Chapter CVIII: Conclusion: Con*clu"sion, n. Etym: F., fr. L. conclusio. See Conclude (17)

Defn: A round spot shaved clean on the top of the head, as a mark of the clerical state; the tonsure.

18. A size of writing paper. See under Paper.

19. A coin stamped with the image of a crown; hence,a denomination of money; as, the English crown, a silver coin of the value of five shillings sterling, or a little more than $1.20; the Danish or Norwegian crown, a money of account, etc., worth nearly twenty-seven cents.

20. An ornaments or decoration representing a crown; as, the paper is stamped with a crown. Crown of aberration (Astron.), a spurious circle around the true circle of the sun. -- Crown antler (Zoöl.), the topmost branch or tine of an antler; also, an antler having a cuplike top, with tines springing from the rim. -- Crown bar, one of the bars which support the crown sheet of steam-boiler furnace. -- Crown glass. See under Glass. -- Crown imperial. (Bot.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown jewels, the jewels appertaining to the sovereign while wearing the crown. [Eng.] "She pawned and set to sale the crown jewels." Milton. -- Crown land, land belonging to the crown, that is, to the sovereign. -- Crown law, the law which governs criminal prosecutions. [Eng.] -- Crown lawyer, one employed by the crown, as in criminal cases. [Eng.] -- Crown octavo. See under Paper. -- Crown office. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown paper. See under Paper. -- Crown piece. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown Prince, the heir apparent to a crown or throne. -- Crown saw. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown scab (Far.), a cancerous sore formed round the corners of a horse's hoof. -- Crown sheet, the flat plate which forms the top of the furnace or fire box of an internally fired steam boiler. -- Crown shell. (Zoöl.) See Acorn-shell. -- Crown side. See Crown office. -- Crown tax (Eccl. Hist.), a golden crown, or its value, which was required annually from the Jews by the king of Syria, in the time of the Maccabees. 1 Macc. x. 20. -- Crown wheel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown work. See in the Vocabulary. -- Pleas of the crown (Engl. law), criminal actions.

CROWN Crown (kroun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowned (kround); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowning.] Etym: [OE. coronen, corunen, crunien, crounien, OF. coroner, F. couronner, fr. L. coronare, fr. corona a crown. See Crown, n.]

1. To cover, decorate, or invest with a crown; hence, to invest with royal dignity and power. Her who fairest does appear, Crown her queen of all the year. Dryden. Crown him, and say, "Long live our emperor." Shak.

2. To bestow something upon as a mark of honor, dignity, or recompense; to adorn; to dignify. Thou . . . hast crowned him with glory and honor. Ps. viii. 5.

3. To form the topmost or finishing part of; to complete; to consummate; to perfect. Amidst the grove that crowns yon tufted hill. Byron. One day shall crown the alliance. Shak. To crown the whole, came a proposition. Motley.

4. (Mech.)

Defn: To cause to round upward; to make anything higher at the middle than at the edges, as the face of a machine pulley.

5. (Mil.)

Defn: To effect a lodgment upon, as upon the crest of the glacis, or the summit of the breach. To crown a knot (Naut.), to lay the ends of the strands over and under each other.

CROWN COLONY Crown colony.

Defn: A colony of the British Empire not having an elective magistracy or a parliament, but governed by a chief magistrate (called Governor) appointed by the Crown, with executive councilors nominated by him and not elected by the people.

CROWNED Crowned (kround), p. p. & a.

1. Having or wearing a crown; surmounted, invested, or adorned, with a crown, wreath, garland, etc.; honored; rewarded; completed; consummated; perfected. "Crowned with one crest." Shak. "Crowned with conquest." Milton. With surpassing glory crowned. Milton.

2. Great; excessive; supreme. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CROWNER Crown"er (kroun"r), n.

1. One who, or that which, crowns. Beau. & FL.

2. Etym: [Cf. Coroner.]

Defn: A coroner. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.]

CROWNET Crown"et (kroun"t), n. Etym: [See Crown, Coronet.]

1. A coronet. [R.] P. Whitehead.

2. The ultimate end and result of an undertaking; a chief end. [Obs.] O this false soul of Egypt! this grave charm . . . . Whose bosom was my crownet, my chief end. Shak.

CROWN-IMPERIAL Crown"-im*pe"ri*al (-m-p"r-al), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A spring-blooming plant (Fritillaria imperialis) of the Lily family, having at the top of the stalk a cluster of pendent bell- shaped flowers surmounted with a tuft of green leaves.

CROWNLAND Crown"land`, n. [G. kronland.]

Defn: In Austria-Hungary, one of the provinces, or largest administrative divisions of the monarchy; as, the crownland of Lower Austria.

CROWNLESS Crown"less, a.

Defn: Without a crown.

CROWNLET Crown"let (-lt), n.

Defn: A coronet. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott.

CROWN OFFICE Crown" of`fice (f`fs; 115). (Eng. Law)

Defn: The criminal branch of the Court of King's or Queen's Bench, commonly called the crown side of the court, which takes cognizance of all criminal cases. Burrill.

CROWNPIECE Crown"piece` (-ps`), n. (a) A piece or part which passes over the head, as in a bridle. (b) A coin [In sense (b) properly crown piece.] See Crown, 19.

CROWN-POST Crown"-post` (kroun"pst`), n.

Defn: Same as King-post.

CROWN-SAW Crown"-saw` (-s`), n. Etym: [From its supposed resemblance to a crown.] (Mech.)

Defn: A saw in the form of a hollow cylinder, with teeth on the end or edge, and operated by a rotative motion.

Note: The trephine was the first of the class of crownsaws. Knight.

CROWN SIDE Crown" side` (sd`).

Defn: See Crown office.

CROWN WHEEL Crown" wheel` (hwl`). Etym: [Named from its resemblance to a crown.] (Mach.)

Defn: A wheel with cogs or teeth set at right angles to its plane; -- called also a contrate wheel or face wheel.

CROWNWORK Crown"work` (-wrk`), n. (Fort.)

Defn: A work consisting of two or more bastioned fronts, with their outworks, covering an enceinte, a bridgehead, etc., and connected by wings with the main work or the river bank.

CROW-QUILL Crow"-quill` (kr"kwl`), n.

Defn: A quill of the crow, or a very fine pen made from such a quill.

CROWS Crows (krz), n. pl.; sing. Crow. (Ethnol.)

Defn: A tribe of Indians of the Dakota stock, living in Montana; -- also called Upsarokas.

CROW'S-FOOT Crow's"-foot` (krz"ft`), n.; pl. Crow's-feet (-f.

1. pl.

Defn: The wrinkles that appear, as the effect of age or dissipation, under and around the outer corners of the eyes. Tennyson.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: A caltrop. [Written also crowfoot.]

3. (Arch.)

Defn: Same as Bird's-mouth. [U.S.]

CROW-SILK Crow"-silk` (kr"slk`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A filamentous fresh-water alga (Conferva rivularis of Linnaeus, Rhizoclonium rivulare of Kutzing).

CROW'S-NEST Crow's-nest` (krz"nst`), n. (Naut.)

Defn: A box or perch near the top of a mast, esp. in whalers, to shelter the man on the lookout.

CROWSTEP Crow"step` (kr"stp`), n. (Arch.)

Defn: See Corriestep.

