , v. t. To cut across or through; to intersect.

CROSSCUT Cross"cut`, n.

1. A short cut across; a path shorter than by the high road.

2. (Mining)

Defn: A level driven across the course of a vein, or across the main workings, as from one gangway to another. Crosscut saw. (a) A saw, the teeth of which are so set as to adapt it for sawing wood crosswise of the grain rather than lengthwise. (b) A saw managed by two men, one at each end, for cutting large logs crosswise.

CROSS-DAYS Cross"-days` (-dz`), n. pl. (Eccl.)

Defn: The three days preceding the Feast of the Ascension.

CROSSE Crosse, n. [F., crosier, hooked stick.]

Defn: The implement with which the ball is thrown and caught in the game of lacrosse.

CROSSETTE Cros*sette" (krs-st`), n. Etym: [F., dim. of crosse. See Crosier.] (Arch.) (a) A return in one of the corners of the architrave of a door or window; -- called also ancon, ear, elbow. (b) The shoulder of a joggled keystone.

CROSS-EXAMINATION Cross"-ex*am`i*na"tion (krs"gz-m`-n"shn; 115), n. (Low)

Defn: The interrogating or questioning of a witness by the party against whom he has been called and examined. See Examination.

CROSS-EXAMINE Cross"-ex*am"ine (-m"n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-examined (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-examining.] (Low)

Defn: To examine or question, as a witness who has been called and examined by the opposite party. "The opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses." Kent.

CROSS-EXAMINER Cross"-ex*am"in*er (-r), n.

Defn: One who cross-examines or conducts a crosse-examination.

CROSS-EYE Cross"-eye` (-`), n.

Defn: See Strabismus.

CROSS-EYED Cross"-eyed` (-d`), a.

Defn: Affected with strabismus; squint-eyed; squinting.

CROSS-FERTILIZE Cross"-fer"ti*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-fertilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-fertilizing.] (Bot.)

Defn: To fertilize, as the stigmas of a flower or plant, with the pollen from another individual of the same species.

CROSSFISH Cross"fish` (-fsh`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A starfish.

CROSSFLOW Cross"flow` (-fl`), v. i.

Defn: To flow across, or in a contrary direction. "His crossflowing course." Milton.

CROSS-GARNET Cross"-gar`net (krs"gr`nt), n.

Defn: A hinge having one strap perpendicular and the other strap horizontal giving it the form of an Egyptian or T cross.

CROSSGRAINED Cross"grained (-grnd`), a.

1. Having the grain or fibers run diagonally, or more or less transversely an irregularly, so as to interfere with splitting or planing. If the stuff proves crossgrained, . . . then you must turn your stuff to plane it the contrary way. Moxon.

2. Perverse; untractable; contrary. She was none of your crossgrained, termagant, scolding jades. Arbuthnot.

CROSSHATCH Cross"hatch` (-hch`; 224), v. t.

Defn: To shade by means of crosshatching.

CROSSHATCHING Cross"hatch`ing, n.

Defn: In drawing and line engraving, shading with lines that cross one another at an angle.

CROSSHEAD Cross"head` (-hd), n. (Mach.)

Defn: A beam or bar across the head or end of a rod, etc., or a block attached to it and carrying a knuckle pin; as the solid crosspiece running between parallel slides, which receives motion from the piston of a steam engine and imparts it to the connecting rod, which is hinged to the crosshead.

CROSSING Cross"ing, n. Etym: [See Cross, v. t. ]

1. The act by which anything is crossed; as, the crossing of the ocean.

2. The act of making the sign of the cross. Bp. Hall.

3. The act of interbreeding; a mixing of breeds.

4. Intersection, as of two paths or roads.

5. A place where anything (as a stream) is crossed; a paved walk across a street.

6. Contradiction; thwarting; obstruction. I do not bear these crossings. Shak.

CROSSJACK Cross"jack` (krs"jk` or kr"jk`), n. (Naut.)

Defn: The lowest square sail, or the lower yard of the mizzenmast.

CROSSLEGGED CRoss"legged` (-lgd`), a.

Defn: Having the legs crossed.

CROSSLET Cross"let (-lEt), n. Etym: [Dim. of cross.]

1. A small cross. Spenser.

2. Etym: [Cf. OF. croisel crucible, and E. Cresset.]

Defn: A crucible. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CROSSLET Cross"let, a. (Her.)

