Chapter VIII: Front Matter (8)

ADUMBRATE Ad*um"brate, v. t. Etym: [L. adumbratus, p. p. of adumbrare; ad + umbrare to shade; umbra shadow.]

1. To give a faint shadow or slight representation of; to outline; to shadow forth. Both in the vastness and the richness of the visible universe the invisible God is adumbrated. L. Taylor.

2. To overshadow; to shade.

ADUMBRATION Ad`um*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. adumbratio.]

1. The act of adumbrating, or shadowing forth.

2. A faint sketch; an outline; an imperfect portrayal or representation of a thing. Elegant adumbrations of sacred truth. Bp. Horsley.

3. (Her.)

Defn: The shadow or outlines of a figure.

ADUMBRATIVE Ad*um"bra*tive, a.

Defn: Faintly representing; typical. Carlyle.

ADUNATION Ad`u*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. adunatio; ad + unus one.]

Defn: A uniting; union. Jer. Taylor.

ADUNC; ADUNQUE A*dunc", A*dunque", a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Hooked; as, a parrot has an adunc bill.

ADUNCITY A*dun"ci*ty, n. Etym: [L. aduncitas. See Aduncous.]

Defn: Curvature inwards; hookedness. The aduncity of the beaks of hawks. Pope.

ADUNCOUS A*dun"cous, a. Etym: [L. aduncus; ad + uncus hooked, hook.]

Defn: Curved inwards; hooked.

ADURE A*dure", v. t. Etym: [L. adurere; ad + urere to burn.]

Defn: To burn up. [Obs.] Bacon.

ADUROL Ad"u*rol, n. (Photog.)

Defn: Either of two compounds, a chlorine derivative and bromine derivative, of hydroquinone, used as developers.

ADUST A*dust", a. Etym: [L. adustus, p. p. of adurere: cf. F. aduste.]

1. Inflamed or scorched; fiery. "The Libyan air adust." Milton.

2. Looking as if or scorched; sunburnt. A tall, thin man, of an adust complexion. Sir W. Scott.

3. (Med.)

Defn: Having much heat in the constitution and little serum in the blood. [Obs.] Hence: Atrabilious; sallow; gloomy.

ADUSTED A*dust"ed, a.

Defn: Burnt; adust. [Obs.] Howell.

ADUSTIBLE A*dust"i*ble, a.

Defn: That may be burnt. [Obs.]

ADUSTION A*dus"tion, n. Etym: [L. adustio, fr. adurere, adustum: cf. F. adustion.]

1. The act of burning, or heating to dryness; the state of being thus heated or dried. [Obs.] Harvey.

2. (Surg.)

Defn: Cauterization. Buchanan.

AD VALOREM Ad va*lo"rem. Etym: [L., according to the value.] (Com.)

Defn: A term used to denote a duty or charge laid upon goods, at a certain rate per cent upon their value, as stated in their invoice, - - in opposition to a specific sum upon a given quantity or number; as, an ad valorem duty of twenty per cent.

ADVANCE Ad*vance", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Advancing(#).] Etym: [OE. avancen, avauncen, F. avancer, fr. a supposed LL. abantiare; ab + ante (F. avant) before. The spelling with d was a mistake, a- being supposed to be fr. L. ad. See Avaunt.]

1. To bring forward; to move towards the van or front; to make to go on.

2. To raise; to elevate. [Archaic] They . . . advanced their eyelids. Shak.

3. To raise to a higher rank; to promote. Ahasueres . . . advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes. Esther iii. 1.

4. To accelerate the growth or progress; to further; to forward; to help on; to aid; to heighten; as, to advance the ripening of fruit; to advance one's interests.

5. To bring to view or notice; to offer or propose; to show; as, to advance an argument. Some ne'er advance a judgment of their own. Pope.

6. To make earlier, as an event or date; to hasten.

7. To furnish, as money or other value, before it becomes due, or in aid of an enterprise; to supply beforehand; as, a merchant advances money on a contract or on goods consigned to him.

8. To raise to a higher point; to enhance; to raise in rate; as, to advance the price of goods.

9. To extol; to laud. [Obs.] Greatly advancing his gay chivalry. Spenser.

Syn. -- To raise; elevate; exalt; aggrandize; improve; heighten; accelerate; allege; adduce; assign.

ADVANCE Ad*vance", v. i.

1. To move or go forward; to proceed; as, he advanced to greet me.

2. To increase or make progress in any respect; as, to advance in knowledge, in stature, in years, in price.

3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence; to be preferred or promoted. Advanced to a level with ancient peers. Prescott.

ADVANCE Ad*vance", n. Etym: [Cf. F. avance, fr. avancer. See Advance, v.]

1. The act of advancing or moving forward or upward; progress.

2. Improvement or progression, physically, mentally, morally, or socially; as, an advance in health, knowledge, or religion; an advance in rank or office.

3. An addition to the price; rise in price or value; as, an advance on the prime cost of goods.

4. The first step towards the attainment of a result; approach made to gain favor, to form an acquaintance, to adjust a difference, etc.; an overture; a tender; an offer; -- usually in the plural. [He] made the like advances to the dissenters. Swift.

5. A furnishing of something before an equivalent is received (as money or goods), towards a capital or stock, or on loan; payment beforehand; the money or goods thus furnished; money or value supplied beforehand. I shall, with pleasure, make the necessary advances. Jay. The account was made up with intent to show what advances had been made. Kent. In advance (a) In front; before. (b) Beforehand; before an equivalent is received. (c) In the state of having advanced money on account; as, A is advance to B a thousand dollars or pounds.

ADVANCE Ad*vance", a.

Defn: Before in place, or beforehand in time; -- used for advanced; as, an advance guard, or that before the main guard or body of an army; advance payment, or that made before it is due; advance proofs, advance sheets, pages of a forthcoming volume, received in advance of the time of publication.

ADVANCED Ad*vanced", a.

1. In the van or front.

2. In the front or before others, as regards progress or ideas; as, advanced opinions, advanced thinkers.

3. Far on in life or time. A gentleman advanced in years, with a hard experience written in his wrinkles. Hawthorne. Advanced guard, a detachment of troops which precedes the march of the main body.

ADVANCEMENT Ad*vance"ment, n. Etym: [OE. avancement, F. avancement. See Advance, v. t.]

1. The act of advancing, or the state of being advanced; progression; improvement; furtherance; promotion to a higher place or dignity; as, the advancement of learning. In heaven . . . every one (so well they love each other) rejoiceth and hath his part in each other's advancement. Sir T. More. True religion . . . proposes for its end the joint advancement of the virtue and happiness of the people. Horsley.

2. An advance of money or value; payment in advance. See Advance, 5.

3. (Law)

Defn: Property given, usually by a parent to a child, in advance of a future distribution.

4. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. [Obs.] Bacon.

ADVANCER Ad*van"cer, n.

1. One who advances; a promoter.

2. A second branch of a buck's antler. Howell.

ADVANCING EDGE Ad*van"cing edge. (Aëronautics)

Defn: The front edge (in direction of motion) of a supporting surface; -- contr. with following edge, which is the rear edge.

ADVANCING SURFACE Ad*van"cing sur"face. (Aëronautics)

Defn: The first of two or more surfaces arranged in tandem; -- contr. with following surface, which is the rear surface.

ADVANCIVE Ad*van"cive, a.

Defn: Tending to advance. [R.]

ADVANTAGE Ad*van"tage, n. Etym: [OE. avantage, avauntage, F. avantage, fr. avant before. See Advance, and cf. Vantage.]