CROWSTONE Crow"stone` (kr"stn`), n. (Arch.)

Defn: The top stone of the gable end of a house. Halliwell.

CROWTH Crowth (krouth), n.

Defn: An ancient musical instrument. See 4th Crowd.

CROWTOE Crow"toe` (kr"t`), n. (Bot.)

1. The Lotus corniculatus. Dr. Prior.

2. An unidentified plant, probably the crowfoot. "The tufted crowtoe." Milton.

CROW-TRODDEN Crow"-trod`den (kr"trd`d'n), a.

Defn: Marked with crow's-feet, or wrinkles, about the eyes. [Poetic] Do I look as if I were crow-trodden Beau. & FL.

CROYDON Croy"don, n. [From Croydon, England.]

1.

Defn: A kind of carriage like a gig, orig. of wicker-work.

2. A kind of cotton sheeting; also, a calico.

CROYLSTONE Croyl"stone` (kroil"stn`), n. (Min.)

Defn: Crystallized cawk, in which the crystals are small.

CROYS Croys (krois), n.

Defn: See Cross, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CROZE Croze (krz), n. Etym: [Cf. Cross, and Crosier.]

Defn: A cooper's tool for making the grooves for the heads of casks, etc.; also, the groove itself.

CROZIER Cro"zier (kr"zhr), n.

Defn: See Crosier.

CROZIERED Cro"ziered (-zhrd), a.

Defn: Crosiered.

CRUCIAL Cru"cial (kr"shal), a. Etym: [F. crucial, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross, torture. See Cross.]

1. Having the form of a cross; appertaining to a cross; cruciform; intersecting; as, crucial ligaments; a crucial incision.

2. Severe; trying or searching, as if bringing to the cross; decisive; as, a crucial test.

CRUCIAN CARP Cru"cian carp` (-shan krp`). Etym: [Cf. Sw. karussa, G. karausche, F. carousse, -assin, corassin, LL. coracinus, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of European carp (Carasius vulgaris), inferior to the common carp; -- called also German carp.

Note: The gibel or Prussian carp is now generally considered a variety of the crucian carp, or perhaps a hybrid between it and the common carp.

CRUCIATE Cru"ci*ate (kr"sh-t or -sht; 106), a. Etym: [L. cruciatus, p. p. of cruciare to crucify, torture, fr. crux, crucis, a cross. See Cross.]

1. Tormented. [Obs.] Bale.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Having the leaves or petals arranged in the form of a cross; cruciform.

CRUCIATE Cru"ci*ate (kr"sh-t), v. t.

Defn: To torture; to torment. [Obs.] See Excruciate. Bale.

CRUCIATION Cru`ci*a"tion (kr`sh-"shn), n. Etym: [LL. cruciatio.]

Defn: The act of torturing; torture; torment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

CRUCIBLE Cru"ci*ble (kr"s-b'l), n. Etym: [LL. crucubulum a hanging lamp, an earthen pot for melting metals (cf. OF. croisel, creuseul, sort of lamp, crucible, F. creuset crucible), prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. kr, LG. kr, hanging lamp, kroos, kruus, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes cup, crucible, Dan. kruus, Sw. krus, E. cruse. It was confused with derivatives of L. crux cross (cf. Crosslet), and crucibles were said to have been marked with a cross, to prevent the devil from marring the chemical operation. See Cruse, and cf. Cresset.]

1. A vessel or melting pot, composed of some very refractory substance, as clay, graphite, platinum, and used for melting and calcining substances which require a strong degree of heat, as metals, ores, etc.

2. A hollow place at the bottom of a furnace, to receive the melted metal.

3. A test of the most decisive kind; a severe trial; as, the crucible of affliction. Hessian crucible (Chem.), a cheap, brittle, and fragile, but very refractory crucible, composed of the finest fire clay and sand, and commonly used for a single heating; -- named from the place of manufacture.

CRUCIBLE STEEL Cru"ci*ble steel.

Defn: Cast steel made by fusing in crucibles crude or scrap steel, wrought iron, and other ingredients and fluxes.

CRUCIFER Cru"ci*fer (-fr), n. Etym: [See Cruciferous.] (Bot.)

Defn: Any plant of the order Cruciferæ.

CRUCIFEROUS Cru*cif"er*ous (kr-sf"r-s), a. Etym: [L. crux, crucis, cross + - ferous: cf. F. crucif.]

1. Bearing a cross.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants which have four petals arranged like the arms of a cross, as the mustard, radish, turnip, etc.

CRUCIFIER Cru"ci*fi`er (kr"s-f`r), n.

Defn: One who crucifies; one who subjects himself or another to a painful trial.

CRUCIFIX Cru"ci*fix (kr"s-fks), n.; pl. Crucifixes (-. Etym: [F. crucifix or LL. crucifixum, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross + figere, fixum, to fix. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucify.]

1. A representation in art of the figure of Christ upon the cross; esp., the sculptured figure affixed to a real cross of wood, ivory, metal, or the like, used by the Roman Catholics in their devotions. The cross, too, by degrees, become the crucifix. Milman. And kissing oft her crucifix, Unto the block she drew. Warner.

2. The cross or religion of Christ. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

CRUCIFIXION Cru`ci*fix"ion (kr`s-fk"shn), n.

1. The act of nailing or fastening a person to a cross, for the purpose of putting him to death; the use of the cross as a method of capital punishment.

2. The state of one who is nailed or fastened to a cross; death upon a cross.

3. Intense suffering or affliction; painful trial. Do ye prove What crucifixions are in love Herrick.

CRUCIFORM Cru"ci*form (kr"s-frm), a. Etym: [L. crux, crucis, cress + -form: cf. F. cruciforme.]

Defn: Cross-shaped; (Bot.) having four parts arranged in the form of a cross.

CRUCIFY Cru"ci*fy (-f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crucified (-fd); p. pr. & vb.n. Crucifying.] Etym: [F. crucifier, fr. (assumed) LL. crucificare, for crucifigere, fr, L. crux, crucis, cross + figere to fix, the ending - figere being changed to -ficare, F. -fier (in compounds), as if fr. L. facere to do, make. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucifix.]

1. To fasten to a cross; to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross or gibbet. They cried, saying, Crucify him, cricify him. Luke xxiii. 21.

2. To destroy the power or ruling influence of; to subdue completely; to mortify. They that are Christ's have crucified the flesh, with the affections and lusts. Gal. v. 24.

3. To vex or torment. Beau. & FL.

CRUCIGEROUS Cru*cig"er*ous (kr-sj"r-s), a. Etym: [L. crux, cricis, cross + - gerous.]

Defn: Bearing the cross; marked with the figure of a cross. Sir. T. Browne.

CRUD Crud (krd), n.

Defn: See Curd. [Obs.]

CRUDDLE Crud"dle (-d'l), v. i.

Defn: To curdle. [Obs.] See how thy blood cruddles at this. Bea

CRUDE Crude (krd), a. [Compar. Cruder (-r); superl. Crudest.] Etym: [L. crudus raw; akin to cruor blood (which flows from a wound). See Raw, and cf. Cruel.]

1. In its natural state; not cooked or prepared by fire or heat; undressed; not altered, refined, or prepared for use by any artificial process; raw; as, crude flesh. "Common crude salt." Boyle. Molding to its will each successive deposit of the crude materials. I. Taylor.