Defn: Crossed again; -- said of a cross the arms of which are crossed. SeeCross-crosslet.

CROSSLY Cross"ly, adv.

Defn: Athwart; adversely; unfortunately; peevishly; fretfully; with ill humor.

CROSSNESS Cross"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being cross; peevishness; fretfulness; ill humor.

CROSSOPTERYGIAN Cros*sop`ter*yg"i*an (krs-sp`tr-j-an), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Crossopterygii. -- n.

Defn: One of the Crossopterygii.

CROSSOPTERYGII Cros*sop`te*ryg"i*i (krs-sp`t-rj-), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of ganoid fishes including among living species the bichir (Polypterus). See Brachioganoidei.

CROSSPATCH Cross"patch` (-pch`; 224), n.

Defn: An ill-natured person. [Colloq.] "Crosspatch, draw the latch." Mother Goose.

CROSS-PAWL Cross"-pawl` (-pl`), n. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: Same as Cross-spale.

CROSSPIECE Cross"piece` (krs"ps`; 115), n.

1. A piece of any structure which is fitted or framed crosswise.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A bar or timber connecting two knightheads or two bitts.

CROSS-PURPOSE Cross"-pur`pose (-pr`ps), n.

1. A counter or opposing purpose; hence, that which is inconsistent or contradictory. Shaftesbury.

2. pl.

Defn: A conversational game, in which questions and answers are made so as to involve ludicrous combinations of ideas. Pepys. To be at cross-purposes, to misunderstand or to act counter to one another without intending it; -- said of persons.

CROSS-QUESTION Cross"-ques`tion (-kws`chn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-questioned (- chnd), p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-questioning.]

Defn: To cross-examine; to subject to close questioning.

CROSS-READING Cross"-read`ing (rd`ng), n.

Defn: The reading of the lines of a newspaper directly across the page, instead of down the columns, thus producing a ludicrous combination of ideas.

CROSSROAD Cross"road` (-rd`), n.

Defn: A road that crosses another; an obscure road intersecting or avoiding the main road.

CROSSROW Cross"row` (-r`), n.

1. The alphabet; -- called also Christcross-row. And from the crossrow plucks the letter G. Shak.

2. A row that crosses others.

CROSSRUFF Cross"ruff` (-rf`), n. (Whist)

Defn: The play in whist where partners trump each a different suit, and lead to each other for that purpose; -- called also seesaw.

CROSS-SPALE; CROSS-SPALL Cross"-spale` (-spl`), Cross"-spall` (-spl`), n. Etym: [See Spale & Spall.] (Shipbuilding)

Defn: One of the temporary wooden braces, placed horizontally across a frame to hold it in position until the deck beams are in; a cross- pawl.

CROSS-SPRINGER Cross"-spring`er (-sprng`r), n. (Arch.)

Defn: One of the ribs in a groined arch, springing from the corners in a diagonal direction.

Note: [See Illustr. of Groined vault.]

CROSS-STAFF Cross"-staff` (-stf`), n.

1. An instrument formerly used at sea for taking the altitudes of celestial bodies.

2. A surveyor's instrument for measuring offsets.

CROSS-STITCH Cross"-stitch` (-stch`; 224), n.

Defn: A form of stitch, where the stitches are diagonal and in pairs, the thread of one stitch crossing that of the other. "Tent and cross- stitch." Sir W. Scott. -- Cross"-stitch`, v. t. & i.

CROSS-STONE Cross"-stone` (-stn`), n. (Min.)

Defn: See Harmotome, and Staurotide.

CROSS-TAIL Cross"-tail` (-tl`), n. (Steam Engine)

Defn: A bar connecting the ends of the side rods or levers of a backaction or side-lever engine.

CROSS-TIE Cross"-tie` (-t`), n. (Railroad)

Defn: A sleeper supporting and connecting the rails, and holding them in place.

CROSS-TINING Cross"-tin`ing (krs"tn`ng), n. (Agric.)

Defn: A mode of harrowing crosswise, or transversely to the ridges. Crabb.

CROSSTREES Cross"trees` (-trz`), n. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: Pieces of timber at a masthead, to which are attached the upper shrouds. At the head of lower masts in large vessels, they support a semicircular platform called the "top."

CROSS-VAULTING Cross"-vault`ing (-vlt`ng), n. (Arch.)

Defn: Vaulting formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults.