1. Any condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means, particularly favorable to success, or to any desired end; benefit; as, the enemy had the advantage of a more elevated position. Give me advantage of some brief discourse. Shak. The advantages of a close alliance. Macaulay.

2. Superiority; mastery; -- with of or over. Lest Satan should get an advantage of us. 2 Cor. ii. 11.

3. Superiority of state, or that which gives it; benefit; gain; profit; as, the advantage of a good constitution.

4. Interest of money; increase; overplus (as the thirteenth in the baker's dozen). [Obs.] And with advantage means to pay thy love. Shak. Advantage ground, vantage ground. [R.] Clarendon. -- To have the advantage of (any one), to have a personal knowledge of one who does not have a reciprocal knowledge. "You have the advantage of me; I don't remember ever to have had the honor." Sheridan. -- To take advantage of, to profit by; (often used in a bad sense) to overreach, to outwit.

Syn. -- Advantage, Advantageous, Benefit, Beneficial. We speak of a thing as a benefit, or as beneficial, when it is simply productive of good; as, the benefits of early discipline; the beneficial effects of adversity. We speak of a thing as an advantage, or as advantageous, when it affords us the means of getting forward, and places us on a "vantage ground" for further effort. Hence, there is a difference between the benefits and the advantages of early education; between a beneficial and an advantageous investment of money.

ADVANTAGE Ad*van"tage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advantaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Advantaging.] Etym: [F. avantager, fr. avantage. See Advance.]

Defn: To give an advantage to; to further; to promote; to benefit; to profit. The truth is, the archbishop's own stiffness and averseness to comply with the court designs, advantaged his adversaries against him. Fuller. What is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, or be cast away Luke ix. 25. To advantage one's self of, to avail one's self of. [Obs.]

ADVANTAGEABLE Ad*van"tage*a*ble, a.

Defn: Advantageous. [Obs.]

ADVANTAGEOUS Ad`van*ta"geous, a. Etym: [F. avantageux, fr. avantage.]

Defn: Being of advantage; conferring advantage; gainful; profitable; useful; beneficial; as, an advantageous position; trade is advantageous to a nation. Advabtageous comparison with any other country. Prescott. You see . . . of what use a good reputation is, and how swift and advantageous a harbinger it is, wherever one goes. Chesterfield.

ADVANTAGEOUSLY Ad`van*ta"geous*ly, adv.

Defn: Profitably; with advantage.

ADVANTAGEOUSNESS Ad`van*ta"geous*ness, n.

Defn: Profitableness.

ADVENE Ad*vene", v. i. Etym: [L. advenire; ad + venire to come: cf. F. avenir, advenir. See Come.]

Defn: To accede, or come (to); to be added to something or become a part of it, though not essential. [R.] Where no act of the will advenes as a coefficient. Coleridge.

ADVENIENT Ad*ven"ient, a. Etym: [L. adviens, p. pr.]

Defn: Coming from outward causes; superadded. [Obs.]

ADVENT Ad`vent, n. Etym: [L. adventus, fr. advenire, adventum: cf. F. avent. See Advene.]

1. (Eccl.)

Defn: The period including the four Sundays before Christmas. Advent Sunday (Eccl.), the first Sunday in the season of Advent, being always the nearest Sunday to the feast of St. Andrew (Now. 30). Shipley.

2. The first or the expected second coming of Christ.

3. Coming; any important arrival; approach. Death's dreadful advent. Young. Expecting still his advent home. Tennyson.

ADVENTIST Ad"vent*ist, n.

Defn: One of a religious body, embracing several branches, who look for the proximate personal coming of Christ; -- called also Second Adventists. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

ADVENTITIOUS Ad`ven*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. adventitius.]

1. Added extrinsically; not essentially inherent; accidental or causal; additional; supervenient; foreign. To things of great dimensions, if we annex an adventitious idea of terror, they become without comparison greater. Burke.

2. (Nat. Hist.)

Defn: Out of the proper or usual place; as, adventitious buds or roots.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: Accidentally or sparingly spontaneous in a country or district; not fully naturalized; adventive; -- applied to foreign plants.

4. (Med.)

Defn: Acquired, as diseases; accidental. -- Ad`ven*ti"tious*ly, adv. -- Ad`ven*ti"tious*ness, n.

ADVENTIVE Ad*ven"tive, a.

1. Accidental.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Adventitious. Gray.

ADVENTIVE Ad*ven"tive, n.

Defn: A thing or person coming from without; an immigrant. [R.] Bacon.

ADVENTUAL Ad*ven"tu*al, a.

Defn: Relating to the season of advent. Sanderson.

ADVENTURE Ad*ven"ture, n. Etym: [OE. aventure, aunter, anter, F. aventure, fr. LL. adventura, fr. L. advenire, adventum, to arrive, which in the Romance languages took the sense of "to happen, befall." See Advene.]

1. That which happens without design; chance; hazard; hap; hence, chance of danger or loss. Nay, a far less good to man it will be found, if she must, at all adventures, be fastened upon him individually. Milton.

2. Risk; danger; peril. [Obs.] He was in great adventure of his life. Berners.

3. The encountering of risks; hazardous and striking enterprise; a bold undertaking, in which hazards are to be encountered, and the issue is staked upon unforeseen events; a daring feat. He loved excitement and adventure. Macaulay.

4. A remarkable occurrence; a striking event; a stirring incident; as, the adventures of one's life. Bacon.

5. A mercantile or speculative enterprise of hazard; a venture; a shipment by a merchant on his own account. A bill of adventure (Com.), a writing setting forth that the goods shipped are at the owner's risk.

Syn. -- Undertaking; enterprise; venture; event.

ADVENTURE Ad*ven"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adventured; p. pr. & vb. n. Adventuring.] Etym: [OE. aventuren, auntren, F. aventurer, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.]

1. To risk, or hazard; jeopard; to venture. He would not adventure himself into the theater. Acts xix. 31.

2. To venture upon; to run the risk of; to dare. Yet they adventured to go back. Bunyan, Discriminations might be adventured. J. Taylor.

ADVENTURE Ad*ven"ture, v. i.

Defn: To try the chance; to take the risk. I would adventure for such merchandise. Shak.

ADVENTUREFUL Ad*ven"ture*ful, a.

Defn: Given to adventure.

ADVENTURER Ad*ven"tur*er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aventurier.]

1. One who adventures; as, the merchant adventurers; one who seeks his fortune in new and hazardous or perilous enterprises.

2. A social pretender on the lookout for advancement.

ADVENTURESOME Ad*ven"ture*some, a.

Defn: Full of risk; adventurous; venturesome. -- Ad*ven"ture*some*ness, n.

ADVENTURESS Ad*ven"tur*ess, n.

Defn: A female adventurer; a woman who tries to gain position by equivocal means.

ADVENTUROUS Ad*ven"tur*ous, a. Etym: [OE. aventurous, aunterous, OF. aventuros, F. aventureux, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.]

1. Inclined to adventure; willing to incur hazard; prone to embark in hazardous enterprise; rashly daring; -- applied to persons. Bold deed thou hast presumed, adventurous Eve. Milton.

2. Full of hazard; attended with risk; exposing to danger; requiring courage; rash; -- applied to acts; as, an adventurous undertaking, deed, song.

Syn. -- Rash; foolhardy; presumptuous; enterprising; daring; hazardous; venturesome. See Rash.

ADVENTUROUSLY Ad*ven"tur*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In an adventurous manner; venturesomely; boldly; daringly.

ADVENTUROUSNESS Ad*ven"tur*ous*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being adventurous; daring; venturesomeness.

ADVERB Ad"verb, n. Etym: [L. adverbium; ad + verbum word, verb: cf. F. adverbe.] (Gram.)