2. Unripe; not mature or perfect; immature. I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude. Milton.

3. Not reduced to order or form;unfinished; not arranged or prepared; ill-considered; immature. "Crudeprojects." Macualay. Crude, undigested masses of suggestion, furnishing rather raw materials for composition. De Quincey. The originals of Nature in their crude Conception. Milton.

4. Undigested; unconcocted; not brought into a form to give nourishment. "Crude and inconcoct." Bacon.

5. Having, or displaying, superficial and undigested knowledge; without culture or profudity; as, a crude reasoner.

6. (Paint.)

Defn: Harsh and offensive, as a color; tawdry or in bad taste, as a combination of colors, or any design or work of art.

CRUDELY Crude"ly, adv.

Defn: In a crude, immature manner.

CRUDENESS Crude"ness, n.

Defn: A crude, undigested, or unprepared state; rawness; unripeness; immatureness; unfitness for a destined use or purpose; as, the crudeness of iron ore; crudeness of theories or plans.

CRUDITY Cru"di*ty (kr"d-t), n.; pl. Crudities (-t. Etym: [L. cruditas, fr. crudus: cf. F. crudit. See Crude.]

1. The condition of being crude; rawness.

2. That which is in a crude or undigested state; hence, superficial, undigested views, not reduced to order or form. "Cridities in the stomach." Arbuthnot.

CRUDLE Cru"dle (-d'l), v. i.

Defn: See Cruddle.

CRUDY Crud"y (krd"), a. Etym: [From Crud.]

Defn: Coagulated. [Obs.] His cruel wounds with crudy blood congealed. Spenser.

CRUDY Cru"dy (kr"d), a. Etym: [From Crude.]

Defn: Characterized by crudeness; raw. [Obs.] The foolish and dull and crudy vapors. Shak.

CRUEL Cru"el (kr"l), n.

Defn: See Crewel.

CRUEL Cru"el (kr*"l), a. Etym: [F. cruel, fr. L. crudelis, fr. crudus. See Crude.]

1. Disposed to give pain to others; willing or pleased to hurt, torment, or afflict; destitute of sympathetic kindness and pity; savage; inhuman; hard-hearted; merciless. Behold a people cometh from the north country; . . . they are cruel and have no mercy. Jer. vi. 22,23.

2. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery. Cruel wars, wasting the earth. Milton. Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath for it was cruel. Gen. xlix. 7.

3. Attended with cruetly; painful; harsh. You have seen cruel proof of this man's strength. Shak.

CRUELLY Cru"el*ly, adv.

1. In a cruel manner.

2. Extremly; very. [Colloq.] Spectator.

CRUELNESS Cru"el*ness, n.

Defn: Cruelty. [Obs.] Spenser.

CRUELS Cru"els (kr"lz), n. pl. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. F. scrofula.]

Defn: Glandular scrofulous swellings in the neck.

CRUELTY Cru"el*ty (-t), n.; pl. Cruelties (-t. Etym: [OF. cruelt, F. cruaut, fr. L. crudelitas, fr. crudelis. See Cruel.]

1. The attribute or quality of being cruel; a disposition to give unnecessary pain or suffering to others; inhumanity; barbarity. Pierced through the heart with your stern cruelty. Shak.

2. A cruel and barbarous deed; inhuman treatment; the act of willfully causing unnecessary pain. Cruelties worthy of the dungeons of the Inquisition. Macualay.

CRUENTATE Cru"en*tate (kr"n-tt), a. Etym: [L. cruentatus, p. p. of cruentare to make bloody, fr. cruentus bloody, fr. cruor. See Crude.]

Defn: Smeared with blood. [Obs.] Glanwill.

CRUENTOUS Cru*en"tous (kr-n"ts), a. Etym: [L. cruentus.]

Defn: Bloody; cruentate. [Obs.]

CRUET Cru"et, n. Etym: [Anglo-French cruet, a dim. from OF. crue, cruie; of German or Celtic origin, and akin to E. crock an earthen vessel.]

1. A bottle or vessel; esp., aviai or small glass bottle for holding vinegar, oil, pepper, or the like, for the table; a caster. Swift.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: A vessel used to hold wine, oil, or water for the service of the altar. Cruet stand, a frame for holding cruets; a caster.

CRUISE Cruise (krs), n.

Defn: See Cruse, a small bottle.

CRUISE Cruise (krz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cruised (krzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cruising.] Etym: [D. kruisen to move crosswise or in a zigzag, to cruise, fr. kruis cross, fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, or directly fr. OF. croisier, F. croiser, to cross, cruise, fr. crois a cross. See Cross.]

1. To sail back and forth on the ocean; to sail, as for the potection of commerce, in search of an enemy, for plunder, or for pleasure.

Note: A ship cruises in any particular sea or ocean; as, in the Baltic or in the Atlantic. She cruises off any cape; as, off the Lizard; off Ushant. She cruises on a coast; as, on the coast of Africa. A priate cruises to seize vessels; a yacht cruises for the pleasure of the owner. Ships of war were aent to cruise near the isle of Bute. Macualay. 'Mid sands, and rocks, and storms to cruise for pleasure. Young.

2. To wander hither and thither on land. [Colloq.]

CRUISE Cruise, n.

Defn: A voyage made in various directions, as of an armed vessel, for the protection of other vessels, or in search of an enemy; a sailing to and fro, as for exploration or for pleasure. He feigned a compliance with some of his men, who were bent upon going a cruise to Manilla. Dampier.

CRUISER Cruis"er (kr"zr), n.

Defn: One who, or a vessel that, cruises; -- usually an armed vessel.

CRUIVE Cruive (krv), n.

Defn: A kind of weir or dam for trapping salmon; also, a hovel. [Scot.]

CRULL Crull (krl), a. Etym: [SeeCurl.]

Defn: Curly; curled. [Obs.]

CRULLER Crul"ler (krl"lr), n. Etym: [Cf. Curl.]

Defn: A kind of sweet cake cut in strips and curled or twisted, and fried crisp in boiling fat. [Also written kruller.]

CRUMB Crumb (krm), n. Etym: [AS. cruma, akin to D. kruim, G. krume; cf. G. krauen to scratch, claw.] [Written also crum.]

1. A small fragment or piece; especially, a small piece of bread or other food, broken or cut off. Desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table. Luke xvi. 21.

2. Fig.: A little; a bit; as, a crumb of comfort.

3. The soft part of bread. Dust unto dust, what must be, must; If you can't get crumb, you'd best eat crust. Old Song. Crumb brush, a brush for sweeping crumbs from a table. -- To a crum, with great exactness; completely.

CRUMB Crumb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbed (krmd); p. pr. & vb.n. Crumbing (krm"ng).]

Defn: To break into crumbs or small pieces with the fingers; as, to crumb bread. [Written also crum.]

CRUMBCLOTH Crumb"cloth` (-kl, n.

Defn: A cloth to be laid under a dining table to receive falling fragments, and keep the carpet or floor clean. [Written also crumcloth.]

CRUMBLE Crum"ble (krm"b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumbling (-blng).] Etym: [Dim. of crumb, v. t., akin to D. krimelen G. kr.]

Defn: To break into small pieces; to cause to fall in pieces. He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints, And crumble all thy sinews. Milton.