CROSSWAY Cross"way` (-w`), n.

Defn: See Crossroad.

CROSS-WEEK Cross"-week` (-wk`), n.

Defn: Rogation week, when the cross was borne in processions.

CROSSWISE Cross"wise` (-wz`), adv.

Defn: In the form of a cross; across; transversely. Longfellow.

CROSSWORT Cross"wort` (-wrt`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A name given to several inconspicuous plants having leaves in whorls of four, as species of Crucianella, Valantia, etc.

CROTALARIA Crot`a*la"ri*a (krt`-l"r- or kr`t-l"r-A), n. Etym: [NL. See Crotalum.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of leguminous plants; rattlebox.

Note: Crotalaria juncea furnishes the fiber called sunn or Bombay hemp.

CROTALINE Crot"a*line (krt"-ln or kr`t-), a. Etym: [See Crotalus.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Resembling, or pertaining to, the Crotalidae, or Rattlesnake family.

CROTALO Crot"a*lo (-l), n.

Defn: A Turkish musical instrument.

CROTALUM Crot"a*lum (-lm), n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Mus.)

Defn: A kind of castanet used by the Corybantes.

CROTALUS Crot"a*lus (-ls), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of poisonous serpents, including the rattlesnakes.

CROTAPHITE Crot"a*phite (krt"-ft), n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The temple or temporal fossa. Also used adjectively.

CROTAPHITIC Crot`a*phit"ic (krt`-ft"k), n. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the temple; temporal.

CROTCH Crotch (krch; 224), n.; pl. Crotches (-. Etym: [Cf. Crotchet, Crutch.]

1. The angle formed by the parting of two legs or branches; a fork; the point where a trunk divides; as, the crotch of a tree.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A stanchion or post of wood or iron, with two arms for supporting a boom, spare yards, etc.; -- called also crane and crutch. Totten.

CROTCH CHAIN Crotch chain. (Logging)

Defn: A form of tackle for loading a log sideways on a sled, skidway, etc.

CROTCHED Crotched (krcht), a.

1. Having a crotch; forked.

2. Cross; peevish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CROTCHET Crotch"et (krch"t; 224), n. Etym: [F. crochet, prop., a little hook, a dim. from the same source as croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Crochet, Crocket, Crosier.]

1. A forked support; a crotch. The crotchets of their cot in columns rise. Dryden.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: A time note, with a stem, having one fourth the value of a semibreve, one half that of a minim, and twice that of a quaver; a quarter note.

3. (Fort.)

Defn: An indentation in the glacis of the covered way, at a point where a traverse is placed.

4. (Mil.)

Defn: The arrangement of a body of troops, either forward or rearward, so as to form a line nearly perpendicular to the general line of battle.

5. (Print.)

Defn: A bracket. See Bracket.

6. (Med.)

Defn: An instrument of a hooked form, used in certain cases in the extraction of a fetus. Dunglison.

7. A perverse fancy; a whim which takes possession of the mind; a conceit. He ruined himself and all that trusted in him by crotchets that he could never explain to any rational man. De Quincey.

CROTCHET Crotch"et, v. i.

Defn: To play music in measured time. [Obs.] Donne.

CROTCHETED Crotch"et*ed, a.

Defn: Marked or measured by crotchets; having musical notation. Harmar (1587).

CROTCHETINESS Crotch"et*i*ness (krch"t--ns), n.

Defn: The state or character of being crotchety, or whimsical. This belief in rightness is a kind of conscientiousness, and when it degenerates it becomes crotchetiness. J. Grote.

CROTCHETY Crotch"et*y (krch"t-), a.

Defn: Given to crotchets; subject to whims; as, a crotchety man.

CROTON Cro"ton (kr"tn), n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of euphorbiaceous plants belonging to tropical countries. Croton oil (Med.), a viscid, acrid, brownish yellow oil obtained from the seeds of Croton Tiglium, a small tree of the East Indies. It is a most powerful drastic cathartic, and is used externally as a pustulant.

CROTON BUG Cro"ton bug` (bg`). Etym: [From the Croton water of New York.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small, active, winged species of cockroach (Ectobia Germanica), the water bug. It is common aboard ships, and in houses in cities, esp. in those with hot-water pipes.

CROTONIC Cro*ton"ic (kr-tn"k), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or derived from, a plant of the genus Croton, or from croton oil. Crotonic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline organic acid, C3H5.CO2H, of the ethylene, or acrylic acid series. It was so named because formerly supposed to exist in croton oil. Also, any acid metameric with crotonic acid proper.