Defn: A word used to modify the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and usually placed near it; as, he writes well; paper extremely white.

ADVERBIAL Ad*ver"bi*al, a. Etym: [L. adverbialis: cf. F. adverbial.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to an adverb; of the nature of an adverb; as, an adverbial phrase or form.

ADVERBIALITY Ad*ver`bi*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being adverbial. Earle.

ADVERBIALIZE Ad*ver"bi*al*ize, v. t.

Defn: To give the force or form of an adverb to.

ADVERBIALLY Ad*ver"bi*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of an adverb.

ADVERSARIA Ad`ver*sa"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. adversaria (sc. scripta), neut. pl. of adversarius.]

Defn: A miscellaneous collection of notes, remarks, or selections; a commonplace book; also, commentaries or notes. These parchments are supposed to have been St. Paul's adversaria. Bp. Bull.

ADVERSARIOUS Ad`ver*sa"ri*ous, a.

Defn: Hostile. [R.] Southey.

ADVERSARY Ad`ver*sa*ry, n.; pl. Adversaries. Etym: [OE. adversarie, direct fr. the Latin, and adversaire, fr. OF. adversier, aversier, fr. L. adversarius (a.) turned toward, (n.) an adversary. See Adverse.]

Defn: One who is turned against another or others with a design to oppose

or resist them; a member of an opposing or hostile party; an opponent; an antagonist; an enemy; a foe. His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries. Shak. Agree with thine adversary quickly. Matt. v. 25. It may be thought that to vindicate the permanency of truth is to dispute without an adversary. Beattie. The Adversary, The Satan, or the Devil.

Syn. -- Adversary, Enemy, Opponent, Antagonist. Enemy is the only one of these words which necessarily implies a state of personal hostility. Men may be adversaries, antagonists, or opponents to each other in certain respects, and yet have no feelings of general animosity. An adversary may be simply one who is placed for a time in a hostile position, as in a lawsuit, an argument, in chess playing, or at fence. An opponent is one who is ranged against another (perhaps passively) on the opposing side; as a political opponent, an opponent in debate. An antagonist is one who struggles against another with active effort, either in a literal fight or in verbal debate.

ADVERSARY Ad"ver*sa*ry, a.

1. Opposed; opposite; adverse; antagonistic. [Archaic] Bp. King.

2. (Law)

Defn: Having an opposing party; not unopposed; as, an adversary suit.

ADVERSATIVE Ad*ver"sa*tive, a. Etym: [L. adversativus, fr. adversari.]

Defn: Expressing contrariety, opposition, or antithesis; as, an adversative conjunction (but, however, yet, etc. ); an adversative force. -- Ad*ver"sa*tive*ly, adv.

ADVERSATIVE Ad*ver"sa*tive, n.

Defn: An adversative word. Harris.

ADVERSE Ad"verse, a. Etym: [OE. advers, OF. avers, advers, fr. L. adversus, p. p. advertere to turn to. See Advert.]

1. Acting against, or in a contrary direction; opposed; contrary; opposite; conflicting; as, adverse winds; an adverse party; a spirit adverse to distinctions of caste.

2. Opposite. "Calpe's adverse height." Byron.

3. In hostile opposition to; unfavorable; unpropitious; contrary to one's wishes; unfortunate; calamitous; afflictive; hurtful; as, adverse fates, adverse circumstances, things adverse. Happy were it for us all if we bore prosperity as well and wisely as we endure an adverse fortune. Southey. Adverse possession (Law), a possession of real property avowedly contrary to some claim of title in another person. Abbott.

Syn. -- Averse; reluctant; unwilling. See Averse.

ADVERSE Ad*verse", v. t. Etym: [L. adversari: cf. OF. averser.]

Defn: To oppose; to resist. [Obs.] Gower.

ADVERSELY Ad"verse*ly (277), adv.

Defn: In an adverse manner; inimically; unfortunately; contrariwise.

ADVERSENESS Ad"verse*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being adverse; opposition.

ADVERSIFOLIATE; ADVERSIFOLIOUS Ad*ver`si*fo"li*ate, Ad*ver`si*fo"li*ous a. Etym: [L. adver + folium leaf.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having opposite leaves, as plants which have the leaves so arranged on the stem.

ADVERSION Ad*ver"sion, n.Etym: [L. adversio]

Defn: A turning towards; attention. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

ADVERSITY Ad*ver"si*ty, n.; pl. Adversities(#). Etym: [OE. adversite, F. adversité, fr. L. adversitas.]

1. Opposition; contrariety. [Obs.] Wyclif. Adversity is not without comforts and hopes. Bacon.

Syn. -- Affliction; distress; misery; disaster; trouble; suffering; trial.

ADVERT Ad*vert", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adverting.] Etym: [L. advertere, v. t., to turn to; ad + vertere to turn: cf. F. avertir. See Advertise.]

Defn: To turn the mind or attention; to refer; to take heed or notice; -- with to; as, he adverted to what was said. I may again advert to the distinction. Owen.

Syn.- To refer; allude; regard. See Refer.

ADVERTENCE; ADVERTENCY Ad*vert"ence, Ad*vert"en*cy,Etym: [OF. advertence, avertence, LL. advertentia, fr. L. advertens. See Advertent.]

Defn: The act of adverting, of the quality of being advertent; attention; notice; regard; heedfulness. To this difference it is right that advertence should be had in regulating taxation. J. S. Mill.

ADVERTENT Ad*vert"ent, a. Etym: [L. advertens, -entis, p. pr. of advertere. See Advert.]

Defn: Attentive; heedful; regardful. Sir M. Hale. -- Ad*vert"ent*ly, adv.

ADVERTISE Ad`ver*tise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advertised; p. pr. & vb. n. Advertising.] Etym: [F. avertir, formerly also spelt advertir, to warn, give notice to, L. advertere to turn to. The ending was probably influenced by the noun advertisement. See Advert.]

Defn: To give notice to; to inform or apprise; to notify; to make known; hence, to warn; -- often followed by of before the subject of information; as, to advertise a man of his loss. [Archaic] I will advertise thee what this people shall do. Num. xxiv. 14.

4. To give public notice of; to announce publicly, esp. by a printed notice; as, to advertise goods for sale, a lost article, the sailing day of a vessel, a political meeting.

Syn. -- To apprise; inform; make known; notify; announce; proclaim; promulgate; publish.

ADVERTISEMENT Ad*ver"tise*ment, n. Etym: [F.avertisement, formerly also spelled advertissement, a warning, giving notice, fr. avertir.]

1. The act of informing or notifying; notification. [Archaic] An advertisement of danger. Bp. Burnet.

2. Admonition; advice; warning. [Obs.] Therefore give me no counsel: My griefs cry louder than advertisement. Shak.

3. A public notice, especially a paid notice in some public print; anything that advertises; as, a newspaper containing many advertisement.

ADVERTISER Ad`ver*tis"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, advertises.

ADVICE Ad*vice", n. Etym: [OE. avis, F. avis; + OF. vis, fr. L. visum seemed, seen; really p. p. of videre to see, so that vis meant that which has seemed best. See Vision, and cf. Avise, Advise.]

1. An opinion recommended or offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel. We may give advice, but we can not give conduct. Franklin.

2. Deliberate consideration; knowledge. [Obs.] How shall I dote on her with more advice, That thus without advice begin to love her Shak.

3. Information or notice given; intelligence; as, late advices from France; -- commonly in the plural.

Note: In commercial language, advice usually means information communicated by letter; -- used chiefly in reference to drafts or bills of exchange; as, a letter of advice. McElrath.