CRUMBLE Crum"ble, v. i.

Defn: To fall into small pieces; to break or part into small fragments; hence, to fall to decay or ruin; to become disintegrated; to perish. If the stone is brittle, it will crumble and pass into the form of gravel. Arbuthnot. The league deprived of its principal supports must soon crumble to pieces. Prescott.

CRUMBLY Crum"bly (-bl), a.

Defn: EAsily crumbled; friable; brittle. "The crumbly soil." Hawthorne.

CRUMENAL Cru"me*nal (kr"m-nal), n. Etym: [L. crumena purse.]

Defn: A purse. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

CRUMMABLE Crum"ma*ble (krm"mA-b'l), a.

Defn: Capable of being crumbed or broken into small pieces.

CRUMMY Crum"my (krm"m), a.

1. Full of crumb or crumbs.

2. Soft, as the crumb of bread is; not crusty.

CRUMP Crump (krmp), a. Etym: [AS. crumb stooping, bent down; akin to OHG. chrumb, G. krumm, Dan. krum, D. krom, and E. cramp.]

1. Crooked; bent. [Obs.] Crooked backs and crump shoulders. Jer. Taylor.

2. Hard or crusty; dry baked; as, a crump loaf. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Hallivell.

CRUMPET Crump"et (krmp"t), n. Etym: [Prob. from W. crempog, crammwgth, a pancake or fritter.]

Defn: A kind of large. thin muffin or cake, light and spongy, and cooked on a griddle or spider.

CRUMPLE Crum"ple (krm"p'l), v. t. [imp & p. p. Crumpled (-p'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumpling (-plng).] Etym: [Dim. fr. crump, a.]

Defn: To draw or press into wrinkles or folds to crush together; to rumple; as, to crumple paper. They crumpled it into all shapes, and diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made. Addison.

CRUMPLE Crum"ple, v. i.

Defn: To contract irregularly; to show wrinkless after being crushed together; as, leaves crumple.

CRUMPY Crump"y (krmp"Y), a.

Defn: Brittle; crisp. Wright.

CRUNCH Crunch (krnch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crunched (krncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crunching.] Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin; or cf. D. schransen to eat heartily, or E. scrunch.]

1. To chew with force and noise; to craunch. And their white tusks crunched o'er the whiter skull. Byron.

2. To grind or press with violence and noise. The ship crunched through the ice. Kane.

3. To emit a grinding or craunching noise. The crunching and ratting of the loose stones. H. James.

CRUNCH Crunch, v. t.

Defn: To crush with the teeth; to chew with a grinding noise; to craunch; as, to crunch a biscuit.

CRUNK; CRUNKLE Crunk (krnk), Crun"kle (krn"k'l), v. i. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kr to croak.]

Defn: To cry like a crane. [Obs.] "The crane crunketh." Withals (1608).

CRUNODAL Cru*no"dal (kr-n"dal), a. (Geom.)

Defn: Possessing, or characterized by, a crunode; -- used of curves.

CRUNODE Cru"node (kr"nd), n. Etym: [Prob. fr. L. crux a cross + E. node.] (Geom.)

Defn: A point where one branch of a curve crosses another branch. See Double point, under Double, a.

CRUOR Cru"or (kr"r), n. Etym: [L., blood. See Crude.]

Defn: The coloring matter of the blood; the clotted portion of coagulated blood, containing the coloring matter; gore.

CRUORIN Cru"o*rin (--rn), n. (Physiol.)

Defn: The coloring matter of the blood in the living animal; hæmoglobin.

CRUP Crup (krp), a. Etym: [Cf. OHG. grop, G. grob, coarse.]

Defn: Short; brittle; as, crup cake. Todd.

CRUP Crup (krp), n.

Defn: See Croup, the rump of a horse.

CRUPPER Crup"per (krp"pr in U.S.; krp"r in Eng.), n. Etym: [F. croupi, fr. croupe. See Croup the rump of a horse.] [Written also crouper.]

1. The buttocks or rump of a horse.

2. A leather loop, passing under a horse's tail, and buckled to the saddle to keep it from slipping forwards.

CRUPPER Crup"per, v. t.

Defn: To fit with a crupper; to place a crupper upon; as, to crupper a horse.

CRURA Cru"ra (kr"r), n. pl. (Anat.)

Defn: See Crus.

CRURAL Cru"ral (-ral), a. Etym: [L. cruralis, fr. crus, cruris, leg: cf. F. crural.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the thigh or leg, or to any of the parts called crura; as, the crural arteries; crural arch; crural canal; crural ring.

CRUS Crus (krs), n.; pl. Crura (kr. Etym: [L., the leg.] (Anat.) (a) That part of the hind limb between the femur, or thigh, and the ankle, or tarsus; the shank. (b) Often applied, especially in the plural, to parts which are supposed to resemble a pair of legs; as, the crura of the diaphragm, a pair of muscles attached to it; crura cerebri, two bundles of nerve fibers in the base of the brain, connecting the medulla and the forebrain.

CRUSADE Cru*sade" (kr-sd"), n. Etym: [F. croisade, fr. Pr. crozada, or Sp cruzada, or It. crociata, from a verb signifying to take the cross, mark one's self with a cross, fr. L. crux cross; or possibly taken into English directly fr. Pr. Cf. Croisade, Crosado, and see Cross.]

1. Any one of the military expeditions undertaken by Christian powers, in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Mohammedans.

2. Any enterprise undertaken with zeal and enthusiasm; as, a crusade against intemperance.

3. A Portuguese coin. See Crusado.

CRUSADE Cru*sade", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crusaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusading.]

Defn: To engage in a crusade; to attack in a zealous or hot-headed manner. "Cease crusading against sense." M. Green.

CRUSADER Cru*sad"er (-s"dr), n.

Defn: One engaged in a crusade; as, the crusaders of the Middle Ages. Azure-eyed and golden-haired, Forth the young crusaders fared. Longfellow.

CRUSADING Cru*sad"ing, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a crusade; as, a crusading spirit.

CRUSADO Cru*sa"do (-s"d), n. Etym: [Pg. cruzado, fr. cruz, fr. L. crux. See Crusade, 3.]

Defn: An old Portuguese coin, worth about seventy cents. [Written also cruade.] Shak.

CRUSE Cruse (krs), n. Etym: [Akin to LG. kruus, kroos, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes, G. krause, Icel. krus, Sw. krus, Dan. kruus. Cf. Crucible, Cresset.]

1. A cup or dish. Take with thee . . . a cruse of honey. 1 Kings xiv. 3.

2. A bottle for holding water, oil, honey, etc. So David took . . . the cruse of water. 1 Sam. xxvi. 12.

CRUSET Cru"set (kr"st), n. Etym: [Cf. F. creuset. See Cruse, Crucible.]

Defn: A goldsmith's crucible or melting pot.

CRUSH Crush (krsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crushed (krsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crushing.] Etym: [OE. cruschen, crousshen, Of. cruisir, croissir, fr. LL. cruscire, prob. of Ger. origin, from a derivative of the word seen in Goth. kruistan to gnash; akin to Sw. krysta to squeeze, Dan. kryste, Icel. kreysta.]

1. To press or bruise between two hard bodies; to squeeze, so as to destroy the natural shape or integrity of the parts, or to force together into a mass; as, to crush grapes. Ye shall not offer unto the Lord that which is bruised, or crushed, or broken, or cut. Lev. xxii. 24. The ass . . . thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam's foot against the wall. Num. xxii. 25.