Note: The acid characteristic of croton oil is tiglic or tiglinic acid, a derivative of crotonic acid.

CROTONINE Cro"ton*ine (kr"tn-n), n. (Chem.)

Defn: A supposed alkaloid obtained from croton oil by boiling it with water and magnesia, since found to be merely a magnesia soap of the oil. Watts.

CROTONYLENE Cro*ton"y*lene (kr-tn"-ln), n. Etym: [Crotonic + acet-ylene.] (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless, volatile, pungent liquid, C4H6, produced artificially, and regarded as an unsaturated hydrocarbon of the acetylene series, and analogous to crotonic acid.

CROTTLES Crot"tles (krt"t'lz), n. pl. Etym: [Gael. crotal.]

Defn: A name given to various lichens gathered for dyeing. [Scot.]

CROUCH Crouch (krouch; 129), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crouched (kroucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crouching.] Etym: [OE. cruchen, crouchen, crouken; cf. E. creep, G. krauchen, kriechen, or E. crook to bend, also crouch to cross.]

1. To bend down; to stoop low; to lie close to the ground with the logs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey, or in fear. Now crouch like a cur. Beau. & Fl.

2. To bend servilely; to stoop meanly; to fawn; to cringe. "A crouching purpose." Wordsworth. Must I stand and crouch Under your testy humor Shak.

CROUCH Crouch, v. t. Etym: [OE. cruchen, crouchen, from cruche, crouche, cross. Cf. Crosier, Crook.]

1. To sign with the cross; to bless. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To bend, or cause to bend, as in humility or fear. She folded her arms across her chest, And crouched her head upon her breast. Colerige.

CROUCHED Crouched (kroucht), a.

Defn: Marked with the sign of the cross. [Obs.] Crouched friar. See Crutched friar, under Crutched.

CROUD Croud (kroud), n. (Mus.)

Defn: See Crowd, a violin.

CROUKE Crouke (krouk), n.

Defn: A crock; a jar. [Obs.] Chauser.

CROUP Croup (krp), n. Etym: [F. croupe hind quarters, croup, rump, of German or Icel. origin; cf. Icel. kryppa hump; akin to Icel. kroppr. Cf. Crop.]

Defn: The hinder part or buttocks of certain quadrupeds, especially of a horse; hence, the place behind the saddle. So light to the croup the fair lady he swung, So light to the saddle before her he sprung. Sir W. Scott.

CROUP Croup (krp), n. Etym: [Scot. croup, cf. croup, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse voice; cf. also LG. kropp, G. kropf, the crop or craw of a bird, and tumor on the anterior part of the neck, a wen, etc. Cf. Crop.] (Med.)

Defn: An inflammatory affection of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse, ringing cough and stridulous, difficult breathing; esp., such an affection when associated with the development of a false membrane in the air passages (also called membranous croup). See False croup, under False, and Diphtheria.

CROUPADE Crou*pade" (kr-pd"), n. Etym: [F., fr. croupe hind quarters.] (Man.)

Defn: A leap in which the horse pulls up his hind legs toward his belly.

CROUPAL Croup"al (krp"al), a.

Defn: Croupy.

CROUPER Croup"er (krp"r), n.

Defn: See Crupper.

CROUPIER Crou"pi*er (kr, n. Etym: [F.; prop., one who sits on the croup, and hence, in the second place; an assistant. See 1st Croup.]

1. One who presides at a gaming table and collects the stakes.

2. One who, at a public dinner party, sits at the lower end of the table as assistant chairman.

CROUPOUS Croup"ous (krp"s), a. (Med.)

Defn: Relating to or resembling croup; especially, attended with the formation of a deposit or membrance like that found in membranous croup; as, croupous laryngitis. Croupous pneumonia, pneumonia attended with deposition of fibrinous matter in the air vesicles of the lungs; ordinary acute pneumonia.

CROUPY Croup"y (krp"), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to croup; resembling or indicating croup; as, a croupy cough.

CROUSE Crouse (krs), a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: Brisk; lively; bold; self-complacent. [Scot.] Burns.

CROUSTADE Crou`stade" (kr`std"), n. Etym: [F., fr. cro a crust, OF. crouste.] (Cookery)

Defn: Bread baked in a mold, and scooped out, to serve minces upon. Bishop.