4. (Crim. Law)

Defn: Counseling to perform a specific illegal act. Wharton. Advice boat, a vessel employed to carry dispatches or to reconnoiter; a dispatch boat. -- To take advice. (a) To accept advice. (b) To consult with another or others.

Syn. -- Counsel; suggestion; recommendation; admonition; exhortation; information; notice.

ADVISABILITY Ad*vis`a*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being advisable; advisableness.

ADVISABLE Ad*vis"a*ble, a.

1. Proper to be advised or to be done; expedient; prudent. Some judge it advisable for a man to account with his heart every day. South.

2. Ready to receive advice. [R.] South.

Syn. -- Expedient; proper; desirable; befitting.

ADVISABLE-NESS Ad*vis"a*ble-ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being advisable or expedient; expediency; advisability.

ADVISABLY Ad*vis"a*bly, adv.

Defn: With advice; wisely.

ADVISE Ad*vise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advised; p. pr. & vb. n. Advising.] Etym: [OE. avisen to perceive, consider, inform, F. aviser, fr. LL. advisare. advisare; ad + visare, fr. L. videre, visum, to see. See Advice, and cf. Avise.]

1. To give advice to; to offer an opinion, as worthy or expedient to be followed; to counsel; to warn. "I shall no more advise thee." Milton.

2. To give information or notice to; to inform; -- with of before the thing communicated; as, we were advised of the risk. To advise one's self, to bethink one's self; to take counsel with one's self; to reflect; to consider. [Obs.] Bid thy master well advise himself. Shak.

Syn. -- To counsel; admonish; apprise; acquaint.

ADVISE Ad*vise", v. t.

1. To consider; to deliberate. [Obs.] Advise if this be worth attempting. Milton.

2. To take counsel; to consult; -- followed by with; as, to advise with friends.

ADVISEDLY Ad*vis"ed*ly, adv.

1. Circumspectly; deliberately; leisurely. [Obs.] Shak.

2. With deliberate purpose; purposely; by design. "Advisedly undertaken." Suckling.

ADVISEDNESS Ad*vis"ed*ness n.

Defn: Deliberate consideration; prudent procedure; caution.

ADVISEMENT Ad*vise"ment, n. Etym: [OE. avisement, F. avisement, fr. aviser. See Advise, and cf. Avisement.]

1. Counsel; advise; information. [Archaic] And mused awhile, waking advisement takes of what had passed in sleep. Daniel.

2. Consideration; deliberation; consultation. Tempering the passion with advisement slow. Spenser.

ADVISER Ad*vis"er, n.

Defn: One who advises.

ADVISERSHIP Ad*vis"er*ship, n.

Defn: The office of an adviser. [R.]

ADVISO Ad*vi"so, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. aviso. See Advice.]

Defn: Advice; counsel; suggestion; also, a dispatch or advice boat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

ADVISORY Ad*vi"so*ry, a.

Defn: Having power to advise; containing advice; as, an advisory council; their opinion is merely advisory. The General Association has a general advisory superintendence over all the ministers and churches. Trumbull.

ADVOCACY Ad"vo*ca*cy, n. Etym: [OF. advocatie, LL. advocatia. See Advocate.]

Defn: The act of pleading for or supporting; work of advocating; intercession.

ADVOCATE Ad"vo*cate, n. Etym: [OE. avocat, avocet, OF. avocat, fr. L. advocatus, one summoned or called to another; properly the p. p. of advocare to call to, call to one's aid; ad + vocare to call. See Advowee, Avowee, Vocal.]

1. One who pleads the cause of another. Specifically: One who pleads the cause of another before a tribunal or judicial court; a counselor.

Note: In the English and American Law, advocate is the same as "counsel," "counselor," or "barrister." In the civil and ecclesiastical courts, the term signifies the same as "counsel" at the common law.

2. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses any cause by argument; a pleader; as, an advocate of free trade, an advocate of truth.

3. Christ, considered as an intercessor. We have an Advocate with the Father. 1 John ii. 1. Faculty of advocates (Scot.), the Scottish bar in Edinburgh. -- Lord advocate (Scot.), the public prosecutor of crimes, and principal crown lawyer. -- Judge advocate. See under Judge.

ADVOCATE Ad"vo*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Advocating.] Etym: [See Advocate, n., Advoke, Avow.]

Defn: To plead in favor of; to defend by argument, before a tribunal or the public; to support, vindicate, or recommend publicly. To advocate the cause of thy client. Bp. Sanderson (1624). This is the only thing distinct and sensible, that has been advocated. Burke. Eminent orators were engaged to advocate his cause. Mitford.

ADVOCATE Ad"vo*cate, v. i.

Defn: To act as advocate. [Obs.] Fuller.

ADVOCATESHIP Ad"vo*cate*ship, n.

Defn: Office or duty of an advocate.

ADVOCATION Ad`vo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. advocatio: cf. OF. avocation. See Advowson.]

1. The act of advocating or pleading; plea; advocacy. [Archaic] The holy Jesus . . . sits in heaven in a perpetual advocation for us. Jer. Taylor.

2. Advowson. [Obs.] The donations or advocations of church livings. Sanderson.

3. (Scots Law)

Defn: The process of removing a cause from an inferior court to the supreme court. Bell.

ADVOCATORY Ad"vo*ca*to*ry, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to an advocate. [R.]

ADVOKE Ad*voke", v. t. Etym: [L. advocare. See Advocate.]

Defn: To summon; to call. [Obs.] Queen Katharine had privately prevailed with the pope to advoke the cause to Rome. Fuller.

ADVOLUTION Ad`vo*lu"tion, n. Etym: [L. advolvere, advolutum, to roll to.]

Defn: A rolling toward something. [R.]

ADVOUTRER Ad*vou"trer, n. Etym: [OF. avoutre, avoltre, fr. L. adulter. Cf. Adulterer.]

Defn: An adulterer. [Obs.]

ADVOUTRESS Ad*vou"tress, n.

Defn: An adulteress. [Obs.] Bacon.

ADVOUTRY; ADVOWTRY Ad*vou"try, Ad*vow"try, n. Etym: [OE. avoutrie, avouterie, advoutrie, OF. avoutrie, avulterie, fr. L. adulterium. Cf. Adultery.]

Defn: Adultery. [Obs.] Bacon.

ADVOWEE Ad*vow*ee", n. Etym: [OE. avowe, F. avoué, fr. L. advocatus. See Advocate, Avowee, Avoyer.]

Defn: One who has an advowson. Cowell.

ADVOWSON Ad*vow"son, n. Etym: [OE. avoweisoun, OF. avoëson, fr. L. advocatio. Cf. Advocation.] (Eng. Law)

Defn: The right of presenting to a vacant benefice or living in the church. [Originally, the relation of a patron (advocatus) or protector of a benefice, and thus privileged to nominate or present to it.]

Note: The benefices of the Church of England are in every case subjects of presentation. They are nearly 12,000 in number; the advowson of more than half of them belongs to private persons, and of the remainder to the crown, bishops, deans and chapters, universities, and colleges. Amer. Cyc.

ADVOYER Ad*voy"er, n.

Defn: See Avoyer. [Obs.]

ADWARD Ad*ward", n.

Defn: Award. [Obs.] Spenser.

ADYNAMIA Ad`y*na"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL. adynamia, fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Considerable debility of the vital powers, as in typhoid fever. Dunglison.

ADYNAMIC Ad`y*nam"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. adynamique. See Adynamy.]

1. (Med.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, debility of the vital powers; weak.

2. (Physics)

Defn: Characterized by the absence of power or force. Adynamic fevers, malignant or putrid fevers attended with great muscular debility.

ADYNAMY A*dyn"a*my, n.

Defn: Adynamia. [R.] Morin.