2. To reduce to fine particles by pounding or grinding; to comminute; as, to crush quartz.

3. To overwhelm by pressure or weight; to beat or force down, as by an incumbent weight. To crush the pillars which the pile sustain. Dryden. Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again. Bryant.

4. To oppress or burden grievously. Thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway. Deut. xxviii. 33.

5. To overcome completely; to subdue totally. Speedily overtaking and crushing the rebels. Sir. W. Scott. To crush a cup, to drink. [Obs.] -- To crush out. (a) To force out or separate by pressure, as juice from grapes. (b) To overcome or destroy completely; to suppress.

CRUSH Crush (krsh), v. i.

Defn: To be or become broken down or in, or pressed into a smaller compass, by external weight or force; as, an eggshell crushes easily.

CRUSH Crush, n.

1. A violent collision or compression; a crash; destruction; ruin. The wreck of matter, and the crush of worlds. Addison.

2. Violent pressure, as of a crowd; a crowd which produced uncomfortable pressure; as, a crush at a peception. Crush hat, a hat which collapses, and can be carried under the arm, and when expanded is held in shape by springs; hence, any hat not injured by compressing. -- Crush room, a large room in a theater, opera house, etc., where the audience may promenade or converse during the intermissions; a foyer. Politics leave very little time for the bow window at White's in the day, or for the crush room of the opera at night. Macualay.

CRUSHER Crush"er (-r), n.

Defn: One who, or that which, crushes. Crusher gauge, an instrument for measuring the explosive force of gunpowder, etc., by its effect in compressing a piece of metal.

CRUSHING Crush"ing, a.

Defn: That crushes; overwhelming. "The blow must be quick and crushing." Macualay.

CRUST Crust (krst), n. Etym: [L. crusta: cf. OF. crouste, F. cro; prob. akin to Gr. crystal, from the same root as E. crude, raw. See Raw, and cf. Custard.]

1. The hard external coat or covering of anything; the hard exterior surface or outer shell; an incrustation; as, a crust of snow. I have known the statute of an emperor quite hid under a crust of dross. Addison. Below this icy crust of conformity, the waters of infidelity lay dark and deep as ever. Prescott.

2. (Cookery) (a) The hard exterior or surface of bread, in distinction from the soft part or crumb; or a piece of bread grown dry or hard. (b) The cover or case of a pie, in distinction from the soft contents. (c) The dough, or mass of doughy paste, cooked with a potpie; -- also called dumpling. Th' impenetrable crust thy teeth defies. Dryden. He that keeps nor crust nor crumb. Shak. They . . . made the crust for the venison pasty. Macualay.

3. (Geol.)

Defn: The exterior portion of the earth, formerly universally supposed to inclose a molten interior.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The shell of crabs, lobsters, etc.

5. (Med.)

Defn: A hard mass, made up of dried secretions blood, or pus, occurring upon the surface of the body.

6. An incrustation on the interior of wine bottles, the result of the ripening of the wine; a deposit of tartar, etc. See Beeswing.

CRUST Crust, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Crusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusting.] Etym: [Cf. OF. crouster, L. crustare. See Crust, n. ]

Defn: To cover with a crust; to cover or line with an incrustation; to incrust. The whole body is crusted over with ice. Boyle. And now their legs, and breast, and bodies stood Crusted with bark. Addison. Very foul and crusted bottles. Swift. Their minds are crusted over, like diamonds in the rock. Felton.

CRUST Crust, v. i.

Defn: To gather or contract into a hard crust; to become incrusted. The place that was burnt . . . crusted and healed. Temple.

CRUSTA Crus"ta (krs"t), n. Etym: [L., shell, crust, inlaid work.]

1. A crust or shell.

2. A gem engraved, or a plate embossed in low relief, for inlaying a vase or other object.

CRUSTACEA Crus*ta"ce*a (krs-t"sh-), n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl. of NL. crustaceus pert. to the crust or shell, from L. crusta the hard surfsce of a body, rind, shell.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the classes of the arthropods, including lobsters and crabs; -- so called from the crustlike shell with which they are covered.

Note: The body usually consists of an anterior part, made up of the head and thorax combined, called the cephalothorax, and of a posterior jointed part called the abdomen, postabdomen, and (improperly) tail. They breathe by means of gills variously attached to some of the limbs or to the sides the body, according to the group. They are divisible into two subclasses, Entomostraca and Malacostraca, each of which includes several orders.

CRUSTACEAN Crus*ta"cean (krs-t"shan; 97), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Crustacea; crustaceous. -- n.

Defn: An animal belonging to the class Crustacea.

CRUSTACEOLOGICAL Crus*ta`ce*o*log"ic*al (-sh--lj"-kal), a.

Defn: Pertaining to crustaceology.

CRUSTACEOLOGIST Crus*ta`ce*ol"o*gist (-ll"-jst), n.

Defn: One versed in crustaceology; a crustalogist.

CRUSTACEOLOGY Crus*ta`ce*ol"o*gy (-j), n. Etym: [Crustacea + -logy.]

Defn: That branch of Zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea; malacostracology; carcinology.

CRUSTACEOUS Crus*ta"ceous (krs-t"shs; 97), a. Etym: [NL. crustaceous. See crustacea.]

1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, crust or shell; having a crustlike shell.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Belonging to the Crustacea; crustacean.

CRUSTACEOUSNESS Crus*ta"ceous*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being crustaceous or having a crustlike shell.

CRUSTAL Crust"al (krst"al), a.

Defn: Relating to a crust.

CRUSTALOGICAL Crus`ta*log"ic*al (krs`t-lj"-kal), a.

Defn: Pertaining to crustalogy.

CRUSTALOGIST Crus*tal"o*gist (-t, n.

Defn: One versed in crustalogy.

CRUSTALOGY Crus*tal"o*gy (krs-tl"-j), n. Etym: [L. crusta shell + -logy.]

Defn: Crustaceology.

CRUSTATED Crus"ta*ted (krs"t-td), a. Etym: [L. crustatus, p. p. of crustare, fr. crusta. See Crust.]

Defn: Covered with a crust; as, crustated basalt.

CRUSTATION Crus*ta"tion (krs-t"shn), n.

Defn: An adherent crust; an incrustation. Pepys.

CRUSTED Crust"ed (krst"d), a.

Defn: Incrusted; covered with, or containing, crust; as, old, crusted port wine.

CRUSTIFIC Crus*tif`ic (krs-tf"k), a. Etym: [L. crusta crust + -facere to make.]

Defn: Producing or forming a crust or skin. [R.]

CRUSTILY Crust"i*ly (krst"-l*), adv.

Defn: In a crusty or surly manner; morosely.

CRUSTINESS Crust"i*ness (--ns), n.

1. The state or quality of having crust or being like crust; hardness.

2. The quality of being crusty or surly. Old Christy forgot his usual crustiness. W. Irving.

CRUSTY Crust"y (-), a.

1. Having the nature of crust; pertaining to a hard covering; as, a crusty coat; a crusty surface or substance.

2. Etym: [Possibly a corruption of cursty. Cf. Curst, Curstness.]

Defn: Having a hard exterior, or a short, rough manner, though kind at heart; snappish; peevish; surly. Thou crusty batch of nature, what's the news Shak.