CROUT Crout (krout), n. Etym: [G. kraut.]

Defn: See Sourkrout.

CROUTON Crou`ton" (kr`tn"), n. Etym: [F. cro, fr. cro a crust.] (Cookery)

Defn: Bread cut in various forms, and fried lightly in butter or oil, to garnish hashes, etc.

CROW Crow (kr), v. i. [imp. Crew (kr or Crowed (kr; p. p. Crowed (Crown (krn), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowing.] Etym: [AS. cr; akin to D. kraijen, G. kr, cf. Lith. groti to croak. sq. root24. Cf. Crake.]

1. To make the shrill sound characteristic of a cock, either in joy, gayety, or defiance. "The cock had crown." Bayron. The morning cock crew loud. Shak.

2. To shout in exultation or defiance; to brag.

3. To utter a sound expressive of joy or pleasure. The sweetest little maid, That ever crowed for kisses. Tennyson. To crow over, to exult over a vanquished antagonist. Sennacherib crowing over poor Jerusalem. Bp. Hall.

CROW Crow, n. Etym: [AS. cr a crow (in sense 1); akin to D. kraai, G. kr; cf. Icel. kr crow. So named from its cry, from AS. cr to crow. See Crow, v. i. ]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird, usually black, of the genus Corvus, having a strong conical beak, with projecting bristles. It has a harsh, croaking note. See Caw.

Note: The common crow of Europe, or carrion crow, is C. corone. The common American crow is C. Americanus. See Carrion crow, and Illustr., under Carrion.

2. A bar of iron with a beak, crook, or claw; a bar of iron used as a lever; a crowbar. Get me an iron crow, and bring it straight Unto my cell. Shak.

3. The cry of the cock. See Crow, v. i., 1.

4. The mesentery of a beast; -- so called by butchers. Carrion crow. See under Carrion. -- Crow blackbird (Zoöl.), an American bird (Quiscalus quiscula); -- called also purple grackle. -- Crow pheasant (Zoöl.), an Indian cuckoo; the common coucal. It is believed by the natives to give omens. See Coucal. -- Crow shrike (Zoöl.), any bird of the genera Gymnorhina, Craticus, or Strepera, mostly from Australia. -- Red-legged crow. See Crough. -- As the crow flies, in a direct line. -- To pick a crow, To pluck a crow, to state and adjust a difference or grievance (with any one).

CROWBAR Crow"bar` (kr"br), n.

Defn: A bar of iron sharpened at one end, and used as a lever.

CROWBERRY Crow`ber`ry (kr"br`r), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A heathlike plant of the genus Empetrum, and its fruit, a black, scarcely edible berry; -- also called crakeberry.

CROWD Crowd (kroud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crowding.] Etym: [OE. crouden, cruden, AS. cr; cf. D. kruijen to push in a wheelbarrow.]

1. To push, to press, to shove. Chaucer.

2. To press or drive together; to mass together. "Crowd us and crush us." Shak.

3. To fill by pressing or thronging together; hence, to encumber by excess of numbers or quantity. The balconies and verandas were crowded with spectators, anxious to behold their future sovereign. Prescott.

4. To press by solicitation; to urge; to dun; hence, to treat discourteously or unreasonably. [Colloq.] To crowd out, to press out; specifically, to prevent the publication of; as, the press of other matter crowded out the article. -- To crowd sail (Naut.), to carry an extraordinary amount of sail, with a view to accelerate the speed of a vessel; to carry a press of sail.

CROWD Crowd, v. i.

1. To press together or collect in numbers; to swarm; to throng. The whole company crowded about the fire. Addison. Images came crowding on his mind faster than he could put them into words. Macaulay.

2. To urge or press forward; to force one's self; as, a man crowds into a room.

CROWD Crowd, n. Etym: [AS. croda. See Crowd, v. t. ]

1. A number of things collected or closely pressed together; also, a number of things adjacent to each other. A crowd of islands. Pope.

2. A number of persons congregated or collected into a close body without order; a throng. The crowd of Vanity Fair. Macualay. Crowds that stream from yawning doors.--Tennyson.

3. The lower orders of people; the populace; the vulgar; the rabble; the mob. To fool the crowd with glorious lies. Tennyson. He went not with the crowd to see a shrine. Dryden.

Syn. -- Throng; multitude. See Throng.