ADYTUM Ad"y*tum, n. Adyta. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

Defn: The innermost sanctuary or shrine in ancient temples, whence oracles were given. Hence: A private chamber; a sanctum.

ADZ Adz, v. t.

Defn: To cut with an adz. [R.] Carlyle.

ADZ; ADZE Adz, Adze, n. Etym: [OE. adese, adis, adse, AS. adesa, adese, ax, hatchet.]

Defn: A carpenter's or cooper's tool, formed with a thin arching blade set at right angles to the handle. It is used for chipping or slicing away the surface of wood.

AE Æ or Ae.

Defn: A diphthong in the Latin language; used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. æ was generally replaced by a, the long e or ee. In derivatives from Latin words with ae, it is mostly superseded by e. For most words found with this initial combination, the reader will therefore search under the letter E.

AECIDIUM Æ*cid"i*um, n.; pl. Æcidia. Etym: [NL., dim. of Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A form of fruit in the cycle of development of the Rusts or Brands, an order of fungi, formerly considered independent plants.

AEDILE Æ"dile, n. Etym: [L. aedilis, fr. aedes temple, public building. Cf. Edify.]

Defn: A magistrate in ancient Rome, who had the superintendence of public buildings, highways, shows, etc.; hence, a municipal officer.

AEDILESHIP Æ"dile*ship, n.

Defn: The office of an ædile. T. Arnold.

AEGEAN Æ*ge"an, a. Etym: [L. Aegeus; Gr.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the sea, or arm of the Mediterranean sea, east of Greece. See Archipelago.

AEGICRANIA Æ`gi*cra"ni*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Arch.)

Defn: Sculptured ornaments, used in classical architecture, representing rams' heads or skulls.

AEGILOPS Æg"i*lops, n. Etym: [L. aegilopis, Gr.

1. (Med.)

Defn: An ulcer or fistula in the inner corner of the eye.

2. (Bot.) (a) The great wild-oat grass or other cornfield weed. Crabb. (b) A genus of plants, called also hardgrass.

AEGIS Æ"gis, n. Etym: [L. aegis, fr. Gr.

Defn: A shield or protective armor; -- applied in mythology to the shield of Jupiter which he gave to Minerva. Also fig.: A shield; a protection.

AEGOPHONY Æ*goph"o*ny, n.

Defn: Same as Egophony.

AEGROTAT Æ*gro"tat, n. Etym: [L., he is sick.] (Camb. Univ.)

Defn: A medical certificate that a student is ill.

AENEID Æ*ne"id, n. Etym: [L. Aeneis, Aeneidis, or -dos: cf. F. .]

Defn: The great epic poem of Virgil, of which the hero is Æneas.

AENEOUS A*ë"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. aëneus.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Colored like bronze.

AEOLIAN Æ*o"li*an, a. Etym: [L. Aeolius, Gr.

1. Of or pertaining to Æolia or Æolis, in Asia Minor, colonized by the Greeks, or to its inhabitants; æolic; as, the Æolian dialect.

2. Pertaining to Æolus, the mythic god of the winds; pertaining to, or produced by, the wind; aërial. Viewless forms the æolian organ play. Campbell. Æolian attachment, a contrivance often attached to a pianoforte, which prolongs the vibrations, increases the

volume of sound, etc., by forcing a stream of air upon the strings. Moore. -- Æolian harp, Æolian lyre, a musical instrument consisting of a box, on or in which are stretched strings, on which the wind acts to produce the notes; -- usually placed at an open window. Moore. -- Æolian mode (Mus.), one of the ancient Greek and early ecclesiastical modes.

AEOLIC Æ*ol"ic, a. Etym: [L. Aeolicus; Gr.

Defn: Æolian, 1; as, the Æolic dialect; the Æolic mode.

AEOLIPILE; AEOLIPYLE Æ*ol"i*pile, Æ*ol"i*pyle, n. Etym: [L. aeolipilae; Aeolus god of the winds + pila a ball, or Gr. i. e., doorway of Æolus); cf. F. éolipyle.]

Defn: An apparatus consisting chiefly of a closed vessel (as a globe or cylinder) with one or more projecting bent tubes, through which steam is made to pass from the vessel, causing it to revolve. [Written also eolipile.]

Note: Such an apparatus was first described by Hero of Alexandria about 200 years b. c. It has often been called the first steam engine.

AEOLOTROPIC Æ`o*lo*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physics)

Defn: Exhibiting differences of quality or property in different directions; not isotropic. Sir W. Thomson.

AEOLOTROPY Æ`o*lot"ro*py, n. (Physics)

Defn: Difference of quality or property in different directions.

AEOLUS Æ"o*lus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. & Rom. Myth.)

Defn: The god of the winds.

AEON Æ"on, n.

Defn: A period of immeasurable duration; also, an emanation of the Deity. See Eon.

AEONIAN Æ*o"ni*an, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Eternal; everlasting. "Æonian hills." Tennyson.

AEPYORNIS Æ`py*or"nis, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A gigantic bird found fossil in Madagascar.

AERATE A"ër*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. A; p. pr. & vb. n. A.] Etym: [Cf. F. aérer. See Air,v. t.]

1. To combine or charge with gas; usually with carbonic acid gas, formerly called fixed air. His sparkling sallies bubbled up as from aërated natural fountains. Carlyle.

2. To supply or impregnate with common air; as, to aërate soil; to aërate water.

3. (Physiol.)

Defn: To expose to the chemical action of air; to oxygenate (the blood) by respiration; to arterialize. Aërated bread, bread raised by charging dough with carbonic acid gas, instead of generating the gas in the dough by fermentation.

AERATION A`ër*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aération.]

1. Exposure to the free action of the air; airing; as, aëration of soil, of spawn, etc.

2. (Physiol.)

Defn: A change produced in the blood by exposure to the air in respiration; oxygenation of the blood in respiration; arterialization.

3. The act or preparation of charging with carbonic acid gas or with oxygen.

AERATOR A"ër*a`tor, n.

Defn: That which supplies with air; esp. an apparatus used for charging mineral waters with gas and in making soda water.

AERENCHYM; AERENCHYMA { A"ër*en`chym, A`ër*en"chy*ma }, n. [NL. aërenchyma. See Aëro-; Enchyma.] (Bot.)

Defn: A secondary respiratory tissue or modified periderm, found in many aquatic plants and distinguished by the large intercellular spaces.

AERIAL A*ë"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. aërius. See Air.]

1. Of or pertaining to the air, or atmosphere; inhabiting or frequenting the air; produced by or found in the air; performed in the air; as, aërial regions or currents. "Aërial spirits." Milton. "Aërial voyages." Darwin.

2. Consisting of air; resembling, or partaking of the nature of air. Hence: Unsubstantial; unreal.

3. Rising aloft in air; high; lofty; as, aërial spires.

4. Growing, forming, or existing in the air, as opposed to growing or existing in earth or water, or underground; as, aërial rootlets, aërial plants. Gray.

5. Light as air; ethereal. Aërial acid, carbonic acid. [Obs.] Ure. -- Aërial perspective. See Perspective.

AERIALITY A*ë`ri*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state of being aërial; [R.] De Quincey.

AERIALLY A*ë"ri*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Like, or from, the air; in an aërial manner. "A murmur heard aërially." Tennyson.

AERIAL RAILWAY A*ë`ri*al rail"way`. (a) A stretched wire or rope elevated above the ground and forming a way along which a trolley may travel, for conveying a load suspended from the trolley. (b) An elevated cableway.

AERIAL SICKNESS A*ë"ri*al sick"ness.