CRUT Crut (krt), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cro crust.]

Defn: The rough, shaggy part of oak bark.

CRUTCH Crutch (krch; 224), n.; pl. Crutches (-. Etym: [OE. cruche, AS. crycc, cricc; akin to D. kruk, G. kr, Dan. krykke, Sw. krycka, and to E. crook. See Crook, and cf. Cricket a low stool.]

1. A staff with a crosspiece at the head, to be placed under the arm or shoulder, to support the lame or infirm in walking. I'll lean upon one crutch, and fight with the other. Shak. Rhyme is a crutch that lifts the weak alone. H. Smith.

2. A form of pommel for a woman's saddle, consisting of a forked rest to hold the leg of the rider.

3. (Naut.) (a) A knee, or piece of knee timber. (b) A forked stanchion or post; a crotch. See Crotch.

CRUTCH Crutch, v. t.

Defn: To support on crutches; to prop up. [R.] Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on verse. Dryden.

CRUTCHED Crutched (krcht), a.

1. Supported upon crutches.

2. Etym: [See Crouch, v. t., and Crouched, a. ]

Defn: Marked with the sign of the cross; crouched. Crutched friar (Eccl.), one of a religious order, so called because its members bore the sign of the cross on their staves and habits; -- called also crossed friar and crouched friar.

CRUTH Cruth (krth), n. Etym: [W. crwth.] (Mus.)

Defn: See 4th Crowd.

CRUX Crux (krks), n.; pl. E. Cruxes (-, L. Cruces (kr. Etym: [L., cross, torture, trouble.]

Defn: Anything that is very puzzling or difficult to explain. Dr. Sheridan. The perpetual crux of New Testament chronologists. Strauss.

CRUX ANSATA Crux an*sa"ta. [L., cross with a handle.]

Defn: A cross in the shape of the ankh.

CRUZADO Cru*za"do (kr-z"d), n.

Defn: A coin. See Crusado.

CRWTH Crwth (krth), n. Etym: [W.] (Mus)

Defn: See 4th Crowd.

CRY Cry (kr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cried (krd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crying.] Etym: [F. crier, cf. L. quiritare to raise a plaintive cry, scream, shriek, perh. fr. queri to complain; cf. Skr. cvas to pant, hiss, sigh. Cf. Quarrel a brawl, Querulous.]

1. To make a loud call or cry; to call or exclaim vehemently or earnestly; to shout; to vociferate; to proclaim; to pray; to implore. And about the ninth hour, Jesus cried with a loud voice. Matt. xxvii. 46. Clapping their hands, and crying with loud voice. Shak. Hear the voice of my supplications when I cry unto thee. Ps. xxviii. 2. The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord. Is. xl. 3. Some cried after him to return. Bunyan.

2. To utter lamentations; to lament audibly; to express pain, grief, or distress, by weeping and sobbing; to shed tears; to bawl, as a child. Ye shall cry for sorrow of heart. Is. lxv. 14. I could find it in my heart to disgrace my man's apparel and to cry like a woman. Shak.

3. To utter inarticulate sounds, as animals. The young ravens which cry. Ps. cxlvii. 9. In a cowslip's bell I lie There I couch when owls do cry. Shak. To cry on or upon, to call upon the name of; to beseech."No longer on Saint Denis will we cry." Shak. -- To cry out. (a) To exclaim; to vociferate; to scream; to clamor. (b) To complain loudly; to lament. -- To cry out against, to complain loudly of; to censure; to blame. -- To cry out on or upon, to denounce; to censure. "Cries out upon abuses." Shak. -- To cry to, to call on in prayer; to implore. -- To cry you mercy, to beg your pardon. "I cry you mercy, madam; was it you" Shak.

CRY Cry, v. t.

1. To utter loudly; to call out; to shout; to sound abroad; to declare publicly. All, all, cry shame against ye, yet I 'll speak. Shak. The man . . . ran on,crying, Life! life! Eternal life! Bunyan.

2. To cause to do something, or bring to some state, by crying or weeping; as, to cry one's self to sleep.

3. To make oral and public proclamation of; to declare publicly; to notify or advertise by outcry, especially things lost or found, goods to be sold, ets.; as, to cry goods, etc. Love is lost, and thus she cries him. Crashaw.

4. Hence, to publish the banns of, as for marriage. I should not be surprised if they were cried in church next Sabbath. Judd. To cry aim. See under Aim. -- To cry down, to decry; to depreciate; to dispraise; to condemn. Men of dissolute lives cry down religion, because they would not be under the restraints of it. Tillotson. -- To cry out, to proclaim; to shout."Your gesture cries it out." Shak. -- To cry quits, to propose, or declare, the abandonment of a contest. -- To cry up, to enhance the value or reputation of by public and noisy praise; to extol; to laud publicly or urgently.

CRY Cry (kr), n.; pl. Cries (kr. Etym: [F. cri, fr. crier to cry. See Cry, v. i. ]

1. A loud utterance; especially, the inarticulate sound produced by one of the lower animals; as, the cry of hounds; the cry of wolves. Milton.

2. Outcry; clamor; tumult; popular demand. Again that cry was found to have been as unreasonable as ever. Macaulay.

3. Any expression of grief, distress, etc., accompanied with tears or sobs; a loud sound, uttered in lamentation. There shall be a great cry throughout all the land. Ex. xi. 6. An infant crying in the night, An infant crying for the light; And with no language but a cry. Tennyson.

4. Loud expression of triumph or wonder or of popular acclamation or favor. Swift. The cry went once on thee. Shak.

5. Importunate supplication. O, the most piteous cry of the poor souls. Shak.

6. Public advertisement by outcry; proclamation, as by hawkers of their wares. The street cries of London. Mayhew.

7. Common report; fame. The cry goes that you shall marry her. Shak.

8. A word or phrase caught up by a party or faction and repeated for effect; as, the party cry of the Tories. All now depends upon a good cry. Beaconsfield.

9. A pack of hounds. Milton. A cry more tunable Was never hollaed to, nor cheered with horn. Shak.

10. A pack or company of persons; -- in contempt. Would not this . . . get me a fellowship in a cry of players Shak.

11. The cracklling noise made by block tin when it is bent back and forth. A far cry, a long distance; -- in allusion to the sending of criers or messengers through the territory of a Scottish clan with an announcement or summons.

CRYAL Cry"al (kr"al), n. Etym: [Cf. W. creyr, cryr, crychydd. Cf. Cruer a hawk.]

Defn: The heron [Obs.] Ainsworth.

CRYER Cry"er (-r), n. Etym: [F. faucon gruyer a falcon trained to fly at the crane, fr. crye crane, fr. L. crus crane. Cf. Cryal.]

Defn: The female of the hawk; a falcon-gentil.

CRYING Cry"ing, a.

Defn: Calling for notice; compelling attention; notorious; heinous; as, a crying evil. Too much fondness for meditative retirement is not the crying sin of our modern Christianity. I. Taylor.

CRYOHYDRATE Cry`o*hy"drate (kr`-h"drt), n. Etym: [Gr. hydrate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A substance, as salt, ammonium chloride, etc., which crystallizes with water of crystallization only at low temperatures, or below the freezing point of water. F. Guthrie.