CROWD Crowd, n. Etym: [W. crwth; akin to Gael. cruit. Perh. named from its shape, and akin to Gr. curve. Cf. Rote.]

Defn: An ancient instrument of music with six strings; a kind of violin, being the oldest known stringed instrument played with a bow. [Written also croud, crowth, cruth, and crwth.] A lackey that . . . can warble upon a crowd a little. B. Jonson.

CROWD Crowd, v. t.

Defn: To play on a crowd; to fiddle. [Obs.] "Fiddlers, crowd on." Massinger.

CROWDER Crowd"er (kroud"r), n.

Defn: One who plays on a crowd; a fiddler. [Obs.] "Some blind crowder." Sir P. Sidney.

CROWDER Crowd"er, n.

Defn: One who crowds or pushes.

CROWDY Crow"dy (krou"d), n.

Defn: A thick gruel of oatmeal and milk or water; food of the porridge kind. [Scot.]

CROWFLOWER Crow"flow`er (kr"flou`r), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A kind of campion; according to Gerarde, the Lychnis Flos- cuculi.

CROWFOOT Crow"foot` (kr"ft`), n.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The genus Ranunculus, of many species; some are common weeds, others are flowering plants of considerable beauty.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A number of small cords rove through a long block, or euphroe, to suspend an awning by.

3. (Mil.)

Defn: A caltrop. [Written also crow's-foot.]

4. (Well Boring)

Defn: A tool with a side claw for recovering broken rods, etc. Raymond.

CROWKEEPER Crow"keep`er (-kp`r), n.

Defn: A person employed to scare off crows; hence, a scarecrow. [Obs.] Scaring the ladies like a crowkeeper. Shak.

CROWN Crown (krn),

Defn: p. p. of Crow. [Obs.]

CROWN Crown (kroun), n. Etym: [OE. corone, coroun, crune, croun, OF. corone, corune, F. couronne, fr. L. corona crown, wreath; akin to Gr. curvus curved, E. curve, curb, Gael. cruinn round, W. crwn. Cf. Cornice, Corona, Coroner, Coronet.]

1. A wreath or garland, or any ornamental fillet encircling the head, especially as a reward of victory or mark of honorable distinction; hence, anything given on account of, or obtained by, faithful or successful effort; a reward. "An olive branch and laurel crown." Shak. They do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptiblle. 1 Cor. ix. 25. Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. Rev. ii. 10.

2. A royal headdress or cap of sovereignty, worn by emperors, kings, princes, etc.

Note: Nobles wear coronets; the triple crown of the pope is usually called a tiara. The crown of England is a circle of gold with crosses, fleurs-de-lis, and imperial arches, inclosing a crimson velvet cap, and ornamented with thousands of diamonds and precious stones.

3. The person entitled to wear a regal or imperial crown; the sovereign; -- with the definite article. Parliament may be dissolved by the demise of the crown. Blackstone. Large arrears of pay were due to the civil and military servants of the crown. Macaulay.

4. Imperial or regal power or dominion; sovereignty. There is a power behind the crown greater than the crown itself. Junius.

5. Anything which imparts beauty, splendor, honor, dignity, or finish. The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of righteousness. Prov. xvi. 31. A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband. Prov. xvi. 4.

6. Highest state; acme; consummation; perfection. Mutual love, the crown of all our bliss. Milton.

7. The topmost part of anything; the summit. The steepy crown of the bare mountains. Dryden.

8. The topmost part of the head (see Illust. of Bird.); that part of the head from which the hair descends toward the sides and back; also, the head or brain. From toe to crown he'll fill our skin with pinches. Shak. Twenty things which I set down: This done, I twenty more-had in my crown. Bunyan.

9. The part of a hat above the brim.

10. (Anat.)

Defn: The part of a tooth which projects above the gum; also, the top or grinding surface of a tooth.

11. (Arch.)

Defn: The vertex or top of an arch; -- applied generally to about one third of the curve, but in a pointed arch to the apex only.

12. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Corona.

13. (Naut.) (a) That part of an anchor where the arms are joined to the shank. (b) The rounding, or rounded part, of the deck from a level line. (c) pl.

Defn: The bights formed by the several turns of a cable. Totten.

14. The upper range of facets in a rose diamond.

15. The dome of a furnace.

16. (Geom.)

Defn: The area inclosed between two concentric perimeters.

17. (Eccl.)