Defn: A sickness felt by aëronauts due to high speed of flights and rapidity in changing altitudes, combining some symptoms of mountain sickness and some of seasickness.

AERIE Ae"rie, n. Etym: [OE. aire, eire, air, nest, also origin, descent, OF. aire, LL. area, aera, nest of a bird of prey, perh. fr. L. area an open space (for birds of prey like to build their nests on flat and open spaces on the top of high rocks). Cf. Area.]

Defn: The nest of a bird of prey, as of an eagle or hawk; also a brood of such birds; eyrie. Shak. Also fig.: A human residence or resting place perched like an eagle's nest.

AERIFEROUS A`ër*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. aër air + -ferous: cf. F. aérifère.]

Defn: Conveying or containing air; air-bearing; as, the windpipe is an aëriferous tube.

AERIFICATION A`ër*i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aérification. See A.]

1. The act of combining air with another substance, or the state of being filled with air.

2. The act of becoming aërified, or of changing from a solid or liquid form into an aëriform state; the state of being aëriform.

AERIFORM A"ër*i*form, a. Etym: [L. aër air + -form: cf. F. aériforme.]

Defn: Having the form or nature of air, or of an elastic fluid; gaseous. Hence fig.: Unreal.

AERIFY A"ër*i*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. aër air + -fly.]

1. To infuse air into; to combine air with.

2. To change into an aëriform state.

AERO- A"ër*o-. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The combining form of the Greek word meaning air.

AEROBIC A`ër*o"bic, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Growing or thriving only in the presence of oxygen; also, pertaining to, or induced by, aërobies; as, aërobic fermentation. -- A`ër*o"bic*al*ly (#), adv.

AEROBIES A"ër*o*bies, n. pl. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: Microörganisms which live in contact with the air and need oxygen for their growth; as the microbacteria which form on the surface of putrefactive fluids.

AEROBIOTIC A`ër*o*bi*ot"ic, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Related to, or of the nature of, aërobies; as, aërobiotic plants, which live only when supplied with free oxygen.

AEROBOAT A"ër*o*boat`, n. [Aëro- + boat.]

Defn: A form of hydro-aëroplane; a flying boat.

AEROBUS A"ër*o*bus`, n. [Aëro-+ bus.]

Defn: An aëroplane or airship designed to carry passengers.

AEROCLUB A"ër*o*club`, n. [Aëro- + club.]

Defn: A club or association of persons interested in aëronautics.

AEROCURVE A"ër*o*curve`, n. [Aëro- + curve.] (Aëronautics)

Defn: A modification of the aëroplane, having curved surfaces, the advantages of which were first demonstrated by Lilienthal.

AEROCYST A"ër*o*cyst, n. Etym: [Aëro- + cyst.] (Bot.)

Defn: One of the air cells of algals.

AEROCYST A"ër*o*cyst, n. [Aëro-+ cyst.] (Bot.)

Defn: One of the air cells of algals.

AERODONETICS A`ë*ro*do*net"ics, n. [Aëro- + Gr. shaken, to shake.] (Aëronautics)

Defn: The science of gliding and soaring flight.

AERODROME A"ë*ro*drome`, n. [Aëro- + Gr. a running.] (Aëronautics) (a) A shed for housing an airship or aëroplane. (b) A ground or field, esp. one equipped with housing and other facilities, used for flying purposes. -- A`ër*o*drom"ic (#), a.

AERODYNAMIC A"ër*o*dy*nam"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the force of air in motion.

AERODYNAMICS A`ër*o*dy*nam"ics, n. Etym: [Aëro- + dynamics: cf. F. aérodynamique.]

Defn: The science which treats of the air and other gaseous bodies under the action of force, and of their mechanical effects.

AEROFOIL A"ër*o*foil`, n. [Aëro- + foil.]

Defn: A plane or arched surface for sustaining bodies by its movement through the air; a spread wing, as of a bird.

AEROGNOSY A`ër*og"no*sy, n. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. aérognosie.]

Defn: The science which treats of the properties of the air, and of the part it plays in nature. Craig.

AEROGRAPHER A`ër*og"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One versed in aëography: an aërologist.

AEROGRAPHIC; AEROGRAPHICAL A`ër*o*graph"ic, A`ër*o*graph"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to aërography; aërological.

AEROGRAPHY A`ër*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -graphy: cf. F. aérographie.]

Defn: A description of the air or atmosphere; aërology.

AEROGUN A"ër*o*gun`, n. [Aëro-+ gun.]

Defn: A cannon capable of being trained at very high angles for use against aircraft.

AEROHYDRODYNAMIC A`ër*o*hy`dro*dy*nam"ic, a. Etym: [Aëro- + hydrodynamic.]

Defn: Acting by the force of air and water; as, an aërohydrodynamic wheel.

AEROLITE A"ër*o*lite, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -lite: cf. F. aérolithe.] (Meteor.)

Defn: A stone, or metallic mass, which has fallen to the earth from distant space; a meteorite; a meteoric stone.

Note: Some writers limit the word to stony meteorites.

AEROLITH A"ër*o*lith, n.

Defn: Same as A.

AEROLITHOLOGY A`ër*o*li*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Aëro- + lithology.]

Defn: The science of aërolites.

AEROLITIC A`ër*o*lit"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to aërolites; meteoric; as, aërolitic iron. Booth.

AEROLOGIC; AEROLOGICAL A`ër*o*log"ic, A`ër*o*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to aërology.

AEROLOGIST A`ër*ol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One versed in aërology.

AEROLOGY A`ër*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -logy: cf. F. aérologie.]

Defn: That department of physics which treats of the atmosphere.

AEROMANCY A"ër*o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -mancy: cf. F. aéromancie.]

Defn: Divination from the state of the air or from atmospheric substances; also, forecasting changes in the weather.

AEROMECHANIC; AEROMECHANICAL A`ër*o*me*chan"ic, A`ër*o*me*chan"ical, a.

Defn: Of or pert. to aëromechanics.

AEROMECHANIC A`ër*o*me*chan"ic, n.

Defn: A mechanic or mechanician expert in the art and practice of aëronautics.

AEROMECHANICS A`ër*o*me*chan"ics, n.

Defn: The science of equilibrium and motion of air or an aëriform fluid, including aërodynamics and aërostatics.

AEROMETER A`ër*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -meter: cf. F. éromètre.]

Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the weight or density of air and gases.

AEROMETRIC A`ër*o*met"ric, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to aërometry; as, aërometric investigations.

AEROMETRY A`ër*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -metry: cf. F. érométrie.]

Defn: The science of measuring the air, including the doctrine of its pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and condensation; pneumatics.

AERONAT A"ër*o*nat`, n. [F. aéronat. See Aëro-; Natation.]

Defn: A dirigible balloon.

AERONAUT A"ër*o*naut, n. Etym: [F. aéronaute, fr. Gr. Nautical.]

Defn: An aërial navigator; a balloonist.

AERONAUTIC; AERONAUTICAL A`ër*o*naut"ic, A`ër*o*naut"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. aéronauitique.]

Defn: Pertaining to aëronautics, or aërial sailing.

AERONAUTICS A`ër*o*naut"ics, n.

Defn: The science or art of ascending and sailing in the air, as by means of a balloon; aërial navigation; ballooning.

AERONEF A"ër*o*nef`, n. [F. aéronef.]

Defn: A power-driven, heavier-than-air flying machine.

AEROPHOBIA; AEROPHOBY A`ër*o*pho"bi*a, A`ër*oph"o*by, n. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. aérophobie.] (Med.)

Defn: Dread of a current of air.