CRYOLITE Cry"o*lite (kr"-lt), n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. cryolithe.] (Min.)

Defn: A fluoride of sodium and aluminum, found in Greenland, in white cleavable masses; -- used as a source of soda and alumina.

CRYOMETER Cry*om"e*ter, n. [Gr. cold, frost + -meter.] (Physics)

Defn: A thermometer for the measurement of low temperatures, esp. such an instrument containing alcohol or some other liquid of a lower freezing point than mercury.

CRYOPHORUS Cry*oph"o*rus (kr-f"-rs), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: An instrument used to illustrate the freezing of water by its own evaporation. The ordinary form consist of two glass bulbs, connected by a tube of the same material, and containing only a quantity of water and its vapor, devoid of air. The water is in one of the bulbs, and freezes when the other is cooled below 32º Fahr.

CRYPT Crypt (krpt), n. Etym: [L. crypta vault, crypt, Gr. Crot, Crotto.]

1. A vault wholly or partly under ground; especially, a vault under a church, whether used for burial purposes or for a subterranean chapel or oratory. Priesthood works out its task age after age, . . . treasuring in convents and crypts the few fossils of antique learning. Motley. My knees are bowed in crypt and shrine. Tennyson.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: A simple gland, glandular cavity, or tube; a follicle; as, the cryps of Lieberk.

CRYPTAL Crypt"al (-al), a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to crypts.

CRYPTIC; CRYPTICAL Cryp"tic (krp"tk), Cryp"tic*al (-t-kal), a. Etym: [L. crypticus, Gr.

Defn: Hidden; secret; occult. "Her [nature's] more cryptic ways of working." Glanvill.

CRYPTICALLY Cryp"tic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Secretly; occultly.

CRYPTIDINE Cryp"ti*dine (krp"t-dn; 104), n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of the quinoline bases, obtained from coal tar as an oily liquid, C11H11N; also, any one of several substances metameric with, and resembling, cryptidine proper.

CRYPTOBRANCHIATA Cryp`to*bran`chi*a"ta (krp`t-bra`k-"t), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. krypto`s hidden + L. branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of the Amphibia; the Derotremata. (b) A group of nudibranch mollusks.

CRYPTOBRANCHIATE Cryp`to*bran"chi*ate (-br"k-t), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having concealed or rudimentary gills.

CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE Cryp`to*crys"tal*line (-krs"tal-ln), a. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + E. crystalline.] (Geol.)

Defn: Indistinctly crystalline; -- applied to rocks and minerals, whose state of aggregation is so fine that no distinct particles are visible, even under the microscope.

CRYPTOGAM Cryp"to*gam (krp"t-gm), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cryptogame. See Cryptogamia.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant belonging to the Cryptogamia. Henslow.

CRYPTOGAMIA Cryp`to*ga"mi*a (krp`t-g"m-), n.; pl. Cryptogamiæ (-. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. krypto`s hidden, secret + ga`mos marriage.] (Bot.)

Defn: The series or division of flowerless plants, or those never having true stamens and pistils, but propagated by spores of various kinds.

Note: The subdivisions have been variously arranged. The following arrangement recognizes four classes: --I. Pteridophyta, or Vascular Acrogens. These include Ferns, Equiseta or Scouring rushes, Lycopodiaceæ or Club mosses, Selaginelleæ, and several other smaller orders. Here belonged also the extinct coal plants called Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and Calamites. II. Bryophita, or Cellular Acrogens. These include Musci, or Mosses, Hepaticæ, or Scale mosses and Liverworts, and possibly Characeæ, the Stoneworts. III. Algæ, which are divided into Florideæ, the Red Seaweeds, and the orders Dictyoteæ, Oösporeæ, Zoösporeæ, Conjugatæ, Diatomaceæ, and Cryptophyceæ. IV. Fungi. The molds, mildews, mushrooms, puffballs, etc., which are variously grouped into several subclasses and many orders. The Lichenes or Lichens are now considered to be of a mixed nature, each plant partly a Fungus and partly an Alga.

CRYPTOGAMIAN; CRYPTOGAMIC; CRYPTOGAMOUS Cryp`to*ga"mi*an (krp`t-g"m-an), Cryp`to*gam"ic (krp`t-gm"k), Cryp*to"gam*ous a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the series Cryptogamia, or to plants of that series.

CRYPTOGAMIST Cryp*tog"a*mist (-mst), n.

Defn: One skilled in cryptogamic botany.

CRYPTOGRAM Cryp"to*gram (krp"t-grm), n.

Defn: A cipher writing. Same as Cryptograph.

CRYPTOGRAPH Cryp"to*graph (-grf), n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + -graph: cf. F. cryptographe.]

Defn: Cipher; something written in cipher. "Decipherers of cryptograph." J. Earle.

CRYPTOGRAPHAL Cryp*tog"ra*phal (krp-tg"r-fal), a.

Defn: Pertaining to cryptography; cryptographical. Boyle.

CRYPTOGRAPHER Cryp*tog"ra*pher (krp-tg"r-fr), n.

Defn: One who writes in cipher, or secret characters.

CRYPTOGRAPHIC; CRYPTOGRAPHICAL Cryp`to*graph"ic (krp`t-grf"k), Cryp`to*graph"ic*al (krp`t-grf"-kal), a.

Defn: Relating to cryptography; written in secret characters or in cipher, or with sympathetic ink.

CRYPTOGRAPHIST Cryp*tog"ra*phist (krp-tg"r-fst), n.

Defn: Same as Cryptographer.

CRYPTOGRAPHY Cryp*tog"ra*phy (-f), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cryptographie.]

Defn: The act or art of writing in secret characters; also, secret characters, or cipher.

CRYPTOLOGY Cryp*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + -logy.]

Defn: Secret or enigmatical language. Johnson.

CRYPTONYM Cryp"to*nym (krp"t-nm), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A secret name; a name by which a person is known only to the initiated.

CRYPTOPINE Cryp"to*pine (krp"t-pn; 104), n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + E. opium.] (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless crystalline alkaloid obtained in small quantities from opium.

CRYPTURI Cryp*tu"ri (krp-t"r), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of flying, dromTinamou.

CRYSTAL Crys"tal (krs"tal), n. Etym: [OE. cristal, F. cristal, L. crystallum crystal, ice, fr. Gr. crystalla, fr. L. crystallum; prob. akin to E. crust. See Crust, Raw.]

1. (Chem. & Min.)

Defn: The regular form which a substance tends to assume in solidifying, through the inherent power of cohesive attraction. It is bounded by plane surfaces, symmetrically arranged, and each species of crystal has fixed axial ratios. See Crystallization.

2. The material of quartz, in crystallization transparent or nearly so, and either colorless or slightly tinged with gray, or the like; - - called also rock crystal. Ornamental vessels are made of it. Cf. Smoky quartz, Pebble; also Brazilian pebble, under Brazilian.

3. A species of glass, more perfect in its composition and manufacture than common glass, and often cut into ornamental forms. See Flint glass.

4. The glass over the dial of a watch case.

5. Anything resembling crystal, as clear water, etc. The blue crystal of the seas. Byron. Blood crystal. See under Blood. -- Compound crystal. See under Compound. -- Iceland crystal, a transparent variety of calcite, or crystallized calcium carbonate, brought from Iceland, and used in certain optical instruments, as the polariscope. -- Rock crystal, or Mountain crystal, any transparent crystal of quartz, particularly of limpid or colorless quartz.