AEROPHONE A"ër*o*phone`, n. [Aëro- + Gr. voice.] (a) A form of combined speaking and ear trumpet. (b) An instrument, proposed by Edison, for greatly intensifying speech. It consists of a phonograph diaphragm so arranged that its action opens and closes valves, producing synchronous air blasts sufficient to operate a larger diaphragm with greater amplitude of vibration.

AEROPHYTE A"ër*o*phyte (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. aérophyte.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant growing entirely in the air, and receiving its nourishment from it; an air plant or epiphyte.

AEROPLANE A"ër*o*plane` (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + plane.]

Defn: A flying machine, or a small plane for experiments on flying, which floats in the air only when propelled through it.

AEROPLANIST A"ër*o*plan`ist, n.

Defn: One who flies in an aëroplane.

AEROSCOPE A"ër*o*scope (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: An apparatus designed for collecting spores, germs, bacteria, etc., suspended in the air.

AEROSCOPY A`ër*os"co*py (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr.

Defn: The observation of the state and variations of the atmosphere.

AEROSE Æ*rose" (, a. Etym: [L. aerosus, fr. aes, aeris, brass, copper.]

Defn: Of the nature of, or like, copper; brassy. [R.]

AEROSIDERITE A`ër*o*sid"er*ite (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + siderite.] (Meteor.)

Defn: A mass of meteoric iron.

AEROSPHERE A"ër*o*sphere (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + sphere: cf. F. aérosphère.]

Defn: The atmosphere. [R.]

AEROSTAT A"ër*o*stat (, n. Etym: [F. aérostat, fr. Gr. Statics.]

1. A balloon.

2. A balloonist; an aëronaut.

AEROSTATIC; AEROSTATICAL A`ër*o*stat"ic (, A`ër*o*stat"ic*al (, a. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. aérostatique. See Statical, Statics.]

1. Of or pertaining to aërostatics; pneumatic.

2. Aëronautic; as, an aërostatic voyage.

AEROSTATICS A`ër*o*stat"ics (, n.

Defn: The science that treats of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sustained in them. Hence it includes aëronautics.

AEROSTATION A`ër*os*ta"tion (, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aérostation the art of using aërostats.]

1. Aërial navigation; the art of raising and guiding balloons in the air.

2. The science of weighing air; aërostatics. [Obs.]

AEROTAXIS A"ër*o*tax`is, n. [NL. See Aëro-; Taxis.] (Bacteriology)

Defn: The positive or negative stimulus exerted by oxygen on aërobic and anaërobic bacteria. -- A`ër*o*tac"tic (#), a.

AEROTHERAPENTICS A`ër*o*ther`a*pen"tics, n. [Aëro- + therapeutics.] (Med.)

Defn: Treatment of disease by the use of air or other gases.

AEROYACHT A"ër*o*yacht`, n. [Aëro- + yacht.]

Defn: A form of hydro-aëroplane; a flying boat.

AERUGINOUS Æ*ru"gi*nous (, a. Etym: [L. aeruginosus, fr. aerugo rust of copper, fr. aes copper: cf. F. érugineux.]

Defn: Of the nature or color of verdigris, or the rust of copper.

AERUGO Æ*ru"go (, n. Etym: [L. aes brass, copper.]

Defn: The rust of any metal, esp. of brass or copper; verdigris.

AERY Ae"ry (, n.

Defn: An aerie.

AERY A"ër*y (, a. Etym: [See Air.]

Defn: Aërial; ethereal; incorporeal; visionary. [Poetic] M. Arnold.

AESCULAPIAN Æs`cu*la"pi*an (, a.

Defn: Pertaining to Æsculapius or to the healing art; medical; medicinal.

AESCULAPIUS Æs`cu*la"pi*us (, n. Etym: [L. Aesculapius, Gr. (Myth.)

Defn: The god of medicine. Hence, a physician.

AESCULIN Æs"cu*lin (, n.

Defn: Same as Esculin.

AESIR Æ"sir, n. pl. [Icel., pl. of ass god.]

Defn: In the old Norse mythology, the gods Odin, Thor, Loki, Balder, Frigg, and the others. Their home was called Asgard.

AESOPIAN; ESOPIAN Æ*so"pi*an, E*so"pi*an (, a. Etym: [L. Aesopius, from Gr. (.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Æsop, or in his manner.

AESOPIC; ESOPIC Æ*sop"ic, E*sop"ic (, a. Etym: [L. Aesopicus, Gr.

Defn: Same as Æsopian.

AESTHESIA Æs*the"si*a (, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.)

Defn: Perception by the senses; feeling; -- the opposite of anæsthesia.

AESTHESIOMETER; ESTHESIOMETER Æs*the`si*om"e*ter, Es*the`si*om"e*ter (, n. Etym: [Gr. Æsthesia) + - meter.]

Defn: An instrument to measure the degree of sensation, by determining at how short a distance two impressions upon the skin can be distinguished, and thus to determine whether the condition of tactile sensibility is normal or altered.

AESTHESIS Æs*the""sis (, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Sensuous perception. [R.] Ruskin.

AESTHESODIC Æs`the*sod"ic (, a. Etym: [Gr. esthésodique.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Conveying sensory or afferent impulses; -- said of nerves.

AESTHETE Æs"thete (, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: One who makes much or overmuch of æsthetics. [Recent]

AESTHETIC; AESTHETICAL Æs*thet"ic (, Æs*thet"ic*al (, a.

Defn: Of or Pertaining to æsthetics; versed in æsthetics; as, æsthetic studies, emotions, ideas, persons, etc. -- Æs*thet"ic*al*ly, adv.

AESTHETICAN Æs`the*ti"can, n.

Defn: One versed in æsthetics.

AESTHETICISM Æs*thet"i*cism, n.

Defn: The doctrine of æsthetics; æsthetic principles; devotion to the beautiful in nature and art. Lowell.

AESTHETICS; ESTHETICS Æs*thet"ics, Es*thet"ics (, n. Etym: [Gr. ästhetik, F. esthétique.]

Defn: The theory or philosophy of taste; the science of the beautiful in nature and art; esp. that which treats of the expression and embodiment of beauty by art.

AESTHO-PHYSIOLOGY Æs`tho-phys`i*ol"o*gy(#), n. Etym: [Gr. physiology.]

Defn: The science of sensation in relation to nervous action. H. Spenser.

AESTIVAL Æs"ti*val, a. Etym: [L. aestivalis, aestivus, fr. aestas summer.]

Defn: Of or belonging to the summer; as, æstival diseases. [Spelt also estival.]

AESTIVATE Æs"ti*vate, v. i. Etym: [L. aestivare, aestivatum.]

1. To spend the summer.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: To pass the summer in a state of torpor. [Spelt also estivate.]

AESTIVATION Æs`ti*va"tion, n.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The state of torpidity induced by the heat and dryness of summer, as in certain snails; -- opposed to hibernation.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: The arrangement of the petals in a flower bud, as to folding, overlapping, etc.; prefloration. Gray. [Spelt also estivation.]

AESTUARY Æs"tu*a*ry, n. & a.

Defn: See Estuary.

AESTUOUS Æs"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. aestuosus, fr. aestus fire, glow.]

Defn: Glowing; agitated, as with heat.

AETHEOGAMOUS A*ë`the*og"a*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Propagated in an unusual way; cryptogamous.

AETHER Æ"ther, n.

Defn: See Ether.

AETHIOPS MINERAL Æ"thi*ops min"er*al. (Chem.)

Defn: Same as Ethiops mineral. [Obs.]

AETHOGEN Æth"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Chem.)

Defn: A compound of nitrogen and boro

AETHRIOSCOPE Æ"thri*o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: An instrument consisting in part of a differential thermometer. It is used for measuring changes of temperature produced by different conditions of the sky, as when clear or clouded.

AETIOLOGICAL Æ`ti*o*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to ætiology; assigning a cause. -- Æ`ti*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

AETIOLOGY Æ`ti*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. aetologia, Gr. étiologie.]

1. The science, doctrine, or demonstration of causes; esp., the investigation of the causes of any disease; the science of the origin and development of things.

2. The assignment of a cause.

AETITES A`ë*ti"tes, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

Defn: See Eaglestone.

AFAR A*far", adv. Etym: [Pref. a-.(for on or of) + far.]

Defn: At, to, or from a great distance; far away; -- often used with from preceding, or off following; as, he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. The steep where Fame's proud temple shines afar. Beattie.

AFEARD A*feard", p. a. Etym: [OE. afered, AS. af, p. p. of af to frighten; a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + fran to frighten. See Fear.]

Defn: Afraid. [Obs.] Be not afeard; the isle is full of noises. Shak.

AFER A"fer, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: The southwest wind. Milton.

AFFABILITY Af`fa*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. affabilitas: cf. F. affabilité.]

Defn: The quality of being affable; readiness to converse; courteousness in receiving others and in conversation; complaisant behavior. Affability is of a wonderful efficacy or power in procuring love. Elyot

AFFABLE Af"fa*ble, a. Etym: [F. affable, L. affabilis, fr. affari to speak to; ad + fari to speak. See Fable.]

1. Easy to be spoken to or addressed; receiving others kindly and conversing with them in a free and friendly manner; courteous; sociable. An affable and courteous gentleman. Shak. His manners polite and affable. Macaulay.

2. Gracious; mild; benign. A serene and affable countenance. Tatler.

Syn. -- Courteous; civil; complaisant; accessible; mild; benign; condescending.

AFFABLENESS Af"fa*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Affability.

AFFABLY Af"fa*bly, adv.

Defn: In an affable manner; courteously.

AFFABROUS Af"fa*brous, a. Etym: [L. affaber workmanlike; ad + faber.]

Defn: Executed in a workmanlike manner; ingeniously made. [R.] Bailey.

AFFAIR Af*fair", n. Etym: [OE. afere, affere, OF. afaire, F. affaire, fr. a faire to do; L.. ad + facere to do. See Fact, and cf. Ado.]

1. That which is done or is to be done; matter; concern; as, a difficult affair to manage; business of any kind, commercial, professional, or public; -- often in the plural. "At the head of affairs." Junius. "A talent for affairs." Prescott.

2. Any proceeding or action which it is wished to refer to or characterize vaguely; as, an affair of honor, i. e., a duel; an affair of love, i. e., an intrigue.

3. (Mil.)

Defn: An action or engagement not of sufficient magnitude to be called a battle.

4. Action; endeavor. [Obs.] And with his best affair Obeyed the pleasure of the Sun. Chapman.

5. A material object (vaguely designated). A certain affair of fine red cloth much worn and faded. Hawthorne.

AFFAMISH Af*fam"ish, v. t. & i. Etym: [F. affamer, fr. L. ad + fames hunger. See Famish.]

Defn: To afflict with, or perish from, hunger. [Obs.] Spenser.

AFFAMISHMENT Af*fam"ish*ment, n.

Defn: Starvation. Bp. Hall.

AFFATUATE Af*fat"u*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. ad + fatuus foolish.]

Defn: To infatuate. [Obs.] Milton.

AFFEAR Af*fear", v. t. Etym: [OE. aferen, AS. af. See Afeard.]

Defn: To frighten. [Obs.] Spenser.

AFFECT Af*fect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affected; p. pr. & vb. n. Affecting.] Etym: [L. affectus, p. p. of afficere to affect by active agency; ad + facere to make: cf. F. affectere, L. affectare, freq. of afficere. See Fact.]

1. To act upon; to produce an effect or change upon. As might affect the earth with cold heat. Milton. The climate affected their health and spirits. Macaulay.

2. To influence or move, as the feelings or passions; to touch. A consideration of the rationale of our passions seems to me very necessary for all who would affect them upon solid and pure principles.

3. To love; to regard with affection. [Obs.] As for Queen Katharine, he rather respected than affected, rather honored than loved, her. Fuller.

4. To show a fondness for; to like to use or practice; to choose; hence, to frequent habitually. For he does neither affect company, nor is he fit for Shak. Do not affect the society of your inferiors in rank, nor court that of the great. Hazlitt.

5. To dispose or incline. Men whom they thought best affected to religion and their country's liberty. Milton.

6. To aim at; to aspire; to covet. [Obs.] This proud man affects imperial Dryden.

7. To tend to by affinity or disposition. The drops of every fluid affect a round figure. Newton.

8. To make a show of; to put on a pretense of; to feign; to assume; as, to affect ignorance. Careless she is with artful care, Affecting to seem unaffected. Congreve. Thou dost affect my manners. Shak.

9. To assign; to appoint. [R.] One of the domestics was affected to his special service. Thackeray.

Syn. -- To influence; operate; act on; concern; move; melt; soften; subdue; overcome; pretend; assume.

AFFECT Af*fect", n. Etym: [L. affectus.]

Defn: Affection; inclination; passion; feeling; disposition. [Obs.] Shak.

AFFECTATION Af`fec*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. affectatio: cf. F. affectation.]

1. An attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural or real; false display; artificial show. "An affectation of contempt." Macaulay. Affectation is an awkward and forced imitation of what should be genuine and easy, wanting the beauty that accompanies what is natural what is natural. Locke.

2. A striving after. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

3. Fondness; affection. [Obs.] Hooker.

AFFECTATIONIST Af`fec*ta"tion*ist, n.

Defn: One who exhibits affectation. [R.] Fitzed. Hall.

AFFECTED Af*fect"ed, p. p. & a.

1. Regarded with affection; beloved. [Obs.] His affected Hercules. Chapman.

2. Inclined; disposed; attached. How stand you affected his wish Shak.

3. Given to false show; assuming or pretending to posses what is not natural or real. He is . . . too spruce, too affected, too odd. Shak.

4. Assumed artificially; not natural. Affected coldness and indifference. Addison.

5. (Alg.)

Defn: Made up of terms involving different powers of the unknown quantity; adfected; as, an affected equation.

AFFECTEDLY Af*fect"ed*ly, adv.

1. In an affected manner; hypocritically; with more show than reality.

2. Lovingly; with tender care. [Obs.] Shak.

AFFECTEDNESS Af*fect"ed*ness, n.

Defn: Affectation.

AFFECTER Af*fect"er, n.

Defn: One who affects, assumes, pretends, or strives after. "Affecters of wit." Abp. Secker.

AFFECTIBILITY Af*fect`i*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being affectible. [R.]

AFFECTIBLE Af*fect"i*ble, a.

Defn: That may be affected. [R.] Lay aside the absolute, and, by union with the creaturely, become affectible. Coleridge.

AFFECTING Af*fect"ing, a.

1. Moving the emotions; fitted to excite the emotions; pathetic; touching; as, an affecting address; an affecting sight. The most affecting music is generally the most simple.

2. Affected; given to false show. [Obs.] A drawling; affecting rouge. Shak.

AFFECTINGLY Af*fect"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In an affecting manner; is a manner to excite emotions.

AFFECTION Af*fec"tion, n. Etym: [F. affection, L. affectio, fr. afficere. See Affect.]

1. The act of affecting or acting upon; the state of being affected.

2. An attribute; a quality or property; a condition; a bodily state; as, figure, weight, etc. , are affections of bodies. "The affections of quantity." Boyle. And, truly, waking dreams were, more or less, An old and strange affection of the house. Tennyson.