CRYSTAL Crys"tal, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or like, crystal; clear; transparent; lucid; pellucid; crystalline. Through crystal walls each little mote will peep. Shak. By crystal streams that murmur through the meads. Dryden. The crystal pellets at the touch congeal, And from the ground rebounds the ratting hail. H. Brooks.

CRYSTALLIN Crys"tal*lin (-ln), n. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: See Gobulin.

CRYSTALLINE Crys"tal*line (krs"tal-ln or -ln; 277), a. Etym: [L. crystallinus, from Gr. cristallin. See Crystal.]

1. Consisting, or made, of crystal. Mount, eagle, to my palace crystalline. Shak.

2. Formed by crystallization; like crystal in texture. Their crystalline structure. Whewell.

3. Imperfectly crystallized; as, granite is only crystalline, while quartz crystal is perfectlly crystallized.

4. Fig.: Resembling crystal; pure; transparent; pellucid. "The crystalline sky." Milton. Crystalline heavens, or Crystalline spheres, in the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, two transparent spheres imagined to exist between the region of the fixed stars and the primum mobile (or outer circle of the heavens, which by its motion was supposed to carry round all those within it), in order to explain certain movements of the heavently bodies. -- Crystalline lens (Anat.), the capsular lenslike body in the eye, serving to focus the rays of light. It consists of rodlike cells derived from the external embryonic epithelium.

CRYSTALLINE Crys"tal*line, n.

1. A crystalline substance.

2. See Aniline. [Obs.]

CRYSTALLITE Crys"tal*lite (krs"tal-lt), n. Etym: [See Crystal.] (Min.)

Defn: A minute mineral form like those common in glassy volcanic rocks and some slags, not having a definite crystalline outline and not referable to any mineral species, but marking the first step in the crystallization process. According to their form crystallites are called trichites, belonites, globulites, etc.

CRYSTALLIZABLE Crys"tal*li`za*ble (krs"tal-l`z-b'l), a.

Defn: Capable of being crystallized; that may be formed into crystals.

CRYSTALLIZATION Crys`tal*li*za"tion (krs`tal-l-z"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cristallization.]

1. (Chem. & Min.)

Defn: The act or process by which a substance in solidifying assumes the form and sructure of a crystal, or becomes crystallized.

2. The body formed by crystallizing; as, silver on precipitation forms arborescent crystallizations.

Note: The systems of crystallization are the several classes to which the forms are mathematically referable. They are most simply described according to the relative lengths and inclinations of certain assumed lines called axes; but the real distinction is the degree of symmetry characterizing them. 1. The Isometric, or Monometric, system has the axes all equal, as in the cube, octahedron, etc. 2. The Tetragonal, or Dimetric, system has a varying vertical axis, while the lateral are equal, as in the right square prism. 3. The Orthorhombic, or Trimetric, system has the three axes unequal, as in the rectangular and rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called, respectively, macrodiagonal and brachydiagonal. -- The preceding are erect forms, the axes intersecting at right angles. The following are oblique. 4. The Monoclinic system, having one of the intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called respectively, clinodiagonal and orthodiagonal. 5. The Triclinic system, having all the three intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhomboidal prism. There is also: 6. The Hexagonal system (one division of which is called Rhombohedral), in which there are three equal lateral axes, and a vertical axis of variable length, as in the hexagonal prism and the rhombohedron.

Note: The Diclinic system, sometimes recognized, with two oblique intersections, is only a variety of the Triclinic.

CRYSTALLIZE Crys"tal*lize (krs"tal-lz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crystallized (-lzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crystallizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. cristalliser. See Crystal.]

Defn: To cause to form crystals, or to assume the crystalline form.

CRYSTALLIZE Crys"tal*lize, v. i.

Defn: To be converted into a crystal; to take on a crystalline form, through the action of crystallogenic or cohesive attraction.

CRYSTALLOGENIC; CRYSTALLOGENICAL Crys`tal*lo*gen"ic (-l-jn"k), Crys`tal*lo*gen"ic*al (--kal), a.

Defn: Pertaining to the production of crystals; crystal-producing; as, crystallogenic attraction.

CRYSTALLOGENY Crys`tal*log"e*ny (krs`tal-lj"-n), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The science which pertains to the production of crystals.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHER Crys`tal*log"ra*pher (krs`tal-lg"r-fr), n.

Defn: One who describes crystals, or the manner of their formation; one versed in crystallography.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC; CRYSTALLOGRAPHICAL Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic (-l-grf"k), Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic*al (--kal), a. Etym: [Cf. F. crystallographique.]

Defn: Pertaining to crystallography.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHICALLY Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of crystallography.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Crys`tal*log"ra*phy (krs`tal-lg"r-f), n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. cristallographie. See Crystal.]

1. The doctrine or science of crystallization, teaching the system of forms among crystals, their structure, and their methods of formation.

2. A discourse or treatise on crystallization.

CRYSTALLOID Crys"tal*loid (krs"tal-loid), a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.]

Defn: Crystal-like; transparent like crystal.

CRYSTALLOID Crys"tal*loid, n.

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A body which, in solution, diffuses readily through animal membranes, and generally is capable of being crystallized; -- opposed to colloid.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: One of the microscopic particles resembling crystals, consisting of protein matter, which occur in certain plant cells; -- called also protein crystal.

CRYSTALLOLOGY; CRISTALLOLOGY Crys`tal*lol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: The science of the crystalline structure of inorganic bodies.

CRYSTALLOMANCY Crys"tal*lo*man`cy (-l-mn`s), n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.]

Defn: Divination by means of a crystal or other transparent body, especially a beryl.

CRYSTALLOMETRY Crys`tal*lom"e*try (-lm"-tr), n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.]

Defn: The art of measuring crystals.

CRYSTALLURGY Crys"tal*lur`gy (-lr`j), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Crystallizaton.

CTENOCYST Cte"no*cyst (t"n-sst), n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An organ of the Ctenophora, supposed to be sensory.

CTENOID Cte"noid (t"noid or tn"oid), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a comblike margin, as a ctenoid scale. (b) Pertaining to the Ctenoidei. -- n.

Defn: A ctenoidean.

CTENOIDEAN Cte*noid"e*an (t-noid"-an), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Relating to the Ctenoidei. -- n.

Defn: One of the Ctenoidei.

CTENOIDEI Cte*noid"e*i (--), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of fishes, established by Agassiz, characterized by having scales with a pectinated margin, as in the perch. The group is now generally regarded as artificial.

CTENOPHORA Cte*noph"o*ra (t-nf"-r), n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A class of Coelenterata, commonly ellipsoidal in shape, swimming by means of eight longitudinal rows of paddles. The separate paddles somewhat resemble combs.

CTENOPHORE Cten"o*phore (tn"-fr), n.

Defn: (Zoöl.) One of the Ctenophora.

CTENOPHORIC; CTENOPHOROUS Cten`o*phor"ic (tn`-fr"k), Cte*noph"o*rous (t-nf"-rs), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ctenophora.

CTENOSTOMATA Cten`o*stom"a*ta (tn`-stm"-t), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A suborder of Bryozoa, usually having a circle of bristles below the tentacles.